April 2012

The inherent limitations of embedded systems make them particularly vulnerable to attacks. In order to develop a hardware monitor that operates in parallel to an embedded processor and detects any attack that causes the embedded processor to deviate from its originally programmed behavior. To explore several different characteristics that can be used for monitoring and quantify trade-offs between these approaches. This embedded system uses two processor. The failure of one processor activates the other which leads to the continuous function of the system. This project is designed to cater the need of thermal and voltage abnormalities. The abnormalities mentioned above will have lucid way of communication with each other. Both processors are involved in adaptive sharing, the purpose of the proposed method is used in times of only failure of the processor that is processing when the processor fails the particular purpose for only clock cycle that is generated and this flaw is corrected by the second processor. Our results show that our proposed hash-based monitoring pattern can detect attacks within one instruction cycle at lower memory requirements than traditional approaches that use control flow information.

This paper described a simple automated instrumentation and measurement system that was designed to offer a more reliable and fast method of measuring process parameters: temperature and pressure, in thin film deposition systems. The designed computer based measuring system was based on thermocouple type K temperature sensor, MP20C-01-F2 pressure sensor, parallel port for interfacing and LabVIEW driver for accessing temperature and pressure data. The system was able to measure process parameter: temperature and pressure simultaneously when implemented in Edward auto 306 magnetron sputtering system and stored their values in a computer memory and retrieved at operator’s will. It had a temperature and a pressure range of 0 to 3000 oC and 0 to 1.01 x103 mbar, respectively and temperature error of ± 1 oC. However, the designed system recorded varied pressure errors. In higher vacuum, pressure range of 1 to 1x10-2 mbar, the error was ± 1x10-2 mbar and in the lower range of 1x10-4 to 1x10-5 mbar, the error of 1x10-5 mbar was observed. These errors were within acceptable range and therefore, the system is viable to be used in thin film deposition systems to automate the measurement of process parameters: temperature and pressure to achieve high quality thin films.

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the influence of quality of Kiswahili instructional materials on the performance of Bachelor of Education (Arts) University of Nairobi distance education students. The paper sought to determine the quality of the instructional materials, also called modules, by looking at the content, the assessment procedures in the materials and the presentation style. The study used survey research design. A sample of 60 Kiswahili distance students and 6 Kiswahili lecturers from University of Nairobi participated in this study. Data was collected from the respondents using questionnaire for the students and interview schedules for the lecturers. A document analysis schedule for the instructional materials was also used to analyze the materials. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the quantitative data. Qualitative data was analyzed in themes based on the objectives of the study. The study revealed that the quality of Kiswahili instructional materials issued to the Bachelor of Education (Arts) distance education students was impaired by the inappropriateness of the content as there was a lot of content that was either irrelevant or partially relevant as compared to the course outlines the lecturers were using. Since the materials were developed in 1988, there is content that had been overtaken by time and was therefore outdated. This meant that such materials were not of value to students as they prepared for their examinations and therefore they had little influence on the performance of students. The study findings indicated that most of the lecturers used their own modified notes to teach the students and they set the examinations from the content in the notes hence majority of the students relied on the lecture notes and not the modules provided. This further indicated that there was little significance in the influence of modules on the performance of students. This paper recommends that Kiswahili instructional materials content should be reviewed and written in line with the current updated course outlines that most lecturers were using to teach and examine the students.

The development of early civilization to modern society of the present is developed based on communication development. The communication plays important role in day today life in all levels including the researchers too. In the modern society negative impacts like cyber bulling, sexting and unwanted texting also finds from certain peoples through social networking sites. This article finds the dominating variables from the study variables such as mobile phone, internet and face book. The study is carried out with reference to research scholars from the selected universities of Tamilnadu. The samples of 200 research scholars were taken from different universities located within Tamilnadu. The questionnaire is consisting of 30 questions from 3 sections. The collected information is converted to table form in order to analyze the perception. The software SPSS used for the analysis and to draw the results. The suitable recommendations are given according to the results were drawn from the study. The recommendations will help the research scholars to enhance the quality of research communications and to create better research environment.

The aim of this study is to explore empirically the relationship between foreign direct investment and gross domestic product growth in Nigeria. Using co-integration, Error correction mechanism, Unit roots techniques for this study analysis, the findings of the study are: First, the main determinants of FDI in Nigeria are market size (proxied by GDP), stable macroeconomic policies and a level of human capital that is tolerable by investors. Secondly, FDI contributes positively to Nigeria’s economic growth. It had a positive and significant relationship with the growth of the whole economy. In other words, trade is very important to growth of the Nigerian economy, and most importantly to the oil sector since the oil industry is producing mainly for export at the moment. From these findings we can assert that: FDI in Nigeria induces the nation’s economic growth. Although the overall effect of FDI on the whole economy may not be significant, the components of FDI positively affect economic growth.

Contemporary discourse in terrorism studies have been polarised into two dominant schools of thought—Orthodox tradition and Critical terrorism studies (CTS). Orthodox approach argued that state has a monopoly on the legitimate use of force and that terrorism is carried out by non-state actors only. While critical theorists critique orthodox approach for ignoring terrorism used by the state against its own citizens, and argued that terrorism and its nature is not limited to violent acts itself but depends on the context, circumstance and intention. In this paper, the author offered the critique of both theoretical schools for failing to provide a class analysis of terrorism, and then introduce Historical Materialism (HM) as theoretical perspective to fill this knowledge gap. HM approach to terrorism uses Karl Marx’s materialist conception of history and argued that there are two form of terrorism—Individual terrorism and State terrorism, and these forms of terrorism are used by all classes in the society or state (the ruling class, working class and the lumpen class) whenever their interests is undermined or likely to be undermined. With HM approach to terrorism, the paper concluded that terrorism is an inevitable feature of the contemporary global capitalist of mode of production such that the use of terror is the tactics of all classes in the society or state rather than that of the lumpen (suppressed) class.

Life is full of losses from the time of birth to the day of death. Most of the other losses could be recovered except the loss arising from death. No one is immune to the loss from death. Death is therefore a fact that each family member should understand and accept that at one time or another the pain of death will be experienced. Family members respond to news of death differently depending on their relationship to the deceased as well as personality. After death grieving and mourning sets in which require technical knowledge on the part of the counselor to help the bereaved person to regain normalcy through verbalization of what happened. The bereaved person goes through a series of stages which counselor can help through so as not to be fixated in one stage. Various techniques and skills are used to help the grieving person in the journey towards healing. The current paper examines the meaning of death, its place in the family as well as the role of counseling interventions that are specially needful in overcoming the feelings and reactions arising from the death in the family. It is hoped that this paper will significantly contribute new ideas on the relevance of counseling during the circumstances of death hence encourage family members to utilize this great service for their own good.

Studies indicate that hypertension has no single cause but is the result of the interaction of biological, psychological and social factors. The family support may be a social aspect in the process of health disease. This study aimed to correlate indicators for anxiety and family support perception in hypertensive persons, and to seek evidences of converging validity between the variables of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Trace-State Anxiety Inventory (STAI) instruments. Seventy hypertensive persons, 52 women (74%), aged 27 to 65 years (M=52.3, SD=8.9), participated in the study. The tests employed were an Identification Questionnaire, BAI, STAI, and the Inventory of Perception of Family Support (IPSF). Results indicated high levels of anxiety and low levels of family support perception. The correlations between the anxiety indicators (BAI and STAI) and PFSI were found to be negative and significant.

The current terrorist insurgency by the Northern Nigeria-based Islamic fundamentalist-‘Boko Haram’ has continued to pose serious threats to Nigeria’s corporate political entity. This is evidenced in the sect’s undeterred spate of terrorist’s attacks on citizens,the nation’s security personnel,wanton destruction of lives and property. This study focused on the assessment of ‘Boko Haram’ terrorist activities in Nigeria, and the obvious implications on national security. The study used secondary data source to analyze Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria. It concluded with policies options that could enhance effective anti-terrorist strategies in strengthening the security of lives and property in Nigeria political state.

Recognition and inclusion of cultural parental expectations of their children at different stages of development is critical in formulating comprehensive early learning and development standards. While there has been significant research on ‘best practices’ from the west that are largely school based expectations of children at different stages in Uganda, there is a lack of research into traditional parental expectations of their children at different stages of development. This study explores cultural parental expectations of 160 parents of pre-schoolers that they wish to see inculcated into their children. Structured interview was used to collect data which was later analyzed descriptively. Result from this study may inform the process of developing a comprehensive early learning and development standard that is sensitive to both parental and school based standards so as to cater for a whole child.

Teacher Advisory Centres (TACs) were established in the 1970s for Kenya primary school teachers’ professional development. However the teachers lack professional development opportunities and there are reports on teacher centred teaching approaches and poor pupil learning outcomes. Research has found that teachers who participate in sustained curriculum based teacher professional development activities reported changes in practice resulting in turn to high student learning achievement. The study interrogated the problem: How effective are TACs in teacher professional development? Schulman theoretical framework guided the study which focuses on content mastery and pedagogical knowledge. The study examined the extent to which TACs conduct teacher professional development activities, the challenges they face and the impact of teacher professional development on classroom practice. Descriptive survey was employed and the study was conducted in Nairobi County. TAC tutors and teachers were the main study subjects. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze data. Findings included that TAC tutors spend only 40% of their time performing teacher professional development duties and 60%, performing administrative duties of Ministry of Education. They lack facilitation. Lecture and question and answer characterized classroom instruction. TACs tend to be ineffective in teacher professional development. Recommendations made were that TAC tutors should be relieved of MOE administrative duties, facilitated, equipped with resources, knowledge and skills; provided clear organizational structure and career path.

World Health Organization has identified violence against children as a growing public-health issue with a global magnitude. The aim of this research is to assess domestic violence and its psychological impacts among children in Kermanshah city of Iran. 507 primary and secondary urban students (aged7-15years) from 17 different schools of Kermanshah city of Iran were selected by using cluster random sampling..Children and their parents were interviewed using a Life Incidence Traumatic Events scale(LITEs) , Child Report Of Post traumatic Symptoms(CROPS) and Parents Report Of Post traumatic Symptoms(PROPS).The findings suggest that physical abuse was the most common event. Most of the children were exposed to marital conflict. While the boys significantly more than girls, had reported experiencing hardship yet girls reported family violence twice as boys. Children reported more post traumatic symptoms than their parents. Also, the girls and secondary school children significantly reported more post traumatic symptoms. This study explained violence against children as a challenge in Kermanshah city of Iran.

Economy of a State is for all its citizens. When the worst on economy is suffered by all its citizens then why not the goods of economy are shared by all? Inclusive Growth (IG) gives an answer to this question. IG with broad base across the sectors is pro poor and reduces rural-urban and rich-poor divides. IG is incorporating all its members (citizens / beneficiaries) under its web and progressing towards a substantial and sustainable development which will result in economic welfare in the long-run. It simply means an equitable allocation of resources with benefits accruing to every sections of the society. IG is based on its three pillars i.e. environment, society and financial system. Inclusion in any of the above factors will lead to a growth which aims to reduce the disparity basically among haves and have not through reduction of poverty. IG focuses on formal training to develop the skills of the workers to increase the productivity and simultaneously raise their wage rates. The paper aims to analyze the above factors and reasons for IG and tries to establish an IG function. Moreover the paper focuses on the impact of IG on cost, market and economy and tries to establish situations when, where and how the IG is possible.

This study was carried out to determine the influence of tides to the quality of cave water in Zanzibar Island, part of Tanzania. It was to establish the effect of tidal change on the cave water quality using pH, temperature, EC, TDS, and nutrients (NO3-N, NH3-N, PO43-) in the water as indicators. Overall results indicated that, the cave water quality changes with tides regardless of the fluctuation of the investigated parameters. Moreover, most of the tested parameters were not in range compared to those proposed by World Health Organization (WHO). This confirms that the quality of the cave water has been influenced by low and high tides due to high intrusion of the sea water entered in the caves.

Background: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is one of the most important infections among renal transplant recipients; however, the threat caused by the acquisition of antibiotic resistance by pathogenic bacteria has been growing. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiotic sensitivity of 25 strains isolated from urine samples of renal transplant recipients and evaluate the presence and prevalence of resistance determinants such as Integron in them. Methods: The patients enrolled into the study had undergone renal transplantation in the Department of General and Transplantation Surgery of Labafinejad hospital, 70 to 90 days before urine samples were collected. Susceptibility of 25 bacterial strains [ 10 Enterococcus faecalis, 4 Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus 2 Streptococcus sp., 2 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 2 E.coli, 2 Acinetobacter baumannii, 1 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 1 Proteus mirabilis and 1 Citrobacter freundii ] to 13 antibiotics: Gentamycin, Tetracycline, Ceftazidime, Co-trimoxazole, Imipenem, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Cefalotin, Amikacin, Chloramphenicol, Nalidixic Acid, Amoxicillin and Nitrofurantoin were determined by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. In addition, the existance of Integrons in resistant isolates was assessed by PCR. Results: It was demonstrated that TEM gene in gram-negative bacterial strains (100%) and Entrococcus (55.6%) and ctx gene in other gram-positive bacterial strains (72.3%) are responsible for antimicrobial resistance more than any other gene. Furthermore, it was revealed that class 1 and 2 Integrons exist in all resistant isolates while class 3 Integrons only exist in Entrococcus. Conclusion: The results indicate that Integrons may contribute significantly to the spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria among renal transplantation patients.

Objective: To describe the socio-Demographic and clinical pattern of presentation of HIV-1 infected adult patients in North-Eastern Nigeria. Methodology: Patients diagnosed to be HIV-1 positive that presented or referred for care to Infectious diseases clinic, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (UMTH) from March to December 2008 were included in this descriptive case study. Detailed history and clinical examination was performed and risk factors for HIV infection were evaluated. Result: A total of 315 patients were consecutively recruited into the study which included 130(41.3%) males and 180(58.7%) females with male to female ratio of 1:1.4.The mean age(±SD) of both sexes was 34.03± 11.21(14-81) years. Male patients were older than females, 36.58 ¥had no formal education and were unemployed. Heterosexual contact appeared to be the single most predominant mode of exposure to HIV infection in this study. Weight loss (32%) was the most common presenting feature, followed by unexplained chronic diarrhoea (23.5%), persistent generalized lymphoadenopathy (22.9%), and orophrangeal candidiasis (20.3%).A total of 67 (21.3%) patients had AIDS-indicator conditions on presentation; significantly more males presented with AIDS-indicator condition than females (27.7% vs 16.8%) (p<0.05) Conclusion: The finding of higher prevalence of HIV among unemployed youth suggests that productive and economically viable segment of the society is worst hit.The heterosexual nature of the transmission supports interventions aimed at risky sexual behaviours. Weight loss being the mostcommonest presenting feature suggests late presentation.

This paper explores the role of data on the strategic decision making process. This is a desk top research study which looked at different studies done by researchers on the role of data and its role in strategic decision making. The main objective of this study is to establish the roles data play in strategic decision making. The strategic decision making process has also been identified and the theories underlying strategic decision making process have been explored. First it looked at the definition of data in relation to information and knowledge. Sources of data, both internal and external have been identified and theories of decision making; rational, incremental, political, constructive and factual approach illustrated. From the study, it is quite clear that data has very important roles in strategic decision making. This paper concludes that data plays the roles of; gaining competitive advantage, optimization of resources, cost reduction, value creation, accuracy and accountability and hedging uncertainty. Thus data brings efficiency and effectiveness in the strategic decision making process. This paper recommends that management in organizations should attach a lot of importance to data sourcing, analysis, interpretation and use to create competitive advantage. Further, data security should be enhanced because data is a key resource.

Fertilizer use is a key factor for increasing agricultural production in sub Sahara Africa and its utilization has increased rapidly in the last two decades. Adoption of chemical fertilizers has largely replaced traditional practices, such as recycling of crop residues and application of organic manures. Poultry manure was used as a soil conditioner to increase the biomass yield of Panicum maximum and to maintain soil fertility. The treatments were 0kg, 50kg, 100kg and 200kg per plot. Each plot has a dimension of 4m by 4m. The experiment lasted for 12 weeks. The results showed that poultry manure applied at the rates of 50kg/plot had the highest biomass yield amongst others. Based on the weekly plant height measurement, biomass yield was significantly higher at 12th week, available phosphorus, potassium, organic matter and stable aggregate improved with increasing rate of application of poultry manure. This study shows that poultry manure applied to the Panicum maximum improves the growth and biomass yield of the crop and also helps in sustaining aggregate stability with improved soil fertility.

Tuticorin is an industrial city located in the south east coast of India and it receives untreated sewage and industrial effluents. The present investigation was carried out to find out the changes in physico-chemical and biological parameters including fecal coliforms of Thirespuram coastal waters, Roach Park and Punnakayal estuary of Tuticorin coast to assess its impact on the benthic communities of these areas. Among the various parameters, salinity was low during monsoon at certain stations due to the river run off. Turbidity, TSS and fecal coliforms were high in water and sediment samples, dissolved oxygen and benthic population were lower, at certain stations where the discharge of untreated sewage and domestic waste disposal were found to be abundant. Untreated sewage and domestic waste have been observed to increase the turbidity, TSS, nutrients and induce fecal coliform growth and reduced dissolved oxygen. These factors are found to affect benthic population of the study sites in the Tuticorin coastal region.

Alien legumes exert major influence in modulation of sustainable agriculture and crop productivity in diverse ways. An investigation was carried out in inventorizing alien legume plants and their invasive nature in districts of Nadia, Hooghly, Howrah, 24 pgs (N) and Kolkata in Gangetic West Bengal during 2005-2011. As many as 40 alien species were documented, of which 14 species are highly invasive in nature and the tree Leucaena leucocephala was the worst invasive in nature. About 40% of plants have been used by local people as food and fodder, 20% in medicinal, and rest 40% as biomass fuel, manuring and in other diverse economic and commercial purposes. Allelopathic effect of an invasive legume on crop legume was ascertained by studying germination, growth traits and root-tip mitotic activity of Lathyrus sativus L., treated with leaf aqueous extracts of Leucaena leucocephala in different concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%). A dose-dependent reduction in germination and plant dry weight was accompanied with significant (P<0.05) decrease in mitotic index and enhancement of mitotic abnormalities in Lathyrus plants. While 10% extract dose had no significant effect, concentrations of 20% onwards were found highly inhibitory to growth, and induced chromotoxicity in Lathyrus genomes.

Field experiment was carried out for two years at artificially Fusarium pathogen infested field at Adet research center in North Western Ethiopia, to determine the effect of chickpea fusarium wilt on desi and kabuli-type of chickpea using integrated disease management option that is varieties, planting dates and seed bed preparation methods. Four varieties, i.e., Kabuli type (Shasho) and three desi type Marye , JG-62 and Adet local were used as, JG-62 (susceptible check), Adet local (control), Marye and Shasho (both improved); three planting dates at 15-day intervals, i.e., early, farmers and late; and three seed bed preparation methods including flat bed, raised bed and ridge and furrow were used as treatments. Treatments were arranged in a factorial combination in a Randomized Complete Block Design in three replications. The number of seedlings emerged; dead plants due to wilt, and grain yield per plot were recorded for each desi and kabuli type of chickpea. Data was analyzed using the SAS system for windows V8. The results indicated that compared with the control. The kabuli type Shasho was the most resistant variety to wilt, followed by desi-type Marye. Mortality of the susceptible check, JG-62, due to wilting was 100%. The 2nd planting date and the raised bed exhibited relatively lower rate of mortality. Interactions of desi and kabuli type of chickpea variety, planting date and seed bed preparation were significant. Desi and kabuli type varieties varied in grain yield significantly. The kabuli type Shasho and desi type Marye gave better yield than the Adet local (desi type). The farmer planting date gave better yield than early and late plantings. Seed bed preparation methods did not significantly vary in grain yield. Although not statistically significant, raised beds and ridge and furrow plots gave better yield than flat beds. Raised beds gave 31% more yield than the flat bed and close to 27.8% more yield than the ridge and furrow. The results indicate that kabuli type Shasho was the most resistant variety to wilt compare with desi types and advantage of using cultural management as a sustainable and environmentally friendly option to control chickpea fusarium wilt disease. It is concluded that the kabuli type Shasho better than desi type varieties, planting dates and to some extent seed bed preparation methods contribute to the management of wilt disease and so enhance productivity of chickpeas in northwestern Ethiopia.

This paper is based on a study conducted in Eldoret Municipality in Uasin Gishu District, Rift Valley Province, Kenya to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of food handlers in food kiosks in relation to food hygiene. The lax monitoring of sanitary standards in food kiosks in Eldoret Municipality had raised questions regarding the personal hygiene practices of food handlers as well as the environmental hygiene of their premises. For data collection, questionnaires for food handlers working in food kiosks and consumers of kiosk food, sanitary evaluation of premises as well as bacteriological tests of water, food contact surfaces, food, food handler’s hands and throat samples were employed. The majority of food handlers had no formal food hygiene training and did not have a high level of general food hygiene knowledge, hence behavioural practices were lagging behind. Moreover, majority of the food did not meet the sanitary standards prescribed by Kenyan legislation. Recommendations were made to improve the knowledge, attitudes and practices of food handlers and consumers, to maintain the sanitary standards in the food kiosks and to provide for the establishment of governmental policies, programmes and strategies and the sensitization of political figures.

The push for financial sustainability introduced a degree of uncertainty into the relationship nongovernmental organizations maintain with their members. Kenya is a developing country that has various challenges in terms of social economic development. This has necessitated the work of various nongovernmental organizations across the country. This study investigated the factors that nongovernmental organizations(NGOs) have adopted to increase financial sustainability, as data from the National Council of NGOs show that donor funding declined from Sh87 billion in 2007 to Sh81 billion in 2008 and Sh73 billion in 2009.The objective of the study was to find out how strategic financial management, paradigm shift in programming, internal financial funding, strategic alliances and organization structure contributes towards financial sustainability in NGOs.Data was collected using questionnaires and stratified random sampling design used to select the sample of NGOs in Nyeri County. The study used inferential statistics for analysis since the data was quantitative in nature. From the research, there is need for NGO to critically strategize on their financial sustainability as the environment of their operation is changing very fast and the needs of NGOs are increasing by day due to global climatic changes, natural disasters, diseases and drug abuse.

Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) containing stevioside is a natural sweetener, which has antihyperglycemic property. The plant can also be used for treatment of number of ailments like hypertension and obesity. This article serves about structural details, biosynthetic pathway, toxicology and pharmacological action of stevioside in glucose metabolism. The metabolism of stevioside is also discussed in relation to possible formation of steviol. Toxicological studies reveal negligible effect of stevioside on human health. It concludes that stevioside is very much suited as sweetening agent for diabetic patients as it tends to potentiate the insulin secretion as well as for obese persons intending to lose weight. So far no allergic reactions have been documented with the use of stevioside.

The goal of the present paper is to find friction between die and work piece. In this work, aluminum 6061 alloy with 5% volume fraction of Sic particle used. Al/SiC composites were produced by stir casting process. Extrusion die were used in three reduction ratios as (Inlet diameter: Outlet diameter) of 12:2, 8:4 and 4:2. Specimens were extruded at 3000C and constant strain rate of 0.002/Sec. Friction values to be determined in three dies and size effect to be studied. Extruded specimens Hardness, surface roughness and microstructure were compared with as cast specimens.

Mosquito is a vector of many human and animal diseases especially in the tropics. A study of the indoor and outdoor distribution and abundance in Calabar was conducted between May and August, 2011. A total of 142 mosquitoes collected showed a composition of Aedes aegypti, Ae vittatus, Ae domesticus, Ae simpsoni, Ae metalicus, Ae leutocephalis, Ae africanus, Ae taylori, Anopheles gambiae, An. maculipenis, An. rupites, An. Coustani, Culex quinquefaciatus, Cx annuloris, Cx tigripes, Cx decens. Abundance from the four study areas sampled were Bateba 23.02%, Goldie 23.31%, Uwanse 23.87% and Unical hostels 29.79%. More mosquitoes were collected outdoor, 71.13% than indoor, 28.87% and a higher number was collected between 5pm–8pm than 5am–8am. Mosquito distribution differed significantly between time of collection, sample location and the environments (P<0.05). It was observed that human induced environmental changes can have impact on the distribution of mosquito species and it was therefore concluded that mosquito is widely distributed in areas of poor sanitation levels and prevalence of standing water bodies for its breeding.

The fungal and bacterial biocontrol agents and organic amendments were tested individually and in combinations for their efficacy against root rot pathogen, Macrophomina phaseolina under invitro, glass house and field conditions. Among the fungal and bacterial (Pseudomonas) antagonists screened, Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf7) isolates exhibited maximum inhibition compared to other isolates. Among the organic amendments, tested invitro against the pathogen, neem cake and coir pith compost were most effective in reducing the growth of the pathogen. The compatibility studies revealed the isolate of T. viride, T. harzianum, P. fluorescens (Pf7) were compatible with each other and also with eight organic amendments. Of the various treatments tested, soil application of T. viride and neem cake recorded least incidence of disease when compared to individual treatments both under glass house and field conditions. Furthermore, the same treatment also increased the yield compared to control.

By the unusual growth of the web, there is an increasing volume of data and information published in numerous web-pages. From this we understood that web is noisy. A web page contains a mixture of many kind of information e.g. mainly contains, advertisements, navigational panels, copy right blocks etc… in a particular application only part of information is useful and the rest are noise. These all mischief web mining. Advertisements and Sponsor images are not much important in surfing. We need a technique that to keep common navigation structure as it is but remove image advertisement and improve surfing efficiency. In this paper a small application HTML Tag Differentiator rule based is created which removes image advertisement.