April 2011

Internal migration is a important element of population redistribution and equilibrium. Human mobility within the national boundary is receiving considerable attention in recent decades. The main objective of the study is to explain the changing pattern of internal migration in India over the period 1971 to 2001. Further, an attempt has been made to find out the various determinants causing the changing pattern of migration. The rate of migration among major states of India in last two decades is also worked out through transition probabilities using a stochastic model. In all the four censuses, rural-rural migration was found the dominant migration stream in India. Employment for male and marriage for female were found to be the main reasons for migration respectively. Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh lead among all in-migrating states, while the states Utter Pradesh and Bihar occupied top place among out-migrating states.

It was the intention of the study to find out the intrinsic motivation for the adoption of mobile phone technology by Ghanaian university students. As well the study was aimed at assessing the behavioral characteristics in the use of phones by the Ghanaian students. A total of 103 out of 344 respondents were purposively selected as it involved only those who owned and used phones in 2009. The data collection instrument was the questionnaire, which was self–administered. The description survey design was adopted for the study. The study came out with findings that most respondents used Nokia phones because of its quality. The most widely used service provider was MTN. Most respondents also bought their phones between GH¢40 – GH¢60 and most of the phones were bought by parents for their children (students). The most common billing system used by study participants was the prepaid system with participants recharging weekly and spending less than GH¢10 per month. The most important reason for purchasing a mobile phone was for the students to remain in easy contact with family and friends. Regarding attitudes most students considered information on their phones to be private. Most of the time the respondents put their phones on silent when they were at lectures and most could not do without a mobile phone for a day. It is advisable among other things to cut down on the number of times one recharges units to save money and also cut down on the length of time talking on phone in order to have more time for studies as students.

This paper reviews relevant literature on quality management concepts, its brief history, its applicability by profit-making institutions and how it is now finding its way into non-profit making institutions (e.g. libraries) due to current developments. Researches done have shown that incorporating quality management in today’s organisations cannot be avoided. The paper identifies common practices in libraries which are no longer relevant in today’s environment and proposes the need for re-evaluation to allow for the adaption of quality management method. This paper also explains why there is a need for a paradigm shift in today’s libraries or information units and suggests what could be done by the librarians to bring quality to information service unit. In addition, the paper highlights barriers encountered while attempting to apply quality management in information services in libraries/information units in today’s libraries.

The main purpose of this study is to measure and suggest remedial action to curtail the level of absenteeism and enhance performance by nurturing and cultivating good attitude and value addition among students in the College . This study conducted in a college having six semester diploma level pattern. The importance of attendance is reorganised as a prime factor in enhancing the final academic results of any institutions. Also the absenteeism is one of the major dragging factor in academic performance , but also it affects the harmony with in the institutions. This study aimed at addressing these issues through an advisory system model and effective counselling mechanism by the trained counsellors and suggest remedial measures to overcome such issues.

Cottonseed is considered as ‘Golden Goose’. Besides yielding wholesome oil, branded as ‘Heart Oil’, it yields other valuable by-products like linters, hulls and cottonseed extraction. However, a fairly large portion of oil and almost the entire quantity of by-products like linters, hulls are lost due to processing of cottonseed through the traditional method. It is palpable that India loses average worth about Rs. 30000 million every year due to the traditional processing of cottonseed. It is therefore, considered essential to shift from traditional to scientific processing of cottonseed in the larger interest of the Nation. This article elevates the amount of losses of valuable cottonseed by-products due to traditional processing and progress of scientific processing and provides possible remedies to curb glitches therein. Purpose: This part of research work highlights the facts about the estimated losses due to traditional processing of cottonseed and progress of scientific processing in the light of valuable cottonseed by-products. Design/methodology/approach: To make this paper more precise, the authors have adopted cottonseed processing data from different sources specifically AICOSCA Annual Reports and AICOSCA News Letters for the period 2000-01 to 2009-10 and precisely analyzed with necessary tables and charts. Findings: This article finds that 96% of the cottonseed in India is being processed simply by traditional crude method which causes huge loss average worth about Rs. 30000 million every year. Scientific processing facilitates controlling of these huge losses and make use at the larger interest of the Nation. Originality/value: This article provides useful information to the people who involved in the cottonseed processing industry with a concise analysis of progress of scientific processing of cottonseed and estimated losses due to traditional processing of cottonseed.

Anti-invariant (or totally real) submanifolds of Kaehlerian manifold have been studied by Blaer, Chen, Houh, Kon, Ludden Ogiue, Okumura, Yano and others. The purpose of this paper is to study a compact n-dimensional anti-invariant submanifold immersed in n-dimensional complex projective space ( ). First section contains some preliminaries and in section two we have pursued Kaehlerian manifold of dimension 2n and constant Holomorphic sectional curvature ( , ). Also some important theorems have been investigated. In third section we have discussed the compact oriented anti-invariant submanifold and its geodesic properties and obtained some results

Analysis of the effect of vitrification using propylene glycol on the post-thaw survival, fertilizability and chromosomal arrangement was conducted. The survival rate and the fertilization rate were assessed in frozen-thawed sheep oocytes after various storage durations employing propylene glycol as the cryoprotectant. The frequencies of chromosomal aberrations in the fertilized embryos were also assessed at various storage durations. Sheep oocytes collected from the local abattoir were vitrified in propylene glycol (5M PROH+1.5M Sucrose) using the standard technique. The oocytes were frozen for the following storage durations 24 hours, 1week and 2 weeks and were thawed and studied for their viability and fertilizability. After fertilization the intact embryos were transferred to fresh medium containing colcemid and were fixed after 48 hours. The embryos were then studied for chromosome abnormalities using Tarkowsky's drying technique. From the results it was evident that vitrification affects the viability, fertilizability and chromosome structure of the oocytes, when compared with the control group. Furthermore increasing the storage duration reduces the viability and increases the chromosome aberrations in the cells.

The present research work has been carried out to analyze the physico-chemical characteristics of tannery effluent and to reduce the load of BOD and COD by the process of bioremediation using microorganisms. Among the physical chemical parameters analyzed TDS, TSS, BOD and COD were found to be very high. One bacterium, Bacillus cereus and one fungal species, Aspergillus niger were identified and isolated and used in the reduction of BOD and COD in the tannery effluent. Four different concentrations of untreated tannery effluents (control, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) were prepared. The experiment was carried out for 72 hrs (3 days). It is inferred from the results that Aspergillus niger found to be more effective in reducing BOD and COD than the bacterium, Bacillus sp. in the untreated tannery effluents.

In the present study we compared the antifungal activity of different concentrations of fenugreek germinated seeds extract to check the right concentration effective against dandruff. Two methods namely Disk diffusion method, Pour Plating and Colony Counting method were used. Our study demonstrated that the extract 0.035g/ml (1ml of extract and 3 ml of water (1:4))was found to be more effective in declining the growth of dandruff causing fungus Malassezia furfur.Concluding that,the use of fenugreek extract was functional in inhibiting the growth of microorganisms.

The present research work has been carried out to analyze the physico-chemical characteristics of tannery effluent and to reduce the load of BOD and COD by the process of bioremediation using microorganisms. Among the physical chemical parameters analyzed TDS, TSS, BOD and COD were found to be very high. One bacterium, Bacillus cereus and one fungal species, Aspergillus niger were identified and isolated and used in the reduction of BOD and COD in the tannery effluent. Four different concentrations of untreated tannery effluents (control, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) were prepared. The experiment was carried out for 72 hrs (3 days). It is inferred from the results that Aspergillus niger found to be more effective in reducing BOD and COD than the bacterium, Bacillus sp. in the untreated tannery effluents.

In the current study Fusarium sp., capable of producing novel pectinase was isolated from natural environment. The isolate was subjected to varying parameters of incubation conditions as time, pH, temperature and substrate concentration for optimal enzyme production. An optimal production of pectinase was observed when the culture was maintained at 27°C producing upto 40 U/ml of the enzyme. At pH 6 and at an initial substrate concentration (pectinase) of 0.5% the productivity was about 46 U/ml and 40 U/ml of pectinase enzyme respectively. At optimized conditions mass production of the enzyme was done and purified using acetone precipitation. The activity of the crude enzyme was further characterized by subjecting it to varying pH and temperature ranges. The crude enzyme was able to retain its activity well between the pH 4 and 8 respectively and at a temperature range of 48°C.

2r,6c-Diarylpiperidin-4-one(3I-hydroxy-2I-aphthoyl)hydrazones 1-8 were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against a panel of pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli) and a panel of pathogenic fungai (Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Cryptococcus neoformans) by two fold serial dilution method. DMSO was used as control while drugs Cefotaxime and Miconazole were used as standard drugs for antibacterial and antifungal studies, respectively. Compounds 3, 6 and 7 are more active than the standard drug against all the tested bacterials strains. Compounds 2 and 7 are more active than the standard against all the tested fungal stains.

High quality teaching staffs are the cornerstone of a successful education system. Many studies have associated motivational factors to enhanced job performance, positive work values, high levels of employee motivation, and lower rates turnover and burnout. The purpose of this study was to identify motivational factors influencing public secondary school teachers’ to join the teaching profession in Busia District, Kenya. A descriptive survey design was adopted. A sample of 125 respondents was selected from a target population of 335 teachers. The study was based on a theoretical framework with key concepts derived from the works of Herzberg (1959) who reached on modification of human behaviour. Stratified random sampling was used to select 15 schools from the three divisions, simple random sampling was used to pick 110 teachers and purposive sampling was used to select 15 Head teachers from the 15 selected schools. A modified Likert Scale type of questionnaire was administered after validation. Data analysis was facilitated by use of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study revealed that teachers were most satisfied with work itself and less satisfied with the interpersonal relationships, time for family, pay and least satisfied with the promotion opportunities. However, head teachers seemed to be more satisfied with taking new challenges, standards of excellence, and achievement while they are least satisfied with work it-self, training and promotion opportunities. On the other hand, teachers were most influenced to join the teaching profession by good salary, Flexible teaching programme and pressure from parents. Main recommendations include allocation of more funds to the Ministry of Education to employ more teachers, improve the methods of promotion in the teaching service so that many teachers can advance, and formulate policies for decreased work load for teachers involved in student discipline and guiding and counselling.

Osteochondroma of the mandibular condyle has been found in the oral and maxillofacial region rarely. This paper describes a case of osteochondroma of the mandibular condyle in a 40-year-old man, who was referred to our service with facial asymmetry, prognathic deviation of chin, cross-bite to the contra lateral side, changes in condylar morphology, and malocclusion. Computed tomography (CT) was performed for better evaluation to the pathological conditions on the temporomandibular joint. Based on the clinical examination, patient history, and complementary examinations, the hypothesis of osteochondroma was established. Condylectomy and reconstruction with condylar prosthesis was performed using a preauricular and submandibular approach with total removal of the lesion. Post operatively the patient is symptom-free, and has normal mouth opening with no deviation in the opening pattern.

The effect of different duration of boiling on nutrients composition and anti – nutrient content of African nutmeg (Monodora myristica) was investigated using proximate, Amino acid, minerals, Gross energy and anti nutritional factors. The samples were subjected to 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes boiling. Both the raw and processed forms were later dried, milled and chemically analyzed for nutrients and anti-nutrients. There were significant (p < 0.05) differences among the treatment means. The raw seeds (T1) had the highest value of crude protein 16.88%; followed by treatment 2, 14.53%; T3, 11.74% and T4, 10.57% making treatment 2 a choice treatment among the processed forms. For micro minerals in mg/kg, T1 (Fe, 91.36; Zn, 84.36; Cu, 21.70; Mn, 306.3), T2 (Fe, 88.50; Zn, 81.70; Cu, 19.60; Mn, 296.2), T3 (Fe, 74.46; Zn, 69.72; Cu, 16.70; Mn, 279.4), T4 (Fe, 65.56; Zn, 51.36; Cu, 14.56; Mn, 263.6) and macro minerals in %, T1 (Na, 0.08; P, 0.94; Ca, 0.34; Mg, 0.34; K, 0.54;), T2 (Na, 0.07; P, 0.81; Ca, 0.30; Mg, 0.27; K, 0.48), T3 (Na, 0.06; P, 0.62; Ca, 0.22; Mg, 0.21; K, 0.40), T4 (Na, 0.03; P, 0.48, Ca, 0.17; Mg, 0.14; K, 0.28), it followed similar pattern like that of proximate and gross energy with treatment 2 having the highest value among the processed forms. Also the essential amino acid in g/100g, T1 (Isoleucine, 1.78; Leucine, 1.67; Methionine, 1.49; Valine, 1.61; Threonine, 0.69; Lysine, 0.10), T2 (Isoleucine, 1.60; leucine, 1.51, Methionine, 1.34; Valine, 1.45; Threonine, 1.15; lysine, 0.09), T3 (Isoleusine, 1.42; leucine, 1.51; Methionine, 1.19; Valine, 1.29; Threonine, 1.02; Lysine, 0.08), T4 (Isolusine, 1.24; leucine, 0.76; Methionine, 1.04; Valine, 1.13; Threonine, 0.97; Lysine, 0.71),and non essential in g/100g, T1 (Aspatate, 0.00; Phenylalanine, 1.95; Glutamate, 1.11), (Aspatate, 0.00; Phenylalanine, 1.75; Glutamate, 1.00), T3 (Aspatate, 0.00; Phenylalanine, 1.56; Glutamate, 0.89), T4 (Aspatate, 0.00; Phenylalanine, 1.36; Glutamate, 0.78), favored treatment 2, followed by 3 and 4. There were general reduction in the values of anti nutritional factors in %, T1 (Trypsin inhibitor, 31.59; Tannin, 0.30; HCN, 26.36), T2 (Trypsin inhibitor, 0.76; Tannin, 0.23; HCN, 11.65), T3 (Trypsin inhibitor, 0.00; Tannin, 0.17; HCN, 0.00), T4 ((Trypsin inhibitor, 0.00; Tannin, 0.12; HCN, 0.00), with highest reduction in treatment 4, 3, 2 and 1. Considering the highest value of crude protein, gross energy, mineral composition and highest value of both essential and non-essential amino acid and the reduction in the anti nutritional factors, Treatment 2 is recommended among others.

The evaluation of toasted Mucuna sloanei meal as feed ingredient in broiler diets was carried out using growth performance, carcass quality, organ weights, anti-nutritional factors and cost implication of the diets as parameters. A total of 120 day-old Marshal broilers were used for this trial. They were allocated into four treatments having three replicates with 10 birds per replicate in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) experiment. Four iso-caloric (2800Kcal/Kg M.E) and iso-nitrogenous (22.5% CP) diet were formulated. Diet 1 was purely soybean based diet (control diet) while the toasted Mucuna sloanei replaced soybean at varying levels of 5%, 10%, and 15% in diets 2, 3, and 4 respectively. The experiment lasted for 56 days. Proximate and gross energy composition of the toasted Mucuna sloanei crude protein of 28.96%, crude fat (5.61%), crude fibre (8.11%), Ash (4.55%), Dry matter (90.50%), NFE (28.85%) and Gross energy (3.94Kcal/g). presence of anti-nutritional factors such as L-Dopa (3.61%), Tannin (0.17%), HCN(8.27%) were confirmed. For the growth performance, control diet was superior to others with the final weight gain/bird of 1.75Kg, T2 (1.34Kg) that were significantly higher than others. Also T1 had 0% mortality and the least feed conversion ratio value (0.05). For cut-parts T2 had higher values for the prime parts such as the thigh, drumstick, back-cut and wing. While T1 had the highest value for gross margin (416.25a) as opposed to others, T2 (209.79b), T3 (14.73c), T4 (- 143.22d) making it a superior diet in terms of economics of diet. The overall results showed that the toasted Mucuena sloanei even at 5% dietary level of inclusion could not produce good performance, the need then to try other processing methods.

Frequent and severe droughts are evidences of climate change in Kenya. The severe effects of droughts on rural livelihoods have prompted many studies on climate change and its effects on human activities such as farming. However, farmers practicing rain-fed agriculture in the semi arid areas of Kenya still suffer from the wrath of droughts despite the well documented research findings and recommendations. Such studies have been conducted in Central Division of the semi arid areas of Laikipia District but farmers still face faced food insecurity caused by droughts. In attempt to analyze analyze the cause of continued food insecurity in Central Division the study evaluated the planting dates for rain-fed crop farmers between 1975 and 2005 and suggested the most appropriate planting dates for the farmers in order to minimise the risk of crop failure. Using Instate Plus v 3.36 statistical software the study established that the median planting dates from the bold and cautious farmers were 6th and 16th of April respectively farmers (early planters) were 16th of March to 10th of April for the cautious farmers (late planters). The risks from replanting were higher for the cautious farmers at 26.6% than for the bold farmers at 19.4%. The most appropriate time for planting in Central Division was from mid March to 10th of April. The results of the study gave an insight to crop farmers in the study area on the risks of early or late season planting under the changing climate and thus make informed decisions on when to plant.

Work life balance has recently taken the attention of both researchers and executives. This subject interests almost everyone with a professional career. This widespread interest is partly due to its reflection on all aspects of life. For those who think that the main objective in life is to work, their career becomes the core of life. However, people have limited time and therefore have to perform many other activities other than their jobs. Without a balance between the two, many mishaps can be experienced in both. In this study work –life balance is analyzed from organizational context. This study has the potential to enable the working people to consider their stand point in terms of work –life balance and the executives to gain new perspective in order to cope with such a problem.

Contraceptive discontinuation of a couple has become a more progressive important determinant of fertility in Bangladesh. Contraceptive prevalence rate has steadily grown from 8 percent of currently married women in 1975 to 56 percent in 2007 whereas TFR has declined from 6.3 births per woman in 1975 to 2.7 births per woman in 2007. Thus, the study of contraceptive discontinuation of a couple has significant influence on fertility in Bangladesh. This study is based on calendar data extracted from the 2004 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. Life table techniques have been employed to find out the contraceptive discontinuation rates at different durations of use and median duration of use for different methods. The result exhibits that almost half of women who initiate the use of a method discontinue it within a year and nearly two-thirds discontinue within two years. The IUD has the lowest discontinuation rates, while condom has the highest followed by injections, pills, withdrawal and periodic abstinence. Differentials in discontinuation rates have also been examined for different contraceptive methods. Multiple-decrement life table have been applied to generate net discontinuation rates for each reason in the presence of other competing reasons for discontinuation. This net discontinuation rates for each reason indicates that side effects is the major cause of discontinuation for the pill, IUD and injections among modern methods. The method related reason is the important cause for the discontinuation of traditional methods. Reason specific discontinuation varied according to different socio-demographic covariates. The study will help policy makers to understand the success and quality of the family planning program and services.

The main purpose of this study is to determine whether, with regard to the specific situation of Iran concerning the technical, financial, regulatory, cultural condition and alike, the electronic sales is possible or not; and whether it is practical to design and implement this system, considering all conditions in the country. The purpose of this study is to estimate the success or failure of the implementation of this system; hence the basic indices of such estimation include: a) Its reception from the part of people; b) Technical issues; c) Costs; d) Executive package; e) The preference of this system over the presently applied systems. The main assumption of this study is that the establishment of such systems would be needed sooner or later, and since these modern types of purchase of goods and services would be developed, the feasibility of this system has to be studied.

The aim of the study was to evaluate membrane bound enzymes and lipid lowering effects of sinapic acid in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in female wistar rats by a single intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (45 mg/ kg BW). Rats were divided into six groups: normal (untreated), normal + sinapic acid (15 mg/kg), normal + sinapic acid (30 mg/kg), diabetic control, diabetic + sinapic acid (15 mg/kg) and diabetic + sinapic acid (30 mg/kg). Diabetic rats exhibited increased level of plasma glucose and decreased levels of liver and muscle glycogen and membrane bound enzymes such as Na+/K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase. STZ also caused significant elevation in total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol with consequent reduction in high density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum. Treatment with sinapic acid for a period of 35 days restored all these parameters to near normal. The results of the present study revealed that sinapic acid possesses a potential lipid lowering effect in streptozotocin -induced diabetic rats.

A protocol for in vitro multiplication of red rose (Rosa bourboniania) was developed. Multiple shoots were induced from nodal segments and shoot tips. MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium supplemented with various combinations of BAP (6-Benzyl Amino Purine), NAA (1-Naphthylene Acetic Acid), IAA ( Indole Acetic Acid) were used to study the in vitro growth response. Culture initiation media were used for further multiplication. MS medium incorporated with 2.0 mgl-1 BAP, 30 mgl-1, Ad.SO4 (Adenine sulphate) and 3% sucrose was found to be the most suitable medium for culture initiation and multiplication. Growth regulator combinations did not seem to influence multiple shooting and further growth in this species.

The purpose of the present paper, we have studied GF-structure motivate the mathematical space of circle in one dimensional manifolds. A manifold is a mathematical space in which every point has a neighborhood which resembles Euclidean space, but in which the global structure may be more complicated. In the present paper, we have discussed the manifolds, the idea of dimension is important. For example lines are one dimensional, and planes two dimensional. In a one dimensional manifold, every point has a neighborhood that looks like a segment of a line. Examples of one manifold include a line, a circle and two separate circles. In a two manifold, every point has neighborhood that looks like a disk. Examples include a plane, the surface of a sphere, and the surface of tours. The trivial example of an n- dimensional manifold is . It is assumed that, in section one contains a brief introduction to GF-Structure of mathematical manifold and modeling of GF-structure manifold, while in section two, defines the special quadratic F-structure and proves some theorems. In section three, we have defined the mathematical modeling in one or more dimensional manifold. In section four, we discussed the motivational examples of manifold and construct the figures. In section five, we obtains the geometrical projection and define the slope of the geometrical equations with point (1, 0) and (-1, 0). In section six, we calculated the Nijenhuis tensor with GF-structure and proved some theorems .In the end; we are discussion the important role of mathematical space.

The increasing load growth, decreasing investments and increasing penetration of dyanamic sources and loads have severely increased the stress on the electric grid. This growing stress has forced operators and regulators to think of delivering energy in a smart, controllable and reliable way to the customers. Tie-lines connecting two systems are one of the traditional methods used by utilities to improve the system reliability. However, often specially during contingencies, tie-lines get overloaded due to the lack of power flow controllability through them. Controllable Network Transformers (CNTs) are smart assets which can be realized by augmenting existing Load Tap Changing (LTC) transformers in order to achieve power flow control. This paper proposes the design of CNT, their implementation and analysis of their performance in tie-lines to make them smart and controllable, without compromising the system reliability.

The survey describes an approach for object –oriented video segmentation based on motion coherence. Using a tracking process ,2-D motion patterns are identified with an ensemble clustering approach. Particles are clustered to obtain a pixel-wise segmentation in space and time domains. The limitation of the segmentation method concerning with complex 3-D spatial motion can be solved by using reality-based 3-D models. The reality-based 3-D models are produced with range-based, image-based or CAD modeling techniques. Each 3-D model can contain different levels of geometry and need therefore to be semantically segmented and organized in different ways. Index Terms-Ensemble clustering, motion segmentation, object-based video segmentation, point tracking, video coding, reality-based 3-D models.

This paper proposes a presentation-oriented virtualized approach that supports a modern process to merge existing data islands in organizations around the world that results to a merged virtual data repository. The authors explore a variety of data sources and finally present a uniform solution for the common cases. The solution consists of a transparent virtual repository that supports informational intelligence components. By using this approach we not only mask the differences in divergent data repositories but also provide a standard way to access enterprise-wide data. Security is provided through a two-tier mechanism. The result is a single database that percolates and draws data residing in incoherent repositories alongside an intelligence layer. In real-time, there is a determination of the available data repositories. In conclusion, we expect users to exploit this platform and be free to filter information based on their requirements so as to come up with an informed judgment.

Inspired by the great success of information retrieval (IR) style keyword search on the web, keyword search on XML has emerged recently. The difference between text database and XML database results in three new challenges: 1) Identify the user search intention, i.e., identify the XML node types that user wants to search for and search via. 2) Resolve keyword ambiguity problems: a keyword can appear as both a tag name and a text value of some node; a keyword can appear as the text values of different XML node types and carry different meanings; a keyword can appear as the tag name of different XML node types with different meanings. 3) As the search results are subtrees of the XML document, new scoring function is needed to estimate its relevance to a given query. However, existing methods cannot resolve these challenges, thus return low result quality in term of query relevance. In this paper, we propose an IR-style approach which basically utilizes the statistics of underlying XML data to address these challenges. We first propose specific guidelines that a search engine should meet in both search intention identification and relevance oriented ranking for search results. Then, based on these guidelines, we design novel formulae to identify the search for nodes and search via nodes of a query, and present a novel XML TF*IDF ranking strategy to rank the individual matches of all possible search intentions. To complement our result ranking framework, we also take the popularity into consideration for the results that have comparable relevance scores. Lastly, extensive experiments have been conducted to show the effectiveness of our approach.

In this paper, the authors propose a framework for building semantic web support for intelligent search using RDF, ontology and SPARQL queries. Existing Key Word Searching yields 60% accurate results remaining 40% are unwanted results. On the other hand, getting results using RDBMS query processing is very slow. Current keyword-based search engines can’t fully capture the intrinsic richness of natural language; synonymy and polysemy. We propose a Semantic Web search technique which yields 90% accurate results. Semantic web Search employs Annotation Engine and RDF. In the proposed technique, Flat files and Sparql queries are used, which is very fast. Results produced by the proposed technique are provided.