October 2012

In graph theory, a connected component of an undirected graph is a sub graph in which any two vertices are connected to each other by paths. For a graph G, if the sub graph of G itself is a connected component then the graph is called connected, else the graph G is called disconnected and each connected component sub graph is called it’s components. Circular-arc graphs have variety of applications involving traffic light sequencing, genetics etc. A dominating set D of graph G = (V,E) is a non-split dominating set if the induced sub graph < V-D > is connected. The non-split domination number ns(G) of G is the minimum cardinality of a non-split dominating set .In this paper constructed an algorithm for finding a non-split dominating set of an Circular-Arc graph. Also its relationships with other parameters is investigated.

The iterative algorithmic approach for binary multiplication based on ancient Nikhilam Sutra is described. Nikhilam sutra, one of the Multiplication Sutra of Vedic mathematics is efficient in multiplying large decimal numbers as it reduces multiplication of two large decimal numbers to two smaller numbers. The proposed iterative algorithm is taken from Nikhilam Sutra and is further optimized by use of dropping least significant zeros of the binary numbers and performing bit shifting to take the advantage of bit reduction in multiplication.

The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary dosages of Lyngbya hieronymusii on the immune response and disease resistance against infections due to the opportunistic pathogen Aeromonas hydrophilia, in fish fingerlings of Platycephalus gibbosus. A cyanobacterium, L. hieronymusii was incorporated into the diets of P. gibbosus fingerlings and different biochemical, haematological and immunological parameters were evaluated. Superoxide anion production, lysozyme, serum bactericidal, serum protein and albumin were improved in cyanobacteria treated groups compared with the control group. Survival was increased in the cyanobacteria treatment group upto 89% survivability in the 500 mg cyanobacteria/kg and 1 g cyanobacteria/kg, and 75% survivability in the 2g cyanobacteria/kg, respectively. These results indicate that L. hieronymusii stimulates the immunity and makes P. gibbosus more resistant to infection by A. hydrophilia.

Glutamate (Glu) dehydrogenase (GDH), enzyme preferentially occurs in the mitochondria of companion cells of a number of plant species grown on nitrate as the sole nitrogen source. For a better understanding of the controversial role of GDH either in ammonium assimilation or in the supply of cadmium, we studied the localization of GDH in tomato (Solanum Lycopersicon 63/5F1) plants grown either on absence of cadmium (AC) or on presence of cadmium (PC). Production of GDH and its activity were strongly induced when plants were grown on presence of cadmium. The induction mainly occurred in highly vascularized organs such as stems and midribs and was likely to be due to accumulation of phloem-translocated ammonium in the sap. GDH was increased in the mitochondria and appeared in the cytosol of companion cells. Taken together, our results suggest that the enzyme plays a dual role in companion cells, either in the mitochondria when mineral nitrogen availability is low or in the cytosol when ammonium concentration increases under cadmium stress conditions.

This paper presents a new approach to minimize congestion in data networks. The routing algorithm guarantees a loss-free delivery of data packets from congested sources, and a deterministic bound on the route length in arbitrary topology networks. This work shows that routing decisions using Local Greedy method are not optimal, and the performance of the algorithm can be improved substantially by using new look-ahead measures. The contribution of this paper is to propose a new metrics to find an optimal path to minimize congestion in networks .In the proposed method, time taken to find an optimal path is less when compared to Local Greedy algorithm. The objective is to minimize the congestion. The performance is studied computationally for various networks with different number of nodes under static traffic model. In all the experiments the proposed method shows better results.

Wetlands are an incredibly important resource for wildlife, the public and to all of us as a social being. These productive and diverse ecosystems can be used to learn about many different topics including the water cycle, food chains, food webs, the importance of habitat, human impacts and how to get involved in conservation activities. It is widely accepted that wetland have a significant influence on hydrological cycle. Wetland has therefore become important elements in water management policy at national, regional and international level. There are many examples where wetlands reduce floods, recharge groundwater augment low flows. Wetlands are important repositories of aquatic biodiversity. Wetlands are said to perform ‘hydrological functions’ to ‘act like a sponge’ soaking up water during wet periods and releasing it during dry periods. Wetlands are also known as a 'House of Thousand Species'. This paper is an attempt to highlight the importance of wetlands on villagers through observation and case study method on Chanchal-I & Chanchal II blocks of Malda District of West Bengal (India).

Glutamate (Glu) metabolism and amino acid translocation were investigated in the control and cadmium stressed leaves of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) using 15N-ammonium and 15N-Glu tracers. Regardless of organ type, 15N-ammonium assimilation occurred via glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.1.1.3), both in the control and stressed plants, and it did not depend on Glu dehydrogenase (GDH; EC 1.4.1.2). The 15N-ammonium and ammonium accumulation patterns support the role of GDH in the deamination of 15N-Glu to provide 2-oxoglutarate and 15N-ammonium. In presence of cadmium, excess 15N-ammonium was incorporated into asparagines that served as an additional detoxification molecule. In the presence of MSO, glutamate, alanine and -amino butyrate of roots tissue continue to become labelled with 15N under Cd treatment. Free ammonia accumulates rapidly in both leaves and roots in response to MSO. The labelling kinetics of amino acids in roots of tomato plants in the presence of cadmium show that continued assimilation of 15N-ammonium can occur when the GS/GOGAT cycle is inhibited. GDH protein is more abundantly in the mitochondria of cadmium stress plants than control. These findings open, therefore, new perspectives toward a better understanding of the function of GDH, particularly in relation to cadmium stress.

The phytochemical and antibacterial activity of different organic solvent extracts (methanol, Ethyl acetate and N-butanol), of the wild mushroom- Ganoderma lucidum was evaluated at different concentrations 200mgml-1, 150mgml-1, 100mgml-1, 50mgml-1 and 25mgml-1. The antibacterial activities of the extract were investigated using the disc diffusion method. All the test microbes showed resistance against methanolic and N-butanolic fractions. However, they all showed susceptibility to ethyl acetate extract fraction except Streptococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Enterobacter aeroginosa that showed resistance. The Ethylacetate extract fraction exhibited broad spectrum of activity by acting against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The inhitory effect of the test extract was compared with a standard antibiotic-AmpicloxR (Ampicillin + Cloxacillin).The extract showed its potentials as an antibacterial agent that should be exploited.

The interaction between play as a unique phenomenon and culture is one of the controversial issues in Interdisciplinary Sciences. Two broad perspectives, biological and cultural views, have discussed play as an inherent universal aspect of human being or as a socially situated cultural activity. In addition to biological notion, the cultural aspects of play are strong enough to deduce that play is a social and cultural ‘pathway’ for socialization. Language, values, moral virtues, power, individualistic and collectivistic believes, autonomy, and a sense of community, as cultural components, can be conveyed through this pathway from one generation to newer generation. A simple analysis of the content of new e-gaming has revealed that action, power, speed, aggression, imagination, feminism, masculinism, and terror are just some of cultural concepts that convey through this pathway and form the way of children’s socialization. The present paper was focused on the relationship between these cultural components and play. This purpose was followed through the following topics: first, culture and its characteristics, and then cultural and social aspects of play (culture within play or play within culture). These topics were discussed based on current findings in social and cultural studies.

23- central composite design(CCD) optimization and kinetics of coal washery effluent (CWE) coag-flocculation by Afzelia bella seed has been studied at room temperature via standard bench scale jar test. Afzelia bella coag-flocculant (ABC) was produced according to work reported by Ghebremichael. The combined effects of pH, dosage and settling time on the particle removal was studied using surface response methodology. Kinetic data generated were fitted with specified kinetic models for the evaluation of functional coag-flocculation kinetic parameters. The optimal values of pH, dosage and settling time were recorded at 6,300mg/l and 30min,respectively. The results of the major kinetic parameters recorded were 2, 7x10-5 l /mg.min and 1.34min for order of reaction, coag-flocculation reaction rate constant and coagulation period, respectively. The minimum removal efficiency recorded was > 95% at 3 mins of coag-flocculation. The results demonstrated that ABC can be applied as a coag-flocculant in the treatment of water at the conditions of the experiment.

Land resource provides basic human needs. Soil is the most important component of land resource. Physio-chemical properties of soil are analysed to determine the land quality. Puruliya is the western most district of West Bengal falling plateau fringe area. The main objective of the study is to determine the quality of land on the basis of soil parameters for sustainable land uses. Soil samples are collected in each block of the districts and analysed in laboratory. Different maps are generated using chemical properties of soil and land capability evaluation maps are prepared applying Azzi’s method in GIS environment. Four land classes are generated. Class-I & class-II land covers about 18% area and class-III & class- IV land covers nearly 82% area. Therefore 82% of the land fertility status is very low. So bio- fertiliser along with phosphorous and lime based fertiliser must be used for augmentation the soil fertility status.

Tourism involving travel to areas of natural or ecological interest typically under the guidance of a naturalist for the purpose of observing wildlife and learning about the environment and at the same time focus on wildlife and promotion of understanding and conservation of the environment is called wildlife tourism. The Kanha National Park was included amongst fine nine conservation schemes in the world. The policy of wildlife tourism management in Kanha National Park is based on a delicate balance between conservation on the one hand and education and entertainment that is ecologically and socio-culturally sustainable, on the other. The active participation of local people is crucial to the success of this strategy. Khatia village comes inside the buffer area. There is a sharp change is observed in the socio economic condition of the village which. is almost entirely controlled by Kanha National Park. Present author has discussed specially the related aspects of the impact of wild life tourism with particular reference to the recent prospects in the context of the socio-economic condition of khatia village in details.

The landscapes on the earth are more or less sculptured with the foot points of human civilization. The anthropogenic activities changed the natural landscape significantly with the passage of time. Presence of human being on earth and his use of land had profound effect on the natural environment and vice versa; which results into an observable change in the land use and land cover over time. Information of land use land cover in the form of maps and data is very important for spatial planning, management and utilization of land. Land use land cover scenario in India has undergone a radical change since the onset of Green Revolution. Remote sensing provides scientific and systematic information for change detection and monitoring of human uses and bio-geographical coverage of land. The present study attempts to identify the spatio-temporal changes of land use land cover in Purbasthali region over the time span of 86 years, using the topographical maps and satellite images of the years 1918, 1973, 1990 and 2004. We have adopted digital and visual land use land cover classification method to produce series of land use land cover maps. The study reveals that agricultural land use has dominance over the other Land use Land cover categories and it covers almost half of the study area but, very recently it is decreasing at a slow pace. Vegetation cover of the region is almost wiped out; Built-up land is extending quite usually with growing population pressure. But recently, due to river bank erosion of river Bhagirathi along the eastern margin of the region it has been shifted to some other areas. The major negative changes occurred in current fallow category due to proficiency in agricultural practice, farm mechanization, and other socio-economic causes.

The increasing municipal solid waste (MSW) generation along with high fraction of organic, recyclable and other types of wastes is the current scenario in religious places and many tourist resorts of Kashmir valley in India. As a response to this problem, we carried out a study on municipal solid waste (MSW) generation and present scenario of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) during Yatra season (July-August 2011) in Pahalgam. The purpose of study was to evaluate the quantity, composition of MSW generated by Yatries, to recommend appropriate management practices. The study was based on three sites with marked differences in their physical and biotic features. The generation of municipal solid wastes (MSW) during Yatra season was too high, which could alter all environmental parameters if proper disposal could not occur at right time. The maximum net weight of MSW was observed at site3 (442.17 Kg/day), while as minimum was observed at site1 (55.92Kg/day). Among the constituents of solid wastes the net weight (%) was dominated by Food wastes (43%) followed by glass (19%), cardboard (13%), while as rubber and leather contributed almost 0 %. Analysis also showed that the maximum (382.07Kg/day) total net weight was contributed by compostable wastes followed by recyclable (221.14Kg/day), combustible by 37.91Kg/day and inert material contributed 12.11Kg/day. The average net weight observed during study period was 108.87 Kg/day/site. Increasing MSWM problems and its disposal strikes environment and health hazard prevailing scenario of waste handling practices and disposal is exhibited along with its associated problems. These insights into generated waste and management practice in Pahalgam health resort allow making suggestions for improved collection, transportation and disposal methods. A primary conclusion is that the recyclable and biodegradable waste is a major fraction having suitable properties for recycling and composting.

The present study emphasizes on the decolorization of reactive dyes by the bacteria isolated from paper industry waste water. The isolate VBH1 was selected based on its maximum decolorization of 150mg/l of Reactive red 31and Reactive yellow 81. Based on phenotypic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequence, the strain VBH1 belongs to the genus Streptococcus. The optimal conditions for the decolorization of dyes by the isolate VBH1 for 150 mg/l of dyes remained shaker with glucose as carbon supplement and tryptone as nitrogen supplement at pH 8.0 and temperature 35ºC. On physiochemical parameters optimization, 100% decolorization of Reactive red 31 and Reactive yellow 81 was achieved within 22h. Although the degraded product formed was non-toxic as compared to the parent dyes, scanning micrographs taken after dye decolorization revealed drastic changes on the bacterial cell morphology.

Mature seeds of apple (Mallus pumila) Mill. (Cv. Golden delicious) are dormant and do not germinate unless their dormancy is removed by several weeks of moist-cold treatment. We investigated the effect of short-term growth regulator (NAA, BAP, Kinetin and 2,4-D) pre-treatment on breaking of apple embryonic dormancy. Embryos excised aseptically from non stratified Cultivator ‘Red Delicious’ apple seeds were placed in a solution of various growth regulators at different concentration for different time period before germination in Murashige and Skoog’s media in order to remove embryonic dormancy in them. It was observed that only Kinetin pre-treatment at lower concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/l for 6-12 hours) proved to break embryonic dormancy of apple. At higher concentration of Kinetin pre-treatment i.e. 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/l for the time period of 2-4 hours, the apple embryos were transformed to callus. The germinated apple plantlets after one month of germination were hardened in plastic cups contained sterile garden soil, farmyard soil and sand (2:1:1) and finally transferred to green house. The plantlets showed 90 % survival rate. The objective of this study was to remove embryonic dormancy of apple seeds by various growth regulator pre-treatements and enhance germination in a shorter period of time instead of going for stratification for several weeks. This could be very useful in plant breeding programme by shortening the breeding cycle and introducing the apple to tropical regions where prolonged winters are not observed. Copy Right, IJCR, 2012, Academic Journals. All rights reserved.

Laccase is the chief ligninolytic enzyme produced by the white-rot mushroom fungi and it has several biotechnological applications including removal of toxic organo pollutants, dye degradation and in melanin synthesis. There is a growing need for isolation and identification of new laccase producing organisms to be used in industries. This paper reports that the increase in laccase production and activity in Pleurotus florida, an oyster mushroom species, in the presence of PAH (Anthracene) by using media engineering techniques and Statistical design experiments involving Response Surface Methodology. Central composite design was applied to optimize the media components and to evaluate the effect of peptone, malt extract and CaCl2 on laccase activity. This statistical design experiment aimed to reduce the number of experiments and to obtain more information on the mutual interactions between the variables. Central composite design led to 20 sets of experiments. When the optimized amounts of nutrients (Peptone, Malt Extract and CaCl2 was 1, 1, 0.1g respectively) were used as supplements to the basal salt medium, laccase activity obtained was increased ten fold (from 2.20 IU/ml to 22.6 IU/ml) over the control treatment using basal salt medium. The interaction between the three supplements as revealed by the RSM indicates that laccase activity was promoted when basal salt medium was supplemented with peptone, malt extract and CaCl2were in the ratio 1:1:0.1. The significant increase in laccase activity using response surface methodology demonstrates the bioprospecting potential of this isolate as a good source of laccase enzyme for industrial applications.

Most work done to advance sustainable production and marketing of woodcarvings in Kenya is unsystematic and scattered. Therefore, the review was aimed at synthesizing information on production and marketing of the woodcarvings. The woodcarvings industry has a rich history in the country. However, the production and processing of woodcarvings has not fully embraced newer technologies and innovations. The production technologies applied are ineffective and inefficient. This state has often compromised levels of precision and artistic making the industry unable to handle the threat from machine-made products. The market access strategies applied include cooperatives, direct marketing, collective action, contractual arrangements and e-commerce. Collective action including cooperatives and self-help groups is highly applied to market products. Cooperatives are preferred due to their associated benefits in terms of higher site prices hence more profits as a result of bulk marketing. Self-help groups are small associations and are increasingly being preferred as an alternative to cooperatives. Contractual arrangements and e-commerce are least applied strategies. Contractual arrangements often result into income stability and improved efficiency. E-commerce is the least applied although it leads to reduced transaction costs and improved information flow. This, therefore, calls for concerted efforts in terms of technical capacity building for actors in the woodcarvings value chain to apply effective and efficient production and marketing technologies and innovations.

Present study deals with Ethno botanical investigations among rural population in Marathwada. Marathwada region comprising seven districts, Aurangabad, Beed, Jalna, Latur, Nanded, Osmanabad and Parbhani form a part of Vast Deccan Plateau of India, located 7005 – 780 E longitude and 1705 - 2005 N longitude An ethno botanical investigations has been carried out to record the indigenous knowledge of the ethnic communities of Marathwada. Marathwada have good association with plant resources. Authors have collected the information, for this authors visited villages such as Ambajogai, Parli-Vaijnath, Degloor, Nanded, Mahur, Daheli, Saradgaon, Kakhandi, Loha, Loni , Kinwat, Anandwadi etc. Photos of local in habitants (medicinal men) also taken. The aim of study to disseminate this knowledge for benefit of poor people, as plants are easily available locally and utilized by local healers in day today life. So it must be preserved and propagated

The egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma have been used successfully as inundative biological control agents against a range of agricultural pests mainly lepidopterans and are the most widely used natural enemies in biological control worldwide. Parasitoids depend on a series of adaptations to the ecology and physiology of their hosts and host plants for survival and are thus likely highly susceptible to changes in environmental conditions. Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors influencing physiology and behavior of insects including parasitoids. The aim of this study was to describe functional responses of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii on Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) infesting pigeonpea at four temperatures viz. 12, 17, 22 and 27oC that represent a common range of daytime temperatures in northeastern Uttar Pradesh during October (When plant starts flowering) to December (when pods starts maturing) and when Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) populations can exceed the Economic Injury Level (EIL) and natural enemies can be important for their control.

The Trichoderma sp. and Aspergillus nidulans were isolated from soil sample of local landfill in Shivamogga district for check the efficiency of polyethylene degradation. Degradation was monitored by observing weight loss and changes in physical structure by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Organisms were grown on polyethylene without any treatment and polyethylene, which was UV irradiated and incubated with nitric acid at 80oC for 06 days before cultivation. Organisms were able to degrade treated polyethylene more efficiently than untreated polyethylene. Both of these organisms may act as solution for control the problem caused due to polyethylene contamination in nature.

The study has been conducted to determine the effect of the androgen hormone, 17α-Methyltesterone (MT) on survival rate, growth rate and the sex ratio of tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius,1978) Postlarvae (PL). Five different doses of MT 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 mg/kg feed were incorporated in the commercial diet of P. monodon PL for 50 days from PL3 till PL53 and a control without MT. The highest survival rate 68.0% ± 4.6 of shrimp PL was archived in control treatment compared to the MT treatment doses. The highest dose of MT1000 mg/kg feed produced the highest body weight (BW) of 0.26g ± 0.1 and TL of 31.99 ± 3.8. Highest concentration of MT 1000 mg/kg feed did produce highest 76.6% male population among survivors was significantly different among the treatments. The study concluded that MT beside with the production of male population of P. monodon PL could also act as a growth promoter with the increased hormone dose but it adversely decreased survival rate.

Capital Markets across the world are flourishing and lot of investment is being done to improve the market infrastructure. Clearing and Settlement is the post trading process which is now undergoing a lot of changes to reduce the transaction cost both in domestic and cross border settlements. The regulatory institutions for securities in each country/region are coming up with different standards to harmonize and standardize the clearing and settlement space. Harmonization results in reduction in cost and interoperability. These financial institutions are looking for a vendor who can give them the solution with these standards at a lower cost and lesser time. Hence the IT firms should be more proactive and position their product according to the market needs. By analyzing the current trends and challenges in the market, they can identify the possible opportunities and come up with the solution even before the customers approach them. This study also would help them to design their marketing strategy in clearing and settlement space. The geography wise trends help them to design the strategy for each market separately. The study also analyses whether there is correlation between number of trades in a particular region and the IT spending in that region. If correlation is present between them, then by analyzing the trend in number of trades, share volume and trade value one can say what will be the IT spending in that region. Qualitative analysis of the current trends and challenges are very important for an IT industry because the trends, regulations are some of the factors which drive the change. Hence the current trends and challenges are analyzed and areas opportunity for TCS is identified and recommendations are given finally.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the roles of teachers in the formulation and implementation of school-based innovations in Secondary Schools. This paper examines the various roles of teachers in the formulation of school based education innovations. The paper also investigates the various innovation implementation strategies employed by schools. The variouschallenges that school management go through in trying to formulate and implement innovations in their schools have also been highlighted. The study was conducted in Nandi North District. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 20 schools out of 50.From this, a total of 140 teachers participated in the study. Primary data was collected by use of questionnaires while document analysis formed the main source of secondary data. The collected data was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics and presented in form of frequency tables.The study found that teachers’ roles in the formulation of school based education innovations are not recognized It was also found that school innovation implementation strategies were inappropriate in the management of schools.The study also found out that there were various constraints to formulation and Implementation of school based education innovations. It was recommended that teachers be regarded as partners in education management. The study recommended that schools need to come up with prudent measures in regard to innovation formulation and implementation. The study also recommended the need for management of secondary schools and the Ministry of Education to conduct regular self-appraisals on their weaknesses and strengths with a view of minimizing on the constraints and challenges realized during the formulation and implementation process of school innovations.

The annual frequency of tropical cyclonic disturbances (≤ 63 knots) and the annual frequency of cyclonic and severe cyclonic storms (34 to 63 knots) over the north Indian Ocean (comprising Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea) is analyzed using the Fractal Construction Technique. Recognizing and quantifying chaos in time series represents an important step towards understanding not only the natural behavior of the system but also for the improvement of short term forecasts. An attempt is being made to find the fractal geometry of climate and to predict its periodicity on different temporal scales. Lyapunov exponent, Maximum Lyapunov characteristic exponent and Lyapunov time for the cyclonic disturbances including depression, cyclonic storm and severe cyclonic storm over the north Indian Ocean has been estimated.