Table of Contents: Volume 16; Issue 06; June 2024

The ultrasonic velocity studies in liquid mixtures are wonderful use in understanding the nature and strength of intermolecular interaction. The excess sound velocity (uE), excess molar volume (VmE), and excess viscosity (ηE) have been investigated from sound velocity(u), density (ρ) and viscosity (η) measurements of six binary liquid mixtures of 1, 3-dioxolane with pentanol. Hexanol, heptanol, octanol, nonanol and decanol over the entire range of mole fraction at 298.15K. The present paper represents the nonlinear variation of ultrasonic velocity lead to dipole –dipole interactions between unlike molecules through hydrogen bonding and positive values indicate that the effect due to breaking up of self-associated structures of the components of the mixtures is dominant over the effect of H-bonding and dipole-dipole interaction between unlike molecules. The deviation has been fitted by a Redlich-Kister polynomial equation and the results are discussed in terms of molecular interactions. The excess properties are found to be eighter negative or positive depending on the molecular interactions and nature of the liquid mixtures. Excess properties provide important information in understanding the solute-solvent interaction in a solution.

A dual phase lag mathematical model for the temperature evolution in the dentin layer of a human tooth exposed to Er: YAG solid-state laser is presented by including the phase lag in heat flux and the phase lag in the temperature gradient in the Fourier heat transfer model and a laser source term, described by the Beer-Lambert law. The Laplace transformation technique is used to obtain an analytical solution to the model and the computational results are presented through the graphs. The influence of various model parameters on the temperature distribution and difference in the dentin are investigated and illustrated. It displayed and described how several common characteristics, such as the heat flux phase lag and the number of pulses, affect temperature distribution and changes.

Background: There has been growing concern both locally and internationally about the increasing abuse of opioids. Opioid use disorder (OUD) is an important contributor to the global burden of disease. Aim : To estimate the prevalence and annual prevalence of opioid use disorder from 2018 to 2022, and the pattern of opioid use disorder. Method: A retrospective cross-sectional study carried out on 482 clients admitted between 2018 to 2022 at a drug treatment center in Jos,Nigeria. Data was collected from the patient’s information documented in their case notes. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 22. Result: The prevalence of opioid use disorder among 135 clients was 28%, while the annual prevalence of opioid use disorder from 2018 to 2022 were; 37.3% in 2018 and 35.4% in 2019. Between 2020 and 2021 it decreased further from 22% to 19.3%, but it increased in the year 2022 with 26.5%. OUD was more among young adults while, codein containing syrup was the most abuse opioid with 53 (15.3) clients and most of them were poly drug users 77(57%). Conclusion: In our study, there was an upsurge of prevalence of OUD in the year 2022 (26.5%).The number of individuals with OUD is likely increasing, particularly among young people.

Background: The human brain's cognitive processes vary across genders, intriguing neuroscientists for decades. Visual memory, crucial for daily tasks, involves recalling visually presented information. While known factors like age and education influence memory, gender differences in visual memory remain less explored. Aim: This study aimed to investigate gender-specific variations in visual recall performance to enhance understanding of cognitive disparities between males and females. Material and Methods: Eighty healthy participants (40 males and 40 females), aged 18 to 24 years, were recruited for this observational study at the Research Lab, Department of Physiology, NIMS&R, Jaipur. The study used the Auditory Word Memory (AWM) test as the primary assessment tool. Participants viewed slides with word stimuli and recalled them after a delay. Data were analyzed using an independent samples unpaired t-test. Result: Significant gender differences were found in visual memory (p = 0.0128), with males averaging 5.6 and females 4.95 recalled items. This indicates males outperformed females in visual memory tasks. Conclusion: Our study reveals significant gender disparities in visual memory recall, suggesting males have advantages over females in such tasks. These findings contribute to understanding cognitive differences between genders in visual memory performance.

Estimating the time of human death remains one of the most challenging questions in forensic medicine. Since ancient times, the determination of the time of death has struggled all professional figures involved around corpses because time since death determination can be a remarkably difficult goal to achieve. Time since death is defined as the amount of time that has elapsed between the death of the decedent and the time of the post mortem examination. In this present systematic review paper, we have reviewed some online journals and some of the standard books of forensic medicine and toxicology. All the methods used for the determination of time since death are not totally accurate and they only offer a simple approximation, but due to the development of new scientific fields like molecular biology, has meticulously evaluated the rate of degradation of biological markers (e. g. Proteins DNA, RNA) in order to obtain more accurate time since death.

Background: Placenta abruption is an obstetric emergency that rise to major maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in low resource countries. It is usually unpredictable, but the risk factors identification is important. These include premature rupture of membranes, oligohydramnios, antepartum hemorrhage, advanced maternal age, multifetal gestation and abdominal trauma. This study aims to review annual data in women with placenta abruption so as to identify the risk factors, presentation mode, management and immediate maternal and perinatal outcomes at Amana Regional Referral Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methods : Retrospective observational study using medical records of all women who delivered from 28 weeks of gestation at Amana Regional Referral Hospital from January 2023 to December 2023 (n = 159) were analyzed. The results were presented in percentage and frequencies. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 23 software. Results: The incidence of placental abruption was 2.1%Risk factors for placenta abruption were hypertensive disoders of pregnancy, Premature rupture of membranes, previous Caesarean delivery, anaemia during antenatal period and multifetal gestation. Placenta abruption occurred more commmonly in the age group between 20 - 29 years (40%), in their second pregnancy (49.2%) and at a gestation age of 28 - 33+6 weeks. Maternal complications associated with placenta abruption were postpartum hemorrhage , Caesarean delivery, and need for blood transfusion. Coagulopathy, admission to intensive care unit and renal failure were also observed. There was no case of maternal death. Immediate neonatal outcomes were fetal death (83.1%), prematurity (11.9%), early neonatal death (13.6%) and low APGAR score at 5th minute of life. Conclusions: A higher frequency of placenta abruption was observed. Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy was the main risk factor for placenta abruption. Many women with placenta abruption were left to deliver vaginally. Nearly 90% of placenta abruption cases had perinatal death .More efforts should be put in antenatal management of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy to prevent placenta abruption and its complications.

Esophageal lipomas are rare tumors. Most of these lesions are clinically silent as a result of their small size, however, the majority of lesions over 3 cm have been reported to cause dysphagia, regurgitation and/or epigastralgia. Accurately diagnosing an esophageal lipoma is crucial in order to rule out potential malignant lesions, relieve patient symptoms and plan the appropriate treatment. We report a rare case of largesymptomatic midesophageal lipoma treated with band ligation successfully.

Background and Objectives: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is an important cause of healthcare-associated infections, resulting in prolonged hospitalization with increased morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis with appropriate antibiotics can reduce the emergence of resistant pathogens. The objective of this study is to find the bacteriological profile and antimicrobial resistance patterns among patients diagnosed with VAP. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study carried out at a tertiary care hospital. All endotracheal specimens from mechanically ventilated patients with a clinical suspicion of VAP sent to the department of microbiology. All isolates were processed as per standard laboratory procedures and antibiogram was determined. Results and Interpretation: The study comprised 100samples, in which 40 bacterial isolates were obtained, most of them were gram-negative organisms (90 %) and only 10 % were gram-positive organisms of which Klebsiella pneumoniae (30 %) Acinetobacter baumannii (22.5 %) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20%) were the commonest. High rates of resistance to cephalosporins were noted. Among gram-negative bacilli, multidrug-resistant organisms constituted 27.50%. Conclusions: Due to high rate of multidrug resistant organisms in ICU, early and correct diagnosis of VAP is an urgent challenge for an optimal antibiotic treatment and cure. Hence, knowing the local microbial flora causing VAP and effective infection control practices are essential to improve clinical outcomes.

Enterobacter cancerogenus, although rare, is known to cause infections in humans following a traumatic injury or crush injury. They are related to environmental contamination and are potential nosocomial pathogens. Here we report a post operative case of Dacrocystectomy with previous history of ocular trauma. A 65-year-old female patient came to the Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Victoria Hospital campus with complaints of watering from left eye for 6 months alongwith regurgitation of mucoid fluid from punctum since 5months. It was insidious in onset and progressed gradually. Patient had a history of ocular trauma to left eye 5 years back for which she was operated. Her present medical history was diagnosed as Chronic Dacryocystitis and she underwent Dacryocystectomy under local anaesthesia. Conjunctival swab specimen was isolated under aseptic precautions and was sent for culture and sensitivity. The bacterial culture report yielded Enterobacter cancerogenus.She was started on Ciprofloxacin 500mg twice daily for 5 days and Moxifloxacin eye drops thrice daily. Patient improved after antibiotics and was discharged.

Introduction: Multidetector Computed tomography is an efficient modality for characterizing colorectal pathologies. As colorectal carcinoma is the second most common cancer and has the highest mortality rate, its early detection and preoperative staging help plan treatment and surgery to prolong survival. Purpose: The objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of MDCT in diagnosis of benign and malignant pathologies as well as pre operative staging of colorectal cancer. Method:60 patients were referred to the Department of Radiodiagnosis of the Government Medical College, Akola, and were evaluated with appropriate CT protocol and multiplanar reconstruction performed.Data was collected and various benign and malignant bowel wall characteristics were studied. Results: The study showed that MDCT was efficient in characterizing bening and malignant colorectal pathologies.MDCT showed 100 % sensitivity and 92.5 % specificity in diagnosing malignant pathologies. Conclusion: The study showed that degree of bowel wall thickening with pattern of enhancement was most effective in characterizing benign and malignant pathologies. Multidetector computed tomography is the most cost-efficient , easy , faster method of imaging in colorectal pathologies and helps in early diagnosis of malignant colorectal lesions with pre-operative staging and planning surgery and management.

Background: Enhanced durability and bond strength between the bonding material and the enamel is essential for the clinical success of the orthodontic treatment. Bonding failures are inconvenient, delays treatment, costly and might compromise the outcome of the treatment. Hence this study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded with 3 different composites viz the Transbond-XT, Ormco Grengloo, and EZ-Bond. Methods: 36 freshly extracted maxillary premolars was collected and stored. Then specimen was randomly divided into the following groups and bonded accordingly with the adhesives planned for the study. 1 GROUP 1- Transbond XT with Transbond XT primer 2 GROUP 2- Grengloo with Ortho solo primer 3 GROUP 3- EZ bond adhesive Appropriately bonded samples were taken for shear bond test done using an Instron testing machine. Results: The mean SBS of Grengloo with Orthosolo primer, Transbond XT and EZ bond were 14.28 MPa, 13.99 MPa and 12.01 MPa respectively. There were no significant differences found in shear bond strength between Grengloo and Transbond XT but significant differences found in shear bond strength between Transbond XT and EZ bond adhesive as well as Grengloo and EZ bond adhesive. Conclusion: Metal brackets bonded with color changing adhesive Grengloo have shown superior shear bond strength. The color changing adhesives offer a viable alternative in cases demanding robust bond strength. Each presents unique advantages allowing the clinicians to select based on their preferences and specific requirements

This study focused on the assessment strategies and objectives to be followed for integrated science learning in basic schools within Sunyani municipality. In line with the convergence of parallel mixed methods research design, the study included eleven (11) integrated science teachers from public and private basic schools in the municipality. Data were collected by means of a lesson observation schedule, an interview and a questionnaire. In the analysis of data, standard deviations, T-test and mean scores have been used. The results showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the priorities of integrated science teachers to carry out classroom assessments according to their school type, P = .735. However, it was noted that the most frequently used methods of assessment by teachers surveyed were classroom tests, homework and class exercises. Finally, the findings showed that teachers did not use self-assessment or peer comparison in their lessons. Unique contribution to assessment: It was recommended that peer and self-assessment be mandatory in assessing pupils learning to enable them to be part of their own assessment.

The physical health of college students is the foundation of various national undertakings, a favorable driving force for promoting continuous social development, and an important external manifestation of the comprehensive national strength and national vitality of the country. Based on a questionnaire survey of 1560 students, we found that older students, female students, non-only child families, and rural students are more actively involved in sports. To improve the physical health level of college students, efforts can be made to ensure exercise intensity, increase the coverage of physical education courses, vigorously promote the construction of sports clubs, and strengthen the academic linkage between physical health test scores and student awards. To increase the participation rate of college students in sports, we can start by continuing to maintain the development of “lifelong sports” education, increasing the recognition of parents and family members for physical exercise, emphasizing the updating of teaching methods, emphasizing financial support and functional development of sports facilities, and cultivating a strong cultural atmosphere of sports.

Cette étude a pour objectif général d’analyser les déterminants de la violence éducative dans les établissements de l’enseignement technique et de la formation professionnelle à Yopougon. L’hypothèse de travail soutient que des déterminants psychosociaux favorisent la violence éducative contre les élèves. Pour rendre compte de l’objet d’étude, nous avons eu recours aux théories du fonctionnalisme et de la domination. L’étude documentaire, l’enquête-interrogation (questionnaires et guides d’entretien) et l’observation ont aidé à la collecte des données. Celles-ci ont subi l’épreuve des analyses qualitative et quantitative. Les résultats de l’étude montrent que ces violences éducatives se déclinent sous plusieurs formes telles que verbale (55,5%), psychologique (27,8%) et physique (16,7%). Divers auteurs ont été associés à ces violences notamment des enseignants (46,3%), des éducateurs de niveau (19,1%) des chefs d’établissements (9,9%), des inspecteurs d’orientation (9,3%), des inspecteurs d’éducation (8%) et des parents d’élèves (7,4%). Comme tout phénomène social, ces violences éducatives ne sont pas le fait d’un seul facteur. Plusieurs facteurs sont à l’origine de leurs manifestations, il s’agit de l’absence d’une équipe de coordination chargée de détecter la violence éducative (43,2%), de l’absence de guide pour dénoncer les agressions du personnel scolaire sur les élèves (32,7%) et du recours à la violence par des enseignants et des personnels d’encadrement pour affirmer leur autorité sur leurs élèves (24,1%). A travers ces données, nous pouvons retenir que les déterminants de ces violences sont d’ordre personnel et social. Notre hypothèse de recherche est ainsi confirmée.

The unprecedented scale of global crises, including armed conflicts, climate change, and socio-economic disruptions, has led to a significant increase in the number of refugees worldwide. This paper examines current challenges and proposes comprehensive strategies to enhance regional protection policies and effective resettlement of refugees. By analyzing case studies from various regions, the research highlights best practices and innovative approaches for managing refugee influxes. It underscores the importance of international cooperation, policy coherence, and the strengthening of regional frameworks to ensure the protection and integration of refugees. The study advocates for a shift towards more sustainable and inclusive resettlement programs, emphasizing the need for robust support systems and community involvement. These efforts aim to not only meet immediate humanitarian needs but also promote long-term stability and development within host countries. The findings provide actionable insights for policymakers, humanitarian organizations, and stakeholders committed to addressing the multifaceted challenges of refugee protection and resettlement in the modern era.

As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to permeate diverse sectors of society, the ethical considerations surrounding its adoption become increasingly complex and consequential. This paper delves into the multifaceted landscape of ethical considerations in AI adoption, exploring the guiding principles, emerging challenges, and far-reaching implications for individuals, organizations, and society. Drawing upon a comprehensive review of literature, this research elucidates key ethical dimensions such as algorithmic transparency, bias mitigation, data privacy, fairness, and accountability. It examines the intricate interplay between ethical principles and practical challenges inherent in AI deployment, emphasizing the need for robust governance frameworks and responsible AI practices. Furthermore, this paper investigates the societal impact of AI adoption, including its effects on employment, socioeconomic inequalities, and democratic values. By synthesizing insights from diverse disciplines, this research contributes to a nuanced understanding of the ethical complexities inherent in AI adoption and provides actionable recommendations for fostering ethical AI development and deployment in an increasingly AI-driven world.

Sustainability is meeting the requirements of present generations without hindering the ability of future generations to meet their own. Principles of sustainable development include that we should conserve the earth's resources for future generations and ensure our actions have minimal impact on the environment as possible (Adham Sayed Mohamed HYPERLINK "https: //www. researchgate. net/ scientific-contributions/ Adham-Sayed-Mohamed-Torky-2281277927"Torky, 2024), So what decisions does the population require in order to lead humanity towards a sustainable future? In terms of biodiversity and resources we need to leave an estimated 38% of the earth's surface undisturbed to maintain a significant proportion of species beyond the next century (Li, X., Zickfeld, et al. 2020), We also need to use no more than the earth can regenerate; this means reducing CO2 emissions to the same absorption rate and only cutting the number of trees that can be replanted. The decisions that need to be made are those that consider the quality of life for future generations and not just the present. Currently in the world there is a divide between the richer and poorer nations, the richer nations live comfortable lives but are generally not sustainable, the poorer nations live sustainable lives but often have a lower quality of life. A decision needs to be made for a middle ground (Solomon, et al. 2009), The current world population is around 8 billion, with the average person living to 65 years of age. Contrast this with the statistics from 1945 where the population was approximately 2.5 billion with an average life expectancy of 46 years. This change and increase in the number of people on the planet has placed huge demands on the earth's resources, and will continue to do so in the future. We are depleting the resources at an unsustainable rate; in the past 10,000 years the earth's ecosystem has been through more disruption than the previous 65 million. To continue using the earth's resources at the current rate may lead the earth to an irreversible state, a situation where future generations will have a lower quality of life due to scarcity of resources, this is what is known as 'sustainability'.

The awful state of Eunuchs in Indian society is depicted in the drama Seven Steps Around the Fire. It highlights the protagonist Kamala’s sorrow, who is a eunuch. The eunuchs are not regarded as honorable or even decent people. They disguise themselves as ladies, yet they cannot be recognized as such. It is known as being “neuter gender.” Dattani talks on the play’s eunuchs’ issues, as well as their identity and implications. It draws attention to the eunuchs’ absurd exclusion from society and their desire for fairness, acceptance, and self-respect. Subject Area: Fiction (Humanities).