January 2012

It is well known fact that Small Scale Sector is influential in Socio Economic Growth of India, through it is influencing in lesser percentage, definitely playing its part in uniform wealth distribution among the Indian Public in Specific among the Skilled, semi skilled and unskilled labor working in the sector. If we observe the present sinerio in the performance of the SSI sector, it is well known fact that sickness of SSI units in the articles, papers, Studies, etc., it is observed that more emphasize was given in finding the reasons for sickness. As for as finding the solutions or suggestions, it has been discussed in only a consolidated manner rather than in point wise.

The study was intended to find out the Knowledge of Global Warming among the college students in Madurai District, Tamil Nadu, India. Random Sampling Technique was used to compose a sample of 1168 college students Mean, Standard Deviation and ‘t’ value were calculated for the analysis of data. The result revealed that male and female students, rural and urban area students, arts and science group students exhibited significant difference but, nuclear and joint family students had no significant difference in respect of their Knowledge of Global Warming.

Fuel cells are considered to be the promising alternatives to conventional power engines. In our investigation, we have synthesized blend membranes of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and poly(ether ethersulfone) (PEES) for electrochemical and especially Direct Methanol Fuel Cell applications (DMFC). The ion exchange capacity, water and alcohol absorption, durability were found to be promising for its application. When compared to SPEEK, since the methanol absorption is low, the methanol permeability was also found and it was suitable for applications in DMFC. The membranes were characterized by means of FT-IR, TGA, DMA, UTM, SEM and XRD. From the FT-IR studies, the sulfonic acid grouping of SPEEK was found to interact with PEES. TGA gave an idea about the thermal stability of the membrane. The membranes were stable up to 200°C which is very well suitable for DMFC. The Tg values were obtained from DMA. The UTM studies clearly revealed an appreciable mechanical behaviour. The tensile strength of the blend with 10% PEES exhibited the maximum tensile strength of 19.25 MPa. From the XRD studies, the crystalline nature was studied. The proton conductivity of the membranes was found to be in the order of 10-3 S/cm which is optimum for application in DMFC. The performances of the membrane-electrode assembly (MEA), in DMFC, using the blend membranes at room temperature and 60 °C were evaluated by single cell test and are found to be 350 and 590 mA/cm2, respectively.

Agricultural tractors generate noise pollution in the cabin and in open air. The demands for good sound comfort of the driver inside cabin and assistant driver in outside of these tractors are continuously growing. The main objective of this paper is to predict the noise levels surrounding the tractor operator and in open air by using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and to compare the results against noise levels from collected data. The architecture of the network is used with the backpropagation algorithm - the multilayer feedforward networks. Another objective is to predict the tractor noise levels at various operating speeds and determine their influences on the surrounding noise. The use of a tractor may be avoided in the even its noise level exceeded safe levels. This can be actuated by a specific control system that selects the optimum speed generating safe noise levels.

The monomer 4-benzyloxyphenylmethacrylate (4-BOPMA) was synthesized by reacting 4-benzyloxy phenol dissolved in methylethylketone (MEK) with mathacryloyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine. The homopolymer and various copolymers of 4-BOPMA with acrylonitrile (AN) were synthesized by the free radical polymerization in MEK at 70 ± 1oC in nitrogen atmosphere using benzoylperoxide as initiator. The homopolymer and copolymers were characterized by various spectral techniques like IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectroscopic techniques. The molecular weights of the polymers were determined by gel permeation chromatography. The glass transition temperature of the polymers were determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The thermal stability of the polymers were performed by thermogravimetric analysis in inert atmosphere. The monomer reactivity ratios were determined using the conventional linearization methods such as Fineman – Ross (r1 = 0.5858, r2= 0.2263), Kelen Tüdös (r1 = 0.5726, r2 = 0.1517) and extended Kelen Tüdös (r1 = 0.5691, r2 = 0.1880).

For a Corporation to be convicted of a crime, the prosecution must prove that one or more agents committed all elements of the crime. This is relativity easy to do if a crime has occurred in a small organization, but the structure of large organization can make prosecution difficult, particularly where mensrea is an element of the crime. Where evidence of multiple guilty agents exists, the defense can exploit this ambiguity to create reasonable doubt as to each agent.

This paper investigates the influence of molasses in reducing the plasticity of expansive clay soil. Plasticity tests of untreated soil and for soil treated with sugar cane molasses were carried out using standard procedures for testing soil for civil engineering purposes (BS1377:1990). Results showed that molasses reduced the plasticity index of the soil from an average of 39% for untreated soil to an average of 26% for treated soil at molasses content of 8% by weight of dry soil cured for 7 days. Observations of thin sections indicated that soil aggregations formed when 8% molasses content by weight of dry soil was added. However, the aggregations started to disintegrate when molasses content in the mixture exceeded 8%. This indicates that cane molasses reduced plasticity index through aggregation of soil particles and binding of the same by molasses. It was concluded that molasses could reduce the plasticity of expansive clay soil if molasses content in the soil did not exceed 8% by weight of dry soil.

Human thought in crisis management focuses on prevention, preparedness and Check crisis in the fields of organizational crises and natural disaster. While significant studies in recent decades has been done on crisis management, but institutional crisis management has remained neglected. This article attempts to explain the kind of crisis that an institution encounters it exogenous. Creating mechanisms for establishing a dynamic equilibrium between institutions requires management especially public administration management that has responsibility to the prediction and prevention of such chronic crisis in the policy making level; because it has Social costs to deal with this crisis (after the occurrence) and Can not be expected to establish this balance on behalf of invisible hand mechanism.

The study area is one of the watersheds of Thoppaiyar River. Covering an area of 269sq.km.and lies between 11050’00’’N - 12002’00’’N latitude and 780 02’00’’E – 78018’00’’E Longitude In south of shervaroyan mountains northern part of the Salem district and Southern part of the Dharmapuri district. The study area is mainly covered by red soil and black cotton soil to the minor extent. The infiltration capacity is moderate to poor. The entire study area is occupied by the Precambrian crystalline rocks. The recent formation is marked by river alluvium and soil. Thoppaiyar upper basin is divided into twenty mini-watersheds. As a whole Thoppaiyar upper basin having five orders of stream. But the mini-watershed differs in the ordering system. The first order streams are numerous in the mini-watershed 1, 2 and 3. These are due to highly elevated portions of Shevaroy Mountains. Particularly in Lokur and Mulivi the drainage are in the slopes of Shevaroy Mountains. So the entire study area has been further divided into 20 mini-watersheds named mw1 to mw20. ranging in geographical area 269sqkm and has been taken up for prioritization based on morphometric analyzing using GIS and Remote sensing techniques. The drainage density varies between 1.15 and 10.92 indicating low drainage density. In the study area, the low drainage density indicates the region has highly permeable subsoil and thick vegetative cover. The elongation ratio vary from 0.6 to 1.0 over a wide variety of climatic and geologic types. Values close to 1.0 are typical of regions of very low relief, whereas values in the range 0.6 – 0.8 are usually associated with high relief and steep ground slope (Strahler, 1964). These values can be grouped into four categories namely (a) circular (>0.9), (b) oval (0.9 to 0.8), (c) Less elongated (<0.7). The Re of mini-watershed of the study area varies from 0.47 to 0.84. The circularity ratio (Rc) is influenced by the length and frequency of streams, geological structures, land use/land cover, climate, relief and slope of the basin. The circulatory ratio range between 0.28 to 0.61.The compound parameter values are calculated and the mini watershed with the lowest compound parameter is given the highest priority. The mini watershed has a minimum compound parameter value is likely to be subjected to maximum soil erosion and susceptible to natural hazards. Hence it should be provide with immediate soil conversion measures.

Milkfish (Chanos chanos) is one of the most important brackish water finfish species being cultured in Southeast Asia. Natural Chanos fry occur along the south east coast of India In fairly large numbers during the months of March-June and October-November. Its abundance, distribution and seasonal variation are discussed for their utilization in aquaculture. The collection of natural frys and nursery rearing in Chinnapalem near Pamban is given with a cost estimate. This Article covers the ecology of the milk fish frys and their mass scale migration from coral reef environment to mangrove mudflat is described.

Gender system comprises the socially-constructed expectations for male and female behaviour in every human society. It prescribes a division of labour and responsibilities between women and men and bestows different rights and obligations to them. Intentionally or unintentionally, inequality is established between the both sexes in autonomy, power, and well-being, which are mostly to the disadvantage of females. Terms such as female empowerment, gender roles, women’s freedom, and women’s status will be better analyzed if taken in the system context because it comprises the entire complex of roles, rights, and statuses that surround male and female in a given society. The impact of gender systems on demographic change is as important as the impact of demographic change on gender system. Over the years, many factors have altered the demographic structure of Himachal Pradesh. It has also influenced the gender system and in turn influenced by it. This paper tries to analyze the time series of gender data for understanding the determinants of change, and impacts of demographic change and gender system on each other. Spatio-temporal variations in sex-ratio in Himachal Pradesh not only point towards differences in geographical and economic conditions but also indicate towards existence of different gender system in every region. This makes a strong case for intervention strategy so as to influence the gender system and demographic change accordingly.

The soaring food prices and new challenges of climate change pose a threat to the already existing food and nutrition insecurity in a number of developing countries, including Kenya. These have culminated in political unrest and food riots in some African countries like Mauritania, Morocco, Cameroon, Senegal and more recently Kenya. Over the years, Kenya has experienced environmental degradation due to urbanization, development and deforestation. This has contributed to climate change and food insecurity in some parts of the country. Currently, over ten million Kenyans suffer from chronic food insecurity and poor nutrition, and between two to four million people require emergency food assistance at any given time. Nearly 30 per cent of children are undernourished and micronutrient deficiencies are widespread. This has been compounded by the post-election violence experienced in the country at the beginning of 2008. Whereas the country has the capacity to mobilize its resources for the production of adequate food and surplus for export, this has remained elusive due to lack of concrete implementation of environment, agriculture and food nutrition policies. This paper reviews some of the current developments in the relationship between climate change, food security and the policy roles.

In recent years, huge amount of data with regard to higher education system especially with regard to technical education system(TES) is available and queries related to Edu-DATA are of practical interest as SQL approach is insufficient and needs to be focused in a different way. The present study aims at developing a technique called Edu-MINING which converts raw data coming from educational institutions using data mining techniques into useful information. The discovered knowledge will have a great impact on the educational research and practices. Edu-MINING explores Edu-DATA, discovers new knowledge and suggests useful methods to improve the quality of education with regard to teaching and learning process. The study is carried out for the Edu-student-data set comprising of 3500 instances and fourteen attributes. A comprehensive study of the experimental analysis is presented and the results are found to be of immense practical interest. Finally, optimal classifiers are identified and excellent accuracy is achieved.

Water pollution is one of the most important environmental problem faced by the World. Characterization of physio-chemical parameters of groundwater from 43 different locations nearby the small scale industries and rice mills in and around Thanjavur town have been carried out. A Laboratory study of Groundwater was carried out and the quality analysis has been made through Ph, Tds, EC, TH, TA (Hco3), Ca+2, Mg+2, Cl-, Na+, So4-2, No3--, K+, and Tubudity. The results were compared with standards prescribed by WHO and CPHEEO in order to find out the groundwater suitability for domestic and agricultural purposes which indicated that the mean value of studied parameters except EC (Electrical conductivity), TDS (Total dissolved solids), (Th) Total hardness, (Cl) Chloride, (Ta) Total alkalinity and (Na) sodium samples taken from the Bore well water, open well water and the surface water were within the permissible limit and the groundwater in few areas were not much suitable for domestic and agricultural purposes. Thus the objective of the study is to identify the quality of groundwater in the town and nearby area of Thanjavur town especially adjacent to the small scale industries where groundwater is used for domestic and agricultural purposes are discussed and also a systematic calculation of correlation coefficient has been calculated for water quality assessment.

Statement of problem: Research For adolescents indicates that the patient's sex did influence anticipatory , and girls had higher pain intensity scores . Whether differences extent to children is less clear, and further studies in this area are needed .The aim of this study was to determined the effect of gender on the pain intensity. Materials and Methods: In this RCT , 50 children 2-6month of age were taken (25 girls and 25 boys).In girls group and boys group DPT Vaccine via IM injection are Performed .Data was collected using FLACC scale and were analyzed with wilcoxon signed rank test . Results: Result showed that not significantly difference between severity of Pain due to DPT Vaccine IM injection in girls group as compared with boys group (P>0/5). Conclusion: Finding of this study indicated that gender could not Play an Important role in severity of pain 2-6 age of month children.

Used (11) computer with the hub switch 16 port and the type of linking computers star and cable UTP in LAN network and the establishment of four programs first program of the teacher and the second program of the student and the third program of the administration and the four program insert the questions and when the test was observed speed in the preparation of examinations and the cancel of the process of correcting exams and manually reduce the number of faculty observers and cancel the introduction of grades test scores manually and accuracy finite in the patch and the existence of multiple forms of questions.

Plant latex is a mixture of various chemical constituents which protect plants from herbivorous insects. It contains many chemical substances such as acetogenins, flavonoids, triterpenes alkaloids, lectins, and proteins which show very high insecticidal potential. Latex also contains important other phytochemicals such as glycosides, alkaloids, steroids and resinous substances, tannins and saponins which show diverse biological activities. It also contains enzymatic proteins such as chitinases, proteases, peptidases, plasmins, papain, hevein, lectins and lipases which show enormous insecticidal activity against insects play a critical role in defense against herbivorous insects. Plant show high mortality, inhibit egg hatching and effect post embryonic developmental and survival of insects. Plant latex also showed very high toxicity in mollusks mainly fresh water snail, Lymnaea acuminata and Lymnaea columella. Plant latex possesses many more advantages over synthetic pesticides. It has better lethal potential than synthetic pesticides and has no side effect on environment because it is biodegradable. No doubt its chemical constituents can be used as a successful pesticide if isolated in pure form.

Rada Tilly city is located between Comodoro Rivadavia and Caleta Olivia cities. Both cities have oil industry activity and oil tankers sail in front of the beach on their way to the loading buoy. The aim of the work was to study the bacterial communities and their capacity to use hydrocarbons. We took samples from three different points in every season of the year, both sediment and seawater samples. Oligotrophic and hydrocarbon degrading bacteria counts were done, and the mineralization of diesel, kerosene, gasoline, oil and lubricant oil were carried out during 50 days. Bacterial communities were grown for 10 days on oligotrophic liquid media and media containing phenanthrene and hexadecane as contaminants and analyzed by methyl fatty acids (FAMEs) profiling. In addition, bacterial isolates obtained were identified by FAMEs. The results showed that the cultivable bacterial communities were similar in spring, summer and autumn and this was made up of Pseudoalteromonas, Rhodobacter, Aeromonas, Ochrobactrum, Photobacterium, Brevundimonas and Vibrio. In winter season, the bacterial communities changed and were made up of Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Arthrobacter and Paenibacillus. The hydrocarbon mineralization was higher in sediment samples than in seawater samples. The best results were observed in summer. The best values were obtained from oil, diesel oil, kerosene and lubricant oil.

The Nitrogenase and Glutamine synthetase activities were investigated in free living and immobilized cells of Nostoc calcicola under copper stress conditions. The maximum Cu concentration in free and immobilized N. calcicola cells was 60µM at which the immobilized cells were characterized by faster rate of nitrogenase activity than free cells. Immobilization was also associated with increase in glutamine synthetase, suggesting that the immobilized cells maintain sufficient ATP pool to drive energy expensive process of nitrogen metabolism. Both the enzymes in immobilized cells were less sensitive to Cu and degree of inhibition was less marked as compared to the free living cells. The tolerance of immobilized cells in terms of all the activities studied over free cells concluded that immobilized cells are more resistant to Cu in respect to nitrogen metabolism and it can be used as an effective biofertilizer.

The study was conducted in two regions of U. T. of Puducherry namely Puducherry and Karaikal. The extension personnel of Puducherry Department of Agriculture were involved in technology transfer for the upliftment of farming community. The extension personnel from all the organizational positions (ADAs, JDAs, DDAs, AOs, AAOs, Field Men and Demonstration Assistants) engaged in transfer of technology were selected as respondents (115 Nos.). A well structured questionnaire consisting of various indices, tests and scales was prepared and used. The results revealed that majority of the respondents (63.48 per cent) were in medium information processing category. More than half of the extension personnel frequently discussed the received information with farmers and higher-ups for evaluating the information. Majority of extension personnel always stored the information on a record book. Only one-fourth of the respondents have sometimes transformed the information in the form of power point slides and written materials or handouts.

Introduction: Intramuscular injection is an invasive and painful method for medication. Previous studies have indicated that tetracaine has ability to decrease pain via decreasing transmission and perception. The effect of local tetracaine severity of pain during DPT vaccine IM injection is not known. The aim of this study was to evaluate if topical Tetracaine reduce the pain of IM DPT injection compared to placebo. Materials and methods: In this RCT, 40 children were taken and divided into case and placebo group using a randomized Allocation sampling . In case group used from topical tetracaine gel %4, 30 second before DPT injection; in placebo group used from lubricant gel (placebo) before DPT injection. Data was collected using FLACC scale and were analyzed with wilcaxon signed rank test. Results: Results showed that tetracaine could not significantly decreased the severity of pain due to DPT vaccine IM injection in case group as compared with placebo group (p>0/05). Conclusion: Finding of this study indicated that topical tetracaine Application could not play an important role in decreasing of pain during DPT vaccine IM injection .Although it did lead to faster recovery time. However, more studies are needed to determine of effect of pain reduction strategies.

A micropropagation method is described for Pithecellobium dulce Benth. using nodal explants. Multiple shoots were induced from axillary buds on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) agar-gelled medium containing different concentrations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Kinetin (Kn). Medium containing 3.0 mgl-1 BAP was the most effective for shoot induction .The cultures were amplified by passages on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mgl-1 each of BAP and Kn +0.5 mgl-1 Indole-3 acetic acid (IAA). The micropropagated shoots were subsequently transferred for root formation on half-strength MS medium + 2.5 mgl-1 Indole-3 butyric acid (IBA) with 94% success rate. These plantlets were hardened in the greenhouse. The established protocol is suitable for true to type cloning of mature plants of P. dulce.

Boerhaavia diffusa L. is a valuable medicinal plant indigenous to India commonly called Punarnava. Adventitious roots were initiated from the leaf explants on a media containing Murashige and Skoog media supplemented with various concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 & 4.0 mg/L) of NAA and IBA. Maximum number of roots were obtained on MS media supplemented with 1.0 mg/L NAA, while profuse rooting was also found in media supplemented with 2.0 mg/L and 4.0 mg/L NAA. In vitro grown roots were transferred to liquid culture media containing NAA for root proliferation. The cultured roots were harvested after 40 days. Agrobacterium rhizogenes mediated transformation was carried out with in vivo leaf explants of B. diffusa. Hairy roots were obtained on a medium containing hormone free MS medium.

In plant produced phytotoxic allelopathic effect of Tectona grandis investigated on Vigna mungo and Vigna radiata, dried leaves of Tectona grandis were collected from coastal area of Cuddalore District..50g powder of teak leaf was soaked in distilled water and after 24hrs filtered with help of WhatmannNo.1 filter paper used to prepare extract .Using this stock solution various concentrations (5,10,25,50,75 and 100%) were prepared and sterilized 50 seeds of Vigna mungo and Vigna radiata were placed in sterilized petridishes .Five seedlings from each replicate were selected for recording the fresh weight on 15th day after sowing. Influenced allelopathic effect was observed in 5% concentration of extract treatment than control and in all other concentrations it shows gradual inhibitory effect on both crop seedlings.

This work proposes a representation scheme that uses CAD as a design tool for generating two-dimensional decorative patterns. The proposed scheme is hierarchical and represented as a tree with nodes corresponding to different shapes of pattern. In this work, decorative patterns are viewed as a set of shapes created at three hierarchical levels which are labeled as: Primitive, Motif, and Compound-motif. This CAD paradigm helps the designers/artists to manipulate a set of fundamental shapes (primitive, motif and compound-motif) by transformation rules and to arrange them into some definite order for generating a decorative pattern.

This quadratic response surface methodology focuses on finding the levels of some (coded) predictor variables x = (x1u, x2u, x3u)' that optimize the expected value of a response variable yu from natural levels. The experiment starts from some best guess or “control” combination of the predictor variables (usually coded to x = 0 for this case x1u=30, x2u=25 and x3u =40) and experiment is performed varying them in a region around this center point. We go further to construct a specific optimum second order rotatable design of three factors in thirty-two points. The achievement of this is done with estimation of the free parameters using calculus in an existing second order rotatable design of thirty-two points. Such a design permits a response surface to be fitted easily and provides spherical information contours besides the realizations of optimum combination of ingredients in Agriculture, horticulture and allied sciences which results in economic use of scarce resources in relevant production processes. The expected second order rotatable design model in three dimensions is available where the responses would then facilitate the estimation of the linear and quadratic coefficients. An example involving Phosphate (x1u), Nitrogen (x2u) and Potassium (x3u) is used to represent the three factors in the coded level and converted into natural levels.

In this thesis, a linear programming algorithm is developed for determining a measure of market concentration in congested transmission systems. The linear program uses the effects of the congestors on the system to de rate the line limits of each transmission line. The derated line limits allow for the congestor’s contribution to the system flows to be taken into account when examining the available market for additional buyers and sellers in the system. The linear program uses transmission line constraints with de rated line limits and generation constraints to calculate the maximum simultaneous interchange capability for a group of buyers and sellers on the system. The results of the linear program provide information regarding the maximum amount of power the buyers can import, as well as the amount of generation each seller can provide towards the simultaneous interchange. When only a few of the available sellers can participate in the maximum simultaneous interchange capability of the buyers, the market of available generation is referred to as concentrated. Each seller’s contribution, as determined by the simultaneous interchange capability algorithm, can be used in determining a Her find a hl-Hirschman index (HHI) of concentration for the market. The resulting HHI value can then be compared to government standards for HHI regarding market power in the electricity industry. Finally, sample applications of the maximum simultaneous interchange capability algorithm are examined. These examples are used to discuss the ramifications of congestion on the transmission system’s concentration and the usefulness of the de rated line limit solution method for determining market concentration.