February 2014

Mining and related activities are sources of heavy metal contamination in streams, such as copper, zinc, cadmium, arsenic and lead . The study is focused on Ibodi, southwestern Nigeria which is located in the basement complex of Nigeria and it is to assess the stream sediments of Ibodi in order to decipher the environmental impact assessment of mining activities on the environment. A total of ten stream sediment were collected from the study area and its environs along major tributaries, air dried at room temperature, sieved with 75 micron sized sieve and analyzed in the laboratory using ICP-MS (inductively couple plasma mass spectrometry technique). The analytical results of the major elements analyses show that Iron oxide [Fe2O3] has the highest major element composition, value ranging from 2.36% - 10.61% with an average value of 5.262%. This highest concentration of Iron oxide was found in location 1, with a value of 10.61% and this can be attributed to the underlying geology of amphibolites' in the Ibodi study area, which are known to be rich in Iron as well as magnesium i.e ferromagnesian minerals. Magnesium oxide [MgO] range in composition from 0.11% - 0.92% with an average value of 0.349%, the highest concentration was found in location 3. [Al2O3] ranges in composition from 0.83% - 4.158% with an average value of 2.109% the highest value was also found at location 3, it is the next in abundance to Iron oxide in the Ibodi study area. Potassium oxide [K2O] range in composition from 0.04% - 0.65% with an average value of 0.183%, other major oxides such as [P2O5], [TiO2], [Na2O] and [CaO] have average values of 0.109%, 0.096%,0.008% and 0.162% respectively; These values are generally low within the Ibodi study area, The analytical results for trace element geochemistry of Ibodi study area show that Vanadium [V] has a high concentrations and it range from 35.00ppm - 202.00ppm with an average mean value of 92.50ppm, the highest concentration of this element was found in location 1 of the Ibodi study area. Arsenic [As] range from 0.10ppm - 1.6ppm with an average value of 0.644ppm, there is a significant enrichment of Cobalt [Co] and Chromium [Cr] with concentrations ranging from 4.0ppm - 53.50ppm and 35.20ppm -150.70ppm respectively, with average mean values of 17.73ppm and 88.78ppm respectively; Manganese [Mn] has the highest concentration in the study area, with concentration value ranging from 86.00ppm - 2165.00ppm having an average value of 768.20ppm; the highest concentration of this element was found in location 1 of the study area. [Ga], [Ni] and [Pb] show considerable enrichments within the study area with concentration values ranging from 3.10ppm - 9.50ppm, 5.30ppm - 37.70ppm and 6.75ppm - 18.44ppm, with average values of 6.08ppm,19.80ppm, 12.209ppm respectively, Rubidium [Rb] range in concentration from 6.50ppm - 30.90ppm with an average value of 13.41ppm, Strontium [Sr] has concentration values that range from 4.70ppm - 37.20ppm with an average value of 15.06ppm. [Y], [Zr] and [Zn] has concentration values that range from 7.99ppm - 21.10ppm, 1.20ppm - 4.00ppm and 26.20ppm-83.60ppm respectively with average mean values of 15.065ppm, 2.21ppm and 46.58ppm, the value of zinc [Zn] is considerably high in the study area with the highest value found at location 4 of the study area indicating some level of enrichment of this metals within the study area, also [Rb], [Y] and [Sr] show some considerable enrichments within the study area. from the study of the environmental parameter such as box plot and Geo-accumulation indexes the values of the selected trace elements are all less than 1, meaning that all the selected trace metals in Ibodi study area have values less than zero and are in the negative zone. In order to determine the pollution status of the study area, the values of the elements when compared to the Muller classes of geo-accumulation suggests that the study area is practically uncontaminated with the selected trace metals, the elements fall into the class 0 i.e. Practically unpolluted.

This paper aimed to document the diversity of medicinal flora of Moradabad district along with their vernacular name, local name, habit and status. In the present study, a total of 153 plant species belonging to 60 families have been recorded from this area. These plant species include 88 herbs, 37 trees, 18 shrubs and 9 twiners. The most widely distributed plants were found in the family Fabaceae (14 plants) followed by Amaranthaceae (10 plants), Asteraceae (9 plants), Malvaceae (7 plants), Apocynaceae, Convolvulaceae & Euphorbiaceae (6 plants), Acanthaceae, Lamiaceae, Polygonaceae & Solanaceae (5 plants).The present information is important as it allows us to prevent or avoid the potential chance of biodiversity loss and to plan future policy for the protection of our environment.

Extensive field trips were organized for collecting the plant species during their flowering & fruiting stages from various field trips and interviews of the local medicine men and village elders among the Meitei Community of Bishnupur district of Manipur. Survey conducted revealed the uses of 106 plant species belonging to 55 families and their use in curing different ailments; 21 plant species of monocotyledons and 85 species to that of dicotyledons. The communities still believes in the traditional use of herbal medicine and maintain herbal gardens in their own homestead. With the advent of modernization and lack of interest by the younger generation, the traditional knowledge of this community in on the verge of extinction and will ultimately lead to loss of valuable knowledge. Therefore, the Ethno botanical study taken should help in conserving traditional knowledge and can ultimately lead to base line of the discovery of new drugs for the benefits of human being at large.

Fourteen sugarcane genotypes of early maturity group were grown in three different environments such as I plant, II plant and ratoon crops during 2007-08 to 2008-09 consecutive years. Eleven traits viz.-cane yields, CCS yield, CCS %, sucrose %, Brix %, Purity %, Number of milliable cane, Average cane weight, Milliable height, cane diameter, & Extraction%, were studied during present investigation. The variance of genotypes (G) & Environment (E) individually both shows highly significant at 1 % and 5% both at pooled error respectively, except extraction % and Milliable height .Which were found to be significant at 5% at pooled deviation only. The G X E interaction was found highly significant for all the traits except CCS % and Purity %. This had indicated that considerable variability among the genotypes with respect to productive traits in each (three) environment. The variance of environment liner was also found highly significant for all the productive traits at 1 % & 5 % at pooled deviation and pooled error except Milliable height which was found highly significant at only 5 % at pooled deviation.

Immobilization of enzymes is an important field of study as the reusable heterogeneous biocatalysts designed tremendously reduce production costs by efficient recycling and control of the catalytic processes. In the present study, the immobilization of Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase was performed via covalent attachment of lipase onto oxirane activated supports (Eupergit CM). Their wide specificity has rendered lipases into the most commonly-used enzymes in organic chemistry, resulting in an urgent need to effectively immobilize these enzymes. 100,0±0,2% immobilization yield and 170±1,1% activity yield were achieved by optimizing the immobilization conditions (ratio of matrix/enzyme, pH of buffer medium, molarity of buffer medium, duration of immobilization). The best results were achieved when the lipase was immobilized at pH 9 at room temperature (25 oC) for 120 hours. The operational and storage stabilities of the immobilized enzymes were determined as well. No decrease in the activity of immobilized enzyme during 20 consecutive batch reactions was observed. Furthermore, the immobilized enzymes showed high storage stability as they retained their activity for 20 days of usage. The obtained immobilized Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase can be used for the biodiesel production, oil hydrolysis and various important esterification reactions.

The human Cytochrome P 450 CYPIA2 gene was introduced into tobacco plants (Nicotina tabacum cv. Virginia tobacco). CYP IA2 plants grown in soil clearly showed a healthy growth and tolerance to simazine, but non transgenic plants were completely damaged by the herbicides. The results proved that simazine was completely metabolized by the CYPIA2 transgenic plants to prevailingly non phytotoxic metabolites, the herbicide was biotransformed to a minor extent in non transgenic plants to metabolites with residual phytotoxicity. Thus, CYPIA2 tobacco plants can remove simazine herbicide from the soil, whereas non transgenic tobacco was damaged. The results revealed that in the NT tobacco plantlets and excised leaves, 32% and 50% respectively of the simazine absorbed by the tissues was metabolized into Des. The T-E plantlets metabolized 83% of the absorbed parent herbicide into different metabolites, while only 8.3% remained non-metabolized in the T-V plantlets. The main metabolite resulting from degradation of simazine by CYP1A2 transgenic plants was DiDes representing 41% (plantlets) and 37.3% (excised leaves) in case of T-E, and 35% (plantlets) and 60% (excised leaves) with T-V. Doses ranging between 4 and 40 mg simazine per plant were enough to inhibit the growth, finally causing the death for tobacco plants. When simazine was applied to the CYP1A2 transgenic tobacco plant (T-E and T-V) under similar conditions, the plants showed considerable resistance with all concentrations used.

Azoles are five-membered cyclic compounds containing one or more heteroatoms in the ring, at least one of which must be nitrogen. The rings contain the maximum number of non-cumulative double bonds consistent with the normal valencies of the ring atoms. The diversity of chemical structures of the Triazoles family and their useful biological activities made these compounds attractive targets in synthetic organic chemistry. This review explores the modern pathways of the organic synthesis of Triazoles.

Concept of secondary k-unitary(s-k unitary) equivalent matrices is introduced. Some equivalent conditions on secondary k-normal matrices(s-k normal) are given.

Air vessels are used to mitigate both up and down surge events in pipeline systems. When the air vessel swings into action in the event of a pressure surge, the compressed air pressure changes accordingly to suppress the adverse pressure. The rate at which the pressure changes in the air cushion occur is very important in determining the effectiveness of air vessels as surge control devices. This rate is dependent partly on the initial air volume contained in the vessel (hence its size) and the thermodynamic process that the air undergoes. Consequently, the dynamic behavior of the entrapped air in these vessels forms an integral part of the overall scheme and needs to be well understood for a proper transient analysis and sizing of air vessels. The Polytrophic model and the Rational Heat Transfer (RHT) model which happen to be the only two existing models for describing the dynamic behavior of entrapped air in air vessels, have been covered in this review. The limitations of these models have been mentioned and the need for an improved model has been highlighted.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between price volatility and the dividend policy of manufacturing firms listed in Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE). For this reason are sample of 53 manufacturing firms are taken in our sample data. Data is obtained for 6 years from 2006-2011. Data cross sectional in nature. The regression model are used to see the relationship between the dependent variable is price volatility and its relates with independent variables such as dividend yield, net income, dividend payout ratio, Tobin’s Q, return on equity, size and debit equity. The result shows that dividend yield (Dy), size shown a considerably positive impact on price volt (P.volt). However dividend payout ratio (dpr), Tobin’s Q (tq) and net income (Ni) have a significantly negative impact on price volatility (P.volt) shows in our study.

Entrepreneurship is the Creativity of business idea which than materializes into big ventures and then those ventures helps in supporting the nation. For this Entrepreneurial intent is the force which makes entrepreneurs Motivated practically. Entrepreneurs use to lead themselves through Big time lapses and troubles, only one thing keeps them going and fighting to all odds and that is how well they are trained. In this research the researcher has focused on the factors which affect the entrepreneurial intent of students. Business students are the key in entrepreneurial field and if they are trained well on the grounds from their university level so they are much mature to hold market after few years. Affectingfactors are extracted as Perceived structural support (PSS), Perceived Relational support (PRS), Perceived Educational support (PES), Attitude towards Entrepreneurship (AE) and Self Confidence (SC) as mediator variable affecting over the Entrepreneurial intent (EI) of students. These factors were one by one measured and proved by getting the results analyzed through Likert scale by tool of 400 samples of questionnaires distributed 100 each in 4 different universities.2 Private universities and 2 public universities. And then results were compared together to see where Private and Public institutes stand in terms of entrepreneurship. It is to be noted that this research is not stick to within Pakistan universities but in fact the reference are taken in a way in which Pakistan is compared to international standards and countries who have taken measures in terms of enhancing Educational support , Structural support, Relational support to make young students more motivated in specific field. More importantly countries like Turkey, China, Malaysia, USA, Europe, Peru and India in precisely. This research finds problem, give comparative analysis and gives out solution of how to deal it and what measures should be taken in Pakistan. The best solution recommended by researcher in this paper is that the Business students should be trained and motivated with attitude of being Entrepreneurs rather than to do a job, and the solution suggested was that all Education policy makers and universities should sit together and make a ruling of not allotting degrees to business students unless they don’t show up establishing small or big but their own venture or business.

Large potential and scientific studies have been carried out up to date to detect and locate climate changes and trends in different parts of the world by examine and analyze various climate key factors such as; air temperature, rainfall records humidity concentration etc. Some of these studies deal with measurements of temperature time series for specific meteorological stations due to the importance of its long records of fluctuating temperature data, location and reliability. Pursuance on the recent studies, that have shown that the Earth’s surface air temperature has increased by 0.6˚C to 0.8˚C during the 20th century, along with the regional abrupt changes of lower atmospheric temperature. This environmental situation has drawn great interest to climate researchers leading to several studies on climate trend detection at various scales. This paper examines the long term modification of lower atmospheric temperature time series in Kolkata observatory. Time series of lower atmospheric temperature data for the period considering from 1941-2010 for Kolkata weather observation station was collected from the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD, Alipur). Fluctuations of trend and detection of abrupt change point of mean monthly temperature time series were examined. The nonparametric Mann-Kendall test was employed to detect trends and change points of the mean monthly temperature. Statistically approximate significant (p≤0.05) abrupt changes and trends have been detected. The plots of forward sequential values and backward sequential values intersect each others, than it has indicated change points in considered data set. According to this statistical test for Kolkata observatory, in 1986, 1973 and 1999, 1970, 1975, 1993, 1999, and 1958 are showing the significant potential change point in the temperature time series for March, April, May, June, July, November, December respectively.

The silkworm, Bombyxmori being a monophagous insect, derives all the nutrients required for its growth from the mulberry leaves. The quality of silk produced by the silkworm depends on the quality and yield of mulberry leaf as well as environmental conditions. The larval and pupal parameters of silkworm Bombyxmori fed with vegetable dyes treated MR2 mulberry leaves, the following works have been considered. The vegetable dye was treated on fresh mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) were sprayed by each concentration and were fed to silkworm from 3rd , 4th and ,5th instar for four feeding were recommended. Then, group T2,T3,T4,T5and control T1 sprayed mulberry leaves with vegetable dye and distilled water, respectively. Silkworm larvae fed on Morusalba (L.) (MR2) leaves sprayed with 1 gram indigo was significantly increased the larvae and cocoon length, width and weight, cocoon shell weight, pupal weight, shell ratio and silk filament length as compared to those fed on control (group T1) MR2 mulberry leaves and other groups (T3,T4 and T5). It has been observed from the present study that 1 gram indigo treated (group T2) leaves fed by silkworms have enhanced the larval and pupal growth and quantity of silk production than control.

This study uses data from a census of sorghum and/or millet growing households in two agricultural blocks of Luanshya Distict to compare socio-economic characteristics, perceptions and practices among adopters and non-adopters of improved cereal crop varieties. The results suggest that adopters of improved varieties of cereal crops are generally better off, more market oriented, and more likely to purchase their inputs. Therefore, interventions aimed at increasing use of improved technologies need to be cognizant of these inherent variations in farmer characteristics and behaviour as the responsiveness is also likely to vary.

We are in the age of information explosion in quantity and quality, as communication has been made easier, faster and accessible to almost any place in any part of our planet, which enables cultures, peoples, experts, specialists, ideologies, interact and confront each other. All these are possible thanks to the development in the quality and variety of the modern media and communication technologies. These quick and easier accessibility to information and exchange of ideas through these modern media and communication systems, have proved to be a great source of help to humanity in many dimensions and directions, for example, in the aspect of knowledge generation, transmission, and production, greater interaction and dialogue between peoples and nations and bringing the world and peoples closer to each other. It could also have its negative dimension, for example as a big source of manipulation, exploitation, and misinformation. Hence one of the challenges of our time is to find out how best to use and employ these media technologies for the advantage of man, especially for truth dissemination and to promote harmonious and peaceful mutual co-existence among peoples, nations and cultures. This is the task which this article tries to accomplish.

This study examines the response of monetary authority to macroeconomic shocks by employing a VECM Cointegration VAR model that considers domestic credit as the most appropriate indicator of monetary policy performance. The main findings of the study are as follows: Both net foreign asset and GDP are statistically significant and positively influence domestic credit in the long run dynamics model. It is only consumer price index that has a positive impact in the short run dynamics. All other explanatory variables negatively influence domestic credit in the short-run dynamics model. The effect of monetization of fiscal deficit on monetary policy depends on the endogeneity and exogeneity of fiscal deficits in the long run dynamics model. Moreover, the speed of adjustment or feedback effect towards long run equilibrium takes many years to make a full adjustment when there is a shock to the system. However, the speed of adjustment is inconsistent comparing with the short run dynamic analysis in this regard. The sterilization coefficient reveals incomplete sterilization activities while the offset coefficient tells us a high degree of monetary control with low degree of capital mobility. Therefore, the study recommends that the monetary authority should exercise its full discretionary power and focuses on financial sector development, secondary market and economic monetization in order to timely respond to macroeconomic shocks through market-based policy instruments.

Main purpose of this research is Analyzing effectiveness of science curriculum with teaching- based practices and research- based practices in terms of essential knowledge and skills in elementary period. This research is done with semi- experimental method with a sample containing 50 girl students in elementary third grade in Urmia City that are selected randomly and with multilevel- cluster sampling with the hypothesis of science curriculum with teaching- based practices and research- based practices. For data collecting a post- test was used with validity accepted by experts and 68% reliability and an activity observing check list was used with a validity accepted by experts and 98%reliability. In this research according to comparison of two teaching- based and research- based education methods U Mann- Whitney test was used. Research findings indicated that there are significant differences in knowledge and skills level between students who are educated with teaching- based practices and those that are educated with research- based practices and research hypothesis were accepted in 95% confidence level. As a result, science curriculum in elementary stage is more effective with research- based practices than teaching- based practices.

The Indian economy looked to be relatively insulated from the global financial crisis that started in August 2007 when the sub-prime mortgage crisis first surfaced in the United States (US). In fact, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) was raising interest rates until August 2008 with the explicit objective of cooling the economy and bringing down the gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate, which visibly had moved above the rate of potential output growth and was contributing to the buildup of inflationary pressures in the economy. This paper attempts an analysis of the origin and causes of global financial crisis and the impact of the crisis on the Indian economy.

This paper attempts to present the dermatoglyphic traits in Kalinga, an endogamous caste population from the north coastal Andhra Pradesh. So far, several anthropogenetic studies have been carried out on several tribal and non-tribal communities in the state of Andhra Pradesh. However, the present study population ‘Kalinga’ has not been touched so far. Hence, the observations made in this paper will add to the existing information on caste population of Andhra Pradesh. Palmar patterns, palmar main line formula, C-line polymorphism, atd angle are the main traits studied among males and females belonging to kalinga community. The observations (dermatoglyphic traits) were compared with data available on other caste populations of the state.

Tourism has become the world's largest industry, composing of numerous enterprises such as airlines, hoteliers, car rentals, leisure suppliers, and travel agencies. With increasing complexity of tourism business models and tasks, there is a clear need of the next generation e-Tourism infrastructure to support flexible automation, integration, computation, storage, and collaboration.The impact of ICT on tourism industries has been widely recognized as one ofthe major changes in the last decade: new ways of communicating with prospective tourists and of providing services and products became part of these industries’ key role. Understanding how travellers behave is of critical importance to travel suppliers and tourism authorities for formulating appropriate marketing strategies so as to fully exploit the potential of this channel. Our proposed architecture will increase the accessibility of e-tourism facility by the customer with the help of ICT development structure.

Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) are important human pathogens causing diseases in a variety of different human tissues and animal species. HSV-1 is being most often transmitted non-sexually and HSV-2 most usually transmitted sexually. Primary HSV infections are usually symptomatic but may be sub clinical. Worldwide 65% - 90% rate of HSV infection found in different part of world and HSV1 is more common than HSV2. Few studies from India documented for HSV 1 and HSV 2 infections in different population groups. In India HSV 1 and HSV 2 seroprevalence in adults are 63% and 16.6% respectively. Due to the high impact of these viruses on our health, there should be a rapid, sensitive, specific and cost effective method for the detection of these viruses. Presently Herpes viruses are diagnosis by virus isolation, rapid commercial kits, conventional and real time PCR. Virus isolation is time consuming, rapid kit have low sensitivity and specificity while real time PCR are costly hence convention PCR are comparatively good choice. Thus this study was conceptualized for HSV1 and HSV2 detection by conventional PCR from standard strains of HSV1 and HSV2 which can on the clinical samples. First we standardized two monoplex PCR in two separate PCR tubes for HSV1 and HSV2 then Single tube Multiplex PCR for HSV 1 and HSV 2 was standardized. The specificity of the primers was checked with other related virus such as human cytomegalovirus. Multiplex PCR assay was applied on panel of clinical samples. The study will serve as rapid, accurate, specific and sensitive diagnostic assay which is crucial for HSV1 and HSV2 to help in patient management and prevention of spread of disease.

The packaging scenario and requirements for processed foods world over is changing fast. This is not only with regard to materials, forms, systems and machinery, but also legal aspects closely linked with environmental equilibrium and maintenance as well. Among these developments, the “Packaging of Future” is expected to do more than just contain and protect. One of the novel technologies is bio-active packaging where the package itself smartly imparts the functional properties in foods. This literature throws light on some of the basis of bio-active packaging and techniques involved in the manufacturing of packaging films for foods.

Barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli L.) and Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon L.) are the most prominent weeds in rice field which significantly affected the growth and development of rice from germination stage to yielding stage. The allelopathic effect of dry leaves (mature and senesced) aqueous extracts (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) of Calotropis procera Decne., was investigated to evaluate the herbicidal efficacy on the germination and growth of Barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli L.) and Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon L.). The results showed that the germination delayed when concentration increased from lower to the higher concentrations. The most affected seeds of the tested plants were Echinochloa crus-galli, i.e. up to 89%. Generally, the radical length was more sensitive than plumule length against aqueous concentration. C.dactylon showed minimum retardation effect when treated with C. procera aqueous extract. Aqueous mature leaves extract of C. procera showed maximum inhibited (upto 89%) at the higher concentrations (25%). C.dactylon shown stimulatory effect on its all physio-biochemical parameters, when treated with low concentrated (up to 5%) aqueous concentration of C.procera. The phytotoxic effect of matured leaves was more pronounced than senesced leaves.

Viral and bacterial contamination of recreational coastal water is a rising public health concern. The aim of our study was to conduct a preliminary evaluation of the presence of indicator virus and pathogens in seawater, sand and mussels at recreational marine beaches in Southern Morocco. Forty six samples (mussels, sand and seawater) were collected from Dar Bouazza region and tested for the presence of enteric viruses by (qPCR) and viral viability by integrated cell culture-PCR (ICC-PCR) assay. The samples were collected from three beaches points and seawater was filtered by HA membrane for viruses concentration. Our results showed that 33% of seawater samples, 50% of mussels samples and 18% of sand samples were tested positive for enteroviruses. Human adenovirus was the most prevalent virus detected (33%) in seawater samples, followed by polyomavirus JC (11%). Mussels were positive for norovirus GI, Norovirus GII and rotavirus A in (36%), (11%) and (33%) of samples respectively. HAV was not present in any samples. The fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) levels exceeded regulatory thresholds in 26% of seawater samples for Escherichia coli and Enterococcus and 9% of them showed the presence of viruses. No correlation was demonstrated between bacterial contamination and virus presence. However, a possible correlation was showed between salinity and virus presence. This data reflected the viral contamination of recreational waters and suggested that human adenoviruses should be an index for human fecal pollution in conjunction with FIB. The presence of enteric viruses in marine samples may constitute a potential public health risk for shellfish consumers and swimmers. Therefore viral parameters should be adapted for monitoring the beach water quality and shellfish safety.

Background: Practical learning is one of the important concerns that helps the awareness of nursing students’ practice in a clinical setting and it is important to link theoretical knowledge to practical skills. Nursing educators and clinical preceptors must display the knowledge and skills required to bridge the theory practice-gap. Aim: This study aimed to explore the perception of nursing students related to their practical learning and theory-practice gap. Methods: Research design: An explorative-descriptive design used in this study to explore and describe the perception of nursing students to their practical learning and theory-practice gap. A convenient sample of 61 nursing students engaged in this study. Study tool: The utilized questionnaire consisted of five sections: included the socio-demographic data; responses on practical learning; responses on learning strategies preferences; responses on assessment and responses on theory-practice gap. Results: Majority of nursing students (88.5%) indicated that they had inadequate supervision from clinical preceptors, insufficiently prepared simulation laboratory (100%) and only 50.8% of them had opportunity to practice skills during simulation sessions. Majority of respondents (67.2%) showed that summative assessment conducted at the end of the course, but they not prepared for examination (57.4%).The gap between the theoretical knowledge and the actual clinical procedures in the wards perceived by respondents (54.1%). Conclusion and Recommendations: Nursing education must reexamine current methods to practical learning and seek methods to better prepare future nurses. Conducting continuing education for the faculty in principles of teaching and learning to enhance their teaching behavior and interpersonal skills.

Introduction: Macroscopic-morphometrical study of human kidney provides various data like dimensions, length variation on coronal section, number of; pyramid, minor calyx, major calyx and renal sinus with clinical significance. Materials and methods: Total 101 kidneys were dissected and macroscopically studied. Various data like weight, length, breadth, thickness, length of cortex and medulla, number of; pyramid, minor calyx, major calyx and renal sinus were observed and analyzed. Results: In our study, range of weight of right and left kidney was 75-185 gm and 45-165 gm with their average weight 117.6+24.71 gm and 131+27.63 gm respectively. Range of length of right and left kidney was 6.8-12.3 cm and 6.9-11.9 cm with their average length 9.35+1.07 cm and 9.5+0.98 cm respectively. Range of breadth of right and left kidney was 4.4-6.3cm and 4.4-6.5 cm with their average breadth 5.3+0.91 cm and 5.5+0.62 cm respectively. Range of thickness of right and left kidney was 2.9–5.6 cm and 2.5–4.9cm with their average thickness 3.57+0.65 cm and 3.68+0.62 cm respectively. Range of; cortex, medulla of; right and left kidney were 0.4–1.2 cm, 0.9-1.7cm and 0.4-1.2, 1.2 -2.8 cm with their average length of; cortex and medulla 0.77+0.21, cm, 1.82+0.39cm and 0.78+0.25 cm, 1.79+0.38 cm respectively. Range of number of; pyramid, minor calyx, major calyx and renal sinus of right and left kidney were 6-18, 2-10, 1-5, 12-10 and 6-13, 3-9, 1-5, 2-8 with their average number of; pyramid, minor calyx, major calyx, and renal sinus were 10+3,6+2,3+1,6+2 and 9+2,6+2,3+1,5+2 respectively. 6% and 8% in both lobulated kidneys (right and left), 2% in polycystic right kidney, and 92% in both normal kidneys. 66%, 70% and 34%, 30% were found normal and variation in hilar structures in both kidneys (right and left) respectively. Conclusion: This study of kidney plays important role in improving the knowledge for pathologist, surgeons and radiologist.

Background and Introduction: Core muscle strengthening and behavioural therapy are the two main treatment strategies employed in the management of chronic non specific low back pain in nursing population. But there is very little evidence about the effect of a combined treatment protocol of core muscle strengthening and behavioural therapy in the management of chronic non specific low back pain. Objectives : To determine the effect of core muscle strengthening and behavioral therapy separately and in combination on pain, disability and fear avoidance beliefs in nurses with chronic non specific low back pain. Methods: According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 45 nurses who were evaluated for chronic non specific low back pain were enrolled in the study. 15 nurses each were allocated to core muscle strengthening group, behavioral therapy group and the combined group. Outcome measures used were Visual analogue scale, Rolland Morris Disability Questionnaire and Fear Avoidance and Belief Questionnaire. Base line data was collected initially and then post treatment data was taken after two weeks. Results : Intra group comparison of all the outcome measures using paired sample statistics showed significant difference in the pre and post treatment evaluation (p<0.005). In overall inter group comparison using ANOVA significant differences for all three groups were evident (p<0.005). Multiple Scheffe test showed that the combined treatment group showed larger differences than others in most of the outcome measures. Conclusion : These findings suggests that combined treatment protocol induced greater improvement in pain, disability and fear avoidance beliefs than when core muscle strengthening and behavioral therapy was administered alone.

A community based cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out to assess the prevalence of hypertension with respect to demographic profile of kashmiri population. The study was taken from Oct. 2012 to Sept. 2013 in District Pulwama. The sampling method used was multistage, 10% villages from each block were taken for study using population proportion to size method (PPS). From each selected village 5% households were taken by systemic random method for the study. Minimum sample required was calculated. We have taken a sample size of 2100, out of which 1007 participants were males and 1093 participants were females. In each household, inmates of age 18 years and above were screened for hypertension. Those found fulfilling the inclusion criteria laid down for hypertension (JNC-VII 2003) were subjected to pretested questionnaire and two blood pressure readings were taken. The study population was Screened and two blood pressure readings 10 minutes apart after the subject was resting for at least 5 minutes in a sitting position, by mercury sphygmomanometer which was standardized; The first and the fifth Korotkoffs sounds were taken as indicative of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure respectively. The average of the two readings of systolic and diastolic blood pressure was used as the blood pressure of the participant. In results; The overall prevalence was 14.56%, 13.8% in males and 15.3% in females.4.84%, 8.5% and 6.8% females were in pre-hypertension, stage-I and stage-II hypertension respectively. Among males 4.76% in pre-hypertension, 6.5% in stage-I and 7.3% were with hypertension. The distribution of hypertension, among pre-hypertensives, 52.47% were females and 47.52% were males. Among hypertensive subjects, 54.47% were females and 45.42% were males. Widowed study subjects had higher tendency to have hypertension 32% in males and 30.89% in females. Hypertension was more observed in illiterates than educated population being 15.47% in illiterates and goes on decreasing as educational status increases. Lowest in postgraduates 7.14%.Hypertension was more in housewives 15.6% followed by farmers 14.1% and skilled workers 13%.

Ringworm or (dermatophytosis) is a fungal disease caused by Trichophyton verrucosum and T.mentagrophytes. It is transmitted by direct contact with infected animals or by indirect contact through fomites. Three different concentration of Calvatia craniformis mushroom ointment are prepared from mushroom powder were (0.25%,0.50% and 1%), then applied topically to lesion once daily. Sixty infected ewe, lamb in different age and sex were involved in our study and divided into two groups; the first is treatment group and, the second is the control group. The treatment group includes thirty patients which is divided into three subgroups, each subgroup include ten patients they were treated by one of the three concentrations. The control group included thirty patients was treated by 1% iodine ointment. The 1% mushroom ointment significantly reduce clearance time (P<0.05)in comparison with the control group, while other concentration produce non significant changes in clearance time, therefore this substance is effective in the treatment of ringworm with less time.

Introduction: This study is to explore the relationship between cognitive and emotional parameters of patients’ attitudes and beliefs and adherence toward prescribed medicines among Malay T2DM patients in a Primary Health Clinics. Method: This is a cross sectional survey conducted over a period of two months at the outpatient department in seven government primary health clinics in the district of Kuala Langat, Selangor, Malaysia. A non-probability convenience sampling method was employed and patient’s recruitment based on the set inclusion criteria. Consented patients need to complete the survey form. BMQ and MARS were used to measure patients’ beliefs and adherence towards their medications. Results and Discussion: 345 registered Malay T2DM patients were selected. Most were women and only three subjects are single. At least half had primary level of education (51.6%). 72% of the subjects were housewives and pensioners. The majority (47.8%) had a monthly household income of RM999.00 or less. The average medications prescribed/ patient was five and the mean total frequency/day is 7.28. >50% had poor HbA1c control. Those with upper secondary and college graduate education were concern as to why they need to take medications other than those for DM. MARS also showed 45% forget to take their prescribed medicine and 41% miss out the dose. BMQ findings showed Malay patients’ belief necessity toward prescribed medicine is similar to that reported westerners Relationship of belief and adherence showed statistically significant positive correlation between beliefs specific-necessity on oral hypoglycaemia agent (OHA) and adherence. Necessity-concern differential correlated higher adherence showed patients’ beliefs necessity of prescribed OHA outweighs concern or worried about the long term use, side effects and dependence of the OHA. Conclusion: Malaysian Malays attitudes and beliefs are not affected by race, gender, and socioeconomic status. However the patients’ are concern about long term use, side effects and dependence towards the prescribed medicines that can lead to poorer adherence. Finally by improving the patient’s beliefs on the necessity of prescribed OHA medicine will lead the stronger adherence.

Background :The incidence of ICU related AKI has increased over the last few decades This is probably related to the rising incidence of sepsis related hospital admissions, increased prevalence of risk factors for AKI, including chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes mellitus, and congestive heart failure, and expanded use of intravenous radio-contrast agents. ICU patients with AKI have higher morbidity, mortality, and health care costs compared to ICU patients without AKI. Objective: To study indicators of acute kidney injury that might affect the outcome of critically ill patients. Design: Prospective study. Setting: ICU units of Menoufiya University Hospitals- Egypt. Patients: All patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) were prospectively enrolled in the study from their admission in ICU till discharge. AKI was defined by RIFLE and AKIN classification systems. All patients are critically ill assessed by APACHE III score, excluding those patients with CKD stage IV and ESRD patients. Measurements : Age, sex, cause of admission to ICU ,preexisting organ dysfunction ,DM ,HTN , type and mechanism of acute kidney injury were recorded. The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE III) score, was recorded at admission. The most severe RIFLE class and AKIN stage that the patient reached were recorded. Investigations including Complete blood count, Liver functions {Serum albumin, Prothrombin time, Total and direct bilirubin} Liver enzymes (AST – ALT) Renal functions (Blood urea and Serum creatinine), Serum electrolytes (Serum sodium, Serum potassium, Serum calcium, Serum phosphorus), Lipid profile (Serum Cholesterol and Triglycerides) were done to the patients and recorded. Resting electrocardiogram was done and its results were recorded. There were 51 patients in the study; all patients were enrolled in the study at the time of ICU admission. Results: 55.9% of patients were in good health 3 months before ICU entry. The reason for admission was medical in 86, 3 % of cases. The type of acute kidney injury was prerenal (45.1%), renal (52.9%), or postrenal (2%). Renal replacement therapy was used in 23.5 % of patients. Twenty six (51.0%) patients died during the hospital stay. Six variables were predictive of death. These variables were male gender, severity of RIFLE class, AKIN stage, hypocalcaemia, hypertriglyceridemia and severity of illness as assessed at the time of ICU admission by APACHE III score. Conclusions: In our study the indicators of AKI that are associated with worse outcome of critically ill patients with AKI in ICU included: male gender, Cardiac cause at admission to ICU, abnormal ECG changes, severe class/stage of AKI according to RIFLE and AKIN classifications and high APACHE III score at ICU admission. On the other hand, a cutoff value of APACHE III score < 73 is a good predictor of recovery of critically ill patients with AKI at time of admission.

The geothermic low temperature can be used to produce the fresh air with the help of an adequate heat exchanger. This last one is often constructed from a pipe in PVC buried in soil and in which we make circulate the ambient hot air. Certainly, the air outlet temperature depends on the climatic conditions of the site and the geometric and dynamic parameters of the heat exchanger. In this work, we present a study led on an earth-to-air heat exchanger (EAHE) operated under the climatic conditions of Algeria Sahara. A dynamic modeling of the system has been presented in detail and the effect of pipe extremities has also been taken into account in this study. Results indicate that the air outlet temperature decreases with increasing of the length of buried pipe whereas it increases with increasing of the pipe section and the air velocity. However the daily mean efficiency increases when the pipe length increases but it decreases if the pipe section or the air speed increases. In addition, the effect of the pipe thickness is also studied in this work and it was found that the performances of the EAHE are weakly affected by this last parameter.

The annual rainfall data for a period of 63 years (1950-2012) of Tamil Nadu have been analyzed for climatologically pattern and trend. Climate change for a region can be analyzed only on a long–term average. Detecting climate change with seasonal variability is difficult, thus we have considered the annual rainfall to analyze any change in the climatic trend of Tamil Nadu and forecast the rainfall for the year 2013. The non parametric Mann-Kendall test is used for trend analysis. This resulted with h=0 and p-value = 0.4609 for an alpha value of 0.05. These values do not give us sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis (no trend) for the Tamil Nadu annual rainfall series. This result has led us to estimate the stationarity of the rainfall data. Dickey fuller unit root test was done to study the stationarity in the rainfall data. The result h=1 resulted in rejection the presence of stationatiry in the data series. Thus the rainfall data is a non-stationary series. With these preliminary statistical analysis attempt was made to predict the annual rainfall for the year 2013 for Tamil Nadu on a monthly basis. The Box-Jenkins time series seasonal ARIMA (Auto Regression Integrated Moving Average) approach was used for the forecast of annual rainfall on monthly scales. Past years data was used to formulate the seasonal ARIMA model and in determination of model parameters.

The use of plant products as pesticides against crop pests is gaining importance in recent years due to environmental and health hazards posed by synthetic organic pesticides. Plant materials comprises rich source of phytochemicals which are highly toxic to many insect species without phytotoxic properties. The lemon butterfly Papilio demoleus is an important pest whose larval forms causes serious damage to citrus family, in the field the caterpillars feed on leaves and prefer blossoms and young ones. In the present study to assess the influence Solasodine, which was isolated from the Solanum aviculare was used the feeding intensity of Papilio demoleus larvae to evaluate its antifeeding activity. A large leaf disc 36.5 sq.cm of lemon was used. Solasodine was sprayed with different concentrations such as 50, 100, 150, 200ppm uniformly on either side by using an atomizer and placed in a Petri dish. Single Papilio demoleus fourth instar larva was introduced into each Petri dish for observation at 24hrs, 48hrs and mean average of the ten sets were taken for the activity. The consumed area was measured graphically and also with Planimeter and the percentage leaf area protection was also calculated. Parallel control Petri dishes were maintained for each experiment. Solasodine showed a potent antifeedant activity against fourth instar larva of Papilio demoleus.

Nageen lake is very productive eutrophic urban lake of Kashmir valley. High concentration of dissolved nutrients like nitrates and total phosphorus promotes profuse algal and macrophytic growth. The study focuses on the impact of elevated temperature on macrofaunal assemblages. A composite Gerking frame box and grappler were used for sample collection. The effect of scorching heat was conspicuous as a result of mass fish kill in the affected area. It was found that the total invertebrate number reduced from 13 different families in reference site to just two families in the affected site. The Shannon index decreased from 1.8 (reference site) to 0.7 in the affected site. Also the dominance of some species decreased from 0.8 to 0.4, but the evenness increased from 0.5 to 1.1.

Trichoderma harzianum (Rifai) isolate was collected from the Rhizosphere soil of Tomato field and tested for their antagonistic activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici ((SACC.) Synder and Hans) causing Fusarium wilt of Tomato. The antagonistic fungus was very effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of the pathogen in Dual culture. The antagonistic fungus produced lytic enzyme (Chitinase) which was found to inhibit the growth of the pathogen in vitro. In green house experiments, the antagonist Trichoderma harzianum was effective in the suppression of the pathogen Fusarium causing wilt in Tomato plants. Seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum broth recorded an increase in the seed vigour index by 69.02 % over the control also promoting the Plant Growth (PGPF).

A continuously increase in demand for milk and milk products has led to increase in dairy industries. Subsequently, the wastewater generated also increased which cause environmental problems when discharged to surface water or land. Wastewater generated in dairy contains mostly organic constituents which can be treated with biological treatment methods. This research was carried out to treat dairy wastewater of different strength by using UASB reactor at different HRT. After steady state condition in batch mode, the UASB reactor was run in continuous mode. In continuous mode, the study was divided into three phases, based on increasing wastewater strength and decreasing HRT. The 50% diluted dairy effluent was fed into reactor in phase I, whereas, 100% dairy effluent was fed in phase II and III. The HRT was progressively decreased during study i. e. HRT was 20 hours, 14 hours and 10 hours in phase I, II and III, respectively. The pH of the reactor was in the range of 7.12 to 7.72 throughout the study. The COD reduction efficiency was observed 94.7%, 86.8% and 80.9% in phase I, II and III, respectively. With increase in strength and decrease in HRT, a decrease in COD reduction was observed during the study period. The VFA alkalinity ratio varied from 6.71 to 0.07, 5.68 to 0.07 and 4.17 to 0.15 in phase I, II and III respectively. The optimum pH and VFA alkalinity ratio indicate that the reactor was working properly leading to higher COD reduction rate.

Study was conducted to explore the reuse potential of the textile dyeing wastewater generated from textile dye industry. Earthworms proved to be master bio processing agents for the management of organic effluents from diverse sources ranging from domestic sewage to industrial refuse. In this context, the present paper describes the application of vermiculture based wastewater technology with the primary objective of converting liquid effluent into eco-friendly safe water. Vermifiltration of wastewater using waste eater earthworms is a newly conceived novel technology. The biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS) and total suspended solids (TSS) decreased by 85-89%, 76-80%, 73-77% and 71-76% respectively through vermifiltration.

Hardwood trees planted for timber production, wildlife habitat, riparian buffers, native woodland restoration, windbreaks, watershed protection, erosion control, and conservation are susceptible to damage or even death by various native and exotic fungal or bacterial diseases. Establishment, growth, and the quality of the trees produced can be affected by these disease outbreaks. Planting a mixture of tree species will help create a diverse community that could better withstand outbreaks of disease occurrences, and help minimize the risks associated with growing single-species plantings. Healthy, vigorously growing trees are generally more capable of surviving attack from diseases. Proper site, species selection, planting, maintenance, and protection may have significant impacts on tree establishment, growth, vigor, production, and economic or ecological value. India coconut is a wonderful tree and one of the precious gifts of Mother Nature to mankind. There are several diseases caused by various microorganisms in coconut among them Basal stem rot caused by Ganoderma lucidum remains the major disease of oil palm in South Asia. Infected stem of coconut palm collected and causative organism was isolated. Fungal characterization, disease spread, symptoms, cultural practices were studied. The results thus reveal that the nature of organisms and management of disease provide good exposure to the farmer for the plantation of coconut palm.