April 2026

In the contemporary educational and organizational environment, effective planning, efficient management, and transformative leadership are essential components for institutional success. A Planning Management and Leadership Academy (PMLA) is conceptualized as a structured institutional mechanism that develops administrative competence, strategic thinking, and ethical leadership among educational leaders and managers. This study explores the conceptual framework, operational design, and impact of establishing such an academy within educational systems. The research adopts a mixed-method approach involving surveys, interviews, and document analysis. Findings reveal that structured leadership academies enhance institutional performance, improve decision-making, and strengthen accountability mechanisms. However, financial limitations, resistance to change, and inadequate policy support remain major challenges. The study concludes with practical recommendations for policymakers and educational institutions aiming to establish Planning Management and Leadership Academies for sustainable development.

L’objectif général de la présente recherche est d’analyser l'influence de l’alphabétisation sur la promotion des activités artisanales dans la commune de N’Dali. Pour y parvenir, une démarche mixte de techniques quantitative et qualitative a été adoptée. Un total de 110 artisans, 05 responsables des ONG, 05 agents personnes ressources et de 10 agents des institutions administratives ont été enquêtés. Sur la base de la théorie du capital culturel, il ressort que les activités principales exercées par les artisans avec l’aide de l’alphabétisation est la vente en gros et en détails des céréales et des divers (59,64%), la transformation des produits (18,6%) et les activités champêtres (13,33%). De plus, les résultats ont révélé que les artisans qui investissent leurs bénéfices dans l’alimentation et l’habillement sont plus importants avec un taux de 49 % ; comparativement à ceux qui investissent pour rembourser d’autres prêts (16 %), réinvestissement (10 %) et la scolarisation des enfants (10 %). Ainsi les résultats montrent que la majorité des bénéfices permettent de mieux s’occuper de la famille. L’alphabétisation à travers la Commune de N’Dali et pour les enquêtés, joue un très grand rôle dans la société car, elle intervient sur tous les plans. Du point de vue général, elle participe aux savoir-lire et savoir-écrire dans les langues nationales. Ce fait, constitue une grande base que tout le monde peut acquérir comme ressource au besoin de n’importe quelle situation communautaire.

Tripura, a small hilly state in northeastern India, harbours rich biodiversity and extensive forest cover, yet its rural communities face persistent challenges of agricultural stagnation, land degradation, and livelihood insecurity. Agroforestry—the deliberate integration of trees and shrubs into crop and livestock systems—has emerged as a promising strategy to reconcile agricultural productivity with ecological sustainability. This paper examines the role of agroforestry in promoting ecological sustainability and rural development across Tripura. Drawing on a mixed-methods approach that combines field surveys, key informant interviews, and secondary data analysis, the study investigates adoption patterns, ecological outcomes, and socio-economic impacts among smallholder farming households. Findings reveal that agroforestry systems contribute significantly to soil conservation, carbon sequestration, biodiversity enhancement, and household income diversification. The paper argues that context-sensitive policy frameworks, institutional support, and community participation are essential for mainstreaming agroforestry within Tripura’s rural development agenda. The study contributes to the growing body of literature on sustainable land-use practices in ecologically sensitive regions of South Asia.

Metabolic acidosis is commonly observed in critically ill children, particularly those admitted to Paediatric Intensive Care Units (PICUs). Severe acidosis, if untreated, can result in significant morbidity and mortality. While the use of sodium bicarbonate infusion in metabolic acidosis remains controversial, it may be indicated in cases with pH <7.2. We present the case of a 2½-month-old infant with acute gastroenteritis, shock, and severe metabolic acidosis who responded well to bicarbonate therapy along with standard supportive treatment. The timely correction of acidosis contributed to stabilization, faster recovery, and reduced PICU stay

Background: The crucial stage of young adulthood (18-29 years, n=500) is characterized by changes in lifestyle that frequently result in less physical activity and a higher risk of obesity. Although body fat percentage is a more accurate measure of adiposity than standard anthropometric measurements, less is known about how sports-specific physical activity affects body fat in this age group. Objectives: In young individuals between the ages of 18-29 years, the study sought to determine the impact of physical exercise on body fat percentage and investigate its relationship with anthropometric variables. Methods: Young adults participated in a cross-sectional study that used a non-probability purposive sampling technique. A systematic questionnaire is used to gather information on sports-specific physical activity, such as football, badminton, skipping, cricket, and excercising. Body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) are computed after anthropometric measures, including height, weight, waist circumference, and hip circumference, C are recorded using standard protocols and a conventional approach is used to determine the percentage body fat. Multiple linear regression, the chi-square test, and pearson’s correlation are among the statistical analysis. Significance is established at p<0.05 Results: Cricket’s ability reduce adiposity is demonstrated by a strong negative correlation (p<0.001) between its duration and body fat percentage. There are slight but positive correlations between skipping and badminton. There are no significant correlations found with waist circumference or WHR, but there is a significant correlation (p<0.001) between physical activity level and BMI categories. BMI, WC, and WHR are found to be significant predictors of body fat percentage by multiple regression analysis, explaining for a large fraction of the variation. Conclusion: The results indicate that While BMI is remains a reliable indicator of obesity, young individuals’ body fat can be significantly reduced by engaging in rigorous physical activity. In order to prevent obesity and related health problems in this age group, it is crucial to promote regular, high-intensity physical activity.

The emergence of English as a global language represents one of the most influential linguistic trends of recent times. This article identifies and analyses the various historical, political, economic, technical and educational factors which have led to the growth of English as a world language. From the beginning of Britain's colonial domination in the sixteenth century onwards through the political and economic influence of the United States in the 20th century, English was institutionalised across all continents. In addition to the mechanisms of diffusion identified above, other examples include the press, advertising, radio broadcasting, television, international trade, scientific literature, digital communication technologies etc. We engage with some of the key conceptual frameworks relevant to this study (notably Kachru's "Three Circles" model) and discuss alternative accounts of the global spread of English (such as "linguistic imperialism", or "grassroots" theories of language spread). We particularly focus upon the transition from a single conception of "English" to recognising "world englishes," which illustrates how English is becoming increasingly diversified and localised in post-colonial and global environments. Although English can function as a lingua-franca to facilitate international co-operation, economic mobility, and academic exchange, the rapid expansion of English around the world creates problems related to linguistic equality and endangered languages. Ultimately, we argue that English is not at present a globally-dominant language because of its supposed superior properties as a language, but due to the consequences of long-standing histories of power relationships and current processes of globalisation. Although there are no signs that English will lose its status as a dominant global language anytime soon, its future will undoubtedly involve increased levels of diversification and changing patterns of multilingualism.

Thiadiazoles and their derivatives demonstrate a broad spectrum of biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, antitubercular, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-convulsant, and diuretic effects. In this research, several new series of 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Schiff bases were synthesized from benzoic acid reacted with thiosemicarbazide, resulting in the formation of the 5-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine derivative. The free amine group at the second position of this product was altered into various Schiff bases by reacting it with diverse aromatic aldehydes to obtain the target compound. The compounds' purity was determined through TLC and enhanced via recrystallization and column chromatography. The structures were established using IR, 1H NMR, and mass spectral information. 5-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole -2 -amine-Schiff basesanalogues were evaluated for their antibacterial (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922) properties using the cup plate method and antitubercular activity through MABA (MicroplateAlamar Blue assay) on the H37Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Ideals play a central role in commutative ring theory, providing a framework to understand ring structure and properties. In this paper we present a detailed study of ideals in commutative rings, with special focus on prime ideals, maximal ideals, and the construction of quotient rings. We review key definitions and known results – notably that every maximal ideal is prime, though the converse need not hold – and survey recent developments in the general theory of ideals. Building on existing literature, we discuss various generalizations of prime ideals introduced in contemporary research (such as S-prime, 2-prime, and 1-absorbing prime ideals) and their significance. In the methodology, a theoretical approach is employed alongside illustrative examples. The results include a comparative analysis of ideal structures in different rings and an examination of how prime and maximal ideals govern the properties of quotient rings (integral domains or fields). Two parameters – namely ring type and ideal type – are analyzed through example rings, with supporting tables and lattice diagrams.

The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a sustained-release gel system for Timolol Maleate to overcome the limitations of conventional eye drops, such as rapid nasolacrimal drainage and poor ocular bioavailability in the management of glaucoma. Formulations were prepared using various concentrations of mucoadhesive polymers and evaluated for critical parameters including clarity, pH, drug content, and rheological behavior. The gels exhibited a physiological pH and pseudoplastic flow, ensuring both ocular compatibility and ease of administration. In-vitro release studies in simulated tear fluid (pH 7.4) demonstrated that the optimized formulation provided a controlled drug delivery profile over a period of several hours, significantly extending the residence time compared to standard aqueous solutions. Kinetic modeling indicated that the drug release followed a diffusion-controlled mechanism, suggesting that this gel system could successfully reduce dosing frequency, minimize systemic side effects, and improve patient compliance in the long-term treatment of intraocular hypertension.

Measurement of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD) autoantibodies is a key biomarker for the diagnosis and classification of autoimmune diabetes, including type 1 diabetes (T1D) and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). However, the lack of international harmonization across assay methods leads to substantial inter-laboratory heterogeneity, compromising diagnostic reliability, comparability of epidemiological studies, and patient eligibility for emerging immunomodulatory therapies. This study proposes a progressive metrological harmonization strategy based on the development of a robust reference system across five phases over 36 months: characterization of current variability (40 laboratories, 20 countries), development of commutable reference materials traceable to the WHO standard, multicenter analytical validation (target inter-lab CV <20%), harmonization of decision thresholds on 1,500 patients, and clinico-economic impact evaluation.

In the present social context, girl children in residential care settings represent a particularly vulnerable group whose voices and everyday realities often remain unnoticed. They deserve focused attention to ensure their well-being, dignity, and healthy development at their growing age. This study attempts to listen and present those voices of young girls residing in government residential care institutions through case studies. The study has included girl children between the ages of 6 and 10 years living in 3 government children’s homes in Vizianagaram District, Andhra Pradesh. Researcher used qualitative case study approach to understand their family situations, reasons for admission, daily life experiences, emotional needs, and feelings of safety within the institutions. The findings indicate that most of the girls were placed in residential care is mainly due to financial instability at the family level, where parents or guardians were unable to provide consistent care, education, and basic necessities. Many families viewed this government institutional care as a supportive option so that they could offer their children a safer environment and better educational opportunities. While the residential homes have fulfilled to address the physical, educational, and emotional needs of the girls while also offering personal care and attention. Thus the study highlights the importance of ensuring safety and dignity for the girl child in inclusive care environments. The study also suggests social work based practices are recommended to strengthen psychosocial support, promote child participation, and improve the overall quality of care in government residential care settings.