The main objective of the present study was to address phenotypic characterization of resistance mechanisms in bacteria with their trends in poultry and pig farms. More specifically, a few resistance mechanisms were investigated in bacteria isolated from farms in the Western Region of Cameroon. The target traits included extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), inducible cephalosporinase (IC), high- and low-level penicillinases (HLP and LLP, respectively), high- and low-level cephalosporinases (HLC and LLC, respectively) and inhibitor-resistant penicillinase (IRP) in Gram-negative bacteria. In Gram-positive, they were limited to IC and ESBL. All detections were conducted according to the disk diffusion principles (Kirby-Bauer) with antibiotics that are commonly used for phenotypic detection of resistant traits. A total of 624 isolates from farms in Bafoussam, Bafang, Bandjoun and Kweko (Western Region of Cameroon) underwent the tests. The most common bacteria isolates belonged to Gram-negative bacilli members of the Enterobacteriaceae family (70%). Resistance rates recorded were highest with Amoxicillin and Amoxicillin/Clavulanic-acid. In further details, seven resistance mechanisms were detected; with more than one in the same isolates in some cases. More subtle details highlighted that, their rates broadly varied from 3% with HLC through 67% with LLC, with higher diversity in pig farms. All Serratia spp. expressed LLP while the highest ESBL rate was observed in Salmonella (84.6%). Staphylococci were also found to express ESBL (44%). Overall, HLP, IRP and ESBL-expression appeared first, second and third most frequently detected (67%, 56%, and 50%, respectively). All Staphylococci expressed resistance to Oxacillin (100%) that otherwise reflects resistance to methicillin, while 26.2% of isolates showed resistance to Erythromycin and Clindamycin (indicating constitutive MLSB phenotypes). Altogether, these findings indicated that antibiotic therapy is seriously threatened in the settings; reiterating the need for routine phenotypic tests and to enforce an antibiotic resistance stewardship program in Cameroon.
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