May 2013

Random Amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was applied to brinjal genotypes in order to assess the degree of polymorphism among genotypes. Three RAPD Primers ( OPB-07,OPL-04 and OPC-07) were used to estimate genetic diversity in five brinjal cultivars. A total of 30 bands were scored corresponding to an average of 10 bands per primer with 10 bands showing polymorphism (33.33%).One out of three primers (OPB-07) gave 50% polymorphism. Dice`s similarity coefficient ranged from 0.857-0.980.Similarity matrix computed with dice`s coefficient reveals maximum similarity between cultivars Swarna mani (S1) and Punjab-70 (S2), Arka kranti (S4) and Swarna abhilamb (S5) i.e, 0.980 and 0.923 respectively while distantly related cultivars were Swarna mani (S1) and Swarna abhilamb (S5) with similarity coefficient 0.857.A dendogram constructed based on UPGMA clustering method revealed two major clusters-cluster-1 and cluster-2.The cluster – 1 comprises of Swarna mani (S1) and Punjab-70 (S2) and cluster -2 comprises of Arka kranti (S4) and Swarna abhilamb (S5), while as Arka shree (S3) occupies a distinct place as revealed in dendogram.

The community based cross sectional study explored age and sex variations in under nutrition using mid‐upper arm circumference (MUAC) cut‐off values among 2196 (1037 boys and 1159 girls), 3‐5 years old children in a food insecure rural Bera sub district of Pabna district in Bangladesh. MUAC was measured using standard technique. The response rate was approximately 96%. Mean MUAC among boys was higher than girls at all ages except 5 years. Significant sex differences were not observed over ages. The age‐combined rates of overall (moderate and severe) under nutrition among boys (38.49%) was higher than among girls (32.22%).The age combined rates of moderate under nutrition were 36.34% and 31.03% among boys and girls, respectively. The rates of severe under nutrition were 2.15% and 1.20% among boys and girls, respectively. There were sex differences in both moderate and severe under nutrition. There was an increasing trend in the rates of overall under nutrition from 3 to 5 years in both genders. Education of mothers, housing space, family size, religion, and sex of children had significant effects on the nutritional status of children. Results of the study suggest that MUAC is a potential anthropometric indicator of child nutrition.

A substantial and low cost DNA isolation protocol is the prerequisite of many molecular biology experiments for the genetic improvement of highly economical medicinal plants. The present study was undertaken to explore the best DNA isolation protocol for Stevia rebaudiana Bert., an artificial sweetener. Four methods were evaluated for extraction of DNA namely Kit GeNeiTM Genomic DNA extraction (Bangalore GeNei), Kit GeNeiTM Plant DNA isolation (Bangalore GeNei), Phenol-Chloroform Method and CTAB method. All four methods evaluated effectively to isolate the DNA from the young and old leaves of Stevia plant and produced consistently positive results. The quantity and quality of the DNA extracted was compared using UV-spectrophotometer and agarose gel electrophoresis. It was found that the Kit GeNeiTM Plant DNA isolation (Bangalore GeNei) had good quality as well as quantity (A260/280, 1.5655) of DNA as compared to other three methods. The present findings will certainly play a vital role in genetic improvement of Stevia rebaudiana Bert.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disease of the brain. It’s is the most common form of dementia which demolishes the vital brain cells causing trouble with memory, thinking and behaviour, brutal enough to affect work. Recognized factors in Alzheimer’s disease include acetylcholine deficiency, free radicals, and inflammation of the brain tissue. Many of the current drugs used to treat the disease like Donepezil have unpleasant side effects and doctors are keen to find alternatives. There is no cure for Alzheimer’s disease, but drugs designed to slow disease progression are available. Herbal medicines are being used by 80% of the world population in developing countries for primary health care. Some herbs may help to improve brain function, but scientific evidence to prove that they can treat Alzheimer’s disease, is limited. A list of medicinal plants curing AD were collected from literature and its phytoconstituents were tabulated. The chemical structures of the phytoconstituents (ligands) were drawn in Chemsketch and converted into mol format. The target molecule was found from literature and downloaded in PDB format. Phytoconstituents and few commercially available drugs for AD were docked against Alzheimer’s disease target. The phytoconstituent present in plants were found to have better results than the commercially available drugs with a highest docking score of -6.845 for the phytoconstituent Bacoside A and B of Bacoppa monneira. The descriptor properties were found out using Qikprep and QSAR model was built with a SD (Standard Deviation) of 1.08 was obtained.

Land cover changes have significant impacts on hydrological processes at the watershed level. The objective of the study was to apply a rainfall-runoff model derived using Hydrologic Engineering Centre-Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) to predict hydrological impacts of land cover changes in Upper Athi River Catchment, Kenya. The derived HEC-HMS rainfall-runoff model was first calibrated and validated in the period 1984-1990 using six events in the study area. Land cover data used in the study were obtained from Land sat TM images of the years 1984, 1988 and 2010. The hydrological impacts were predicted using the calibrated HEC-HMS model in the period 1984-2010. Changes in peak discharges and runoff depths at the outlet of the study area were used to quantify hydrological impacts of land cover changes. The land cover change detection between 1984 and 2010 revealed that agricultural land and built-up land increased by 8.67 % and 23.70 % while closed/open woody vegetation, broadleaved evergreen forest and rangeland decreased by 9.98 %, 2.52 % and “19.88 %” respectively. The HEC-HMS model performance was found satisfactory with mean values of coefficient of efficiency (COE) during calibration and validation of 0.9514 and “0.9003” respectively. Impacts of land cover change analysis between 1984 and 2010 showed that peak discharges and runoff depths increased by 4-23% and 6-18% respectively. The increase in peak discharges and runoff depths were associated with the increase in impervious surfaces resulting from agricultural and built-up lands. The HEC-HMS model is recommended for prediction of hydrological impacts of land cover changes in the study area.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Ficus religiosa (FR) commonly known as Bo tree or Peepal, has been extensively used in traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments including diabetes mellitus. However, the plant has not been widely studied for its hypoglycemic/ anti-hyperglycemic effects, except for a few preliminary studies. In this study we provide the experimental evidence for the clinical use of FR in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Aims and 0bjectives: The present study was aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic and anti-inflammatory effects of Ficus religiosa and their comparison with the standard oral hypoglycemic (2nd generation sulfonylurea - Glibenclamide) drug in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: 30 Wistar Albino rats were included in the study.A base line body weight was recorded and baseline biochemical analysis of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and plasma TNF-α levels of rats in all the groups was done. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was induced by feeding rats with a high fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks followed by a single intraperitoneal injection of low dose of streptozotocin (STZ, 30 mg/kg b.w.). Rats with FPG ≥ 160 mg/dl were included in the experiment and were randomly divided into 5 groups, each comprising of 6 rats. Ficus religiosa powder at a dose of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg b.w., and standard drug (Glibenclamide) at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg was given orally, once daily, to the desired group of animals for a period of 4 weeks. After 4 weeks of drug treatment, the above mentioned parameters were analyzed again. Statistical Analysis: The data was expressed as mean ± SD and was analyzed by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariate analysis of variance, and one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Statistical significance was based on p value < 0.05. Results Ficus religiosa powder at all the three doses i.e. 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg produced a significant decrease in the elevated FPG levels in diabetic rats. A dose dependent response was also noticed, with a more pronounced effect at a dose of 400 mg/kg than at 200 mg/kg which in turn was more effective than 100 mg/kg dose. The hypoglycemic potential of Ficus religiosa at a dose of 400 mg/kg was nearly as effective as the standard drug. Plasma TNF-α levels also showed a dose dependent response with a maximum mean percent reduction at a dose of 400 mg/kg and minimum at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Conclusion: An effective and dose dependent curative effect of Ficus religiosa against hyperglycemic and elevated TNF-α in all the three doses i.e. 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg was evident with the most pronounced effect at 400 mg/kg. This favorable modulation of cytokine TNF-α by Ficus religiosa may be responsible for its potent anti-diabetic activity.

Wavelet analysis is a recently developed mathematical tool for many problems. In this paper, we apply Haar wavelet transform method to solve typical Initial value problems. Numerical examples are shown which including first, second, higher order differential equations with constant and variable coefficients, singular non-linear initial value problems. The results show that the haar wavelet transform method is quite reasonable when compare to R. K. Method and exact. R. K. Methods they are distinguished by their orders in the sense that they agree with Taylor’s series solution up to terms of hr, where r is the order of the method. These methods do not demand prior computation of higher derivatives of y(t) as in Taylor’s series method. Fourth-order Runge –Kutta methods are widely used for finding the numerical solutions of linear or non-linear ordinary differential equations, the development of which is complicated algebraically. Also, Numerical accuracy of the R. K. Method is not quite good as compared to exact and haar wavelet transforms method in case of higher order and typical initial value problems.

The Primary objective of a business undertaking is to earn profits. Profit earning is considered essential for the survival of the business. Profitability analysis measures how will a firm is performing in terms of its ability to generate profits. Profitability of the firm is highly influenced by internal and external variables, i.e., size of organizations, liquidity management, growth of organizations, component of costs and inflation rate. In this paper an attempt has made to measure the profitability performance and to analyze the impact of selected profitability ratios on ROE of the company, for fulfillment of the objectives the data collected from the annual report from 2002-03 to 2011-12; the collected data is analyzed and computed to fit for drawing inferences. In this investigation correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to find out the impact of selected profitability ratios (Gross Profit, Operating Profit, Net Profit, Earning per Share and Return on Total Assets) on ROE. The result reveals that selected profitability ratios have significant impact on ROE.

The present study is aimed to investigate the impact of arsenic on gill and liver tissues of fresh water fish, Labeo rohita. In the present study, the protein, amino acids, glucose and glycogen were observed in gill and liver tissues of arsenic treated fish. At the arsenic treatment, the level of protein decreased and amino acids increased and glucose increased and glycogen decreased in the gill and liver tissues of fish. The present study concludes that the toxicity of arsenic alters the protein and carbohydrate metabolism of fresh water fish, Labeo rohita.

Optimal Load Dispatch (OLD) plays an important role in power system operation. The objective of Optimal Load Dispatch of electric power generation is to schedule the committed generating units outputs so as to meet the required load demand at minimum operating cost while satisfying all units and system equality and inequality constraints. This paper presents a new optimization approach to solve the Optimal Load Dispatch (OLD) problems with power flow constraints. The proposed Hybrid PSO method employs PSO combined with EP technique. In this approach the best features of both PSO and EP are incorporated. The proposed method, PSO and EP have been tested on IEEE 14, IEEE 118 and 66 Bus Utility System. The results clearly shows that the proposed method outperforms standard PSO method and EP method on the same problem and can save considerable cost of Optimal Load Dispatch problems and this proposed method is well suitable for large and practical systems.

Vascular lesions are one of the most common tumours of the oral cavity. Treatment is based on the clinical behaviour and natural history of individual lesion. Deciding the line of treatment has been the most difficult part for a surgeon in most cases. Several conservative methods have been tried and tested, but the defininite one is still to be explored. Sclerotherapy with setrol appears to be one of the better treatment options with minimum toxicity. This paper present a case of hemangioma treated successfully with setrol.

Fundamental analysis is an approach to arrive at the ‘correct price’ of the security. Its objective is to identify the under priced and overpriced securities in the market place so that the investment decision-buying and selling of securities can be made. A security is said to be under priced if its current market price is less than the ‘correct price’ known as ‘intrinsic value’ or ‘true value’. Conversely, it is overpriced if the current market price is above its intrinsic value. Fundamental analysis is a method of evaluating a security that entails attempting to measure its intrinsic value by examining related economic, financial and other qualitative and quantitative factors, and company specific factors. TOP- DOWN APPROACH E-I-C approach: Economy (E)- industry(I)- company(C) is used for carrying out Fundamental Analysis. The present study aims at carrying out the Fundamental analyses of two leading companies of Indian automobile industry and estimating their intrinsic value to assist investment decisions. The automobile industry is one of the core industries in India and is optimistic of posting good sales in the coming years. So, the investment in the shares and securities of automobile companies seems to be profitable. Two leading automobile companies Tata motors and Maruti Suzuki listed in the National Stock Exchange are selected for this study. The study is done using secondary data collected from Reserve Bank of India website, BSE website and Company Annual Reports for the period of last five years from year 2007 to 2011. Fundamental Analysis of both the companies is carried out and their intrinsic value ranges are obtained from the EIC Analysis of these companies to help investor decisions.

Rotavirus is causative agent of diarrhea resulting in mortality in children up to the age group of 5 years. The first infection occur between age group of 6-9 months. However, the need for screening of rotavirus is important to access the incidence of severe disease or effectiveness and its serotype distributions. To detect any new ideotype in re-assortment a continuos screening of existence genotype is required. Multiple assay now exist for measuring the serological response to Rotavirus infection. ELISA and RNA-PAGE are considered to be highly sensitive tool for screening of Rotavirus because its abilty to detect even at low concentration.

Research results have shown that soil compaction caused by agricultural machinery traffic can have an adverse effect on crop production. Various authors have tried to numerically model and investigate the degree of compaction in relation to machinery axle load, traffic, and the mechanical characteristics of the soil. Assuming a uniform soil/tire interface contact pressure distribution is one of the main problems with most of the FEM-based numerical models. Soil/tire interface contact pressure is not uniformly distributed; it varies depending on the soil properties and tire characteristics. We used PLAXIS to numerically model the soil/tire interface contact pressure perpendicular to the vehicle movement direction. The soil/tire interaction was modeled with a PLAXIS beam element of varying flexural rigidity placed on the soil surface loaded with a uniform pressure intended to simulate the load on the soil from the tire. Depending on the mechanical parameters of the specific soil and flexural rigidity of the beam element, different types of contact pressure distribution were obtained. A U-shaped soil/tire interface contact pressure distribution was obtained for a soft beam element while a parabolic type of distribution was observed for a rigid beam element. The results agree with what we have found in the literature. We also determined the dry bulk density profile in the soil caused by compaction using the PLAXIS simulation technique. These simulation results were compared to the measured field data available and it was found that the two are in agreement. Hence, beam elements with appropriate flexural rigidity can be used in machinery-traffic-based compaction modeling.

Distribution of resources is not uniform over the earth surface. At the early stage of human civilization, people were habituated to lead their livelihood from natural resource base. Later on they identified new resource base from nature and produced new resources with the invention of new technology. By these ways, different types of economic activity have been creating through dynamic resource process or utilization. This paper is an endeavor to search the reflection of the economic surface by the influence of resource base change of Rampurhat-I and II C.D. Block, Birbhum District, West Bengal.

The world is divided into two categories where majority have to walk miles for the meal and few walk to digest the meal. Among the former category are the third world countries especially from Asia, Africa and L.America which came out of colonial clutches in 1950s.Since 1950s these countries have embarked on the tempo of the development. India is one among them which can be called divided India with 70% poor and 30% non-poor at 2$ poverty line, so Public-Private-Foreign Collaboration (PPFC) model should work just not only for the short term profits but for improving the living standards of these 70% consumers to ensure sustainable demand in the future .As the WDR 2013 calls for jobs provisioning to escape the poverty, such type of jobs which ensure freedom to exit the poverty. In India we have five year plans which are divided into the annual plans reflected through budgets. Thus budgeting has an important role in the planning to meet the objectives and targets set by the planning authority. It is now the 12FYP which started on 1st April 2012 and will end on 31st march 2017. Since the 11FYP the Govt. Of India (GOI) is having turned the attention of the common masses towards the inclusive economic growth i.e. the growth with human face to ensure the sustainability in the economy. The budget reflects the behaviour of the fiscal policy so has much to do with the inclusive growth. The underlying assumption beyond the present study is that economic planning facilitates the inclusive growth. The objectives of the area(I) to assess the impact of the budget on the poverty, unemployment and the inequities(II)to measure the indicators of the inclusive growth and(III) to find the loopholes and their corrective measures. The methodology used is Time Series Analysis based on secondary data and the use of graphs, tables and diagrams has been made for precision and attractiveness for different periods of time. The sources of the data are the budgets, the Economic Surveys, the WB, the IMF and other online or printed sources. The present study has been divided into five section as 1st section introduces the problem,2nd deals with meaning and the concept , indicators and strategies for inclusive growth,3rd with the budgeting process,4th with data analysis and findings ,5th and the final section is the conclusive part.

The present investigation was carried out to revive the old art of dyeing with natural dye from barks of Odina wodier. L. Odina wodier belongs to family Anacardiaceae, commonly known as votiyar tree. The dye has good scope in the commercial dyeing of SILK in garments industry. In the present study, bleached silk fabrics were dyed with chemical and natural mordants. Dyeing was carried out by pre-mordanting, post mordanting and simultaneous mordatning. The dyed samples have shown good washing, light, rubbing fastness and perspiration fastness properties properties. The various colour changes were measured by computer colour matching software. ICPMS studies have proved that, heavy metals such as antimony, arsenic, cadmium and lead were not present in the dye extract. Anti-bacterial and anti-fungalactivities of the dye were also studied.

The diversity of predacious Coccinellids is of great practical and scientific importance due to their worldwide utilization as natural enemy of phytophagous insect pests. Present inventory was carried out in two types of habitats namely, agro- and forest habitats for predacious coccinellids in Tripura, northeast India. Random collection was made by hand picking and sweep netting during January 2008 to December 2010. A total of 1627 individuals of coccinellids representing 24 species under 17 genera were collected. Overall rank distribution of species based on relative abundance showed that 24 species distributed in 21 ranks. Diversity indices, richness estimate and individual based rarefaction curve revealed that species richness and diversity of coccinellids was more in forest habitats than the agro-habitats.

A supportive environment is critical to the realization of the full potential of any child, not excluding orphans. Being institutionalized – although much better than living on the streets or with abusive relatives – can never substitute for the benefits of being raised by caring parents. The surest way of providing a child with a simulation of an experience of parental care and affection is by ensuring a supportive environment for the child right in the midst of institutionalization, and the way to achieve this is by putting the necessary support facilities in place. This paper examined the support facilities needed to create a supportive environment for institutionalized orphans; as well as the adequacy of such support facilities in institutions/orphanages in Nigeria. Recommendations for improvement were further made.

In this work, adsorption of Rhodamine 6G, Carmine, Fast Green FCF,Safranine O from aqueous solution onto activated charcoal were prepared from Bamboo seed seed by physicochemistry activation with potassium hydroxide (KOH) as the activated agent at 700°C for 1hour and particle size 600µm analyzed results by U.V-Visible technique .The influence of variables parameters including PH, amount of adsorbent, sieve size of adsorbent, temperature and contact time on dyes removal were studied. The isotherm data was analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin,Harkins-Jura and Dubinin-Radushkevich. Calculation of various thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy (∆H), entropy (∆S), Gibb’s free energy changed (∆G), activation energy (Ea), sticking probability (S*). The positive values of (∆G) indicate that the dyes adsorption process is unspontaneous in nature and the negative values of (∆H) shows the exothermic nature of the process. The adsorption kinetics shows that, pseudo first order and pseudo second order rate equation, pseudo second order was fitted better than pseudo first order.

Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nano rods arrays have been grown on glass substrates with different pH by using a seed layer. ZnO seed layer thin films were prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) method on glass substrates. Ammonia was used to achieve the desired pH value. ZnO seed coated thin films were immersed in aqueous solution for 4 hours at 90°C. Zinc nitrate hexahydrate was used as source of zinc ion, while hexamethylenetetramine solution served as the complexing agent. The effect of pH of precursor solution on the structural and optical properties of ZnO nano rods was investigated. They were characterized by means of XRD, SEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy and PL. XRD results indicated that the prepared nano rods were hexagonal wurzite structure. The optical measurement shows that there is a change in the band gap of nano rod arrays with changing the pH of the starting solution. SEM images reveal that the change in the pH value from 6.5 to 9 leads to change in the size of nano rods grown on substrate.

Protein alternatives in diets for warm water and cold water fishes should replace their natural proteins not only in quantity but also in quality to provide adequate levels of essential amino acids (EAA). After making a thorough survey in the district of Midnapore, West Bengal, India, an inventory of non-conventional protein alternatives with special reference to aquatic weeds/macrophytes has been made. On the basis of nutritional value, 12 aquatic macrophytes, has been identified and evaluated to make a data bank of protein alternatives available in West Bengal and also made ranking of the macrophytes on the basis of the dominance in this region.

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in agriculture is an emerging field focusing on the enhancement of agricultural and rural development in India. It involves application of innovative ways to use ICT in the rural domain. The advancements in ICT can be utilised for providing accurate, timely, relevant information and services to the farmers, thereby facilitating an environment for more remunerative agriculture. Given the development scenario in Indian Agriculture, ICT movement is still evolving. However, all the ICT initiatives are not uniform with disparities between regions in the level and quality of telecommunications, information and the effort of individuals, public and private organizations, and differentiated nature of demand of the farmers in different areas. As a result, there have been many successes, failures, lessons learned and experience gained, so far. In the agriculture sector here the farmers mostly stick on to tradition and traditional method of agriculture. Even though, science has gained importance and developed a lot, since most of the agriculturists are illiterate or some lacking in the awareness of technology and its change, there was not much influence of technology till late 1980's. But now thanks to mass media like T.V., mobile phone, radio and internet the benefits of technology in agriculture are known by the people. Hence, there is a need to study the nature of the problem. It attempts to analyze the role of ICT and its impact on production and marketing of various agriculture crops with special reference to Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu. The agriculture is bound to adopt and implement ICT, as the Government of India aims to double the agricultural production, and to increase India’s share of the global export. This aim can be achieved only when there is proper utilization of ICT and more investment in it. As ICT helps in information dissemination in less time with effective ways of communication, its implications cannot be ignored by the government and its scope and coverage should be extended as a whole rural areas in India.

Excessive fatigue and rutting strains due to traffic loading contribute significantly to the failure of asphalt pavement. In the design of asphalt pavement, it is necessary to investigate these critical strains and design against them. In Nigeria, the only developed design method for asphalt pavement is the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) method. Most of the roads designed using the CBR method failed soon after construction by fatigue cracking and rutting deformation. This study was conducted to develop a modified Nigeria CBR procedure for low volume asphalt pavement adopting the layered elastic analysis procedure which involves selection of materials and layer thickness for specific traffic conditions such that fatigue cracking and rutting deformations are minimized. Analysis were performed for hypothetical asphalt pavement sections using the layered elastic analysis program EVERSTRESS. Regression equations were developed for predicting pavement thickness in cement-stabilized base, low-volume asphalt pavement. The result was validated by comparing calculated maximum fatigue and rutting strains developed using the modified procedure and measured strain data from the Kansa Accelerated Testing Laboratory (K-ATL). The calculated and measured fatigue and rutting strain were calibrated and compared using linear regression analysis. The calibration of calculated and measured fatigue and rutting strains resulted in R2 of 0.999 and 0.994 respectively for subgrade modulus of 31MPa, 0.997 and 0.997 respectively for subgrade modulus of 41MPa, 0.996 and 0.999 respectively for subgrade modulus of 62MPa, 0.992 and 0.995 respectively for subgrade modulus of 72MPa, 0.999 and 0.998 respectively for subgrade modulus of 93MPa, and 0.999 and 0.999 respectively for subgrade modulus of 103MPa. The results indicate that the coefficients of determination were very good.

Against her profound belief in the inadequacy of any fictional work to perfectly represent the Holocaust, Cynthia Ozick wrote her novella The Shawl under the inexorable pressure imposed by her sense of belonging to the collective memory of Jewish suffering. But, unlike most of the Holocaust fiction, the two stories of The Shawl and Rosa do not so much integrate historical records of what actually happened, as much as they dramatically reenact the whole agony within a symbolic framework. Torn between the desires to retain silence and to let the world know, and between the nightmarish experience of the Holocaust and the surrealistic encounter with its memory, the stories use, evocative symbols that give the fictional world created by Ozick, its own fictive authenticity, making it as paradoxically close to and distant from the historical event. This paper shall examine the above-mentioned aspects of Ozick’s imaginative experience of the Holocaust, concluding how she could reconcile between two contradictory impulses: the impulse to keep the sacred intact and the counter impulse to unload the burden of expressing the self.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Iraq represent the sixth country incidence rates of colorectal cancer in Asia while India the first country followed by, Yemen, Bangladesh, Egypt and Pakistan. The purpose of presence study is the evaluation of the arginase activity of Iraqi Patient with colorectal disease and other intestinal disease in comparison with other colorectal cancer tests such as CEA, CA 19-9 in Iraqi patients and if it can be helpful in the diagnosis of patients with colorectal cancer and other intestinal disease. The activity of arginase was determined in blood serum was collected from 57 patients included 2 group of patients with colorectal cancer and other intestinal disease, in addition to The control group consisted of 20 healthy blood donors and compared with the level of CEA and CA 19-9. There is significant increase in arginase concentration in all groups versus the control group (P<0.05). CEA levels showed a significant increase only in colorectal cancer and inflammation versus the control group but there is no increase in the levels of in CEA in ulcerative and polyp groups versus the control group (P<0.05). We found the higher range for arginase, CEA and CA19-9 was in left colon rather than right colon and rectum.

Gait analysis is used in clinical evaluation of musculoskeletal system, design and assessment of prosthesis (especially for lower limbs), in the process of rehabilitation after injury and in biometrics. This paper reviews the general methodologies involved in kinematic gait analysis right from acquisition of data to processing and interpretation of meaningful results. The major components of kinematic gait analysis are: acquisition of data by cameras or instruments like accelerometer, electrogoniometer followed by processing and examination, measurement of general gait parameters, and electromyography (EMG).

Large size perforations and delayed presentations are not uncommon in Indian surgical practice. Unfortunately this condition has remained largely unreported. The actual size of perforation is known definitely only intra-operatively. Therefore, definitive protocols for its management have not been formulated. Here we are presenting our experiences regarding giant duodenal ulcer perforations.

The present study aims to analyse the spatial and temporal variations in the levels of cropping intensity and farm mechanization among the six blocks of the Rampur district and examine the causal relationship between cropping intensity and farm mechanization in the district. The study is based on secondary sources of data collected from the district statistical handbook for the periods of fifteen years (1995-2010). The boundary of block has been considered as the smallest unit of study. The study reveals that the intensity of cropping has been decreased in the blocks of Saidnagar, Bilaspur and Milak and increased among the blocks of Suar, Chamrauwa and Shahabad. Moreover, the blocks of Shahabad, Bilaspur, Suar and Chamrauwa rendering the decreasing trend in the level of farm mechanization. However, the level of farm mechanization has been increased in the blocks of Milak and Saidnagar during the span of fifteen years.

Latent TB infections (LTBI) constitute a pool fornew TB cases, ~5% of LTBI individuals progress to overt disease during their lifetime. Simple and cheap progression risk factors are needed to triage individuals for treatment. In aprospective case control study and following informed consent, apparently healthy 98 household contacts (HHCs) and 186 community contacts (CCs) were enrolled. Tuberculin skin test (TST), whole blood stimulation/IFN-γ release assays and IL-4/IL-4δ2 mRNA copies were studied. Two hundred eighty-four volunteers were enrolled, five percent (5/98) of HHCs developed smear positive pulmonary TB compared to none in the CCs (p=0.004). The mean TST induration of the newly diagnosed TB patients was 16±2 mm at recruitment and the lapse of time to development of overt disease was 12±10 months. The majority of newly diagnosed TB patients had IFN-γ production levels below the cutoff level for LBTI diagnosis. A third of the HHCs and CCs had high IFN-γ levels, but none developed overt disease. The ratio of IL-4/IL-4δ2 mRNA copies in the newly diagnosed TB patients was significantly higher than that of the CCs (p0.0002). TST induration of ≥15was identified as a suitable simple and cheap test to triage individuals with LBTI for treatment.

Being a part of North – East India, which is one of the hot spots of freshwater biodiversity in the world, Tripura afford lucrative habitats for variety of Ichthyo fauna in its lotic and lentic ecosystems and shares fish genetic resources with Indo-Gangetic plains. Among the North Eastern States, in terms of number of available fish species, Tripura stands third. It posses 147 species belonging to 79 genera under 34 families and 11 orders, which is 18% of Indian fresh water fishes and 54.3% of fish species of North East India. Among these species, 12 are exotic and rest are endemic, 5 species are endangerd and 10 are vulnerable.Except few almost all have food value and 64% have ornamental value. The state possess 6 species of cold water fishes. Barilius nelsoni, is a species, which has only been recorded from Tripura by Barman (2002). Marine/estuarine species (6 in number) are also available, which are migratory. Anthropogenic stress, which includes exploitation by wild collection and destruction of natural habitats is playing role in depletion of number of species. Though there are steady growth in fish production, emphasis on semi-intensive major carps culture playing negative role in depleting Inchthyo fauna resources of the state, which necessitates relook the issue.