An overview and cytological approach of chronic kidney disease

The burden of Chronic kidney disease (CKD), in terms of human suffering and economic costs, is unravelling its effect as we move through the early years of the 21st century, making it as a major public health issue. The attention paid globally to CKD is attributable to the following factors: the sudden increase in its prevalence, the enormous cost of treatment, recognition of its major role in increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease, and the discovery of effective measures to prevent its progression. The study of molecular markers identification in CKD is challenging because of high degree of cellular heterogeneity of the kidney and the paucity of human tissue availability for molecular studies. This review summarizes on protein markers discussed in context of CKD, the immunological data related to Th1 and Th17 cells that contribute to kidney injury in renal inflammatory diseases like glomerulonephritis, recent studies of oxidative stress, inflammatory markers that identify disease progression in advance CKD cases and the importance of chemokine receptors CCR and CX3CR1.