Microwave ablation of tumors: principles, techniques, and clinical applications

Microwave ablation (MWA) is an advanced, minimally invasive technique used for the treatment of solid tumors. By utilizing microwave energy, MWA generates heat that causes tumor cells to undergo coagulative necrosis, leading to their destruction. The technique has gained widespread acceptance due to its precision, efficacy, and ability to treat tumors in difficult-to-reach locations. This article provides an in-depth exploration of the principles and techniques underlying microwave ablation, as well as its clinical applications across various cancer types, including liver, kidney, lung, and thyroid tumors. The advantages of MWA—such as shorter recovery times, reduced risk of complications, and the ability to treat tumors in patients who are not surgical candidates—are highlighted. Additionally, the article addresses the technical challenges, potential risks, and complications associated with the procedure. The effectiveness of MWA in combination with other therapeutic modalities, such as chemotherapy and immunotherapy, is also discussed. Finally, the article reviews recent advancements in MWA technology, including improvements in probe design, imaging techniques, and treatment precision, offering a glimpse into the future of tumor ablation therapies.