August 2011

Biodiversity of halophilic phosphate solubilizing bacteria were assessed from root, rhizosphere soil, non-rhizosphere soil and water from Manakkudi mangrove ecosystem of South West Coast of India. Nine phosphobacterial species Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Micrococcus roseus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Arthrobacter illicis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes and Micrococcus luteus were identified. The root samples exhibited higher counts of Phosphate solubilizing bacteria as compared to the rhizosphere soil samples which is influenced by the pH and salinity.

Cleaning validation is an integral part of current good manufacturing practices in any Biopharmaceutical industry. Drug products usually get contaminate with residue of other drug products or cleaning agents manufactured in the same equipments, if the cleaning procedure is not proper. We studied the cleaning validation of GCSF Injection on three consecutive batches in multi product manufacturing facility. Various acceptance limits for product carryover was calculated based on 0.1 % of therapeutic dose, 10 ppm and 1/1000 Therapeutic daily dose of the drug. The stringent limit of maximum allowable carryover (MACO) of GCSF in other products was found to be 18 µg. The 0.5 M NaOH solution was used as a cleaning agent to clean the equipments and accessories used for bulk manufacturing of GCSF. Rinse and swab samples were collected from the cleaned equipments and accessories and tested for product carryover by sandwitch ELISA. The product carryover of GCSF in subsequent product was determined to be less than 0.1 µg and the level of cleaning agent was less than 10 ppm, thus indicating establishment of effective cleaning procedure for GCSF manufacturing.

The present study describes the antimicrobial activity of the acetone, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts of the leaves, stem and root of Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. using agar diffusion method against human pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In the present research, all the extracts were found to be effective against four human bacterial species, E.coli, P.aeruginosa, K.pneumoniae and B.aureus sensitive to all the plant extracts. The study recommends that the extract of the plant parts possesses novel broad spectrum antibacterial properties. The antimicrobial activity of petroleum ether extracts was found to be highest than that of ethanol extracts. However, the root extract showed more inhibitory effect than the stem and leaf extracts. The findings provide support for the use of the plant in traditional medication.

Considering the existence of rice and wheat rotation on 50 thousand hectares of Khuzestan province and the necessity of efficient use of soil, crop year study period (2009-2010) in the city were examined Shoushtar. This research project as chopped blocks in a randomized complete block with three replications was carried out. The first factor in this plan tillage methods that include: T1) moldboard plow disk light (TOF region), T2) disc-style chisel plow, T3) heavy disk Rotator and T4) in two perpendicular heavy disk load time The second factor consists of rice, including high yielding varieties (LD183) and local varieties (Champa), respectively. Results indicated that tillage method and type of significant effect on the number of green plants per square meter, but no tillage methods significant effect on the capacity of a farm is effective. Also, tillage methods on the number and type of soil bulk density, aggregate mean weight diameter, the translation of the soil, grain yield and harvest index had a significant effect. Finally, treatment 4 (two discs of heavy vertical time) with the performance of 5,140 kg per hectare, appropriate size hunk of dirt, with return to 50 percent soil and time is better than other treatments.

Conservation of mangrove through improved mangrove nursery technologies using bacterial bio-fertilizers will be appropriate solution for deforestation. Members of the genus Paenibacillus widely reported for its nitrogen fixing character from various environments. In this study we identified a halophilic nitrogen fixing bacterium from Pichavaram mangrove rhizosphere soil of Avicennia marina, which is dominant flora in the forest. The bacterium showed 2017±32.60 nmol ethylene mg protein-1 of nitrogenase activity hence it is highly comparable with all other nitrogen fixers reported in the genus. Further the bacterium characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequence and phenotypic characters. 16S rRNA gene sequence showed 98% similarity with P. xylanexeden and P. amylolyticus whereas 99% similarity with P. pabuli, however phenotypic characters are totally differed from these three species. On the other hand phenotypic characters fairly comparable with nitrogen fixing P. brasilensis but showed only 94% similarity in 16S rRNA gene sequence. Hence the bacterium was named as Paenibacillus sp. BPRIST073. This study indicated the first time in reporting the occurrence of nitrogen fixing Paenibacillus from mangrove rhizosphere.

AM fungi is the most abundant kind of mycorrhizae and develops association with most of the plant species in the earth and enhances the growth and development of associated plants through the transport of required nutrients from the non-rhizosphere soil particularly phosphorus. The plants like sugarcane needs association of AM fungi to overcome ‘P’ deficiency due to its long standing periods in the same rhizosphere soil and leads to depletion of ‘P’ in the rhizosphere soil. In the present investigation eight isolates were obtained from eight different locations and identified as five different AM fungal species based on screening studies for acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, efficiency to colonize sugarcane roots and interaction with sugarcane in the form of mycorrhizal inoculation effect (MIE) and relative mycorrhizal dependency, the Glomus fasciculatum was found to be a best AM fungal species for sugarcane and used in the pot culture studies. In the present research G. fasciculatum with recommended dose of farm yard manure significantly enhanced the plant height, cane girth, root colonization and spore number of sugarcane compared with other organic amendments.

Critical analysis of community participation in the various stages of the project cycle of afforestation projects (Identification, Planning, Implementation and Monitoring and Evaluation) was done. Data was collected from 150 respondents who were selected from a sample population of 1,928 households using systematic random sampling technique. Data was collected using a standardized questionnaire, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews and analysed using quantitative and qualitative techniques. It was concluded that there was low community participation in the project identification, planning and monitoring and evaluation stages of the afforestation projects. High community participation was only observed in the project implementation stage

This paper presents an originally encryption system implemented on a structure of hybrid additive programmable cellular automata (HAPCA). As the development of cellular automata (CA) applications is generally an experimental effort, the research implies the exploration through simulation of the huge space of cellular automata local rules and global states. The encryption and decryption modules are identically and the cryptosystem is featured by its large key space and high speed due to cellular automata’s parallel information processing. The method supports both software and hardware implementation. In this paper we present a fully functional software application for the data encryption of yahoo messenger conversations.

Probiotics are defined as “live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host”. The rationale for probiotics is that the body contains miniature ecology of microbes, collectively known as the gut flora. At present it is generally recognized that an optimum ‘balance’ of microbial population in our digestive tract is associated with good nutrition and health. Bermuda grass is abundantly found in our country. Its botanical name is Cynodon dactylon. Bermuda grass juice has wonderful medicinal properties. This herbal juice is rich in vitamin A, fibre, minerals and other nutrients. A study was conducted to incorporate probiotic bacterium into Bermuda grass juice thereby increasing its health benefits and also to increase the shelf life of the juice .The Bermuda grass juice is prepared and additives are added to increase the acceptability and value of the product. The probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus Acidophilus is incorporated into the juice. Various quality attributes like TSS, pH, acidity and sensory evaluation are done. The juice with optimized parameters is packed and thermally processed based on the Ball’s process time calculation. The storage studies are then conducted on the products at ambient conditions and quality attributes are also verified during the storage.

Salinity is one of the major abiotic factors which limit the plant growth. The purpose of present investigation is to study the responses of the finger millet genotypes under saline condition at germination and seedling stage. Seeds were sown in Petri-dishes, lined with Whatman filter paper and moistened with 10 ml of saline solutions of different EC levels (viz. 3, 6, 7.2, 10, 12 and 14 dSm-1). The result showed a gradual and significant reduction in % germination at all salinity levels except in cv. Local Hills at 3 EC. Length, fresh and dry weights of root and shoot were also decreased with increase in concentration in saline solutions. Cv. VL-315 registered least reduction (4.7-56.2%) in seedling dry matter whereas cv. Local Hills recorded highest reduction (12.2-71.8%) at all salinity levels. We concluded that cv. VL-315 performed better and proved to be the most promising variety as it had SSI value > 0.8 whereas cv. Local Hills recorded as most sensitive (SSI value < 1.0).

This article focuses on the impact of mindset on the implementation of Performance-Based Reward System (PBRS) in secondary schools in Botswana. In order to understand the impact of mindset on the implementation of PBRS, the results of the study involving a sample of 200 teachers and ancillary staff selected from the ten secondary schools in Kgatleng district in Botswana were analysed and presented. The data was analyzed using statistical methods with the help of the SPSS statistical computer software. Indicative results showed that a high number of teachers and ancillary staff had never had their performance evaluated and for those who had, there was no consistency. The leadership style in almost all schools was still hierarchical and members of staff were not fully involved in decision-making. Further, bureaucracy slowed down the decision-making process; hence the implementation of PBRS is dawdled too. Occasionally, leaders feared to reprimand their followers and tolerate unsatisfactory performance in order to appear in “good books”. The current teachers’ and ancillary staff’s negative mindset about PBRS has impacted negatively on the implementation of the system in secondary schools in Botswana and there is a general resistance to PBRS.

This study investigated the relationship between the stock market returns and volatility in Nigerian stock market using the EGARCH – in–mean framework. To carry out this investigation, end of the month stock price data were sourced from the Nigerian stock Exchange Fact Book. The result reveals that the forecast of variance cannot be used to predict expected returns in the Nigerian stock market. The Nigerian stock market is volatile implying that there exists a high level of risk in stock trading. The market demonstrates a greater probability of large decreases in market portfolio returns than increases. The result however, indicates a low persistence of volatility clustering suggesting that increase in volatility is not likely to remain high over several periods. Thus, investors in this market are not rewarded for their exposure to risk. The study also reveals that there exists a leverage asymmetric effect in the Nigerian stock market during the period of study. That is an unexpected drop in price (bad news) increases predictable volatility more than unexpected increase in price (good news) of similar magnitude.

Participation in sports and games dates to antiquity and not a single theory or explanation can account for why humans continue to engage in sports. It is particularly important to understand why youths participate in sport as this may influence the formation of future lifestyle and inform the design of appropriate sport and recreation programmes to meet their interests and needs. This study undertaken to evaluate the factors, which influence college athletes’ intention to participate in sports. It was hypothesized that college athletes participate in sport because of the need to excel in competition. Data were collected with questionnaires from 61 students randomly selected from a teacher training college in Kenya. Data were analysed through Kruskal-Wallis test of independent samples and hypothesis tested at p≤0.01 level of significance. Findings revealed significant differences in the motivational orientations of men and women engaged in different sports. It is recommended that educational institutions should diversify their sports development strategies and promote greater participation in recreational sports.

The purpose of this study was to forecast secondary schools enrolment in the year 2012 and the number of teachers who would be required to teach the forecasted students. The study was based in Nandi North and South Districts in the Rift Valley Province, Kenya. The survey design employed by the study was the descriptive survey. Purposive sampling technique was employed in choosing the sample size for the study. The sample for the study was the Education Officers in charge of Statistics and the Teachers Service Commission Unit representatives at the District Education Offices. Staff in the records section at the Central Bureau of Statistics also participated in the study. The study was based on the Manpower Requirement Approach. Data for the study was collected by use of questionnaire, interview schedule and document analysis. Questionnaire and interview schedule were used to obtain information on teachers, students and secondary schools from the District Education Offices. Data on population of children who were between 1 to 4 years in 1999 was obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics through document analysis. The findings indicated that the number of students expected to be in secondary schools in the year 2012 in Nandi North and South districts would be 30,080 and the number of teachers who would be required to teach them, based on the student-teacher ratio of 25:1, would be 1,203. In light of the findings of this study, it was recommended that the Teachers Service Commission should provide a solution to the anticipated shortage of 78 teachers by employing more teachers and distributing them to schools. It was also recommended that the government should enact a law to make the Free Primary School Education compulsory.

Present study was conducted on the rural females with the objective to assess their diet pattern, nutrient intake, nutrient deficiency, energy deficiency levels followed by recommendations for nutritional improvement. A household survey was conducted by questionnaire method on 400 rural poor families of Phansidewa block under Darjeeling district of West Bengal state to measure the various attributes related to the dietary intake. The average nutrient intake of the females is much less than the Recommended Dietary Allowances. The energy deficiency is highest in non-pregnant group. Females having serious levels of deficits in protein, calcium, iron, carotene and riboflavin consumption. Rural females are worse sufferers of protein, energy, mineral and vitamin deficiencies.

In mammalian cell culture, modified polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) discs are being used for adhesion of cells during packed bed fermentation. These discs are expensive, not easily available and non biodegradable. Hence, in the present study, bacterial cellulose (BC) membrane produced by Gluconacetobacter intermedius was tested as an alternative adherent surface material for anchorage dependent mammalian cell culture. The recombinant CHO cells were adhered poorly to native BC. However, charge modification of the BC carried out using 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, supports CHO cell adherence, survival and proliferation. The production of recombinant erythropoietin from CHO cells adhered to modified BC was comparable to that of commercially available synthetic membranes. These results suggest potential of bacterial cellulose as an economical alternative to synthetic polymer substrate for adherent cell cultures.

A 76 days study was carried out to evaluate the growth performance and nutrient utilization of African catfish fed diets containing Rumen Epithelial scraping meal (RESmeal). Four isonitrogeneous diets containing 32.04%, 32.15%, 32.32%, 32.38% crude protein were formulated. Fishmeal was partially replaced with RESmeal. Diet A being the control contain 100%, diet B has 25% replacement, diet C has 50% replacement and diet D with 75% replacement. The result obtained in this study, showed an excellent growth performances and status of experimental fish. The standard growth rate (SGR) was between 1.82–2.41; food conversion ratio (FCR) was from the range of 2.62 to 3.16; protein efficiency ratio (PER) was at 1.83 to 2.86. The hepatosomatic index (HSI) and condition factor (Cf) were between the range of 2.29 to 2.42 and 1.04 to 1.16 respectively. Fish survival was from the range of 32-48%. The apparent crude protein digestibility of diet D (81.46%) containing highest RESmeal dietary inclusion level, decrease significantly compared to other diets which are 85.00%, 86.67%, 86.05% respectively.

Climate change will affect on vegetation directly because of increased CO2 concentration and green house gases and indirectly through stratospheric ozone layer depletion. Increased CO2 level could increase photosynthesis and water use efficiency. However high temperature and green house gases will modify rainfall, evaporation, runoff and soil moisture storage and will adversely affect growth and productivity. The increased amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation due to depletion of stratospheric ozone layer will exert its deleterious effect on growth and productivity by destruction of chlorophyll and reducing photosynthetic rate.

Present study deals with common diseases treated with the help of herbal formulations, used by rural peoples in Marathwada. Marathwada region comprising of seven districts viz. Aurangabad, Beed, Jalna, Latur, Nanded, Osmanabad and Parbhani forms the part of the vast Deccan plateau of India and its located at 70o 5’-78o 5’ E longitude and 17o 5’-20o 5’ N longitude. Authors have collected the traditional knowledge from villages through interviews. For this author visited the villages such as Daheli, Bhagwati, Tuppa, Mahur, Kinwat, Nanded, Renapur, Saradgaon, Parli-Vaijnath, Ambajogai. The aim of study was to disseminate this knowledge for benefit of poor people. Though such valuable knowledge has been preserved and propagated for future and its validity should be proved scientifically.

Beetroot peel contained higher antioxidant compounds thus promising a more intense utilization of the peels in food and nutraceuticals. The betalains and phenolics found in beetroot peel. Osmotic dehydration is used as a pretreatment for many processes which is used to improve nutritional, sensorial and functional properties of food without changing its integrity. Hence, the study was undertaken with the objective, to optimize the osmotic dehydration of beetroot peel using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and analyze the beetroot peel waste for its chemical composition .The physical characteristics such as (rehydration ratio, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, and bulk density) and nutrient content were analyzed. The independent process variables for osmotic dehydration process, temperature (25 - 450c), processing time (30 -150 minutes), salt Concentration (5-25% ) and Solution to sample to ratio (5:1 - 25:1 w/w).The osmotic dehydration process was optimized for water loss, weight reduction and solute gain. The optimum conditions were found to be for salt solution: Temperature (300c), Processing Time (60 min), Salt concentration (10%) and Solution to sample ratio (10:1) and for salt solution. At this optimum point, V1 got maximum water loss, weight reduction and minimum solute gain were found to be respectively. Further, peel powder can be used to incorporate in food products.

Diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases represent an enormous, medical, social and economic burden to the public. Many genetic and lifestyle factors are involved in the etiology of these diseases. Hence, the present study was undertaken with an objective to select and study the background information and nutritional status of hyperlipidemic diabetics, elicit details on medical history and to study the impact of ash gourd and curry leaves on the blood glucose and lipid profile. A group of 200 diabetics were selected initially. Salad was prepared by using 100gm of ash gourd and one gram of curry leaves (10 curry leaves) and five grams of skimmed milk powder (made into curd) and pepper and salt are added for taste. This salad was freshly prepared every day and distributed personally to the selected hyperlipidemic diabetics in experimental group (N=20) as mid morning for a period of three months (90 days) to find out the effect of supplementation of ash gourd and curry leaves. Supplementation of ash gourd and curry leaves had significant hypoglycemic and hypolidemic effect and it had reduced the blood glucose level (both fasting and post prandial), within the period of three months.

Educators all over the world are concerned about the decline in discipline by students as it is critical to the attainment of positive school outcomes. It is in view of this concern that a study to investigate the impact of discipline and authority on student’s perception in Taita Taveta County was envisioned. A descriptive survey design was adopted in the study. The study samples were drawn from randomly selected secondary schools. The sample size comprised of 200 Form Three students, 40 teachers, 5 deputy head teachers. Questionnaires and interview schedules were developed, pilot tested for validity and questionnaires distributed to teachers and students for data collection. The deputy head teachers were interviewed to elicit information on their use of discipline and authority. The value of correlation г was found to be -0.948, which was less than the critical value of 0.6319; an indication that the students in Taita-Taveta County had a negative attitude towards discipline and authority. It was concluded that the perception of students towards discipline and authority was a function of the various ways in which discipline and authority was dispensed plus lack of proper guidance and rationale. It was recommended that teachers’ should be fair while disciplining, avoid name calling or labeling, show unconditional acceptance after punishment, be good models and evaluate students from both home and school backgrounds.

Grid is a computing and data management infrastructure whose goal is to provide electronic underpinning for a global society in business, government, research, science and entertainment. Being a distributed system, grid is complex due to the heterogeneous nature of the underlying software and hardware resources forming it. The heterogeneous nature of grid will hinder interoperation of grid applications. In this paper, we present a framework for integrating grid applications in spite of its distributed and heterogeneous nature. To realize this, we perform extensive review of similar implementation solutions for managing and integrating heterogeneous distributed applications. Similarly, we have developed a model for integrating heterogeneous grid applications. Moreover, we discussed the implementation strategy for the model designed. Finally, we summarized this paper and stated future thoughts to realize a fully operational grid computing environment.

The present experimental study is concerned with the heat transfer during nucleate pool boiling of milk in a stainless steel pot under closed conditions. Reported are the results of the effect of the different heat rate of inputs varying from 240 to 360 watts on the heat transfer coefficient under pool boiling. The evaporated water condensed at the inner surface of the condensing cover was collected as fresh water. To quantify the effect of rate of heat input on the convective heat transfer coefficient, the Rohsenow correlation was applied with the constants from the experiments. The convective heat transfer coefficients were estimated in the range of 160.51 to 374.52 W/m2 oC for the given heat inputs. The nucleate boiling heat flux was predicted to vary exponentially with the excess temperature of the stainless steel pot surface above the saturation temperature of the milk. The experimental errors in terms of percent uncertainty were also evaluated.

The purpose of present investigation was to examine the Self-Perception between Sportspersons and Non-Sportspersons. The investigators had randomly selected two hundred [N=200] male and female subjects. Out of which one hundred [n=100] Sportspersons (n=50 male and n=50 female) and one hundred [n=100] Non-Sportspersons (n=50 male and n=50 female) who were studying in various affiliated colleges of Panjab University and Panjab University campus, Chandigarh. Sportspersons were those who had participated in Inter-college and Inter-university sports competitions and non-sportspersons were those subjects who did not participate in any sports competitions. The age of the subject was ranged between 18 to 26 years. Self-Perception questionnaire developed by K.G. Agarwal, 1999 was administered to collect the required data. ‘t’-test was applied to determine the significance of difference and direction of difference in mean scores of each variable between Sportspersons and Non-Sportspersons. The results on the sub-variable ‘Self-Regard’ between male sportspersons and male non-sportspersons were found insignificant. However, the results with regard to sub-variable ‘Self-Acceptance’ and Self-Perception (total) were found highly significant between male sportspersons and male non-sportspersons. The results with regard to the female sportspersons and female non-sportspersons on the sub-variable ‘Self-Regard’ were found highly significant. However, the results with regard to the female sportspersons and female non-sportspersons on the sub-variable ‘Self-Acceptance’ and the variable Self-Perception (total) were found insignificant. The result with regard to the male sportspersons and female sportspersons on the sub-variable ‘Self-Acceptance’ was found insignificant whereas highly significant results were found on the sub-variable ‘Self-Regard’ and Self-Perception (total). The results with regard to male non-sportspersons and female non-sportspersons on the sub-variables ‘Self-Regard’, Self-Acceptance’ and Self-Perception (total) were found statistically insignificant.

The study sought to establish the effects of liberalization on performance of the dairy cooperatives in Western Province of Kenya. It sought to find out if there were any dairy cooperatives that collapsed due to liberalization, registered drop in its membership, or reduced milk volumes handled. Primary data was obtained from dairy cooperative officials, KDB and MOCDM officers. All the 27 dairy cooperatives in Western province, Kenya formed the population to provide data for this research. To collect data, questionnaires were administered at the sampled dairy cooperative societies’ officials and an interview schedule for the KDB and MOCDM officers. The instruments were administered face to face. The study was limited to dairy cooperative societies in Western Province of Kenya for the period between 1992 and 2008. The instruments were given to three experts from University of Nairobi for validation. A pilot study was also carried out in Moi’s Bridge dairy cooperative in Rift Valley province. The researcher employed statistical methods such as percentages, measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion or variability – variance, standards deviation and split-half technique were used to determine reliability of the instruments. All dairy cooperatives operating in Western Province were selected to ensure high degree of representation of population characteristics. Non- probability sampling was used to select the three officials of the cooperatives (chairperson, manager, secretary), the KDB official and District Cooperative officers in the area where the dairy cooperatives fall. The relevant statistical methods such as percentages, measures of central tendency- mean, median and measures of dispersion or variability – variance, standards deviation were used to analyze data. The data was presented in both descriptive and quantitative forms using percentages, frequency distribution tables and graphs. The research findings indicated that liberalization had adverse effects on dairy cooperatives in Western Province, Kenya and have not been able to recover to the levels reached before onset of liberalization. Between the years 1992 and 2008, all the sampled cooperatives indicated that at one time the cooperative had ceased operating, registered drop in milk volumes, membership and turnover. There was also gender imbalance in the managements of cooperatives with dominance of male above the age of 56 years. Based on the findings of the study it was recommended that the government departments and relevant stakeholders play a more active role in capacity building of dairy cooperatives and enforcement of regulations. The cooperatives also required financial assistance to acquire means for transporting milk from farms and also to the market and further assistance to revive the stalled coolers and purchase equipment. The research also identified areas that still required further research, these included studies to examine other factors that could have led to decline of dairy cooperatives after 1992, role of stakeholders in the dairy cooperatives and the rate of adoption of various technologies by the cooperatives.

The concept of inadequate political accountability and transparency, coupled with ineptitude leadership and bad governance remain a major challenge in many nation states in Sub-Saharan Africa as elections have proved to be a great litmus test. Election processes have since been widely condemned as not free and fair; falling below international standards in Afghanistan (2009), Togo (2005), Uganda (2006), Nigeria (2007), Kenya (2007), Zimbabwe (2008), Ethiopia (2005, 2010) and Sudan (2010). All these resulted in election irregularities leading to public protests which in turn degenerated into unprecedented violence the military intervention of which often led to civilian injuries, deaths, massive displacements and destruction of property. The paper explores the dangers of Election Irregularities and malpractices and their subsequent effects on socio-political and economic development in sub-Saharan Africa coinciding with weak institutions in Governance structures including weak election laws that hardly effect punishment on election offenders; corruption in the court corridors; delayed justice in delivering competent judgment on election petitions; the unwillingness to end impunity by state security and judicial political mandarins, and the questionable independence of Electoral bodies to execute their core mandates. Furthermore, Contemporary dictators, not leaving anything to chance, have marshalled parliamentary support and made constitutional amendments to change term limits to limitless terms: Uganda (2005), Senegal (2008) and Niger (2009). The paper concludes by underscoring how the 2007 Kenya’s post-election violence affected economic growth from 7% to 1.6% due to violent conflict following the bungled presidential elections. The paper gives recommendations and the way forward on good governance on Electioneering processes in Africa.