March 2022

Social media usage is at its prime and evidence that it causes/exacerbates depression has been increasing. An increase in social media usage leads to spending less time on daily tasks such as real-life interactions and self-reflection, which are essential for individuals, potentially causing depressive symptoms. Primarily negative interactions, problematic social media use and social comparisons have been the cause of these negative associations. However, novel studies have shown no negative associations between social media and depression.Certain social media platforms are also considered to be beneficial and have shown to improve overall user well-being. The association between social media usage and depression includes several factors, and no single factor can solely determine the causality or exacerbation of depressive symptoms.This review focuses on the associations between social media usage and depression among young adults and adolescents. In particular, it illustrates the different types of social media uses and their negative impacts. It also illuminates how baseline depression levels have been exacerbated due to increased social media usage, and how actively using social media can cause depression.

The right of vote and contesting elections is common practice for women in modern world, but there were many suffrage organizations involved in achieving these rights for them. Various groups and organizations and associations reflected women’s concerned during the twentieth century. These organizations became the medium for the expression of women’s opinion. At the same time, these organizations served as a training ground for women who later on took up the leadership roles in politics and other social institutions. Education also brought a unique change during this period as a new elite class emerged in large towns and cities and gave leadership to the society. The formation of Indian National Congress provided them a meeting place and gave them an opportunity to express and motivate towards taking action. At the beginning of the twenty-first century the journey of women to attain their political rights began when Mahila Parishads established, and they used to hold national conferences to discuss the topics of female education, abolition of evil, social customs such as dowry, neglect of widows, child marriage and others. Women’s right to vote was first time demanded in 1917 and Madras was the first province where government allow the women to vote and participate in elections, and these rights were extended to Punjab in 1926.

An endo-perio lesion has been one of the prevalent issues affiliated with the tooth. The cutaneous involvement of pulpal and inflammatory periodontal pathology can perplex the diagnosis and treatment planning. The present case report shows the synergic effect of endodontic, periodontal, and esthetic therapy. The treatment includes root canal therapy and open flap debridement followed by the placement of “sticky bone” graft and guided tissue regeneration membrane over the osseous defect site. After 6 months, a coronally advanced procedure with connective tissue graft placement was performed to improve esthetics. The patient was followed up for 1 year. Clinically, there was a reduction in probing pocket depth, increase in attach gingiva, and improvement in gingival biotype. Radiographically, there was a significant amount of bone fill was observed. Hence, the coactive effect of various regenerative materials with root canal sealing had significantly improved both clinical and radiographic features of the endo-perio lesion.

Background: Most of the increased mortality associated with COPD is due to cardiac involvement. RV dysfunction is common in patients with COPD secondary to the development of PH, which leads to corpulmonale. In India the burden and mortality due to COPD is increasing day by day., early recognition of RV dysfunction and PH may help in the treatment and the survival of the patients. Evaluate the clinical profile of COPD patients and study the PH in COPD patients by non-invasive methods. Methods: Sample size 200. Sampling method: simple random sampling, Study Design: cross-sectional study, Patients who presented with complaints of breathlessness, cough, sputum >3months duration clinically diagnosed as by spirometry i.e. FEV1/FVC<0.7 And FEV1 divided into 3 groups of mild, moderate & severe/very severe COPD based On GOLD guideline. Using non-invasive methods like ECG, chest X-Ray,2-D Echo, PH was evaluated in diagnosed COPD patients. Result: Among 200 patients,142 males& 58 females the most common abnormality observed in ECG was P-Pulmonale (69%), the prevalence of PH found 63.9 ± 12.9%, The mean value of PH increased 4.1% with mild to moderate COPD and 5.8% increased from moderate to severe/very severe COPD category and The mean value of Ejection Fraction also decreased 7.3% in moderate COPD as compare mild COPD and 5.6% decreased in severe/very severe COPD as compared to moderate COPD. Conclusions: PH was significantly increased with the severity of COPD categories.

The aim of this work is to describe the anomalies of the blood count and the factors associated with them during antiretroviral treatment (ARV) at the Regional hospital center of Saint-Louis Hospitalier Régional de Saint-Louis. We carried out a cross-sectional descriptive study which took place from February 2 to 28, 2020. The population of our study was that of Persons living with VIH (PLVIH) aged 18 years or over, on antiretroviral treatment for at least 06 months, and having agreed to participate in the study by signing the free and informed consent form. Results: A total of 100 patients were included in the study, 65% of whom were female, for a sex ratio of 0.54. The mean age of the patients was 44.97 with ranges ranging from 20 to 72 years. The mean duration of antiretroviral therapy was 93.74 ± 58 months (7 - 203). The most frequently encountered anomaly was anemia (33%) with an average hemoglobin level of 12.67 ± 1.77g / dl. It is hypochromic microcytic in 24.2% of patients, normochromic normocytic in 60.6% and normochromic macrocytic in 15.2%. The other anomalies observed were: neutropenia (31%), lymphopenia (18%), leukopenia (11%). On univariate analysis, factors associated with anemia are gender (p = 0.01) and treatment with AZT (p = 0.008). Lymphopenia is 22.2% present in WHO stage 1 and 77.8% in stage 2. It is associated with HIV 1 (p = 0.032) and WHO stage 3 (p = 0.022). Conclusion: Haematological abnormalities remain a major comorbidity in patients with HIV. The anemia is frequent, severe and predominantly normochromic normocytic in our patients.

Electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation through a physical model of foam-covered sea surface modelled as layers of randomly distributed air-bubbles coated with thin layer of sea water was investigated. Here, the matching potential of the split-step Fourier technique was explored by slicing the three-dimension foam structure into two-dimension layers and determine the vertical field profiles of the propagating E-field at successive range steps until the desired range is reached. The scatterer (foam layer) comprises of randomly distributed packed bubbles with estimated complex dielectric constant of sea foam which is a mixture of air coated with thin layer of sea water. It has internal and external radii and . The bubble size distribution follows a log-normal distribution pattern. We consider a cluster of N bubbles randomly packed closely such that there exists no overlap between any two adjacent bubbles. The bubbles are assumed to be spherical in shape and are placed in a finite domain in the form of a cube with dimensions = = The sea foam model is described by three regions embedded in inequality , the incident field must satisfy the Helmholtz equation. Results of EM field intensity through layers of sea foams as at selected WindSat frequencies were reported.

This article establishes an environmental and socio-economic diagnosis of the sand sector in Lake Ahémé and the repercussions of its exploitation on the local populations. It assesses the societal problems caused by lake sand management methods. The methodological approach consisted of field work (direct observation and socio-anthropological surveys), the calculation of indices of reduced centered anomalies, etc. In addition, the exposure and impact indicators developed using the sensitivity matrix of Léopold (1971) made it possible to highlight the main elements of the degradation of Lake Ahémé. The exploitation of lake sand extracted from Lake Ahémé is still embryonic, artisanal and totally unorganized. In the Lake Ahémé sector, sand mining is more than a socio-professional retraining activity and is led by key players trained by quarry operators, divers, collectors, loaders and consumers. It allows these actors to increase their income and improve their social and economic conditions. But the exploitation of lake sand in Lake Ahémé has direct impacts such as the destruction of the ecological habitats of aquatic fauna, fauna and flora at the bottom of the lake (more than 75%), the degradation of waterways (90%). In addition, the health of the direct actors (divers, collectors, loaders (more than 95%)), involved in the activity, is affected by the lake sand mining system. It is important to reorganize and regulate the exploitation of lake sand and to implement the measures proposed for sustainable environmental and social management.

The main purpose of this work was to investigate for the first time, levels of certain organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in Sebou river sediments in its upper part. Three sampling campaigns were carried out in three years between October 2018 and October 2020 in six sampling locations of the river. The results of our investigations have showed that the sediments contains more or less pollutants depending on the sampling area. The downstream part of the studied area is more loaded with OCPs and PCBs than the upstream part. HCH and DDT isomers were two dominant pollutants of OCPs in this region. Levels of ∑3HCHs were ranging from 0.56 to 3.87 ±0.15 ppb and ∑3DDTs concentrations ranging from 0.96 to 5.30 ±0.10 ppb. For individual HCHs, α-HCH registered the highest value of 2.31 ppb, and β-HCH was the most dominant isomer in all stations, and p,p’-DDT was the most dominant with 2.61 ppb. The concentrations of ∑5PCBs in sediment samples were between 1.91 and 6.53 ±0.20 ppb. The maximum levels of these pollutants were recorded in the sediments sampled from Allal El Fassi dam. The presence of these molecules could be directly related to the use of pesticide upstream and to aerial deposition due to their global movement.

The biogenic CuNPs from Ocimum tenuiflorum and Vitex negundo were subjected for antimicrobial activity against 3 human pathogens Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus along suitable controls for comparison. Among CuNPs biosynthesized using V. negundo and O. tenuiflorum, V. negundo showed high inhibition zones than O. tenuiflorum. Nanoparticles treated seeds showed low incidence of seed mycoflora in which the incidence of Aspergillus niger and Curvularia lunata was reduced to 4%. Aspergillus flavus was depleted by 8% over control. Interestingly, the incidence of common field fungi in sorghum was reduced by 8% over control. In general the incidence of all the fungi remained low in CuNPs treated samples compared to control set. It indicated the antifungal effect of biogenic CuNps to some fungi which are commonly affecting the foliages in the sorghum fields during growth. Its occurrence was reduced in biosynthesized CuNPs through Ocimum tenuiflorum and Vitex negundo leaf extract. Insecticidal activity of the above biosynthesized CuNPs against Callosobrushus chinensis was assessed by treating the green gram seeds treated with 20mg/ml of CuNPs. The activity and mortality rate of C. chinensis was found decreased compared to control, thus, proving the insecticidal activity of the biosynthesized CuNPs from Vitex negundo and Ocimum tenuiflorum. Thus, it is proved the possibilities of biosynthesized nanoparticles as an ecofriendly approach to manage the field fungi and storage pests in pulses.

Jharkhand is India's most biologically diverse state due to its location and different physiographical and climatic situations. It is well-known for its indigenous peoples, mineral riches, and extensive forest cover. Sal (Shorea robusta) is one of the essential and the most important Dipterocarp species in ecology and commerce, but it is also one of the most threatened species. Due to its socio-economic and cultural significance, it has been recognized as Jharkhand's" State Tree”. The study entitled" Assessment of potential distribution of Shorea robusta Gaertn.f. in the District of Dumka, Jharkhand through Ecological Niche Modelling is aimed at assessing the potential distribution and forecasting the future distribution of Shorea robusta Gaertn.f. in the Diistrict of Dumka. The modelling and the MAXENT method are utilised for forecasting the present (2020) and future (2040) distribution of the Shorea robusta ecological niche. In order to examine the distribution of the target species, 19 bioclimatic variables were employed. The data were analysed from the jack knife test after running the 19 variables in the MAXENT. Then eight bioclimatic factors were eliminated in accordance with their contribution to the Shorea robusta distribution. Finally, just 11 bioclimatic variables were used to provide the actual contribution of the model. The potential distribution of the Shorea robusta in the study area was predicted by Max Ent model which involved multiple predictor variable is bioclimatic variables, elevation, slope, soil, LULC, and human influence index, where the maximum contribution of minimum temperature of coldest month was 33.9 % having followed by precipitation seasonality 11.9% respectively.

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is plagued by low maize productivity due to climate change, poverty and poor agronomic practices by smallholder scale farmers. The objective of this study was to explore the attainable maize grain yields under various nutrient use in a varying soil conditions..In order to execute the study, in year 2016/2017 maize planting season, performance trials (PTs) were extracted from the Nutrient Omission Trials (NOTs) of the season 2015/16. The PTs was an advanced of NOTs to understand the variation in nutrient use efficiency of maize under varying soil conditions. The performance Trials (PTs) were conducted in 10 different districts of main maize growing areas Northern Tanzania. The PTs sites were introduced in the same grids in which NOTs were planted. The aim of this study was to verify the performance of newly developed site specific nutrients management recommendations by Taking Maize Agronomy to Scale in Africa (TAMASA) project against the blanket recommendation. The PTs were based on nutrient expert tool and soil test (ST) based fertilizer recommendations. The treatments used were nutrient expert (NE) recommendation, soil test (ST) based fertilizer recommendation, region fertilizer recommendation (RE) and control in which no fertilizer was applied. The fertilizer rates and their ranges was as follows; RE-NPK (100-20-0), NE-standard NPK (100-20-0), Soil Test ST- NPK (102-50-46).The parameters considered were grain and biomass yields. The results showed that performance of these treatments varied within and across locations. Generally the results in Siha district showed that the grain yield was higher for NE>ST> control>RE. In Mbulu district NE and ST performed highest than RE and the control. In Babati although the difference was small still NE and ST were better than the control treatment. Grain yield in Monduli was also better for NE, ST and RE in relation to the control treatment. The treatments revealed significant variation in biomass yield as indicated in the results followed with discussion section of this study report. The study concluded that NE and ST treatments were significant that showed comparable high grain yield of maize, therefore farmers could make significant yield upon adopting of NE and ST treatments fertilizer for site specific nutrient management.

Background: Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome (SMA syndrome) is a condition that occurs when the third part of the duodenum is compressed between the Aorta and the Superior Mesenteric Artery which causes postprandial abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting due to partial or complete blockage of the duodenum. It is thought to be caused by rapid weight loss leading to sudden decrease in the angle between the Aorta and SMA which results in gastric outlet obstruction, failure to gain weight, and electrolyte disturbances. Case presentation: We report an original case of a previously diagnosed 35-year-old female with SMA syndrome through history and radiological findings who initially underwent gastrojejunostomy for the treatment of her SMA syndrome two years prior to her presentation without resolution of her gastric outlet obstruction symptoms. CT scan of the abdomen at the time of presentation revealed an aortomesenteric angle of 22 and distance of 8.5mm with an intact anastomosis of the gastrojejunostomy. Laparoscopic revision of gastro-jejunostomy followed by duodenojejunostomy with Roux-en-Y jejuenojejunostomy was successfully performed with resolution of the patient’s symptoms. Conclusion: Surgical intervention is the mainstay in cases of SMA syndrome refractory to conservative management. Gastrojejunostomy is not commonly preferred due to the high recurrence rate of symptoms. We report an original case of persistent SMA syndrome post gastrojejunostomy which was treated with laparoscopic revision of gastrojejunostomy followed by duodenojejunostomy with Roux-en-Y jejuenojejunostomy. No previous reports of this surgical intervention or similar presentations were found in the literature.

The existence of Heavy metals in water is the sole issue these days. Environmental and Ecological imbalance can be utilised. The high range collection of heavy metals in water and polluted water have negative results on living organisms and the environment. In all the heavy metals like Pb2+, Zn2+, Cr6+etc. Chromium has the most damaging effects on living organisms including plants or animals. It is produced from electroplating and tannery industries. Chromium pollutes the earth and groundwater. The contact of mankind to an extreme quantity of chromium straightly cause respiratory disorders and injures the lungs. Cause of industrialization the chromium pollution in the aqueous solution and wastewater is crossing the tolerance limits of forbearance. Different techniques are utilised for the removal of chromium from the water. Adsorption is a very economical method largely utilised to get rid of heavy metals from commercial and industrial wastewater. It has been examined that this technique is the most functional and commercially workable technique for eliminating heavy metals, specifically chromium. The existing article explains numerous minds of natural waste adsorbents that are observed to be productive in eliminating hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) from factories elimination.

The objective of this work is the modeling of the drying kinetics of the gombo sections by using a solar drier. The objective of this work is to model the drying kinetics of okra slices using a hybrid solar dryer. The work focused on the kinetics of okra slices at different thicknesses (1cm, 1.5cm and 2cm), temperatures (40°C, 50°C and 60°C) and different air speeds (1m/s, 1 .5m/s and 2m/s). The methodology consisted in following water content okra section of time function. The driying curves obtained were modeled with six semi-empirical models by the nonlinear regression method with the validation criterion following : coefficient of determination (R^2), chi-square (χ^2 )andMean Square Error (RMES ).The diffusion coefficient was estimated from the simplified solutions of Fick's second law Two parameters were given: the energy of activation and the coefficient of diffusion. The results obtained show that mass diffusivity increases with the temperature and the thickness of the product. The coefficient of diffusion varies from 3.5.10 -8 to 5.88.10-7 m2/s, and the activation energy of 12.50kJ/mol with 54.82KJ/mol. The time of drying decreases with the increase in the temperature, and the speed of air and increases with the increase thickness of produit. The models of Demir et al., and Wang and Singh are most reliable to represent the water content reduced of the gombo according to time, therefore as well as possible simulate the kinetics of the gombo drying with for coefficients of correlation respective :R^2=0.99708,X^2=0.000467,RMES=0.0215 for Demir et al., and R^2=0.99527,X^2=0.00734,RMES=0.02289 for Wang and Singh.

Background: The association between certain systemic diseases like diabetes, cardiac disorders and ABO blood group is a well-documented fact. The studies conducted on the association between dental caries and ABO blood group till date is limited. This study was conducted to find out whether ABO blood group affects the prevalence of dental caries. Methods: Based on a pilot study, sample size calculation was performed. A total of 198 patients of 19-59 years age group attending the outpatient department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics were randomly selected for the study. Patients free from any systemic diseases and holding a valid certified copy indicating ABO blood group, obtained from a registered pathological laboratory or government institute were selected for the study. Dental caries was scored using DMFT index. Results: Blood group O was found to be more prevalent among the subjects and had the highest mean DMFT score and blood group AB the lowest among all groups. The results were statistically significant. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, an association between blood group and dental caries prevalence was found. For more conclusive results to be extrapolated to a larger population, further studies need to be conducted on a on a higher sample size.

The concept of “food addiction” has received increasing attention in recent clinical and experimental investigations (1,3). While cogent arguments have been made against the establishment of food addiction as a psychiatric diagnosis in its own right, there is a substantial evidence to suggest a significant role in the process of substance abuse disorders(4). Proposed review research has inherent limitations based on the scarcity of data on food addiction derived from clinical trials, which seriously limits the possibility of treatment recommendations (5). Diagnostic criteria for “food addiction” are controversial, and the heterogeneity of the studied population also limits the possibility of formulating screening strategies that are already implemented for other addictive disorders (11). Food addiction could possess strong implications on various aspects of life (12). Food addiction, if left ignored or untreated it can rapidly alter the biomechanics and health quality of an individual (5). Furthermore, validating data base relative to the concepts of toxic and lethal doses of hyper palatable foods on humans are crucial, as doses below the toxic and/or lethal range perhaps play a causal role in inducing intoxication or death. Evidently formulating a cohesive approach to diagnosis and treatment uniquely enable a vital impact on the proliferation of food addiction in the coming years.

People with different jobs encountered different types and quantities of stress. Nursing is one of the most stressful profession. Nursing is an occupation with a constellation of circumstances leading to stress. Nurses in India are overburdened as the nurse to patient ratio is low (1:2250). They are responsible along with other health care professionals – for the treatment, safety, and recovery of acutely or chronically ill, injured, health maintenance, treatment of life threatening emergencies, and medical and nursing research. Nurses do not only assume the role of caregivers but are also administrators and supervisors of patients. These multiple work roles contribute to the significant amount of occupation related stress among nursing staff. Nurses in the so-called high stress areas such as Intensive Care Units may be expected more stress than nurses working in less stressful areas. The present study was conducted with the purpose to assess the relationship between work related stress and stress reactions among staff nurses. The objectives of the study were to identify the work related stress and stress reactions as reported by the staff nurses working in critical care units of Christian Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana and to find correlation between the work- related stress and stress reactions. A three point Likert Scale on Work Related Stress and four point likert Scale on Stress Reaction were developed and used. The pilot study was conducted to ensure the reliability of the tool and feasibility of the study. Data was collected from 60 staff nurses working in Critical Care Units of Christian Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, by using non-probability, purposive sampling technique. The data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics, finding revealed that 60% of staff nurses had moderate level of work related stress & 65% staff nurses occasionally had stress reactions. The correlation between work -related stress and stress reactions was 0.57 which shows moderate positive correlation

This paper deals the electrification problems in African rural localities particularly in Malian localities. One solution is to develop the renewable energy sources due to their enormous resource which is inexhaustible and their production mode which preserves environment. To increase the energy production and to manage the intermittent period of renewable resource, it will be interesting to combine divers renewable sources. In this hybridization of renewable energy sources context, the PV-Biomass hybrid system becomes very interesting compared to others hybrid energy systems, due to his high flexibility and low dependency to meteorological conditions. These properties place the PV-Biomass hybrid energy system as one of the bests systems in reliable and sustainable energy production for rural areas. In this study, we propose a PV-Biomass hybrid energy system with energy storage to produce 100% renewable energy and to preserve at the same time the environment. This hybrid system is studied under HOMER PRO software in order to identify the optimal configuration in terms of reliable energy production, sustainable and minimal cost over the hybrid system life cycle. The obtained results after simulation show that the optimal configuration is composed of a biogas generator of 100kW, a PV field of 160kWc and a battery park for reliable and sustainable energy production with a low cost over the life cycle of the hybrid energy system for Kolokani locality.

A case report is a brief but informative document about a patient prepared by a medical practitioner. Commonly a case report is needed to be prepared when a patient under treatment does not show the expected improvement after installation of the treatment procedures / methods considered to be necessary for his/her condition and needs referral to another hospital / doctor. Ideally the contents of a case report should be sufficient to provide information about the patient with regards to identity, suffering at the time of first visit, treatment given till date and the outcome along with the ground why the patient is referred to the concerned hospital / doctor. Great care should be taken by the doctor preparing the case report the lack of which may give rise to difficulty in decision making of the hospital / doctor who receives the patient. Hence a discussion on the importance and techniques of preparation of a case report is considered important.

Introduction: The potential effect of maxillary incisor retraction on infranasal soft tissue part is debatable . Aim: This study aims to evaluate the soft tissue changes of the infranasal part of the face after retraction of the maxillary incisors following Begg mechanotherapy. Materials and Methods: The parent sample consisted of one hundred patients. Of them, 40 female and 20 male patients had class II division 1 malocclusion whereas 24 male and 16 female patients had class I malocclusion with anterior protrusion. All the patients were treated with fixed appliances (Begg’s technique following extraction of either all first premolars or only upper first premolars) for an average period of one year and six months .Each patient had lateral skull radiographs taken before commencement of treatment, at the end of the first stage of treatment; that is as soon as the incisors reached an edge -to- edge relationship; and at the end of treatment 2 months after appliances were removed. Chi-square test was applied as the measures of associations, T-test was used to compare the means. The soft tissue parameters compared between pre-treatment and post-treatment were as follows: Labrale superior(Ls) to E line, Labrale inferior(Li) to E line, Sulcus superior(Ss) to E line , Sulcus inferior(Si) to E line, lower lip to H line, upper lip to profile line, lower lip to profile line, Z angle, Nasolabial angle, Labiomental angle and H angle. Results: Soft tissue analysis revealed that significant changes were noted in case of labrale superior to E line, labrale inferior to E line, Z angle, H angle, nasolabial angle and labiomental angle whereas non-significant changes were noted in case of sulcus superior to E line, sulcus inferior to E line , H line and profile line relative to both upper and lower lips. Conclusions: The findings of the present study indicates that retraction of maxillary incisors is a viable option for a desirable decrease of lip procumbency although the amount of this reduction varies from person to person.