Table of Contents: Volume 17; Issue 02; February 2025

This study evaluates the diagnostic utility of urine routine microscopy in the management of urology patients. Over 1000 patients presenting with urological complaints were analyzed. The findings underscore the relevance of urine microscopy in detecting urinary tract infections (UTIs), hematuria, crystalluria, and other pathological conditions. By correlating microscopy findings with definitive diagnostic tests, the study highlights its utility in clinical decision-making. The results support the routine use of this cost-effective diagnostic tool in both primary and specialized urological care.

Spacing is a common complexity, can be seen in both maxillary and mandibular arches or between any tooth which has to be corrected to bring out the perfect smile for which everyone aims. This case report highlights the treatment of a patient with a midline diastema by using a combination of both fixed orthodontic mechanotherapy and frenectomy procedure. A 22-year-old female patient, whose chief complaint was a small diastema between upper central incisors, had a symmetric face and competent lips. Intraoral examination showed class 1 molar relationship in buccal segment with normal overjet and overbite. For the closure of midline diastema, here we use frenectomy with fixed orthodontic appliances.

Introduction: Drug Revolving Fund (DRF) is a scheme whereby drugs and medical consumables are sold at an affordable cost (addition of the cost price plus a mark-up) to generate revenue which is used to replenish stocks, The implementation of the DRF scheme ata maximum capacity, promotes accessibility, availability, affordability, and sustainability of quality drugs and medical consumables. However, there has been reports on knowledge and certain factors towards the effectiveness of the DRF scheme. This study was therefore conducted to determine knowledge and factors influencing drug revolving fund scheme among clients attending selected hospitals in Ijebu Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria. Methodology: Cross sectional descriptive research design was used for the study. The study population were clients attending selected hospitals in Ijebu Ode. A formula was used to calculate the sample size, arriving at 132 respondents. Multistage sampling technique was used to select respondents for the study. Experts validated, structured questionnaires, with each divided into five sections were used to collect data. Analysis of the generated data was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0 and the results were presented using descriptive statistics. Results: The study revealed a mean age of 37±1.Findings shows that clients attending selected hospitalsat Ijebu-Ode Ogun State have good knowledge 79(59.8%) of the DRF scheme. However, it was discovered that some factors inhibit the utilization of DRF scheme among patients as most of them113 (85.6%) affirmed that there is ineffective system of drug administration and control. Conclusion and Recommendation: Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that despite good knowledge of the DRF scheme, some factors militate against effectiveness of the scheme among patients attending selected hospitals in Ijebu Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria. The study recommended that, the Government should subsidize essential drugs to improve patients’ access and prevent over charge in drug prices and that health workers should ensure regular and adequate procurement of essential drugs in the health facility.

Hypertension remains a major public health problem associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Heart rate recovery (HRR) is an indicator of cardiovascular health and autonomic function, with impaired HRR linked to worse cardiovascular outcomes. This study aimed to observe HRR using the YMCA Step Test in hypertensive patients. An observational study was conducted with 50 hypertensive patients. The YMCA Step Test assessed HRR by measuring heart rate pre-test, immediately post-test, and at 1 post-test. Results showed a significant rise in heart rate immediately post-test, followed by a progressive decline, indicating efficient recovery. Variations in HRR were observed among different age and gender groups. These findings highlight the importance of regular HRR assessment and tailored exercise programs in managing hypertension.

Background: Globally, healthcare personnel play a crucial role in ensuring patient safety, yet their practices and compliance with infection control measures often vary. Limited training and exposure to occupational hazards, such as needle stick injuries, further complicate efforts to maintain a safe healthcare environment. Aim: The main objective of the current study is to assess the demographic characteristics, training status, and infection control practices among healthcare personnel to identify gaps and recommend improvements. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among healthcare personnel; data were collected on demographics, job characteristics, training in infection control, occupational hazards, and practice grades. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages, were analyzed using SPSS. Results: The study included 112 participants, with 51.8% males and 58.0% Saudi nationals. Most were aged 31–40 years (44.6%). Only 17.0% had received training on infection control, while 62.5% reported experiencing needle stick injuries. Job roles were evenly split between specialized and general duties (50% each). Nurses comprised the largest group (45.5%), and 51.8% held graduate qualifications. Practice grades showed that 54.5% demonstrated "Good" practices, while 45.5% fell into the "Poor" category. Conclusion: The study highlights critical gaps in infection control training and compliance, particularly in high-risk departments. Addressing these gaps through enhanced education programs, resource allocation, and policy enforcement is essential to improve workplace safety and reduce occupational hazards.

Introduction: Breast cancer remains a significant health concern globally and particularly in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), contributing to cancer-related mortality, especially among women. Despite advancements in screening and treatment, early detection remains pivotal for improving outcomes. Aim: To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of Breast cancer among residents in the United Arab Emirates. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study. It used a questionnaire-based tool for collection and was conducted through an electronic survey for 3 months. Collecting data started after getting approval from Dubai Medical College Ethical Committee. Female UAE residents of all nationalities and starting age 18 and above were included to participate in this study by online distribution of the survey. Results: Awareness and Knowledge: 85.3% were aware of the UAE's breast cancer screening program. 79.6% believed mammograms can detect breast cancer early. Gaps in recognizing signs like lumps and nipple changes were noted. Attitudes towards Screening: 94.8% considered breast cancer screening important for early detection, 68.7% perceived screening as easy to perform, 85.3% believed in the necessity of regular screening, and 62.1% never had breast screening. Practices: 34.1% practiced breast self-examination and only 25.6% underwent mammography. Barriers to Screening: 31.2% perceived no risk, hindering mammography, 16.6% cited time constraints, and 22.3% lacked knowledge for self-examination. Discussion: Our study highlights gaps in breast cancer awareness, screening practices, and knowledge among the surveyed population. Notably, 11.4% were unaware that skin dimpling is a cancer symptom, and only 25.6% had undergone mammography, reflecting similar trends in UAE and Saudi studies. Breast Self-examination (BSE) was practiced by 34.1%, though misconceptions persist. The study underscores the need for improved education and targeted interventions. Conclusion: High awareness and positive attitudes towards breast cancer screening were evident among UAE women. However, gaps in actual screening practices, attributed to perceived barriers like risk perception, time constraints, and knowledge gaps, suggest a need for targeted interventions to improve early detection and reduce mortality.

Objective: In current this study, aims to assess hyphema involving of eye presented to Emergency medicine department and Ophthalmology outpatient department at PIMS&RC, tertiary care hospital in Thiruvalla, south Kerala State, India.689001. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology and Emergency Medicine Department retrospective study, over a period of two years from May 2022 and May 2024. The medical records of all patients who attended emergency department and outpatient department were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were seen by trained emergency duty doctors, ophthalmologists, resident’s doctors. Patients with attending the Emergency department and the Ophthalmology department were included in the study after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A detailed and comprehensive ophthalmic examination was performed and visual acuity was noted at the presentation and follow-ups. The data collected data from medical record department and electronic patient record (EPR). The descriptive and analytic statistics were carried out. Purpose: The study aims to assess the hyphema involving anterior segment of eye presented at emergency department and ophthalmology outpatient department at PIMS&RC, Thiruvalla, Kerala State, and India. Materials and Methods: Retrospective study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology and Emergency Medicine Department between May 2022 and May 2024. The records of 108 eyes of 194 patients with a diagnosis of hyphema were retrospectively reviewed from electronic patient record (EPR). The medical records of all patients who attended emergency department and outpatient department were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were seen by trained emergency duty doctors, ophthalmologists, resident’s doctors. Patients with hyphema attending the Emergency department and the Ophthalmology department were included in this study after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A detailed and comprehensive ophthalmic examination was performed and visual acuity was noted at the presentation and follow-ups. The data collected data from medical record department and electronic patient record (EPR). The descriptive and analytic statistics were carried out. Results: A total number of194 patients were participated in this study. Out of 194 patients 108 eyes were involved 104(96.3%) eyes were unilateral involvement and 4(3.70%) eyes were bilateral involvement. 108 were male patients (55.7%) and 86 were (44.3%) female patients. Patients of all age groups were considered in this study. Most vulnerable age group was 20-40 years (59.2%) followed by 26-60 years (%). Most common mode of injuries were blunt injury eyes 54(50%) followed by neovascurization of iris(NVI) 24eyes (22.2%) , postoperative hyphema 18 eyeS (16.6)and patients underwent laser peripheral iridotomy12 eyes(11%) and 3 eyes with anterior chamber intra ocular lens(ACIOL)(2.7%). In our study maximum numbers of patients were farmers. Most common mode of injuries were blunt injury followed by systemic disorders like proliferative diabetic retinopathy PDR,) central vein occlusion( CRVO )and post-operative procedures.(Table 4).In our patients we saw grade 1 hyphema in 64 eyes (59.2%) followed by grade 2 hyphema seen in 26 eyes(24%). Management of hyphema includes medical management and surgical management. Most hyphema are self- limited resolve within 5-8days with bed rest, head end elevations more than 30 degrees, eye shields. Grade 1& 2 hyphemas without high IOP, treated with topical predforte 1% eye drops and homide eye drops.Eyes with high IOP treated with anti-glaucoma medication drugs. In our study no sickle cell disease patient. Out of 194 patients4 patients underwent phacoemulsification for traumatic cataract, 6 patients anterior chamber wash(AC WASH), and 8 patients underwent trabeculectomy with mitomycin(0.2% MMC).We discontinued anticoagulants, antiplatelets , non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and aspirin.In our study we have not used antifibrinolytics such as tranexamic acid and aminiocaproic acid also reduce the risk of secondary haemorrhage by promoting coagulation. Surgical management is indicated in grade 4 hyphema with IOP more than 50mmHg and corneal blood staining. Conclusion: In our study ocular trauma was more common cause for hyphema. Majority of patients were farmers. Despite our methodology, the inherent limitations of studies should be considered and conclusion drawn from our pooled results should be interpreted with caution. Future large-volume, well-designed with extensive follow-up is awaited to confirm and update the findings of this analysis.

Background: Premature hair greying (PHG) is a complex phenomenon influenced by various factors. Systemic redox balance plays a crucial role in maintaining hair pigmentation and growth. The present study aimed to investigate systemic redox balance and trace element levels in subjects with PHG and healthy controls. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 40 PHG patients and 40 healthy controls in the age group 15–25 years after taking voluntary informed consent. 5 ml of venous blood sample was obtained from the subjects and used for the estimation of serum malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), copper, iron, calcium, and zinc levels. MDA and SOD were estimated by the ELISA method and trace elements and calcium by an automated biochemistry analyzer. Results: The mean levels of MDA and SOD were found to be 1.553±0.58**, 68.90±21.04** in PHG as compared to healthy controls, which were 0.66±0.58, 148.3±16.99, respectively. The elevation of MDA levels and decreased SOD levels in PHG was statistically highly significant (p<0.001). This indicates systemic redox imbalance in PHG subjects. Similarly, the mean values of copper, iron, zinc, and calcium were significantly lowered in PHG subjects in comparison to healthy controls (p<0.001). Conclusion: In conclusion, the intricate dance between trace elements and systemic redox balance plays a pivotal role in maintaining the youthful Vigor of our hair. Premature hair greying, once considered an inevitable fate, is now revealed to be intimately linked to the delicate balance of essential micronutrients and the body's antioxidant defences. The antioxidant arsenal, comprising vitamins C and E, selenium, and other phytochemicals, serves as a formidable bulwark against the ravages of reactive oxygen species.

This study investigates the relationship between transformational leadership, organizational support, work environment, and remote worker performance within Somalia's banking sector. Using the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) framework, the research explores the direct effects of these constructs on the performance of Remote Workers. Data were collected from 355 respondents and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results reveal significant positive relationships between transformational leadership and organizational support and the work environment, emphasizing the role of leadership in fostering supportive organizational climates. Furthermore, organizational support and the work environment significantly enhanced remote worker performance, highlighting their importance as critical job resources. By expanding the JD-R framework, this study contributes to the theoretical understanding of leadership and organizational dynamics in remote work settings. It offers practical recommendations for optimizing remote worker performance in developing economies. These findings hold important implications for organizations seeking to adapt to the challenges of digital transformation and remote work in similarly resource-constrained contexts.

The Union Budget 2025, delivered by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, prioritises economic growth, fiscal prudence, and social welfare (Government of India, 2025). The budget allocates ₹50.65 lakh crore, emphasising infrastructure development, defence, rural employment, and agricultural support, while preserving essential subsidies. Tax reforms seek to enhance middle-class consumption, whereas elevated capital expenditure is anticipated to foster investment and job development. The fiscal deficit aim is a primary concern, maintaining equilibrium between developmental objectives and economic stability. The budget emphasises digitalisation, green energy projects, and manufacturing incentives to promote sustained growth. Sectoral analysis reveals a robust advocacy for public-private partnerships and sustainable economic policies. This study rigorously analyses the budget's influence on inflation, employment, and investment sentiment. The budget establishes a robust basis for economic resilience; nonetheless, its total efficacy will hinge on successful execution and international economic circumstances (Government of India, 2025).

Immunology is a branch of biology that studies the immune system, which is responsible for defending our body against everything it recognises as foreign, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and even our own cells that have become harmful, as in the case of cancer. Teaching this subject is challenging because many immunological concepts are abstract and difficult to visualise. However, by using appropriate pedagogical strategies and innovative teaching resources, it is possible to facilitate learning and make immunology a more accessible and engaging topic. Implementing new teaching strategies will not only update students' knowledge but also contribute to improving the overall quality of education in this field. In this project, QR codes, Virtual Classroom, and Padlet were used to teach cellular and humoral immunity topics. The percentage of acceptance and learning was calculated through validated questionnaires using a Likert scale. The results demonstrated collaborative work and the development of key skills among students, making it easier for them to understand the concepts. Among the tools used, QR codes were the most popular among the students, likely because they felt more immersed and participatory in the learning process.

Shakespearean tragedies feature deep characterizations, especially of women who, despite being oppressed within the patriarchal confines of their society, contribute significantly to the development of the story and influence crucial events. In this paper, I look at the image of women in Macbeth, Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear, concentrating on their richly developed personalities, interconnections, and roles within the construction of the play's themes. The findings demonstrate that women were made to serve as instruments of morality and emotion, through which Shakespeare expresses and challenges accepted gender norms.

A fruitful environment of democracy always depends on grass root level. Now a day the concept of local democracy also plays a vital role to the success of democracy. In India, the proper functioning of democratic institutions and processes at the local level is a determining and vital factor. Thus, local democracy is understood as a national model of democracy, as citizen participation in governance, as a form of self-organization of citizens, and as a democratic system at the grass root level. The newly included ‘enclave’ areas arenew terrain of experienced. Because of the 111 enclave areas of Bangladesh was deprived from the experience of local democracy and there were no local democratic institutions to enforce the local interest before the ‘Indo-Bangladesh land boundary agreement (2015)’. This article would highlight how the people of Nalgram enclave (Chitmahal) area are currently getting local democratic opportunities through Panchayati Raj institutions after Land Boundary Agreement (2015).

Institutions have surfaced as engine of any government. While the government is the product of the state, it must be driven by the engine and in this case, the engine is the institutions and more specifically, political institutions. Building up from the work of John R. Common (2002) and Gabriel Almond (2007), institutions remain critical for effective functioning of the state and government. The study argues institutions as rules, procedures, policies, laws, regulations and systems that work in constraint in any given polity. The study surveys political institutions and particularly, political systems such as parliamentary, presidential and hybrid (mixed) using various global case studies. These three political systems were tested through empirical literature and each was found to have merits and demerits. Although any country can pick up any political system, it must be born in mind that the chosen political system must be contextual and environmentally relevant to that particular society. While the study appreciates the existing of political institutions, it argues that the working of such political institutions become paramount. Although the institutions must be effective and deliver require services, they must be driven by strong individuals. Having no established institution is bad. However, having established weak institutions is worse and above all, having strong institutions without strong individuals is a disaster to any state and government. After critical scrutiny of the global experience, the study concludes that institutions must be established, a culture to respect these institutions must be inculcated to the elites and for the institutions to produce good results, they must be run by strong and competent individuals with the highest integrity in that particular country.

Background: Out-of-pocket expenditures (OOPE) within the healthcare domain constitute a considerable financial burden for individuals and families, especially in economically disadvantaged environments. Although extensive research has been devoted to both allopathic and AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) medical systems, there exists a relative paucity of scholarly attention towards traditional healing modalities that lie outside the purview of these established frameworks, collectively termed "In Tradition" healthcare. These modalities, encompassing folk remedies, spiritual healing, and ethnomedicine, continue to be prevalent across India, yet they are notably deficient in rigorous financial evaluation. A thorough comprehension of the OOPE associated with In-tradition healthcare is imperative for assessing its economic viability and its ramifications on healthcare policy formulation. Methods: A cross-sectional investigation was executed in the Varanasi district employing systematic random sampling methodologies to evaluate OOPE for In-tradition healthcare in comparison to AYUSH and allopathic approaches. Data were meticulously gathered through structured interviews with 566 participants and analyzed utilizing SPSS version 28.0. Median OOPE values across various health conditions were contrasted employing the chi-square statistical test to ascertain significance. Results: The findings of the study revealed that In-tradition healthcare manifested lower OOPE for conditions such as mosquito-borne diseases (₹500 versus ₹1900, p=0.017) and accident-related injuries (₹660 versus ₹6050). Nevertheless, health conditions including high blood sugar and gastrointestinal disorders presented higher or comparable OOPE when utilizing In-tradition methods. No statistically significant variance in expenditures was detected for ailments related to fever, respiratory issues, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular morbidities. Overall annual median OOPE on In Tradition Health Care is less than the contemporary health care. Conclusion: In-tradition healthcare represents a prevalent yet inadequately researched facet of the healthcare framework in India. This investigation emphasizes its financial implications, revealing economic advantage. A very high proportion of family (32.7%) showing OOPE on health is a worry some for our nation.