July 2026

Background: Ganglion cysts are common benign soft tissue swellings of the hand and wrist arising from joint capsules or tendon sheaths. They may cause pain, localized swelling, cosmetic concerns, and restricted joint movement. Non-invasive treatment approaches are increasingly being explored as alternatives to surgical management. Naturopathic hydrotherapy techniques, including thermotherapy and contrast applications, may enhance local circulation, reduce inflammation, and promote tissue healing. Objective: To evaluate the effect of a structured naturopathic hydrotherapy intervention on ganglion cyst size and pain intensity in a patient with a wrist ganglion cyst. Methods: A single-case study was conducted using a 15 days naturopathic treatment protocol comprising warm oil application, infrared radiation (IRR), hot compress, and immediate cold affusion. The intervention protocol was implemented every day for a duration of 20 minutes. Outcome measures included cyst dimensions (length × width × depth), calculated cyst volume (cm³), and pain intensity assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). We collected daily measurements throughout the intervention to monitor ongoing structural and symptomatic changes. Results: Progressive reduction in cyst size was observed over the 15-day treatment period. Initial cyst dimensions of 2.2 × 1.8 × 1.5 cm decreased to 1.2 × 0.8 × 0.6 cm. Correspondingly, cyst volume decreased from 3.08 cm³ at baseline to 0.29 cm³ following treatment, representing an overall reduction of approximately 90.6%. Pain scores fluctuated during the intervention but demonstrated an overall trend toward symptomatic improvement. Conclusion: Structured naturopathic hydrotherapy was associated with substantial reduction in ganglion cyst volume and improvement in pain symptoms. Further controlled studies with larger sample sizes and long-term follow-up are warranted to validate these preliminary findings.

The purpose of this article is to examine the implications of internalized social practices for sustainable urban development. The theoretical framework is grounded in the sociology of public action, which highlights the shared responsibility of all institutional and societal actors in building a sustainable city. Using a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative and qualitative data, the results reveal that popular habitus contrasts with urban norms and regulations. The identified acts of incivility or “deviant” practices relate to issues of urban squalor, changes in land use, the failure to obtain building or demolition permits in the city, and the resulting social consequences. The same applies to instances of unauthorized closures of public roads for joyful or tragic events—all of which undermine the legitimacy of urban governance. Overall, insights drawn from the empirical data—which may have implications for urban policy—were considered, so that the concept of a sustainable city does not remain merely a curious concept for African cities.

Background: Surgical competence in Ayurveda has traditionally been understood as the integration of theoretical erudition (Shastra Jnana) with practical dexterity (Kriya Kaushalya). Acharya Sushruta, regarded as the father of surgery, insisted that no practitioner should attempt an operative procedure on a living patient without prior training on substitute models. This preparatory training methodology, described in the Sushruta Samhita under the term Yogya, constitutes one of the earliest documented frameworks of simulation-based surgical education in world medical history. Objective: To critically review the classical concept of Yogya as described in Shalya Tantra and to correlate its principles, materials, and pedagogical structure with modern simulation-based surgical training methodologies. Materials and Methods: A narrative literary review was conducted using classical Ayurvedic texts, commentaries, and contemporary peer-reviewed literature on simulation-based medical education. Thematic comparison was performed between Yogya practice models and modern simulation modalities such as mannequins, virtual-reality simulators, and cadaveric training. Results: The classical description of Yogya identifies specific organic and inorganic substitute materials — such as pumpkins, bottle gourds, leather bags, lotus stems, and worm-eaten wood — each selected for its biomechanical resemblance to particular human tissues, enabling trainees to rehearse core operative actions (Shastrakarma) including Chedana, Bhedana, Lekhana, Vedhana, Eshana, and Aharana before clinical application. Conclusion: The pedagogical logic underlying Yogya - graded, repetitive, low-risk skill rehearsal prior to patient contact - anticipates, by more than two millennia, the core rationale of present-day simulation-based surgical curricula. Structured revival of Yogya-based training, integrated with modern simulation technology, offers a cost-effective and culturally rooted supplement to surgical pedagogy, particularly in resource-constrained settings.

The synthesis of novel 2-azetidinone (β-lactam) derivatives has attracted considerable attention owing to their diverse biological and pharmaceutical applications. In the present study, a series of substituted 2-azetidinone derivatives were synthesized through the cyclocondensation of Schiff bases with chloroacetyl chloride in the presence of an appropriate base catalyst. The Schiff bases were initially prepared by the condensation of substituted aromatic aldehydes with various aromatic amines and subsequently converted into the corresponding β-lactam derivatives via Staudinger cyclization. The synthesized compounds were purified and characterized using various spectroscopic techniques including FT-IR, 1H NMR, ^13C NMR, and mass spectral analysis, which confirmed the formation of the azetidinone ring system. The synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their biological potential, and preliminary studies revealed promising antimicrobial activity against selected bacterial strains. Structural modifications on the aromatic ring significantly influenced the biological activity of the compounds. The presence of electron-withdrawing substituents enhanced the antimicrobial efficacy, suggesting an important structure–activity relationship. The developed synthetic protocol provided good yields, shorter reaction times, and facile isolation of products.

Nasotracheal intubation is frequently required in oral and maxillofacial oncosurgery when trismus precludes conventional oral laryngoscopy. Although generally regarded as a safe route, the nasal cavity can harborunrecognized anatomical variants — most notably a bony nasal spur or septal deviation — capable of lacerating the endotracheal tube cuff during passage, leading to a persistent air leak and repeated failed intubation attempts. We report a 40-year-old male with carcinoma of the right buccal mucosa and a mouth opening of one fingerbreadth, posted for wide local excision with modified radical neck dissection and pectoralis major myocutaneous (PMMC) flap cover, who underwent awake retrograde nasotracheal intubation. Two consecutive endotracheal tubes developed cuff leaks during nasal passage on the left side. Imaging obtained for surgical staging subsequently revealed a left-sided bony nasal spur with contralateral turbinate hypertrophy. Following failure of a further attempt through the right nostril, the patient ultimately required tracheostomy. This case highlights nasal spur as an important and often occult cause of recurrent cuff rupture during nasal intubation, and underscores the value of proactively reviewing available imaging, or performing simple clinical screening of nasal patency, before committing to a nostril in patients requiring nasal airway access.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a complex, multifactorial disorder influenced by genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors. An interdisciplinary approach integrating nephrology and Ayurveda offers a comprehensive understanding of its pathogenesis, prevention, and management. Environmental studies reveal that exposure to heavy metals, pesticides, and water pollutants contributes significantly to renal dysfunction, particularly in rural and agrarian communities. This correlates with the Ayurvedic concept of Ama (metabolic toxins) and Dosha Prakopa which are central to disease development. Nephrology provides insights into CKD progression, decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and clinical management, while Ayurvedic interventions such as Punarnavadi Kvatha, Gokshuradi Guggulu, and Rasayana therapy demonstrate potential benefits in improving renal function, enhancing diuresis, and reducing oxidative stress, as documented in peer reviewed studies. Classical descriptions of Mutrakrichha and Mutraghata align with early CKD manifestations, allowing opportunities for early intervention. Bridging these disciplines enables development of preventive strategies, Ahara Vihara guidelines, and community level interventions to reduce disease burden. This integrative, evidence based approach complements conventional therapy and addresses environmental risk factors, paving the way for holistic CKD management.

This scientific article, entitled “New Institutional Economics: Quality of Contracting for Public Works, Supply of Goods and Provision of Services to Third Parties in the Mozambican Public Administration in Maputo Public Institutions”, developed within the scope of the activities of the Procurement Management Unit (UGEA), aims to highlight the relevance of public procurement for the development of infrastructure and the provision of essential services, contributing to social well-being and sustainable economic growth. Methodologically, the research adopts a qualitative and applied approach, suitable for understanding the institutional dynamics, administrative practices, organizational constraints and political-legal factors that influence public procurement processes in Mozambique. This approach allows for the interpretation of the perceptions, experiences and practices of the different actors involved in public procurement processes. The results demonstrate that the efficiency of public procurement processes depends on the correct allocation of fixed and variable, direct and indirect costs associated with the contracted goods, works and services. The absence of rigorous mechanisms for monitoring and controlling these costs can compromise the financial sustainability of organizations and create an institutional environment unfavorable to business development. From this perspective, Furubotn and Richter (2005) argue that the New Institutional Economics is based on the existence of positive transaction costs and the principle of methodological individualism. They conclude that institutional limitations persist that can compromise transparency, efficiency, and administrative rationality, highlighting the need to strengthen public governance and institutional control mechanisms.

Alterações de fala e deglutição são frequentes em pacientes tratados por câncer de cabeça e pescoço e podem comprometer significativamente a qualidade de vida. O Speech Handicap Index (SHI) e o Dysphagia Handicap Index (DHI) são instrumentos específicos desenvolvidos para avaliar o impacto dessas alterações, porém não existiam versões validadas para o português do Brasil. Este estudo teve como objetivo traduzir, adaptar culturalmente e validar os questionários SHI e DHI para o português brasileiro. Participaram 80 pacientes tratados por câncer de cabeça e pescoço e 105 indivíduos controle sem queixas de fala ou deglutição. A tradução e adaptação cultural seguiram diretrizes internacionais. A confiabilidade foi avaliada por meio da consistência interna, estimada pelo alfa de Cronbach, e da reprodutibilidade teste-reteste, por meio do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse. A validade foi investigada por meio de correlações entre os escores do DHI e o questionário SWAL-QOL e entre os escores do SHI e o SF-36. O DHI apresentou alfa de Cronbach de 0,91 e coeficiente de correlação intraclasse de 0,89, enquanto o SHI apresentou alfa de Cronbach de 0,95 e coeficiente de correlação intraclasse de 0,94, indicando elevada confiabilidade. Foram observadas correlações significativas entre os escores dos questionários e os instrumentos de qualidade de vida utilizados. Os pacientes apresentaram escores significativamente maiores que os controles em todos os domínios (p < 0,001), demonstrando adequada capacidade discriminativa. As versões brasileiras do SHI e do DHI apresentaram propriedades psicométricas satisfatórias, mostrando-se instrumentos válidos e confiáveis para avaliação do impacto das alterações de fala e deglutição na qualidade de vida de pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço.

Au cours de la dernière décennie, le Niger a été marqué par trois chocs majeurs ayant entrainés la baisse de production agricole. L'objectif global de cette étude est de contribuer à la lutte contre l’insécurité alimentaire et les effets néfastes des changements climatiques. La méthodologie a consisté essentiellement en des enquêtes réalisées au moyen d’un questionnaire administré à un échantillon de 200 chefs de ménages ruraux dans le département de Mirriah (Niger). Tous les neuf villages enquêtés ont fait l’objet de focus groups à travers un guide d’entretien. Des analyses descriptives ont été effectuées pour le traitement des données. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que l’accès à l’alimentation est faible chez 80% des ménages et 40% sont en insécurité alimentaire. Le régime alimentaire est peu diversifié avec un taux de 80%. L’agriculture reste activité principale des populations, mais ne couvre que les besoins de trois mois pour la consommation annuelle. La main d'œuvre temporaire est le premier recours des ménages pour faire face à leurs besoins alimentaires pour le reste de l’année. Cette situation maintient les paysans dans une précarité alimentaire récurrente, malgré les stratégies d’adaptation notamment, la vente du bétail, l’exode et la diminution du nombre de repas par jour. En outre, l’Etat et ses partenaires participent au renforcement de la résilience des ménages vulnérables principalement à travers des opérations de gestion durables des terres, l’abandon des variétés à cycle long au profit des variétés améliorées à cycle court. A l’issue de cette étude, il est recommandé aux autorités politiques et partenaires au développement de promouvoir les filets sociaux et les ressources nécessaires qui permettront de traiter de manière durable les causes structurelles de l’insécurité alimentaire.

Banking laws in India have significant role to protect the customer and improvement of banking business. The Country economy depending on the financial services of the Bank. Banking services provides various services such as taking deposits, provides loans, transactions, providing different financial goods, credit cards, saving, current accounts to people, and insurance. Information Technology Act, 2000 has been introduced to regulate digital banking including other areas of regulations. This law provides access to speedy, costless transactions in Banking sector. However, there is no data protection and safety and security for the customers, in case of online frauds. In fact, there is no separate law to regulate online and digital banking for protection of the customers. There is no separate law for investigation of cybercrime cases. This paper examines legal position to protect customer in digital banking with a question of, is there digital security for the customers in Banking transactions?. This paper relies on available existing literature on law relating to digital banking and customer security in India. To complete this paper content analysis and case laws referred. This paper also gives summary of conclusion with recommending make comprehensive digital baking law in India to protect the customers.

Watershed encompassing the lands of the villages of Kani and Noumpinesso (Koutiala) is highly active. Soils are severely degraded, leading to reduced crop productivity; indeed, water erosion is the primary cause of this disastrous phenomenon. In this area, tillage methods are ineffective for managing rainfall runoff and conserving soil. Contour bunding technology (CBT) is one of the best soil and water conservation technology. It can reduce runoff and erosion, increase soil moisture and nutrients, and consequently boost crop yield. Subsistence crops in this area include sorghum, millet, maize and cotton. Infiltration rate was higher in CBT plots compared to those managed using farmer practices, ranging from 5.02 to 2.52 cm/h and from 0.87 to 0.69 cm/h, respectively. The respective percentage of runoff coefficient in farmer practice plots were 34.89 to 38.79 % and were decreased by CB to 17.46 to 21.48 %. CBT has annually reduced runoff and erosion by 37 to 75 %; it has increased soil volumetric moisture content by 2 to 20 % at depths of 0 to 100 cm. The same technology has raised the groundwater level by 1.95 m at Noumpinesso. CBT significantly increased soil pH, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, organic carbon and ECEC by 24, 63, 46, 40, 59 and 42 % respectively. It also significantly increased the yields of sorghum, millet, maize and cotton, by 68, 37, 52 and 52 % respectively. CBT significantly improved the physical and chemical properties of soil and crop yields. Future studies will evaluate nutrient uptake by crops using CBT.

Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute febrile inflammatory vasculitis that mainly affects young children and is now the most common cause of acquired heart disease in the pediatric population globally. It predominantly affects children younger than 5 years of age and carries a significant risk of coronary artery involvement if untreated. Diagnosis remains challenging because of the absence of a specific diagnostic test, variable clinical presentation, and overlap with other inflammatory and infectious illness especially in the Indian context. Case Series: We report a series of five pediatric cases of Kawasaki disease, including both complete and incomplete forms in different age groups, youngest being 1 year and oldest of 8 years, presenting with varying clinical manifestations and cardiovascular involvement. Persistent fever, conjunctival congestion, mucosal changes, rash, cervical lymphadenopathy, and extremity changes were the predominant clinical findings. Echocardiography demonstrated coronary artery dilatation and myocardial dysfunction in several cases. Elevated inflammatory markers and NT-pro BNP levels and ECHO findings supported the diagnosis and assessment of disease severity. All patients received timely treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and aspirin, while selected high-risk patients additionally received corticosteroids. All children showed clinical improvement following treatment, with rapid defervescence and stabilization or resolution of coronary abnormalities on follow-up echocardiography. Some patients exhibited incomplete features of Kawasaki disease making way for diagnostic dilemma and highlighting the need for heightened clinical awareness and suspicion. This case series highlights the diverse clinical spectrum of Kawasaki disease and underscores the importance of early recognition, prompt echocardiographic evaluation, and timely medical intervention in preventing coronary artery complications. It also emphasizes the importance of serial follow-up echocardiography to monitor the evolution or resolution of coronary artery abnormalities and to guide long-term management and prognosis

The synthesis Inflammation occupies a central position in both classical Ayurvedic surgical thought and modern pathology, yet the two systems describe the same biological phenomenon through different conceptual vocabularies. Ayurveda, particularly within the Shalya Tantra tradition codified by Acharya Sushruta, describes this phenomenon as Shopha — a localised aggregation of vitiated Doshas in the skin and underlying Mamsa Dhatu,1 presenting with characteristic features that vary according to the Dosha predominantly involved. Contemporary pathology, by contrast, defines inflammation as a vascular and cellular response of living tissue to injury, characterised by haemodynamic alteration, increased vascular permeability, and leucocyte emigration. This article undertakes a detailed comparative review of Shopha as described in the Sushruta Samhita and inflammation as taught in modern pathology, examining classification, clinical features, staging, cellular and humoral mechanisms, systemic complications, and the principles of management in both systems. The review argues that the six-fold Doshik classification of Shopha and the cardinal signs of inflammation described by Celsus and Virchow are not merely parallel curiosities but reflect a shared clinical logic: that a stereotyped tissue response, observable across causes, follows a temporal evolution that mandates staged intervention. Recognising this convergence may help integrate the time-tested staging principles of Ayurvedic surgery with the cellular-level resolution offered by modern pathology, to the benefit of clinical decision-making in suppurative and inflammatory surgical conditions.

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for a substantial global health burden despite advances in prevention and treatment.1,2Dermatoglyphic patterns are genetically determined during early fetal development and remain unchanged throughout life, making them potential non-invasive biomarkers for predicting susceptibility to coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction (MI).3–6 Aim: To study fingertip dermatoglyphic patterns in patients with myocardial infarction and correlate them with coronary angiographic findings. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among angiographically confirmed myocardial infarction patients. Fingerprint patterns of both hands were obtained using the standard ink method and classified into loops, whorls, and arches. Coronary angiographic findings were categorised according to vessel involvement as single vessel disease (SVD), double vessel disease (DVD), and triple vessel disease (TVD), along with arterial involvement of the right coronary artery (RCA), left anterior descending artery (LAD), and left circumflex artery (LCX). Statistical analysis was performed to determine the association between dermatoglyphic patterns and coronary artery involvement. Results: The study demonstrated distinct dermatoglyphic variations among patients with myocardial infarction. Radial loop patterns predominated in the thumbs and little fingers, whereas whorl patterns were more frequently observed in the index and ring fingers. Significant correlations were identified between specific fingertip patterns and the severity of coronary vessel involvement, particularly among patients with SVD, DVD, and TVD. The LAD was the most frequently involved coronary artery. Conclusion: Dermatoglyphic patterns may serve as simple, inexpensive, non-invasive, and early predictive markers for susceptibility to coronary artery disease. Specific fingertip configurations may have clinical utility in identifying individuals at increased risk of myocardial infarction and may complement conventional cardiovascular risk assessment.

Personal hygiene is an important predictor of health and well-being, especially among adolescent girls, because it prevents communicable infections, supports reproductive health, and boosts self-esteem. The purpose of this empirical study was to determine the level of personal hygiene awareness among high school girls in Gadag District, Karnataka, as well as the factors that influence their hygiene knowledge and practices. A descriptive research approach was used, with data obtained from high school females via a standardized questionnaire. The questionnaire measured awareness of hand hygiene, oral hygiene, menstrual hygiene, bathing habits, nail care, hair care, and the usage of sanitary items. The acquired data was examined using descriptive and inferential statistical approaches. The results showed that although most respondents had enough knowledge of fundamental personal hygiene practices, there were notable gaps in their understanding of managing menstrual hygiene and preventing infections. Parental education, school health education programs, and access to health information were all positively correlated with awareness levels. In order to promote healthy habits among teenage females, the study emphasizes the necessity of extensive school-based health education programs, frequent awareness campaigns, and better access to hygienic facilities. The results offer educators, medical experts, and legislators useful information for creating focused initiatives to raise knowledge of personal hygiene and enhance the general health of high school girls in Karnataka's Gadag District.