Essential oils are substances of plant origin and lipid nature. They are present in leaves, stems, flowers, and fruit rinds. Various methods are known for their extraction. In this study, the essential oil of J. mimosifolia was extracted using distillation dragging water vapor, and the antifungal properties of the extracted essential oil were tested.
Malabar-tamarind belongs to the family Clusiaceae, genu Garcinia and species Garcinia gummi-gutta. Common names are in English: Cambodge Tree, Malabar-tamarind; Kannada: Manda huli, Mantulli, Punarpuli, Seeme hunnise, Upagi mara, Aradala, Aradaala; Malayalam: Gorakkapuli, Pinar, Kodampuli, Kudapuli, Marapuli, Meenpuli, Perumpuli, Pinampuli; Tamil: Gorakkapuli, Heela, Kottukkappuli, Panampuli; Indiabiodiversity, 2025). Vrukshamlah (Sanskrit); Bilatti-amli (Hindi); Kodakkapuli (Tamil) Punarpuli; Upaagi mara (Kannada); Korakkapuli, Kodampuli, Kudapuli, Kokakkappuli, Marapuli, Meenpuli, Perumpuli, Pinumpuli, Pinar (Malayalam). Foreign Name are in Chinese: Guan-mu, Dutch: Geelihars, English: Malabar tamarind, French: Gamboge, German: Gummiguttbaum. Danish (gummiguttræ); Dutch (geelhars); English (gamboge,brindal berry); French (mangoustanier ducambodge, gomme-gutte); German (gummiguttbaum); Hindi (upage mara, murugana huli); Japanese (garushinia kanbogia); Trade name (camboge tree). Chinese: Guan-mu, Dutch: Geelihars, English: Malabar tamarind, French: Gamboge, German: Gummiguttbaum. Garcinia gummi-gutta is a tropical species of Garcinia native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. Common names include Garcinia cambogia (a former scientific name), as well as brindle berry, and Malabar tamarind. The fruit looks like a small pumpkin and is green to pale yellow in color. Although it has received considerable media attention purporting its effects on weight loss, there are reports of liver toxicity associated with the Hydroxycut commercial preparation containing the fruit extract, with clinical evidence indicating it has no significant effect on weight loss. Garcinia is the largest genus of the Clusiaceae family comprising nearly 250 species. Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) (Syn.: Garcinia cambogia (Gaertn.); Common name: Malabar tamarind), is one of the most important members of the Clusiaceae family. It is a small or medium sized tree up to 12 m tall with dark green and shining leaves. The leaves are elliptic obovate, 2-5 inch long and 1-3 inch broad. Fruits are ovoid, 2 inches in diameter, yellow when ripe, with 6-8 grooves; seeds 6-8 surrounded by succulent aril. The aril and the fleshy covering encasing the seed is edible when ripe. The differentiation between male and female trees is known only at the flowering stage which takes approximately 7 to 9 years. G. gummi-gutta is a common species found in the Western Ghats, from the Konkan southwards to Travancore eastwards. The species has now been introduced elsewhere in the subtropical region of Asia including China, Malaysia and the Philippines. It is a common fruit plant of the Western Ghats, attributed with a wide range of applications ranging from food, medicines and nutraceutics. The fruit rind of G. gummi-gutta is the major source of (−)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA). In addition, secondary metabolites such as xanthones, benzophenones, organic and amino acids were also reported from this plant. The potential beneficial effects include antioxidant, antihelmenthic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antiobesity and hyperlipidaemic properties. Reports on the toxicity and observations during clinical trials suggest that G. gummi-gutta is safe for human consumption. The consequences of using Garcinia gummi-gutta, often known as Malabar Tamarind, sustainably while diving into the complex web of genetic variation inside the crop. Botanical and genetic traits of this enigmatic species, revealing the morphological quirks and genetic differences that make it distinct. Examining the range and preferred habitats helps to highlight the ecological niches that are essential to its existence. It delves intently into the complex web of phytochemicals found in various plant parts and explains their range of biological functions. A crucial component of this study is a thorough examination of the techniques used to gauge the genetic diversity of populations of G. gummi-gutta. The assessment of G. gummi-gutta's conservation status indicates that threats to the species’ genetic richness need to be taken seriously and quickly addressed. The difficulties in attaining sustainable use are examined in detail, offering a comprehensive grasp of the nuances related to overexploitation and conservation initiatives.
Poppy belongs to the family Papaveraceae, genu Papaver and species Papaver somniferum. Other scientific name is Papaver bracteatum. Common name are Bengali: Pasto; Hindi: Aphim, Khash-khash; Kannada: Afim, Biligasgase, Gasagase, Kasakase; Malayalam: afium, avin, karappu, kasakasa; Marathi: afu, aphu, khuskhus, posta; Sanskrit: Aaphuka, Ahifenam, Ahiphena, Afenam; Tamil: abini, gashagasha, kasakasa, postaka; Telugu: abhini, gasagasala, gasagasala-chettu; Urdu: Aphim, Khashkhash; Nepali: Aphim. The flower color is Orange, Pink, Purple, Red. Commercial part used is capsules and flowers. With so many varieties, choosing which to plant can be exhausting. Here are a few we like, and if you can’t decide, many vendors sell a seed mix: 1. Common poppy, also called Flanders, American Legion, or Red corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas). This is the famous red flower worn for remembrance in Canada, the United States, the UK, and other countries. Stunning in extensive plantings, they are not well-suited to breezy locations. 2. ‘Oriental Scarlet’ is a perennial poppy (P. orientale) with unique, six-inch diameter orange blooms on strong stems. The foliage will die back in summer, so interplant with other flowers to avoid a bare spot in your garden. Check out this page from NC State Extension for more information about Oriental poppies. 3. ‘Hungarian breadseed’ is an annual with stunning lavender and purple flowers and dark blue or black seeds for baking. 4. Shirley poppies are direct descendants of the Flanders or common poppy but were bred to provide a mix of pinks, reds, and even an occasional white. Economical to plant en masse, they are annual and self-seeding. One of the oldest plants known to humans is the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). It's where opium and opium alkaloids come. By 4000 BC, Sumerians had discovered its therapeutic, nutritional, and narcotic properties, and by 1400-350 BC, Greeks had discovered it. Mutagenesis significantly suppresses enzyme function, weakening or blocking secondary metabolite production. Opium and opium-alkaloids, particularly morphine, are addictive opioids in the opium poppy, leading to serious global drug misuse. In the straw mutant LL-34, the genetic conversion of latex 'opium poppy' into latex less seed poppy' resulted in opium less and very low alkaloids variety Sujata. Medicinal and aromatic crops were recently introduced to the mutant breeding program, maybe in the 1980s in India. Nonetheless, there have been notable achievements, some of which may be one-of-a-kind. Coordinated efforts were made for genetic tailoring (restructuring) of the plant frame, enhanced seed productivity in Papaver somniferum L., and weak or absent latex biosynthesis (Opium poppy). Several qualitative macro alterations, such as an opium-free oil-seed variety of opium poppy Sujata have been developed for commercial use. The abundant quantitative variation was also created by reshuffling the polygenic background in both seed and vegetatively propagated medicinal and aromatic crops (MACs), and then superior varieties were evolved and released after a rigorous screening in the field evaluation or the pipeline for release using the mutation breeding approach. The opium poppy varieties Sujata and Vivek are notable.
During the initial stage of viral defense, the host maintains vital sentinels through Pattern recognition receptors called RIG-I-like receptors, including RIG-I and MDA5. The successful viral infection and propagation depend on various advanced strategies developed by viruses to bypass these receptors. Biochemical methods combined with immunological approaches have given valuable molecular information about viral immune evasion, yet they fail to detect complex cellular interactions occurring in living cells at the molecular and spatial levels. The combination of live cell imaging techniques with confocal microscopy tools now lets researchers observe virus-host interactions instantly, which provides brand new methods for studying spatial and temporal viral evading patterns. This paper gathers existing information about viral RIG-I and MDA5 evasion pathways while presenting advances in live cell imaging combined with confocal microscopy techniques that researchers use to study the complex viral innate immune sensor blocking strategies. Additionally, we explore the boundaries of existing imaging methods while identifying promising research pathways in this fast-growing field.
Pain, particularly of musculoskeletal origin, is a common clinical complaint that significantly impairs functionality and quality of life. In modern medicine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely utilized for their potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the long-term use of NSAIDs is often restricted due to adverse effects such as gastrointestinal irritation, renal impairment, and increased cardiovascular risk. In contrast, Ayurveda, the traditional Indian system of medicine, employs Swedana therapy, a type of therapeutic fomentation administered as part of the Panchakarma purification procedures. Swedana, by inducing controlled perspiration through herbal steam, boluses, or immersion methods, is believed to pacify Vata Dosha, enhance circulation, alleviate stiffness, and relieve pain without causing systemic toxicity. This review aims to comprehensively compare NSAIDs and Swedana therapy in terms of mechanism of action, efficacy in pain reduction, side-effect profile, clinical indications, and applicability in chronic versus acute pain conditions. The analysis draws from classical Ayurvedic texts, recent clinical studies, and modern pharmacological data. Results suggest that while NSAIDs offer quick symptomatic relief in acute pain, Swedana provides long-term functional improvement, particularly in chronic and degenerative conditions like osteoarthritis, cervical spondylosis, and fibromyalgia. Additionally, Swedana demonstrates a favorable safety profile, making it a valuable therapeutic tool in integrative pain management protocols. The review underscores the potential of Swedana therapy as an effective, safe, and sustainable alternative or adjunct to NSAIDs. Integrating both approaches could optimize patient outcomes, reduce drug dependency, and promote holistic healing. Further clinical trials are recommended to validate efficacy and establish standardized treatment guidelines in integrative pain care.
An Al3+-selective fluorescent probe P3 derived from naphthalimide was designed and characterized. Study showed that -OH groups in the structure of compound play important role in the selectivity and binding ability of compound to Al3+. The linear range of probe P3 to Al3+ was 4.0×10-5 to 1.0×10-4 M in ethanol, and 1:1 binding mode of P3–Al3+was obtained by Job’s plot experiment.
The toxic effects of polylactic acid (PLA) microplastics (MPs) on aquatic organisms have garnered widespread attention. However, there is insufficient research on the impact of aged PLA-MPs on the accumulation of heavy metals within organisms. Therefore, this study focused on UV-aged PLA-MPs, utilizing inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to determine the accumulation of chromium in marine medaka following joint exposure to original and aged PLA-MPs with chromium. The results indicated that the color of the aged PLA changed from milky white to yellow, the surface of the PLA became rougher with noticeable grooves and protrusions, and there was a significant increase in oxygen-containing functional groups, primarily carbonyl (C=O) and hydroxyl (O-H) groups. Aged PLA significantly increased the Cr content in the marine medaka, with Cr primarily accumulating in the fish's visceral mass. Additionally, after joint exposure to aged PLA and heavy metals, the PLA content within the marine medaka was significantly higher than that of the original PLA. The findings of this study suggest that aged PLA enhances the accumulation effect of chromium in the medaka. Compared to original PLA, the joint exposure to aged PLA and heavy metals may exhibit greater toxicity.
Ayurveda, an ancient system of medicine, involves numerous therapeutic approaches, including Sneha Kalpana, which involves medicated oils such as Varunadya Taila. This formulation contains Crataeva nurvala (Varuna), Tribulus terrestris (Gokshura), and Sesamum indicum (Tila Taila), each contributing to its pharmacological effects. Varuna exhibits lithotriptic activity by preventing kidney stone formation through anti-lithogenic and anti-crystallization properties while maintaining urinary pH balance.[1]Gokshura enhances diuresis, reduces oxalate excretion, and inhibits calcium oxalate crystallization, thus aiding in urinary stone dissolution.[2]Tila Taila, with its high antioxidant and lipid content, serves as a stable carrier, enhancing the bioavailability of the active ingredients. The present review discusses the therapeutic efficacy of Varunadya Taila in urinary disorders, focusing on its lithotriptic, diuretic, and anti-inflammatory properties.
Gene therapy and enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) represent two pivotal therapeutic approaches for treating genetic disorders characterized by enzyme deficiencies. While ERT provides symptomatic relief through direct enzyme supplementation, gene therapy aims to address the underlying genetic cause by introducing functional genes into target cells. This review examines the mechanisms, clinical applications, advantages, limitations, and future prospects of both therapeutic modalities, with particular emphasis on their comparative efficacy in treating lysosomal storage disorders, primary immunodeficiencies, and other genetic conditions. As of 2024, 3,900 gene therapy clinical trials have been completed, are ongoing or have been approved worldwide, while 36 gene therapies are approved by the FDA, with an additional 500 in the pipeline and the expectation that 10–20 will be approved annually by 2025.
Introduction: The umbilical cord is a vital structure in the development of a fetus, serving as the lifeline between the mother and the developing baby during pregnancy. It is a flexible, tube-like structure that connects the fetus to the placenta, facilitating the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products. The umbilical cord typically develops by the fifth week of pregnancy and continues to grow throughout gestation, reaching an average length of about 50-60 centimeters at full term. It is usually clamped and cut after birth, leaving a small stump that eventually falls off, leaving the belly button as a permanent reminder. Statement of Problem: A descriptive study to assess the knowledge regarding the importance of Umbilical Cord Care among antenatal women’s of selected community area of Sahaspur, Dehradun. Objectives of the study: 1. To assess the knowledge of antenatal women in selected community area regarding umbilical cord care. 2. To determine the association between the level of knowledge and umbilical cord care among the antenatal women with selected demographic variables. Methodology: Quantitative research approach with descriptive research design was used in the study. The study was conducted in the community areas of Dehradun, Uttarakhand. Total enumeration sampling was to collect data from 60 subjects by using Demographic profile, Self-structured questionnaire. Result: The demographic analysis of the study participants (N=60) revealed that the majority of mothers (41.7%) were in the 26–35 years age group, followed by 33.3% in the 18–25 years category, and 25.0% in the 36–45 years group. This indicates that most participants were of reproductive age, with a predominance in the young adult category. Regarding education levels, 33.3% of the participants had completed secondary education, 25.0% had attained higher education, another 25.0% had only primary school education, and 16.7% had no formal education. The variation in educational background suggests a need for tailored maternalhealth education programs, particularly for mothers with lower literacy levels. Conclusion: The study concluded that education level and source of knowledge significantly impact maternal knowledge of umbilical cord care. While general awareness was present, gaps in knowledge still exist, particularly concerning infection signs and proper care practices. The findings emphasize the importance of healthcare professionals in educating mothers and the necessity of structured health education interventions.
Farmers who are cultivating vegetables, they are using maximum numbers and amount of pesticides compared to cereal crops per unit area. Plant protection is an exercise basically followed in any crop for control of insect-pests, diseases, weeds etc. to avoid economic losses. For proper application of pesticides –there are specific recommendations. Due to lack of awareness of farmers regarding those recommendations, they are using pesticides deviating its proper processes and considerations. As a result, they are facing health related problems. Keeping all these in view the present study was designed with objective to know the health hazards caused by chemical pesticides use by the vegetable growers.The present study was conducted in Nadia district of West Bengal. Nadia district was purposively selected for the study and Chakdah community development block of Kalyani sub division was randomly selected for the study. Rautari gram panchayat was selected randomly from all the gram panchayats of Chakdah community development block. Three villages namely Teghara, Ruppur and Rameswarpur was selected purposively as the villages were in close proximity. Complete enumeration of the farmers in the villages was attended. Farmers who were available up to three times were included in the sample. In this way 73 brinjal growers from Teghara, 62 pointed gourd growers from Ruppur and 69 cauliflower growers from Rameswarpur were selected for the study who grow crops in parcels of plots under bigger common field. In the present study, health hazards faced by the vegetable growers regarding the use of chemical pesticides were calculated. From the study it was observed that 48.03% and 51.47% respondents did not face any health issues during and after chemical pesticide application respectively. The main issues faced while applying pesticide were skin irritation (10.29%), eye irritation (13.23%), headache (9.31%) etc. and the issues faced after application of chemical pesticides include weakness (21.07%), vomiting (9.80%), skin irritation (7.84%) etc. To avoid the unnecessary use of pesticides, regulations regarding the use or pesticides and proper verification of the procedure should be carried out. Creation of awareness on the basis of family based training, sensitization through value and ethics based capacity building and utilization of religious and community leaders in this regard may be useful to overcome the issue. Various health hazards faced by the vegetables growers during and after application of the chemical pesticides were recorded. Therefore, the base level extension agencies should take proper measures on the basis of findings of the study to make their further extension programme more effective and steps should be taken to change the perception of the vegetable growers regarding the use of the safety measures.
IJCR is following an instant policy on rejection those received papers with plagiarism rate of more than 20%. So, All of authors and contributors must check their papers before submission to making assurance of following our anti-plagiarism policies.
