October 2011

A calf with two and a half months of age suffering from anomalous face parts exhibited unilateral features of ‘first branchial arch syndrome' or ‘Treacher Collins syndrome’ with symptoms of deviation of the muzzle to left side, tongue to the left and absence of prominence of cheek on left side left ear displacement and abnormal dentition of right side. Congenital anomalies occur as a result of genetic or environment reasons or due to a combination of both. Although not much was known about the etiology, some cases were thought to be inherited due to autosomal recessive gene, with a higher incidence in farms where in¬breeding was practiced.

The study was aimed at observing the normal histological characteristics of gall bladder of Kuttanad ducks (Anas domesticus) using 72 ducks of various ages from day-old to 22 weeks. Gall bladder was a small sac lying on the visceral surface of liver. Its weight increased from 0.03 by day-old to 1.26g by 22 weeks. Thickness of wall increased from 13 μm to 169 μm by this age. Layers of gall bladder from inner to outer were: mucosa, muscularis, perimuscular connective tissue layer and serosa. There was no muscularis mucosa or submucosa. Mucosa consisted of simple, tall, columnar, homogeneous epithelium and lamina propria. Cytoplasm of epithelial cells was weakly acidophilic and at the free edge, appeared to be thickened probably due to the presence of microvilli. Nuclei were large, basal and oval. Lamina propria consisted of a layer of connective tissue with elastic and muscle fibres which was strongly folded into villus-like projections when the gall bladder was contracted and was much thinner with only small folds when the bladder was distended. Beneath lamina propria, the muscularis consisted of interlacing fascicles of smooth muscle fibers and abundant intervening connective tissue, forming a thin irregular and decussating fibromuscular coat. These muscular layers provided numerous spaces between their fibres, which were filled up with reticular, elastic or collagenous fibres and fibroblasts. Smooth muscle was found in longitudinal, transverse and oblique directions. Outer, circular or oblique layer was more constant and gave off strands passing into base of the villi. Longitudinal layer occurred only irregularly, as large bundles of fibres lying at the base of the villi. The perimuscular layer of dense connective tissue contained blood and lymphatic vessels (for abundant water reabsorption from bile) and nerves, and it formed an adventitia (fibrosa) on the surfaces in contact with liver. Other surfaces were covered with a serosa, which was moderately thick and vascular in some areas but thin and avascular in others. It was composed of coarse collagen fibres interspersed with small number of elastic fibres. Gall bladder provides a storage site for bile synthesized in liver and also concentrates it owing to ion-transporting activities of the epithelium lining the lumen. Lipids reaching the duodenum signal the release of polypeptide hormone, cholecystokinin from endocrine cells of mucosa into blood. Cholecystokinin has receptors in wall of gall bladder, which result in contraction of smooth muscle and release of bile via bile duct on to duodenum.

Survey was undertaken in four selected Local Government Area in Oyo state Nigeria in June 2010 to investigate weed plant species used for medicinal purposes. More than 70 different weed plant species were encountered in the study area, out of which 34 were found useful for medicinal purposes. Ageratum conyziodes Linn., Bryophyllum pinnnatum (Lam.) Oken, Occimum gratissimum L, Tridax Procumbens Linn, Chromolaena odorata (L) R..M. King & Robinson, Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. and Morinda lucida Linn. were found to be the most frequently used of the weeds for medicinal purposes by 75% of the respondents. Nine of the 34 medicinal weeds (i.e 26.47%) were used in the study area for curing malaria, while 11.76% were used in curing body rashes. Convulsion and epilepsy were usually treated with 8.82% of the weeds, while 52.95% were used in curing either one or all of the above mentioned ailments. The findings also revealed that the majority (65%) of the weeds were present in all the zones. Most (65%) of the weeds are used in single herb form (by squeezing the fresh leaves to obtain the plant extract for drinking), while 20% of them were used in form of concoction ( i.e mixed with other ingredients). About 10 % were boiled as decoction to drink (Agbo) and 5% of them could be chewed or used as ointment to rub the affected part(s) of the body for fast relief.

It has been reported earlier that hormones are secreted by cyanobacteria under water logged rice fields, and thus when cyanobacterial populations are abundant in such environment, might be secreting such substance in considerable amounts which possibly ameliorate the toxic effect of the pesticide on these non-target organisms present in the same environment. The present study infers that the exogenous hormone IAA supported growth and chlorophyll-a content of Nostoc sp and Anabaena sp when supplemented at a concentration of 0.01mM /10ml culture to the nitrogen free BG 11 medium though their effect to stimulate growth differ among the two experimental organisms. However,exogenous hormone induced growth increase was only about 12 and 13 per cent more in the test species than the control. The concentration of IAA which supported growth increase of experimental organisms could decrease the toxic effect of mostly the lower concentration of Furadan on the growth, chlorophyll-a content and carotenoid content whereas at higher concentration no such promising result was observed in both the organisms.

The effect of Curculigo orchoides Gaertn rhizome extract was studies in ethanol treated male pubertal rat testes. Total lipids, phospholipids andlysosomal enzyme-acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and ATPases were compared with ethanol treated and control group rats. The suppressive effect of ethanol on lipid and ATPases were correlated with the altered testicular functions. Administration of Curculigo orchoides with alcohol is capable of quenching the oxidative stress and protects the male reproductive organ from ethanol toxicity.The present also study reveals the bioactive principles of C. orchioidesfound to reverse most of the ethanol induced adverse effect on the organ studied.

Aims: Ethanol and acetaminophen have been separately reported with various effects on the functionality of the kidney but information on the level of impact when simultaneously administered chronically is scanty hence effects of chronic simultaneous administration of ethanol and acetaminophen were investigated. Place and duration of study: This research work was carried out in the Anatomy department of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology,Ogbomoso,Nigeria between 2010 and July 2011. Methodology: Forty adult wistar rats of average weight 200±3.21g, randomly distributed into 4 groups A,B, C and D (n=10 ).The animals were fed with standard mouse chow with water provided ad libitum. Animals in group A were given100mg/Kg.bwt. acetaminophen and 25% ethanol in 2% sucrose solution while group B animals were given 100mg/Kg.bwt. The group C animals received 25% ethanol in 2% sucrose solution and lastly the animals in group D were given only distilled water all for a period of 6 weeks. At the end of administration the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and the wet weight of each kidney specimen was documented. The kidney specimens were fixed in 10% formol saline and then processed for routine histological techniques, sectioned at 6µ and stained with H&E. Results: Significant body weight loss P<0.05 was observed in the treatment groups A and B compared to the control. Distortion of the podocytes as well as pyramidal cells in the proximal and distal convoluted tubules were observed in all the treatment groups although more marked in group A than in group B compared to the normal cells in the controls. Conclusion: This may underline impaired filteration and tubular fluid reabsorbtion properties of the kidney.

Protein profiling and RAPD of five accessions (Amar, Azad, MAL-13, NDA-1, and Pusa-9) of Cajanus cajan were investigated to evaluate the genetic diversity. The present protein profile revealed that experimental accession Amar (A1) is very close to the accession Pusa-9(A5) and accessions MAL-13 (A3) and NDA-1(A4) are closer at molecular level as compared to other accessions. . A dendrogram constructed based on UPGMA clustering method revealed two major clusters, cluster -1 and cluster-11 comprising of two accessions each. The accession Azad (A2) occupies a distinct place as revealed in dendrogram .In RAPD similar results were observed .The polymorphism percentage in protein profiling was 90.09% and in RAPD 80% polymorphism was observed.

The local medicinal herbs used in combating malaria among the Urhobo people in Delta state, Nigeria were investigated in this study. The Urhobo people have a rich cultural heritage, which is reflected in the well-developed herbal medicine used to combat malaria and some other common ailments. The survey identified the parts of the medicinal plant used as drug, mode of preparation and mode of administration among the Urhobo people in Delta state. It was observed that some of these plants are used alone or in combination with other plants, which are either taken orally or used for bathing. The study revealed that plant leaves were the main part of plants used by the Urhobo people in the treatment of malaria. The other parts of the plant also used included the stem bark, root bark and whole plant. Information on dosages of the herbs administered to patients varies. The survey was conducted by administering a well-structured questionnaire to select natives who were adjudged by the locals to be knowledgeable in the use of local herbs for medicine. We found out that some plants were more frequently used in treating malaria than others; these plants included Azadirachta indica, Carica papaya, Mangifera indica, Cymbopogon citratus and Citrus aurantifolia. The study showed that 33 plants belonging to 25 families were frequently used than other plants by the Urhobo people of Delta state Nigeria in treatment of malaria fever.

The integration of mineralogical and geochemical data of a sedimentary rock can reveal the nature of source regions, the tectonic settings of the sedimentary basins and the paleoclimatic conditions. The aim of this research is to determine the dominant minerals in sandstone sample from part of the Eastern Dahomey Basin in order to infer the origin and its environmental effect. Eight (8) rock samples collected from the study area were subjected to geochemical analysis in order to determine their chemical composition using X ray fluorescence; thin sectioning of the sample were also done for petrographic description of the mineral compositions. Quartz, Iron Oxide and Microcline are the dominant minerals identified from the petrographic studies. Result of the geochemical analysis revealed sixteen (16) elements and oxides which include SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, V2O5, ZrO2, SO3, K2O, Br, P2O5, CuO, TiO2, MnO, Rb2O, As2O3, Cr2O3 while Quartz, Iron Oxide, Microcline with some Accessory minerals were dominantly observed under the microscope. The presence of element and oxides such as Br, V2O5, ZrO2, CuO, Rb2O, As2O3 and MnO (especially Br of 12%-27%) suggests the depositional environment to be shallow marine or near marine environment, however abundance of SiO2 and Fe2O3, especially Fe2O3 suggests the incorporation of the sediments into the environment from a metamorphic source. The CIW´ and CIA’ value of the Sandstone samples vary from 69 to 95 (mean ~86, s=9; median ~88), and 58 to 87 (mean ~80, s=12; median ~83) respectively, both implying a high degree of weathering and alteration of the alkali minerals. The parent rock is a metamorphic rock which was recycled and deposited in shallow to near marine environment with Iron Oxide acting as the dominant cementing material.

Releasing and measurement of green house gases were from vehicles and engines operating on a range of different fuels like diesel, biodiesel, compressed natural gas (CNG). Emission rates of CO2, CH4, and N2O are reported.

Marigold and Turmeric were used for the extraction of the natural dye material. Tannic acid, Cow dung, Pomegranate rind and Lemon juice were selected as natural mordant to standardize the dyeing effect of Marigold and Turmeric dyes on silk and knitted cotton fabric. The method appropriate for natural dye dyeing on knitted cotton was found to be premordanting by studying with other methods such as simultaneous and post mordanting method. The colour developed range on dyed materials is evaluated by dye uptake measurement and the improvement of colour strength on fabric using mordants was also examined. Tannic acid and pomegranate increase the colour strength effectively than the other. The dyeuptake values have been found to be good in all dyed samples but some cases produced poor fastness. Marigold with tannic acid and pomegranate rind produced good dye uptake and fastness properties. All the mordanted fabric showed good dye uptake.

This paper presents certain results pertaining to a single server queue with Poisson arrivals and exponential service times. A closed form solution is obtained for the probability that, exactly i arrivals and j services occur over a time interval of length t in a queuing system that is idle at the beginning of the interval. Section 1.1 describes the model. Solution of the model is obtained in Section 1.2. By using Pn(t) , performance measures are obtained in Section 1.3.

Pithecellobium dulce (Kodukkapuli in Tamil and Vilayati babul in Hindi) is a small to medium-sized spiny tree cultivated throughout the plains of India. Its bark and leaves possess astringent property, and leaves have emollient, abortifacient and antidiabetic properties. The antioxidant and antibacterial potential of the fruit peel Pithecellobium dulce was assessed and the results revealed significant activity in the ethyl acetate, methanolic and aqueous extracts of fruit peel.

L-proline hydrate an intriguing organic material for frequency conversion has been grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique at room temperature. Their structural, optical and physicochemical properties were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, Dielectric studies, UV-Vis spectra and SEM. The crystal belongs to orthorhombic system with space group P21 21 21. The material has a wide transparency in the entire visible region. It is found that the cutoff wavelength lies in the UV region. The mechanical response of the crystal has been studied using Vickers micro hardness technique.

This paper examines potential evaporation over the Lake Victoria basin, a region with very few operational meteorological stations hence scarce data. Data stations within the Lake basin provided rainfall and temperature data covering periods of at least twenty years. Five methods of computing Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) (Penman, Hargreaves, Thornwaite, Blaney-Criddle and Pan Evaporation) were studied for their applicability under the same catchment. The homogeneity of rainfall was done using mass curve analysis and the filling of missing data using Markov Model. The averaging of historical data was used to interpolate the missing data. The stated empirical equations were applied to all stations over the 20 year period. C++ Program was developed and used to generate respective PET values using the stated empirical models. Based on the range of difference and average values of both the total absolute differences and the standard deviation, and using the Penman method as the basis of comparison, the Blaney-Criddle method predicted the monthly PET values better and Thornwaite was rated the poorest predictor. This showed that the Blaney-Cridle method could be applied in place of Penman as it predicted closer to Penman where the latter could not work.

This paper deals with the asymptotic analysis of Rotation Bio convection (RBC) in a suspension of phototactic algae. Bioconvection is an interesting pattern-forming phenomenon driven by the swimming activity of various aquatic micro organisms. In fact, bioconvection is a robust phenomenon and is one of the oldest documented collective behavior of independent microorganisms. Further, positive phototaxis consists of motions directed toward the source of illumination and negative phototaxis is, the motion directed away from it. The asymptotic analysis was carried up to the fourth order approximation and the cumulative effect of Taylor number and the other governing parameters on the stability conditions as well as on the different profiles was remarkable. The computed results were presented through graphs and are in excellent agreement with the available results in the limiting case.

Teacher talk about terms used in Physics is markedly different from the science talk about the terms, especially in classrooms where English is the language of instruction yet it is a second language to both the teacher and students. Misunderstandings in such classrooms are likely especially if the teacher is not aware of the difficulties between his ways of talking, in relation to how students understand. This paper reports and discusses findings in an investigation on students’ perspectives of teachers’ use of language in defining selected concept in electricity. Questionnaire for students of Physics as well as focused group discussions were used as methods of data collection. Quantitative data was analyzed by use of percentages means and t- statistics, while qualitative data was analyzed by searching through the data for key words and generating categories and themes in relation to the study. Students’ perspectives on teachers’ use of language provide evidence of the general difficulty and confusion students experience with teacher talk in learning of key terms in electricity. The results of this study suggests that teachers should be assisted on how to use simple and clear language more carefully and appropriately when teaching electricity and clarify what students hold concerning the terms in electricity.

The state is the epicentre of politics. It is the stage upon which the “game” of politics is played. The state shapes and controls and where it does not shape or control, it regulates, supervises, authorizes or proscribes political action and behaviour. Thus, politics is understood as the study of the state. The concept of state has been variously defined and from the various definitions, particular traits are evident: the state has several distinct features that distinguish it from all other institutions in society; the state is sovereign; the state has a significant feature of legitimacy; and the state is territorially-defined. Similarly, numerous theories have been propounded in an attempt to understand the origin, nature, power, organization, development and impact of the state. In a nutshell, these theories underline the role of state in four major ways: the state exists to regulate the various conflicting groups that exist in society, in pursuit of supremacy and leverage over others: the state exists to serve the economic interests of the dominant class in society; the state has the role of perpetuating the common good within the society; and lastly the state, through its many institutions, regulates relations between itself; its citizens and other internal as well as external actors, for its own self-preservation. This paper therefore critically examines the theories of the state, forms of state and government, the state in Africa, the state and civil society, and examines the various challenges facing the state in the developing world. The authors argues that the nature of the African state is underpinned by its colonial roots and that corruption, ethnicity and a bloated, ineffective bureaucracy are some of the outstanding characteristics of the African state.

This study examined the influence of mass media on socialization into sport of Kenyan secondary school athletes. Parental social economics status was evaluated to assess how it may affect the influence of mass media in socialization into sport of the athletes. Data was collected through direct contact questionnaire from 636(320 males and 316female) athletes purposively selected from 40 secondary school in Kenya. The resulting data was analyzed through student t-test and one way analysis of variance (ANOVA)at 0.05 level of significance. Findings indicated that 240(38.4%) of the athletes had their fathers highest level of education of university and 203(32%) of the athletes had their mothers having secondary school education. Majority (138, 21.69%) of the athletes had their fathers occupation as unskilled activities. Influence of mass media on socialization into sport differed significantly (p<0.05) between male and female athletes. Parental social economic status positively and significantly(p<0.05) affected the influence of mass media in socialization into sport of secondary school athletes .It is recommended that schools and parents need to provide all forms of mass media to the secondary school athletes.

One of these days is that silicone rubber insulators used increasingly in the power industry. So knowing its behavior under different environmental conditions is of interest to industry professionals. The samples of silicone rubber were placed under electrical and thermal stress. To investigate the aging behavior of the insulation in harsh environmental conditions and provide a method to estimate the remaining life took.

Rivers are started a sea (related to oceans) which are flooding in towns and inside of countries water and flows on them in rivers rout should be conducted using in develop in for living. Human making various structures in rivers coats such as dam. River wall and mills or bridges on them. Could use river flows progressing in solving some problems interacting water sourses. In Shushtar, an old town in Iran, there are two rivers as two branches of Karun. Karun is divided in two branches, shotteit and Gar-Gar, in Shoushtar making a structure named "Band Mizzan " so, there are several mills, bridges and walls on two sides of the rivers are Shushtar. Those structures are reconstructed and are focused for using in life and tourism. Consideration the important case in construction of those is the purpose of this research.

In this study, Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn contents were determined in gill and muscle tissues of fish Arius maculates at sub lethal concentration of effluents from Uppanar estuary Cuddalore District, Tamilnadu. Heavy metal concentrations varied significantly in the gill and muscle tissues of Arius maculates. The present study shows Arius maculates showed higher levels of metal concentrations in gill and muscle which might have resulted tissue damage to the fish. The present study concludes that the presence of metal causes disturbances to the fish.

In radar and space communication applications patch antennas have attracted much interest due to their compactness and dual-frequency operation. They are inexpensive to fabricate, light in weight, and can be made conformable with planar and no- planar surfaces. This paper presents the design of a dual-band micro strip patch antenna using IE3D for wireless communication .The antenna is designed as a patch with two slots. The method effectively obtains the geometric parameters for efficient antenna performance. The simple rectangular dual-band micro strip patch antenna is simulated with IE3D and MATLAB and their corresponding result is compared. We analyzed micro strip antenna in IE3D by finite moment of method. The proposed antenna design on different-2 positions of slots in geometry1,geometry2,geometry3 and analyzed result between 1GHz to 15GHz,When the proposed antenna design on a 125 mil RT DUROID 5870 substrates with dielectric constant of 2.33and loss tangent of .0005.

Six production batches (six treatments in each batch) of kindirmo were carried out in this research to study the effects of fermentation times (5h, 12h and 24h), milk type (whole cow milk and cow–soymilk mixture), starter culture type (kindirmo and DVI – Direct Vat Inoculum) and starter culture age (24h and 48h) and volume of inoculum (2% and 3%) on pH, titrable acidity and organoleptic acceptability of kindirmo from whole cow milk and cow–soymilk mixtures. The research design was a 2*3*2*3 with milk type being the main factor while the sub-factors were respectively starter culture type, inoculum volume and fermentation time. Laboratory analyses carried out were pH and titrable acidity while sensory evaluation was a seven-point Hedonic test for taste, colour, sweetness, texture, mouth-feel and general acceptability. There were also ranking tests on the samples. Means, Analyses of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan Multiple Range Tests were the statistical tools of SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) used for data analyses. Results showed pH to be 3.70 – 5.70 while titrable acidity was 0.04 – 0.15 both indicating highly fermented to low fermentation. Ranges of scores for sensory parameters were flavour (3.1 – 6.3), colour (3.3 – 6.3), taste (3.1 – 6.1) and sweetness (2.8 – 6.5). Others were texture (2.0 – 6.1), mouth-feel (2.7 – 6.3) and general acceptability (2.9 – 6.5). ANOVA on the entire 36 kindirmo treatments (i.e. all the six batches jointly together) showed that all the processing conditions have significant effects on the titrable acidity, pH and all the sensory attributes of kindirmo (P ≤ 0.05). However, separate ANOVA for each production batch exclusively for each of these factors, showed that significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) occurred among the kindirmo for all the productions (batches) except in 3%-12h production where only pH, titrable acidity, colour, texture and mouth-feel significantly affected kindirmo quality, whereas flavour, taste, sweetness, general acceptability and ranking sensory factors had no significant effect on kindirmo quality (P ≤ 0.05). The highest reduction in pH (3.70) were observed in virtually all kindirmo of 3%-24h production, whereas the least reduction in pH were in kindirmo of treatments CD24 and SD24 for 2%-5h and 12%-5h productions. The titrable acidity values follow the same trend as in pH values. It was also found that 20% substitution of cow milk with soymilk in kindirmo production was quite acceptable by the consumers even by those who have never tasted soymilk in the past. The use of kindirmo as starter culture using the back-slop method is more efficient in fermentation than the use of commercial starter culture. This was most likely due to the fact that inoculation temperature of the starter culture was at room temperature rather than at 42 – 42OC which was the inoculation temperature for commercial starter cultures in yoghurt production. This shows that kindirmo is different from yoghurt and that the LAB present in kindirmo is less thermophilic than the Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus present in yogurt. Also the starter culture ages of between 24h and 48h had no significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) on kindirmo quality, except for leftover kindirmo of previous day’s productions, deliberate effort should not be made at producing starter culture of more than 24h old as at it is economically unwise.

Three production batches (eight treatments in each batch) of kindirmo were carried out in this research to study the effects of fermentation times (5h, 12h and 24h), milk type (whole cow milk and cow–soymilk mixture), starter culture type (kindirmo and DVI – Direct Vat Inoculum) and volume of inoculum (2% and 3%) on pH, titrable acidity and organoleptic acceptability of kindirmo from whole cow milk and cow–soymilk mixtures. The research design was a 2*2*2*3 with milk type being the main factor while the sub-factors were respectively starter culture type, inoculum volume and fermentation time. Titrable acidity, pH and seven-point sensory evaluation Hedonic test for taste, colour, sweetness, texture, mouth-feel and general acceptability were the analyses carried out on the 24 kindirmo treatments. Ranking test was also conducted on the different kindirmo treatments in each production batch. SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) was used to analyze the means, analyses of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan Multiple Range Tests (DMRT). Results showed pH to be 3.60 – 6.40 while titrable acidity was 0.030 – 0.237 each indicating levels of fermentation. Sensory score ranges were 2.7 of SD2%-5h to 64 of CD3%-24h for flavour, 4.0 – 6.8 of SD2%-24h for colour, 2.9 of SD2%-5h and SK3%-12h to 6.1 of CD3%-5h of taste and for sweetness we have 2.9 of SK3%–12h to 6.1 of CD3%-5h. Texture ranged from 3.0 of SK2%–12h to 6.3 of SD2%-24h and SD3%-24h, mouth-feel from 2.6 of SD2%–5h to 6.3 of SD2%-24h and SD3%-24h, general acceptability from 2.5 of SK3%–5h to 6.4 of CD2%-24h while ranking range from 3.1 of SK2%-24h, SK3%-24h and CK2%-24h to 7.2 CK3%-5h. ANOVA on the entire 24 kindirmo treatments i.e. for all the three batches showed that percentage inoculum volume, starter culture and milk types and fermentation times have significant effects on the titrable acidity, pH and all the sensory attributes of kindirmo (P ≤ 0.05). However, separate ANOVA for each production batch exclusively for each of these factors, showed that significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) occurred among the kindirmo for all the productions (batches). Finally as in the first research of “effects of processing conditions on the quality of kindirmo made from whole cow milk and cow–soymilk mixtures – I”, it was also observed in this second research of “effects of processing conditions on the quality of kindirmo made from whole cow milk and cow–soymilk mixtures – II” that the most acceptable kindirmo treatments were from all treatment factors. They were inoculum volume ratios (2% and 3%), starter culture type (DVI & Kindirmo) and milk type (whole cow milk & cow-soymilk composite) and fermentation times (5h, 12h and 24h). Finally we also conclude that the 2% and 3% inoculum to milk volume ratios used were all acceptable. Also 20% cow milk substitution with soymilk was equally acceptable to the kindirmo consumers.

The present study was undertaken in maize Zea mays (L.) var. JKMH-1001. Seeds were treated with different concentration of ethyl methane sulphonate, diethyl sulphate and sodium azide in treated level for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 mM which induced chlorophyll mutation and morphological mutation in maize. Four different types of chlorophyll mutants’ viz., Albino, Viridis, Xantha and Chlorina were identified in the treated population. The morphological mutation consisted of tall, dwarf, early maturity, late maturity, triangular leaf, bold size seed, long ear, short ear and male sterility in all the level. EMS was found to be more effective than DES and SA in producing chlorophyll and viable mutants on M1 and M2 plant basis as well as efficient on lethality and injury bases. While the mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency generally decreased and increased in higher doses of mutagens.

In the present study the tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon were exposed to three sublethal concentrations of Lead nitrate (1.66, 3.33 and 6.60 mg/L) for a period of 24 hrs,48 hrs,72 hrs,96 hrs respectively. The Gills of the shrimps were then dissected out and processed for light microscopy studies. Exposed shrimps were found to result in several alterations in the histoarchitecture of Gill. The alterations included: necrosis of the epithelial cells of the Gill, hemocytic infiltration in the interlamellar spaces, were observed in the Gills. The results obtained suggest that the Gills of shrimps exposed to sublethal concentrations of Lead nitrate were structurally altered. Such alterations-could affect vital physiological functions, such as absorption, storage and secretion of the Gills, which in turn could ultimately affect the survival and growth of Penaeus monodon.

Salinity effects were evaluated on seed germination rate and percentage of six different tomato (Lycoperscum esculentum Mil.L) varieties nationally released form Melkassa Agricultural Research Center. The seeds were grown in petri dish being subjected to six different levels (0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5%) of NaCl concentrations in Jimma University College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine postharvest laboratory. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design for all levels of NaCl concentrations with four replications. From the result, increasing NaCl concentration reduced seed germination percentage and rate in all cultivars. At the highest NaCl concentrations, highest germination percentages were observed in Bishola and Miya varieties. In addition, Bishola and Miya reached their final germination percentage earlier than the others indicating optimum performance as compared to the other varieties. It was therefore concluded that Bishola and Miya varieties can tolerate salinity and can successfully be grown in the rift valley areas of the country, Ethiopia. In addition, can be used for further breeding processes.

In this study, a comparative analysis of select insect mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) representing five insect orders (Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Ephemeroptera and Coleoptera) consisting of 24 different species in an effort to study a common set of genes and to understand the evolution of mitochondrial genome with respect to Cytochrome Oxidase subunit 1 (CO1), 16srRNA and 12srRNA gene sequences was done. To compare the similarity between closely related insect mitochondrial genome sequences, pairwise distance matrix was constructed using the MEGA tool. CO1, 16srRNA and 12srRNA sequences were used to construct a phylogenetic tree to determine the relationship among five insect orders. All the three sequences yielded a tree with branching patterns reflecting the expected pattern as insect species belonging to different orders were put into separate clades with an exception S. graminum & M. destructor being branched together in to a separate group. Based on the sequence similarity, insect species belonging to five different orders in general appear to be closely related. The tRNA species were identical in most species with an exception that two of the twenty four species had an additional tRNA gene. Based on this study we conclude that, although the gene types are very similar across these insect orders, significant differences in GC content perhaps suggest multiple mitochondrial ancestors.

Problem Statement: The silkworm requires certain essential sugar, proteins, amino acids, fatty acid, vitamins and micronutrients for its growth and higher production of good quality of silk. The low productivity is mainly due to low mulberry yield and poor quality of leaf mentioned that enrichment of mulberry leaves with supplementary compounds enhances the silk productivity. To evaluate the effect of mulberry leaves supplemented with ground nut powder and black gram powder mixture feeding the silkworm. Approach: The groundnut seed powder and Black gram power in different doses. This groundnut powder and black gram power separately sprayed on the leaves of the mulberry plant before feeding. Feeding started with 3rd instars larvae. Every day supplementation was given two times and for the other 3 times of feeding, mulberry leaves were alone given. Result: The ground nut treatment of (2%) food consumption (531mg/wt/animal/day) food absorption in higher (243mg/wt/animal/day) was observed 2% concentration. Approximate digestibility in higher (45.76) was observed 2% concentration. Efficiency of conversion of ingested food in higher (26.18mg/wt/animal/day)was observed. The results of the present study recommend supplementation of black gram and ground nut with mulberry leaf for feeding Bombyx mori. L. Conclusion: The results of the present investigation indicated that the Ground nut powder, blackgram powder and their mixtures have effect on the economic parameters of the silkworm, B. mori.

This study provides the detailed investigation of phytochemical extracted from Andrographis paniculata using GC-MS and drug designing. We are going to concentrate in docking studies and Protein GSK3ß, which is responsible for chikungunya. Based on docking studies, we can able to calculate the docking scores. The lists of drugs which are treated for chikungunya to be retrieved from drug bank. Based on Lipinski’s rule, the absorption capacity of the drug going to be identified. Among those collected drugs, the Dimethylglycine and Nelfinavir have good absorption Capacity.

Sound wave similar to other mechanical waves needs an environment to propagate. Speed of sound wave is about 331.4 (m/s) in air and this value is between 4.5 to 5 times the above value for seawater. Speed of sound in salt sea water depends on temperature, salinity and pressure. Sound propagation in seawater has many applications such as preparing photos of bottom topography, hydrography and appointing the water properties in sea (temperature, salinity, and so on ) etc. It has applications in fisheries, marine mapping, navy force, shipping and other researches and marine activities too. Propagation of sound pulses and signals and variations of sound speed in salt sea water follow the acoustical wave equation. In this paper, mechanical mechanism of sound propagation underwater in Pacific Ocean.

In this paper, we present a report of an investigation on the effect of geomagnetic storm on F2 layer of equatorial ionosphere. Of particular interest is the impact on the peak electron density, NmF2 and the corresponding height, hmF2. The main focus is on the storms of March 12-15 and September 18-21, 1989; and those of March 6-9 and September 24-28, 1994. These were years of high and low solar activities respectively. The investigation was carried out by analyzing and Dst data mainly from the equatorial station of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The former, , yielded NmF2 and hmF2, while the latter, Dst gave the strength of the storms. The station has geographic latitude , longitude , and magnetic dip (geomagnetic coordinates; , ). However, in order to gain greater understanding of the impacts we expanded the investigation, for comparative purposes, to include similar data captured (i) at: the same the station on solar quite days before and after the storm events; (ii) at some non-equatorial stations, and (iii) at other equatorial station outside the Africa zone namely: Maui with geographic latitude longitude (geomagnetic coordinates; , ) and Canberra on geographic latitude , longitude (geomagnetic coordinates; , ). The investigation revealed that: (i) geomagnetic storm caused increase in NmF2 during daytime, and caused decrease in NmF2 during nighttimes; (ii) the storm effects are greater in March equinox than in September equinox for both periods of high and low solar activities, (iii) geomagnetic storms generally caused decreases in hmF2 at Canberra station (mid-latitude region) during both high and low solar activities; while increases in peak height were observed at Maui station (equatorial region]) during both solar activities.

In this paper, an alternate method is suggested to put up the posters, which achieve more improvements in reaching the people. The efficiency of the proposed method of arrangement compared to Bhatt and Jaiswal method has been assessed in terms of reach and frequency. Further we have also presented the values of reach and frequency for these two methods for various values of m and p, where m is the number of posters and p is the probability of seeing the poster.

Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) is an act of impacting knowledge while computer teaches or acts as the tutors which is a supplement to human teachers. The ability to teach each student based on their individual abilities a major advantage posed by ITS and that is why it is being embraced in this work. This work describes the design of an Intelligent Tutoring System that was tagged Scholastic tutor (St*), which has the individual learning and collaborative problem-solving modules. The individual tutoring module was designed to provide appropriate lessons to individuals based on his/her background knowledge level, interest, and learning style and assimilation rate prior to using the tutoring system. A software agent is used to monitor and process these parameters, arrange the learning topic, and exercises, for each individual. The collaborative problem-based tutoring module was designed to present tutorial problems and provides facilities to assist learners with some useful information and advice for problem solving. This is because the present lecturing methodology which is the conventional teaching methodology provides an interactive classroom setting that promotes the open exchange of ideas and allows for the lecturer to communicate directly with the students but has a great disadvantage of not teaching all the students according to their own learning rate and pace. The intelligent tutor solves this problem by providing individualised learning for each student where they can learn according to their own pace and learning abilities it will provide remedy and advice when learners encounter difficulties during learning session. The classical model of ITS architecture has four main modules; domain model, student model, tutoring model and the user interface model.

The key asset of any software organization is knowledge, because the whole process of software development is very much knowledge intensive. Knowledge is dynamic and evolves with technology, organizational culture and the changing needs of organization’s software development practices. One way to capture organization’s knowledge and make it available to all their team members is to induce the concepts of knowledge management systems within the organization. Here in this paper we frame our research by discussing the importance of knowledge management and we also present a knowledge environs to deal with knowledge management in software industry for the production of better products that can meet all the qualities measures & market requirements.

Water as air is an essential need of human and all creations on the earth. Industrial revolution, economical development and population growth also increase of water consumption is in a disappointed situation with regards to water supply. Some countries and Iran are in a bad situation in this aspect, annual rain in Iran is much less than mean value of the world and deserts cover much ands in our country. Therefore we should use all facilities and ways to solve drought problems. In this paper including an annual research results, the subject will be studied using new sciences such as nanotechnology in different dimensions.

Recognition of facial expression was studied in this paper using several properties associated with the face it self. Actually, as the facial expression changes, the curvatures developed on the face and the dimensions of the objects such as eyebrows, lips and the area of the mouth change. Naturally there exist changes in the intensity of the pixels corresponding to these objects. Therefore it was found that the natural eye could distinguish these sharp changes and understand the facial expressions accordingly. The percentage changes were computed with regard to certain parameters related to different expressions associated with the face and that of the neutral face of the same person. The experimental results predicted a definite change in every trail. These results can also be used as a tool to design intelligent systems which recognizes different objects in the given environment. The results are found to be of immense scientific interest.

Water as the most important and vital need of human and all of creations on the earth plays an unexpected role in live. Water resources are effective in economical progress in countries; why some industries, factories and companies require to use water to produce their outputs. Water is used to motivate many machines, cool engines and protect productions. Water resources like rivers and seas are essential since influencing on live. We should establish instruments and use methods to reach availability and improvement the resources. The around spaces about water resources like floodplains and lands near them are influenced directly and indirectly by water resources and affecting on environment without any damage will be studied and at least, an improves and useful pattern of water resources management would be presented.

The paper comments on the potential for a new approach that combines the technologies to produce small machine tools for performing macro machining operations on large components. The paper also described micro fabrication systems, such as the micro-factory, and concluded that ‘many benefits will come from applying systematic approach to micro-engineering’; with the achievement of complete process integration. In the field of manufacturing, these machines offer more flexible solutions with the ability to work on different parts of a large structure. Some examples of these machines with applications in the aircraft, marine and power generation industries are discussed, along with some other specialist machine designs which can offer more flexible machining capabilities from the survey; a new micro turning system is realized on the basis of experience with previous prototype equipment. In this new system, a new point tool is applied to a micro turning at an elevated rotation speed. Through the measurement of cutting force under various cutting conditions, the possibility of reduction of reacting forces to a low level without deflection of the micro work was identified. The current efforts in mechanical micro-machining research and applications are surveyed and suggestions are given in the areas that should be examined and researched to the improvement of the process.

This work proposes a representation scheme that uses CAD as a design tool for generating two-dimensional decorative patterns. The proposed scheme is hierarchical and represented as a tree with nodes corresponding to different shapes of pattern. In this work, decorative patterns are viewed as a set of shapes created at three hierarchical levels which are labeled as: Primitive, Motif, and Compound-motif. This CAD paradigm helps the designers/artists to manipulate a set of fundamental shapes (primitive, motif and compound-motif) by transformation rules and to arrange them into some definite order for generating a decorative pattern.

Persian Gulf, as an important biological aquatic basin in Middle East, joints via Hormoz Strait to Oman Sea and Indian Ocean. Tide, wind, precipitation, solar radiation and evaporation are main phenomena regarding the oscillation trend of water quality variation in mentioned basin. Moreover, the flow entrance from Arvand River to Persian Gulf influences aforesaid phenomenon, extensively. This research bases on Mt. Mitchell statistics collected in NOAA research vessel observation through the Persian Gulf, Strait of Hormoz and Gulf of Oman. Investigating the variation of shallow water conditions in aforesaid aquatic basin; we analyzed the regional observations and measurements in comparison with the output of a numerical model which has been developed based on Navier Stokes partial differential equations. The results argue that baroclinicity and stratification of fluid column are two important events occur and change in Persian Gulf seasonally. Based on our obtained results, we are convinced about creation and existence of more baroclinicity and turbulence in north-eastern coasts of this aquatic basin in comparison with deeper parts; and this event originates from effects of internal flow from Arvand River, related bed stresses and situation and direction of wind sources. Also the results showed, by applying north-western wind in winter to summer transition period, the fresher inflow can penetrate much further into the Gulf and lack of wind induced mixing and solar radiation that lead to the thermocline formation and its development from winter to summer.

The water supply and sanitation in Nigeria has come under increasing focus since independence, but particularly during the last 20 years when the country participated in the global efforts and initiatives aimed at addressing the problem of low access to safe water and sanitary means of excreta disposal. In Nigeria, the inadequacy of safe water and sanitation services is manifested in the prevalence of water and sanitation related diseases. For example, diarrhea, which results from poor sanitary/hygiene habits and consumption of water of poor quality, is the second main cause of infant mortality, after malaria, and the third main cause of under-five mortality. There is therefore, no doubt that the drive for poverty reduction in Nigeria recognizes water supply and sanitation as an important component. This is so because water supply and sanitation cuts across and affects several sectors of the economy, including agriculture, rural infrastructure development, education, industrial development and indeed all the sectors of development that require the use of water and the management of sanitation for the benefit and welfare of human beings. Many entities are involved in rural water supply and sanitation. These institutions employ their own implementation strategies and involve individual communities to varying degrees. Because of the inadequacy of the approach adopted by these organization and agencies, expected service delivery has proceeded inconsistently and therefore could not be achieved. Sadly enough, despite the robust initiatives and funding of the sector (both internal and external), the sector has suffered from poor coordination, lack of clear policy direction, lack of focus in terms of goals and objectives which resulted in the nation’s inability to achieve full coverage of the rural population with safe water and improved sanitation services. This paper therefore considers the water supply and sanitation situation in the country and the challenges facing the sector. Furthermore, the paper calls for institutional reforms and review of policy targets, define key elements for the development of action and investment plans as well as provide some guidelines in order to minimize duplication and maximize effectiveness. The paper also suggested strategies and viable framework/agenda for sustainable water supply and sanitation delivery towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

The study was carried out for the period 1982-1983 to 1999-2000 using the variables like income tax revenue, peak marginal tax rate, GDP at factor cost and GDP at current market price along with time, with and without adjusting for the changes in prices over a period of time. To adjust for price changes the data on Income tax revenue and GDP at factor cost were deflated by using the GDP deflator which was obtained by dividing the gross domestic product at current prices by gross domestic product at constant prices in terms of base year prices (1993-94). The secondary time series data on the variables selected were obtained from Income Tax Office, Coimbatore district; Economic Survey (various issues) published by Ministry of Finance and Economic and Political Weekly (various issues) published by A Sameeksha Trust Publication. Required and relevant tools were applied and results arrived at.

The main aim of this study is to establish if there is a causal relationship between Foriegn Direct Investment (FDI) and economic growth in Nigeria. This study used annual time series variables computed from natural logarithms of gross domestic product (GDP) at current prices, net inflow of FDI, inflation rate and exchange rates, covering a period of 27years that span from 1981 to 2007. The study utilized the Ordinary Least Square, Unit root test to test for stationarity of the time series and Granger causality test to establish the causal relationship between the variables. The stationarity test (unit root) showed that the included variables, gross domestic product (GDP), foreign direct investment (FDI), exchange rate (EXRATE) and inflation rate (INFRATE) were non-stationary at their level and first difference with 2 lags. They were thus integrated of order one, I(1). The Granger causality test was adopted and it showed that a causality relationship ran from FDIs to GDP and not from GDP to FDIs. The findings showed that there is a positive relationship between FDI and GDP which implies that FDI stimulates economic growth in Nigeria. It is imperative, therefore, that the enabling environment should always be provided in Nigeria in order to attract more foreign investment and further stimulate the country’s economic growth.

Performance Appraisal is conducted for the purpose of obtaining information to enable management make personnel decisions, such as to identify training needs, promotions, transfers salary increment and motivation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate effectiveness of performance appraisals in organizations. To realize these the study sought including the objectives and importance attached to Appraisal by management. The study adopted a cases study research design. The total population of six hundred out of which a sample of 30% was drawn using simple random sampling. Data was collected from simple structured questions and supplemented by review of relevant documents. The data was presented through descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages. Findings indicated employees were not fully involved in appraisal process, Appraisal process was not utilized as per organization objectives of appraisal feedback from process was not effectively communicated. The findings indicated hat management and employees did not find performance appraisal system appropriate and effective. The study recommended that for performance appraisal to be effective all employees must be involved in process feedback should be given to employees.

This paper is based on a study to establish public secondary schools head teachers’ perceptions towards implementation of performance contracts in Bureti, Kericho and Bomet districts in Kenya. The study sought to establish these perceptions based on: financial, human resource management, physical facilities and academic indicators of performances contract in schools. Quantifiable measurements were used to determine these indicators. Stratified random sampling was used to select 60% of the public schools in every district to participate. The study was based on Cole (1993) Job Improvement Plan Model, which emphasizes on setting standards in specific key result areas and specifying results for all managers at the operating level of the institution. Questionnaires in Likert type of scale were used to collect data and descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. The results showed that head teachers did not reject implementation of performance contracts in totality. However, there were areas they were not comfortable being used as indicators in the performance contracting exercise. Therefore, it was recommended that the Ministry of Education should sensitize head teachers on the meaning, scope and importance of performance contracting exercise. Furthermore, initial piloting of performance contracting in a few schools before implementation should be done.

The quranic symbolism is the use of quran from the symbols and signs that show and instruct us the religious facts because where ever that the words cannot say the facts, symbols are the best. The quranic symbolism is a very specific beauty, Gnostics out of the eminent states of the religion. And it is also a bout the other world and faith to metaphysics or resurrection or Gnosticism.The symbol should be considered as a part of human thought and early attempt of human in the direction of intellectual transition compartment of his spirit .the existing symbols in very cultural domain are the keys to understanding philosophical problems and mystic religious problems related to the domain which help us highly to analyze the content of the existing context of the culture. In symbolism cognition the problem of culture is much more important than literate .human soul is definitely more developed than the symbols based on the amount of its evolution. more dynamic and is capable of taking more benefit .in dealing with the symbols, we must not look for limited and experimental concept. we must consider fundamental feature related to it, that is to say going beyond oneself , which is the characteristic of transcontalism of the symbol, because the symbol manifests itself clearly ,but also accompanies itself some sort of attempt to provide meanings and spectra to carry along its addressee beyond inward. Consequently the symbol direction is inward from multiply to unity and contains a developed spectrum of concepts.

The use of corporal punishment to enforce discipline in schools, has been banned in many countries world-wide, impacting significantly on school discipline. This study focuses on the disciplinary situation in secondary schools in Kenya. It presents some understandings of the concept of discipline, reviews the status of school discipline in Kenya and describes some existing disciplinary strategies and models from the literature. From this literature review, a model of disciplinary strategies is developed, which is hence tested empirically. The empirical test resulted in amendments to the theoretical model, which is then presented as an integrated model of disciplinary strategies. This integrated model is likely to assist principals and teachers in Kenya to manage and curb indiscipline among learners, by suggesting alternative ways of dealing with errant learners and supporting teachers to create an environment conducive to learning. Further research is required to determine the relevance of the model to primary schools and to schools in other countries.

The present study aims to find out the land use/land cover features of Tambaram Suburban region of Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The total area of the region is 75.25 sq.km. The study has made use of high resolution IRS LISS IV pan merged satellite imagery for identifying the land use/land cover classes. ERDAS and ArcGIS software were used to demarcate the land use/land cover features of Tambaram Suburban region. Remote sensing and GIS provide consistent and accurate base line information than many of the conventional surveys employed for such a task. The land use and land cover analysis on Tambaram Suburban region has been attempted based on thematic mapping of the area consisting of built-up land, agriculture land, water bodies, forest and waste land using the satellite image. The research concludes that there is a rapid expansion of built-up area. Land use and land cover information, when used along with information on other natural resources, like water, soil, hydro-geomorphology, etc. will help in the optimal land use planning at the macro and micro level.