Substance abuse pattern in eastern Uttar Pradesh, India: Insights from a community-based study

Background: Substance abuse is a growing public health concern in India, with tobacco and alcohol consumption contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. In Eastern Uttar Pradesh, particularly in Varanasi, substance use is widespread, with limited research on socio-demographic factors influencing its prevalence. Objective: This study aims to analyses the patterns and prevalence of substance abuse in Varanasi and examine the association between substance abuse and socio-demographic factors such as age, gender, marital status, education, and residence. Methods: A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2023 and June 2024 in both rural and urban areas of Varanasi, involving 634 participants. Stratified multistage cluster sampling was used, and data were collected using a pre-tested interview schedule. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics (version 28), employing descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. Results: The overall prevalence of substance abuse was 36.9%, with chewing tobacco and alcohol being the most commonly abused substances. Significant associations were found between substance abuse and factors such as age (productive adults), gender (higher prevalence in females), marital status (higher rates in married individuals), and education (higher rates among illiterate or low-educated participants). No significant associations were observed with caste or residence. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for targeted public health interventions addressing the socio-demographic determinants of substance abuse. Efforts should focus on high-risk groups, including younger individuals, women, and those with lower educational levels. Public health initiatives, such as awareness campaigns and de-addiction services at community level, are vital for reducing substance abuse in the region.