September 2015

Cold plasma is an emerging field with vast scope and incorporates broad interdisciplinary approach to the reader ranging from physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. It has recently engaged medicine and dental hygiene in research. Apart from the basic plasma processes and the restrictions and requirements set by international health standards, the review focuses on plasma interaction with prokaryotic cells (bacteria), eukaryotic cells (mammalian cells), cell membranes, DNA etc. The role that Low Temperature Atmospheric Pressure Plasma (LTAPP) could play in the inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms might prove to be a new, faster, noncorrosive, more economical alternative, as well as support green healthcare. The PubMed database search revealed that the reference list for cold Plasma featured 1,17,000 articles in dentistry. A forward search was undertaken for the selected articles, author names and contemporary endodontic texts. A review is presented on the key developments in the arena of plasma medicine and dentistry so as to familiarize the modern dentists with the new advances in endodontic disinfection.

Beedi binding profession occupies a prominent place in rural India. For the beedi industry West Bengal is one of the major hub in India. It has to bealso noted that this profession is an unorganized sector of labour which lacks in access to proper health care. Here we present a study which was carried out with 171 beedi workers from two different locations Hasnabad and Kankra of North 24 parganas in West Bengal. Most of the beedi workers were found to be suffering from tuberculosis (TB) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which are two important respiratory diseases. A positive association was observed between the respective diseases with beedi making profession. Thereby we recommend greater governmental support for the beedi workers’ healthcare and routine check up for prevention and cure of these two afore-mentioned diseases in particular.

The main objective of this review is to investigate the information available on meat sensory evaluation and characteristics of meat. Meat sensory evaluation is a scientific discipline used in experimental design and statistical analysis to measure, analyse, and interpret meat responses that are perceived by senses of flavour, aroma, juiciness and tenderness. Meat sensory characteristics can be evaluated by objective methods, instrumental or sensorial with trained panels and by subjective methods, with a consumer panel. It is very important to evaluate the meat for consumption purposes.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) arises from an epithelial cell lineage, and depending on the site of occurrence can have variable presentation and prognosis. The mean age of presentation is typically in the sixth decade of life, twice as prevalent in men. Sunlight exposure for long periods can lead to SCC of the cutaneous variety. History and Clinical examination are diagnostic, but can be supplemented with a edge biopsy, CT and MRI. Management entails a variety of treatment modalities, ranging from Electrodessication, Mohs Micrographic Surgery, Wide Excision, Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy. We present a case of 45 year old female, with SCC involving the scalp, managed by Wide Local Excision with Split Thickness Skin Graft and Rotational Flap. Postoperative HPR Suggests adequate margins and patient is on a 6 monthly follow up schedule to rule out recurrence.

Adequate glycemic control before and during pregnancy is crucial to improving outcome of gestational and pre-gestational diabetes mellitus and may normalize birth weight (Waldemar, 2016). However, it is still a controversy whether intra-uterine exposure to maternal diabetes is a risk factor for changing hormone levels involved in the development of insulin resistance in these infants. This cross sectional study was conducted on 60 terms appropriate of gestational age (AGA) neonates (30 Infants of diabetic mothers and 30 infants of non diabetic mothers) delivered in Obstetrics and Gynecology Departments, at El Menofiya University Hospital and Shebin- Elkom Teaching Hospital, from September 2014 to Marsh 2015. This study revealed that serum Insulin, Leptin & Insulin resistance were higher in average birth weight IDM compared with controls with statistically highly significant differences (p ≤ 0.001). Infants with bad maternal diabetic control showed higher serum Insulin and Leptin levels than infants with fair maternal diabetic control. Thus interventions during pregnancy, aimed at a close monitoring of maternal blood glucose concentrations, are likely to have an impact not only on maternal and neonatal health, but also on the epidemic of T2DM and childhood obesity. Breast feeding and postnatal follow up of IDM weight gain may be essential to protect infants of diabetic mothers from these complications. We found that appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants of diabetic mothers had higher cord serum insulin, leptin and insulin resistance index than those of non diabetic mothers which were directly correlated to maternal diabetic control as regard Hba1c levels.

Inferior vena cava (IVC) is a composite vessel and the precise mode of development its post renal segment is somewhat uncertain. Because of the various transformations that occur during its development, variations do occur, but are not common. The common anomalies of abdominal part of IVC include absence of hepatic segment of IVC and a double IVC. An anomalous formation of the inferior most segment of the IVC is reported and discussed wherein the IVC was formed by the union of left common iliac vein and right external iliac vein at the level of S-1/S-2 vertebra. The right common iliac vein was absent.

S. aureus produces extracellular protein toxins and virulence factors which contribute to the pathogenicity of the organism. The present work aimed to analysis the prevalence of enterotoxin producing S. aureus strains isolated from bovine and humans origin using reverse passive latex agglutination (RPLA) kit and PCR. A total of 25 S. aureus isolates out of 374 samples collected from cattle, buffaloes and human were identified, 20 from bovine and 5 from human. Using RPLA, 10 out of the 25 S. aureus isolates were found to be toxigenic with an incidence of 40%. They were distributed as enterotoxin C (50%), a (20%), A& B, A& C and enterotoxins A, B, C and D (10 % each). Using PCR 7 enterotoxigenic S. aureus isolates (28%) were detected. sea gene was detected in 2 isolates (28.6%), while sec, seb, sea & seb, sec & see and sea, sec, sed genes were detected in one isolate each (14.3% each). Analysis of the results obtained by RPLA and PCR for the productivity of classical enterotoxins A-D revealed approximately correlation between each other. It could be concluded that cows' and buffaloes' milk are of public health risk due to potent staphylococcal food poisoning strains.

A study was conducted to find the effectiveness of game based learning on knowledge of health promotion among primary school children of selected rural schools of Udupi Taluk Karnataka”. Objectives of the study were to find the effectiveness of game based learning on knowledge of health promotion, and also to find the association between knowledge on health promotion and the selected variables. Demographic proforma and structured knowledge questionnaire on health promotion were administered eighty primary school children selected using proportionate sampling technique. The findings of the study showed that majority 36(45.0%) children belonged to the age group of 10 years, 48(60%) were boys and 41(51.25%) children were in fifth standard. The mean post-test knowledge score in each area of knowledge in the experimental group was higher than the control group. Game based learning was an effective method increase the knowledge level of the higher primary school children. (t=13.77, p=0.001)

There are conflicting reports on the effect of ABO blood groups and/or haemoglobin variants on the prevalence of falciparum malaria. The present study examined the effect of ABO blood groups and/or haemoglobin variants on the prevalence of uncomplicated (mild) falciparum malaria in a hyperendemic area. A total of 486 malaria positive patients and 486 controls of age ≥16 years were screened for this study. Malaria parasite test, ABO blood group antigens test and haemoglobin genotype were carried out using standard laboratory techniques. There was no significant relationship between ABO blood groups and malaria (χ2 = 1.14, df = 3, p = 0.767). However, malaria varied significantly with hemoglobin variants (χ2 = 27.09, df = 5, p < 0.001). When combined, a significant association was only observed in the distributions of blood types A, B and O between AA and AS variants (χ2 = 7.931, df = 2, p = 0.019) in the malaria group. Proportion of malarial infection increases as follows: O+AS(0.345) < B+AS(0.424) < A+AS(0.468) < A+AA(0.489) < B+AA(0.55) < O+AA(0.568). While group O individuals who have HbAS genotype are the most resistant to malaria, group O who have HbAA are the most susceptible. This study shows that in this malaria hyperendemic area, mild falciparum malaria is influenced by haemoglobin genotype but not by ABO blood type.

Cancer is still a challenging diseases of human community mainly because of the inability of the modern medicine. We can state several reasons for the inability of modern medicine. The most challenging aspects are the development of resistance to the cytotoxic agents, side effects of the drugs used to treat cancer, the ability of cancer cells to behave like stem cells acquiring mesenchymal characteristics during metastasis. So our aim of the research is to formulate a natural drug, which acts as a potential anticancer agent without any side effects. The lactobacilli strains were isolated from the marine environment. The strains were sequenced for 16srRNA and compared with available data in NCBI. Among the strains isolated 7 of them proved to be new. The crude protein was isolated from the bacteria and treated as anticancer drug for in-vivo studies in tumour induced hamster models. Promising results were obtained; the drug decreased the tumor volume to a considerable amount and increased the life span of the animal model without any side effects when compared to the control models.

Aim: Postoperative inflammation is a known contributory factor in posterior capsular opacification. Ocular inflammatory response was studied by measuring micro protein levels in aqueous. Method: Aqueous tap was done during needling for PCO in 25 secondary cataracts. Equal number of age and sex matched cataract surgical cases were taken as controls. Results: Aqueous micro protein level was found to be higher in "after cataract" cases. Conclusion: This inexpensive method to study ocular inflammatory response was found to be helpful in prevention of posterior capsular opacification by using NSAIDs in all cases of Grade 1 PCO.

Introduction: Drug Use Evaluation (DUE) is a system of ongoing, systematic, criteria-based evaluation of drug use that will help ensure that medicines are used appropriately (at the individual patient level). Methodology: It was an Observational Descriptive Study. Drug Utilization data was obtained from the prescriptions of the patients attending cardiology outpatient department in Government General Hospital. The data was collected and Defined Daily Dose of frequently prescribed drugs and prescribing indicators were assessed. Results: Out of 569 patients, males and females were 287 and 282 respectively.51-60 years age group was commonly affected. Rural people were commonly affected than urban people. Hypertension was found to be major risk factor among the study participants. Coronary artery disease was the most commonly diagnosed disease. Clopidogrel, Atorvastatin, Isosorbide Dinitrate and Aspirin are most commonly prescribed. The average number of drugs per prescription was found to be 4.17. Percentage of drugs prescribed from National Essential Drugs list was 89.5% .The percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name was 72.8% Conclusion: The most commonly prescribed medications are Clopidogrel, Atorvastatin, Isosorbide Dinitrate and Aspirin. Polypharmacy was not observed. Percentage of drugs prescribed by Generic name should be improved.

Objective: To investigate serum levels and relationship between tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), bone mineral density (BMD) and vitamin D in Bahraini sickle cell disease (SCD) patients compared to healthy controls. Methods: Seventy patients with SCD followed at department of hematology at Salmaniya Medical Complex and 70 sex-matched healthy controls were included prospectively in this study. Serum levels were measured using ELISA kits for cytokines and UPLC-MS for vitamin D. BMD was estimated using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). Osteopenia (T score < -1>-2.5) and osteoporosis (≤ -2.5) were diagnosed as per WHO criteria. Results: SCD patients had increased serum levels of TNF-α (56.72 pg/ml; range 27.43-98.93) compared to controls (39.49 pg/ml; range 27.56-119.95; p<0.0001). Our patients had increased serum levels of IL-6 (49.5 pg/ml; range 12.27-101.81) compared to controls ( 30.08 pg/ml; range 4-275; p=0.002). While, 94% of patients had low vitamin D, only 6% had optimal levels. However, 58% of patiens had abnormal BMD and 42% had normal BMD. A positive correlation between vitamin D and TNF-α (r=0.333, p=0.005) and vitamin D and CRP (r=0.265, p=0.027) were found, but not between vitamin D and BMD. Conclusions: The presence of low-grade inflammation in Bahraini SCD patients in steady-state is suggested by increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and CRP. The cytokines (TNF alpha and IL-6) serum levels were associated with hypovitaminosis D. Vitamin D and BMD tests should be offered to all SCD patients for early intervention, if indicated.

The present paper reports the successful therapeutic management of one lumpy jaw in a Holstein Friesian crossbred cow and another suppurative abscess in the buccal cavity of a non descriptive heifer. The Lumpy jaw was treated successfully with intravenous injections of Lugol’s iodine (5%) @ 20 ml at every alternate day for 3 occasions. The second case of soft tissue abscess due to Actinomycosis was also recovered with Ceftriaxone Injections @ 20 mg/kg body weight, IV, daily for 5 days. Moreover, the abscess was excised, drained out and dressed with Povidon iodine daily for 3 days.

The use of platelet concentrate in dentistry is contemporary and revolutionary for the tissue regeneration. Platelet concentrate carries cells, growth factors and some cytokines which is becoming a valuable adjunct to promote natural healing in many procedures in periodontal surgery. This is the goal in periodontal regenerative surgery that is to achieve complete wound healing and regeneration of the periodontal unit. Platelet concentrate in the form of Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) was first to be introduced and being extensively used for regeneration. Recent development of Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) by Choukroun revolutionaries its use in surgical procedure because of ease of preparation and increase amount of platelet with active growth factors available is more than PRP. It remains controversial because of its duration of growth factor release. Within last 2-3 years there are research being attempted to increase the amount of platelets in fibrin mesh by Shahram Ghannati et al. and increasing the fibrin polymerization to incorporate platelet for more duration by Mustafa Tunali et al. This article is being attempted to review past and present development of platelet concentrate and its effect in odontogenic cyst with bone graft.

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) or Tic Doloureux or prosopalgia is a neuropathic disorder of the trigeminal N that causes episodes of intense pain in the eye, lip, nose, head & jaw. TN usually develop after the age of 50 years, reported case patient with 28 years old female, complaining from severe lancinating intermittent pain, not relived by tegretol, caused by CPA arachnoids cyst which causes pressure on trigeminal ganglia in the pons, Treatment: tegretol 100mg 1x3 to relieve sever lanceting pain the pain is not response to the medication and finally we decided to do ARhizotomy or neurectomy to the trigeminal nerve ending put the patient refuse the treatment Discussion: Any case of TN which lacks the typical feature of idiopathic case must be imaged like: 1. Young age groups 2. Abnormal finding in the trigeminal nerve examination like sensory defecate 3. long lasting episodes of pain and associated other cranial nerve palsied in the CPA like the 8th,7th and 10th cranial nerve 4. TN not responding to the usual medical treatment and associated with any abnormal neurological findings in the examination Conclusion: The trigeminal neuralgia mostly occur in old age so any young patient with sign and symptom of TN, CT or an MRI is indicated to excluded brain abnormality or any pressure on the 5th cranial n or its ganglia

Hemangioma may occur anywhere in the body though it is more common in the skin and subcutaneous tissues. It consists of multiple dilated venous channels. It is a spongy swelling and is usually present since birth. It does not show any tendency to involution. On the contrary it may become larger and more troublesome as the time goes on. The Subcutaneous cavernous Hemangioma are very rare benign tumors making up less than 1% of all haemangiomas (Goldberg et al., 2004). A case of eleven years old boy presented with swelling in the infraumbilical region of five years duration with pain for the past one month. On examination a non compressible, tender, warm swelling with out any cough impulse in the subcutaneous region. On Doppler study of a swelling showed thrombosed infra umbilical hemangioma. Then the patient underwent excision biopsy with uneventful post operative day. The histopathological report came as cavernous Hemangioma which is the rarest entity. The post operative period was uneventful and discharged on fourth post operative period. It is being presented for its rarity.

Phyllodes tumours are rare and account for 0.4% of all breast tumours (Dyer et al., 1966). The majority of them tend to be less than 5 cms in size with giant tumours larger than 10 cms being about 20% of these cases. They display a broad range of clinical and pathological behavior and are regarded as falling within the spectrum of fibroepithelial neoplasms. Surgery has been the primary modality of treatment. However the extent of resection and the role of adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy are still controversial. The risk of recurrence is (4.7% - 30%) for benign phyllodes tumour and (30% - 65%) for borderline and malignant phyllodes tumour (Popescu et al., 1991). A 46 year old female presented with complaints of lump in the right breast for six months. No other associated symptoms. She had undergone surgery 15 years back for the large right breast lump. On examination a swelling of sized 4x3 cms occupied in the upper outer quardrant of right breast with individual mobility within the breast. All basic investigations were normal. The Preoperative biopsy were phyllodes tumour. Hence we did right excision biopsy of the lump with 1cm clearence which were consistent with benign phyllodes tumour. The post operative periods were uneventful and is on regular follow up. The case is being presented for its rarity.

Plants are always used as medicines from long time and there is also a need for studying nutritive value and antioxidant activity of these plants. The present study includes various factors for experimental work and it involves plant extracts preparation from both fresh and dried materials as per methods used and showed significant result for both nutritive values like moisture content, mineral elements, proteins, carbohydrates, reducing and non-reducing sugars. The antioxidant activities of plants like Total Phenols, Vitamin A, Vitamin C and Free radical scavenging activity is considered in this study. There is always a need for an accurate determination of antioxidant capacity as it is gaining importance in most of the areas like food industry, therefore several analytical methods and measuring systems have been developed.

India is the largest producer and exporter of spices in the world and is called as the ‘spice bowl of the world’. During 1960s, with 25 per cent share in world production and 20 per cent share in world export, India was the major producer and exporter of pepper in the world but unfortunately India is losing its comparative advantage in world pepper market. Since the early 2000s, Vietnam has emerged as the leading producer and exporter of pepper in the world market. Kerala accounts for more than 90 percent of the total area and production of pepper in India. The compound growth rate analysis revealed that there was a decrease in the growth rate of area, production and productivity of pepper in Kerala. The export value showed a growth rate of 19.68 percent during 2005-06 to 2013-14 and export quantity showed a negative growth rate of 2.87 during the same period. The incidence of pest and disease was found to be the major reason for the decrease in the production of pepper. The export quantity and value of pepper exemplified high instability whereas the instability in area, production and productivity of pepper were comparatively low. Other pepper producing countries like Vietnam, Srilanka etc. Are posing serious challenge to Indian pepper export in the international market. Appropriate measures should be taken to stabilize the prices in domestic and international markets. The supply of pepper should be regulated in order to prevent fall in price. As majority of pepper growing farmers are small and marginal farmers, incentives should be given to prevent them from shifting to other crops.

The present work is focused on synthesis and characterization of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) to study its effects on two Brassica juncea cultivars stressed with different toxicity levels of Cadmium (Cd). ZnO NPs were synthesized by chemical precipitation method and characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-rays (EDX) techniques. Crystalline size was calculated from the XRD results using Scherer equation. In present study ZnO NPs suspension were used as priming agent for ameliorating Cadmium toxicity in B. juncea seeds under in vitro conditions. It was found that ZnO NPs treated seedlings displayed good growth characteristics over control and was able to overcome Cadmium toxicity in Brassica juncea , demonstrating a positive effect of the nanoparticles treatment.

A field experiment was done to evaluate the toxicity of certain insecticides with reference to number of sprays against predatory population of spiders and coccinellid beetles on mango. Azadirachtin (0.05%) was found to be safer to spider as well coccinellids i.e. Menochilus sexmaculatus and Coccinella septumpunctata. Endosulfan (0.07%) was relatively safe to coccinellid beetles followed by malathion (0.05%) and carbaryl (0.1%). Single spray was safe than two sprays and three sprays where as Cypermethrin (0.01%) showed distinct deleterious effect on spiders and coccinellid beetle population.

With the aim of evaluating the effects of agroforestry based conservation tillage (AFCT) on water infiltration and selected soil properties, two tillage types: Agroforestry based Conservation Tillage (AFCT) and Maize based Conventional Tillage (MCT) under three age categories (10, 20 and 30-years) were selected in Wonago District, Southern Ethiopia. A total of 48 composite soil samples (4 replication * 2 tillage types * 3 age categories * 2 soil depth layers: 0-20 cm and 20-40cm) were collected to analyse the soil organic carbon (SOC%) content of the soil together with soil textural fractions (%) and porosity (%). Additional undisturbed core samples were also collected to determine soil bulk density (g cm-3). Water infiltration capacity was measured in the field using double ring infiltrometer. From the three age categories, a total of 18 measurement points (3 replication * 2 tillage types * 3 age categories) were carried out for one full hour and changes in water levels were recorded at time increments of 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 and 60 min for calculation of rate and cumulative water infiltration. The result showed that the soil textural fractions (sand, silt and clay) significantly varied (ρ<0.001, P<0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively) with age of land use management. Soil bulk density, Pt and SOC varied significantly with tillage types (ρ<0.001) and soil depth (ρ<0.001). Water infiltration (rate and cumulative) significantly varied (ρ< 0.001) with tillage types: higher in the AFCT than in the MCT. Lower soil bulk density and higher SOC were observed in the top 0-20 cm soil layer under the AFCT than in the MCT. Soil bulk density increased while Pt and SOC decreased with soil depth in both tillage types. Improvement in the water infiltration under AFCT was due to higher soil organic carbon (SOC) input and less soil disturbance. Thus, reducing the frequency of soil disturbance through application of agro forestry based conservation tillage would help to improve water infiltration capacity and other soil qualities.

The study was carried out at Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad. The aim of the study was to evaluate the physicochemical status of Yamuna water in relation to water pollution in Allahabad. In our study different analytical tests were done such as pH, Temperature, DO, COD, Alkanity, Chlorine, BOD, Total Bacterial count by SPC, TSS and TDS. The results were satisfactory according to the guidelines of Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook World Bank Group effectively from July 1998, in which all the standard readings are given.

Aquaculture plays a vital role in many countries by offering better nutrition, higher income, foreign exchange and better employment opportunities. Aquatic ecosystems are affected by several health stressors that significantly deplete biodiversity. Fungal infection is an important economic and limiting factor in intensive fish production. Microbial quality of farmed fish is largely determined by the quality of water in which they are cultivated. Aquatic fungal diseases are more acute in cold water than in warm water culture and may be aggravated by the unfavourable conditions, i.e., over-crowding, malnutrition and unstable temperature. Therefore, a study was attempted to estimate the physio-chemical parameters of pond water and pathogenic fungi in different tissues of the cultured freshwater carps.

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a genetic condition in which the male sterile plants are not able to set seeds on their own. Both cytoplasmic and nuclear genes interact to control male sterility. Restorer of fertility (Rf) genes restore male fertility on CMS plants. In the present study, we genetically mapped a fertility restoration locus using selective genotyping approach in a F2 population of 296A x PVK809 cross. The Rf locus was identified near to the SSR marker Xtxp304 on chromosome 2. Sorghum gene, Sobic.002G057000, a member of Pentatricopeptide (PPR) protein family was putatively identified as the candidate for fertility restoration in this cross.

The present strategy of rural development in India mainly focuses on poverty alleviation, better livelihood opportunities, provision of basic amenities and infrastructure facilities through innovative programmes of wage and self-employment. In this context sericulture is a better option because it is an agro based economic activity which provides immense scope for self- employment. It provides direct or indirect employment to about 7 million people in India. Andhra Pradesh endowed with 37,000 ha under mulberry crop and occupies 2nd position in the country in production of silk. The study area has about 315 acres under mulberry cultivation. The total beneficiaries are 5600 out of them 4100 are tribal in the district. In the district 45 per cent beneficiaries out of 100 adopted the sericulture as main occupation and rest 55 per cent as secondary occupation. The total monthly income obtained from all sources to the families involved in sericulture occupation is average Rs. 4500/- The total monthly expenditure is about Rs. 2550/-. Hence migration of people from rural to urban areas in search of jobs can be minimized. In view of the significance of the sericulture industry in providing entrepreneurial opportunities in the production process of silk and silk fabric and its value addition by the utilization of cocoons, an attempt was made to discuss the socio-economic study in the Industry.

Parenting styles are defined as set of attitudes; beliefs and goals parents have and put into practice in their daily interactions with their children. Parents adopt many parenting styles, from quite strict to very permissive one. An attempt was made to investigate the association between parental use of disciplinary styles and behaviour problems among preschool children. The sample constituted 100 (50 boys and 50 girls) studying in three different preschool settings i.e. Laboratory nursery school, Anganwadi centres and Private schools in Tirupati town. The mothers (N=100) of these children and teachers (N=10) constituted the sub samples of the study. Data were collected by using stratified random sampling technique. Schedule for Parenting Style developed by investigator. Behaviour Problem Checklist developed (BPCL) by Anuradha and Bharathi (2000), was adapted to suit to preschool children and was used to assess the behaviour problems among preschool children. Results indicates that Children exhibit more behavior problems where Parents who use more authoritarian parenting style. Whereas parents used more democratic parenting style then children exhibit less behavioral problems. Parents follow higher permissive parenting style. Children from those families may exhibit more behavioral problems

The Department of Women and Child Development within the Ministry of Human Resource Development initiated the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) in 1976 in India. Under the Integrated Child Development Services programme, anganwadi centres provide children with health, nutrition, and education services from birth to six years of age and a nutritional and health services to pregnant and breastfeeding mothers. Study was made in rural tea garden areas to find out the coverage status of Integrated Child Development Service facilities and one awareness package was formulated to improve the coverage levels. Study found that the good, poor and nil levels of knowledge and attitude in percentage of families of post-awareness group were significantly higher than the knowledge and attitude levels of pre-awareness group due to the effective role of awareness package. There were significant improvement in the coverage of DPT, polio and measles in the post-awareness group than the pre-awareness group. Awareness campaign noticeably increased the coverage of iron and folic acid (IFA) and tetanus toxoid (TT) in post-awareness group. The impact of awareness package was further established as it was successful to decrease the effects of socio-economic barriers in coverage levels of Integrated Child Development Service facilities.

Various types of pollutants are present in wastewater discharges form coke industry, but cyanide and phenol are considered as most dangerous pollutants among all. Due to the utilization of natural sources, the phytoremediation is considered as a low cost method which utilizes natural sources. In the current research, Co-removal of cyanide and phenol from waste water was done by E. Crassipes (Water Hyacinth) and Zea Mays (Maize) plants with the application of the phytoremediation method. The toxicity measurement of cyanide and phenol to the plants was determined with the help of Normalized relative transpiration, Biomass growth, change in length of stem and root. The percentage removal of cyanide and phenol was determined at different concentration of cyanide and phenol.

Present study was conducted to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial activity of Bougainvillea variegata leaves extract with Bougainvillea spectabillis leaves extract. Antibacterial activity of Methanolic and Ethanolic extract of these plant leaves were tested against Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains by observing the zone of inhibition. Antibacterial activity was done by disc diffusion method at a concentration of 500 µg/disc of the extract, using Ampicillin (Amp), Tetracycline (TE), Neomycin (N), Gentamycin (CN), Chloramphenicol (C), Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Erythromycin (E) as the standard. The bacterial strains used in the study were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtillis and Listeria monocytogenes . Both Methanolic & Ethanolic extracts have shown activity against Gram positive and negative bacteria. Extracts were not effective against Enterococcus faecalis.

The CNC machine tools are used to manufacture precision machined components. Generally the component profile & size to be achieved is programmed using NC Codes. Once the parts are produced, the operator will check whether the desired dimension is achieved or not. There are chances that due to the tool wear (predominantly) and other reasons like material non homogeneity, insufficient coolant supply etc. (less predominantly) the produced parts are out of specified tolerance zone. By chance if the operator miss to check and correct the wear offsets, then there are chances that the few components get rejected during series of production. Dimensional and Geometrical parameters measurement in CNC machine is primarily an open loop system. The checking is done by operator after completion of operation, which is not reliable. This is called OBQ (Operator based quality). The requirement of the industry is to switch from the OBQ to SBQ (System Based Quality). In the proposed work, an end to end solution from auto measurement to analysis using an embedded system and feedback to the CNC machine using communication protocols, thereby making Auto Inspection system for a closed loop manufacturing system will be developed.

The main objective of this project was blending of aniline and toluene with local reformat gasoline, to enhance the octane number of reformat gasoline product from Khartoum refinery (Sudan). Reformat gasoline was tested according to American society for testing and materials(ASTM), Tests included distillation, sulfur content, density, vapor pressure, oxidation stability, cupper strip corrosion, gum existence, lead content, and octane number determination by Cooperative Fuels Research )CFR engine(. Previously tetra ethyl lead (TEL) and tetra methyl lead (TML) have been used to improve the fuels octane number, but they have negative effects on the environment, and have been banned internationally. The motor octane number (MON) of reformat gasoline used in this research was recorded (88.5) before additives. In order to enhance the ON of reformat gasoline, aniline and toluene were added to the reformat gasoline with different concentration (5, 10,% v/v). Octane number of blends was measured by CFR engine. The properties of reformat gasoline after all additions were improved to the limits assigned by ASTM and Khartoum refinery. Motor octane number (MON) was increased into the range of 1 - 7. Addition of 10% v/v aniline showed high value of MON, but addition of 5% v/v toluene showed lower value of MON.

A study has been undertaken to investigate the quality of service rendered to airline passengers. The passengers who come to airport would report at the respective counters in the first stage with relevant documents and tickets. It is found that for each flight service three counters are opened and passengers are free to join any of the queues at counters. At those counters the passengers are issued with the boarding passes after verification of documents. In the second stage where immigration cum security pass activity is performed. The system is considered as two stages multiple channels Jackson Queuing model. Data have been recorded for several days at various times in each of the days and at various counters at the stages. The data have been analyzed and the arrival rate of passengers, service rate of passengers, waiting time in the queue system and length of system are computed. The quality control charts are drawn to depict the waiting time of the passengers in the queues before boarding the respective flights. The waiting time was exorbitantly high and hence optimized the serving system with the addition of optimum number of servers. With the proposed addition of optimum servers the total cost is optimized and the waiting time of passengers before boarding the respective flights is reduced greatly and improves the customer’s satisfaction.

Copper (II) complexes containing mixed ligands, Schiff bases (L1=(2-carboxyphenyl)-pyridine-2-ylethyleneamine; L2=5-Br-(2-carboxyphenyl)-pyridine-2-ylethyleneamine and L3=5-NO2-(2-carboxyphenyl)-pyridine-2-ylethyleneamine) and 1, 10-phenanthroline has been synthesized by conventional methods. These copper (II) complexes has been characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic moment, FT-IR, electronic spectra, ESR spectra, electrochemical analysis, flourescence spectra and thermal analysis. On the basis of these spectral studies, it is revealed that all the complexes exhibited 1:1 (metal:ligand) ratio with the coordination number 6. The antimicrobial analysis showed that copper (II) complexes containing mixed ligands, Schiff bases (L1, L2 and L3) and 1, 10-phenanthroline is more active than only ligands.

Bulk geochemical characteristics include, API gravity, sulfur content, metal contents (V and Ni), bulk composition (saturate, aromatic, polar NSO and asphaltene), normal alkanes and isoprenoids (detected from gas chromatography) were determined for the crude oil samples collected from northern, central and southern province of Gulf of Suez region. These characteristics are used to provide information about source organic matter input, depositional environment and maturation level. The obtained data indicate that these oils were derived from carbonate source rock contain aquatic (algal and bacterial) organic matter with minor terrigenous organic matter contribution that were deposited in marine environments under high reducing conditions and generated at different maturities.

The magnetic materials occupied great place in the development of modern data storage system. The present study stated the synthesis of soft magnetic Mg-Co ferrite particles in co-precipitation method. The synthesized ferrite was characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, SEM, and Vibrating Sample Magnetometry (VSM) analysis. The XRD and FTIR analysis revealed the formation of single phase spinel ferrites. The grain size of synthesized particle was in nano meter range with saturation magnetization of 21.129 emu/g at 12kOe. The dielectric analysis was carried out in different temperatures and found that the dielectric constant was increased with temperature.

Ainabkoi settlement scheme, like other million-acre schemes in Kenya, was started in 1960-1967, to settle people from all parts of Rift valley. The programme was supposed to implement planned socio-economic changes, and was expected to work according to set out guidelines. However, most of these guidelines were set along the colonial agenda for land in Kenya. This paper seeks to analyse the colonial context that informed the historical foundations of Ainabkoi Settlement Scheme in Eldoret East in the North Rift region of Kenya. The data collection methods employed in the study included oral interviews, secondary data and archival sources. The analysis of data was done using both qualitative and quantitative methods, and the findings were interpreted against the framework provided by Rural Development Approach. The study revealed that the colonial conquest of Kenya after 1895 not only established alien political domination, but it also created conditions conducive to the penetration of capitalism in a more fundamental and thoroughgoing manner than in the nineteenth century. Moreover, the Kenya land regulations of 1897 empowered the government to issue new rights over unoccupied land provided they would not be prejudicial to nature interests, but only by means of certificates of occupancy and only for a period of up to twenty one years, although this period was later extended. To encourage such settlement, however, it was necessary to offer better security of tenure for settlers. To this end, the government pursued a lenient land policy designating areas to be reserved for European settlement. Nevertheless, in setting aside land for European settlements, the colonial government ignored the indigenous land claims and rights. The land policies had great repercussion on African land tenure and settlement pattern and the development and organization of agriculture. Land relations following the displacement of pastoral and agricultural communities were accompanied by many problems of human adaptation. These included famine and livestock diseases and plagues. In the case of agricultural communities, displacement led to widespread landlessness and discontent among the rural peasantry. The establishment of fixed ethnic boundaries badly disturbed the equilibrium between patterns of land use and availability of land. The consequences were enormous, a very rapid deterioration of land due to fragmentation, overstocking and soil erosion.

Groundwater is a natural resource of the earth that sustains and supports domestic, agricultural and industrial activities. Over half of the world’s population depends on groundwater for drinking water supplies. Its usage is increasing due to rapid population growth, high rate of urbanization, industrial growth and agricultural utilizations. This has resulted to rapid depletion of groundwater which leads to water stress and degradation of these resources. The situation is further worsened by inadequate information on groundwater resource which has been and is still a big obstacle to the proper management of these resources. Remote sensing and GIS techniques have emerged as very effective and reliable tools in the assessment, monitoring and conservation of groundwater resources. In the present paper, various groundwater potential zones for the assessment of groundwater availability in Uppar odai sub-watershed, Nandiyar, Cauvery Basin, Tamil Nadu have been delineated using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Survey of India toposheets and IRS-1C satellite imageries are used to prepare various thematic layers viz. lithology, slope, landuse/land cover, lineament, drainage, geomorphology, soil, and rainfall were transformed to raster data using feature to raster converter tool in ArcGIS 10.1. The raster maps of these factors are allocated a fixed score and weight computed from multi influencing factor (MIF) technique. Moreover, each weighted thematic layer is statistically computed to get the groundwater potential zones. The groundwater potential zones thus obtained were divided into four categories, viz., excellent, good, moderate and poor zones. The result depicts the groundwater potential zones in the study area and found to be helpful in better planning and management of groundwater resources.

Gender equality is a key factor in contributing to the economic growth of a nation. The United Nations Population Fund believe that economic growth and social equality should go hand in hand, arguing that “gender inequality holds back growth of individuals, development of countries, and the evolution of societies, to the disadvantage of men and women”. The discrimination against women remains a common occurrence in today’s society and serves to hinder economic prosperity. The empowerment of women through such things as the promotion of women’s rights and an increase in the access of women to resources and education proves to be key to the advancement of economic development. Namely, gender equality in the work force and in social relationships are the two primary factors that instill economic growth. The influential role of gender equality on economic growth is most directly illustrated in the participation of women in the labor force. When women are not involved in the workforce, only part of the able workforce is being utilized and, thus, economic resources are wasted. Gender equality allows for an increase in women in the working sector, thereby leading to an expansion of the labor force and an increase in economic productivity. Figure 1 illustrates the increasing contribution of women to the gross domestic product (GDP) as well as to the economic growth of specific countries proving that an increase in female participation in the workforce undoubtedly will create economic growth.

A human activity constitutes the physical, cultural and perceptual attributes of townscapes that creates social phenomenon and sense of place. However, human activities in historic waterfront were facing alteration which resulted to place declining and placelessness. This paper discusses the roles of human activities setting that characterized the cultural & heritage waterfront identity of those three waterfronts namely as of Venice waterfront, Amsterdam waterfront and Marsaxlokk waterfront. A case study method was conducted by some evidence such as photo observation, and study on documents analysis and other resources related to collect society’ cultural experiences. Result indicated that human activities generated from routine activity, sociocultural, and economic vitality contributed to identity of the cultural & heritage waterfront. This outcome can be helpful for the developer, policy makers and master planner to facilitate in documenting the role of human activities setting in cultural & heritage waterfront, as well to examine the meaning of human activities setting that emphasize the sense of place and social phenomenon.

Image character of a waterfront was predisposed most by the history of the places. Hence, landscape elements also a part of history of place that influence the image of waterfront. In order to sustain the city’s images and character, preservation on the visibility of water features as a landmark is important. Recently, the new commercial development which growth surrounds the historical landmark in cultural and heritage waterfront, have indubitable affect to the visibility at those areas. This paper investigated the types of water features and function for cultural & historical waterfront that influence the identity of place. Thus this paper discusses the roles of water features that characterized the cultural and heritage waterfront identity of Melaka waterfront. A case study method was conducted involving site observation and questionnaire survey to collect residents ‘cultural experiences. Result indicated that water features are used to decorate waterfront and townscapes besides that it’s also practical to honor persons or occasions, such as entertainment and leisure times .This finding will be useful for architect, designers, and planners as their strategy in developing a commercial area especially within a sensitive area in the heritage site.

Adoption of full extension package is seen as a key driver to increase agricultural production in Ethiopia. However, there is lack of empirical evidence on the adoption of full extension package on teff by farmers. A study was conducted in Dendi district, Ethiopia. The data for the study were generated by employing both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. Semi-structured interview schedule was used to collect primary data from the respondents. To generate qualitative data, focus group discussion and key informant interview were employed. Binary logistic model was used to analyze the factors influencing full package adoption on improved teff technology among sampled farmers. The results of binary logit model indicated that educational level, total livestock owned, frequency of training, and knowledge level were found to have positive and significant influence on the adoption of full extension package of improved teff technology while land size, input price and total social participation were found to have negative and significant influence on the same. In conclusion, it is imperative to improve farmers’ access to information and extension advices and credit services to increase the adoption. Moreover, attention has to be given to create suitable and modern teff line sowing equipment. Hence, development interventions should give emphasis on improvement of such factors to increase adoption of full extension package on improved teff technology.

The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of academic motivation and gender to academic performance among secondary school students attending day schools within Nakuru municipality. The study was based on the Self-Determination Theory by Ryan and Deci which explains two main components of human motivation; (a) humans are motivated to maintain an optimal level of stimulation, and (b) humans have basic needs for competence and personal causation or self-determination. The theory indicates that when these needs are met for the students, they will be intrinsically motivated and will actively engage in learning. The study utilised a mixed approach and adapted the ex-post facto design. The target population comprised all Form Two and Form Four students in the seventeen secondary schools in Nakuru municipality from which seven day schools were sampled using the stratified random sampling technique. The sample was made up of 489 students. Data was collected using a students’ questionnaire. The academic performance scores were obtained from the school records for two terms. Cronbach's alpha was used to estimate reliability and expert judgment technique was used to determine validity. The major statistical methods used in this study were: Pearson’s r, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey’s HSD post hoc test. The level of significance used for statistical tests was .05. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS). Descriptive statistics, means, frequencies, percentages and standard deviations were used for data presentation and to explain the variables in this study. The findings of this study indicated that there was a positive relationship between academic motivation and academic performance. Gender was found to strongly contribute to the learners’ academic performance. These findings will assist teachers, school administrators and other stake holders to engage in interventions in school and at home, that can improve the quality of learning and hence boost the students’ academic performance and to boost academic motivation.

Visiting days in boarding schools have become a phenomenon in Kenya. Each school has its own policies on the management of the whole event, relating to who visits to what is brought to students during visiting days. These policies are often flouted resulting in indiscipline. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of visiting days on student discipline in girls’ boarding secondary schools of Uasin Gishu County. The target population comprised all the 92 secondary schools with an approximate population of 12,273 students. Out of these, 6079 were girls. All the Form Three girls in the schools were 850. Thirty (30) Form Three girls from each school were selected using lottery technique; yielding 210 girls. For schools, purposive and stratified sampling was used to yield seven girls’ only boarding secondary schools comprising: 1 national, 2 provincial, 2 district and 2 private secondary schools. The 7 head teachers automatically qualified once their schools were selected. The 2 Guiding and Counselling teachers in each school were selected purposively. The entire sample size consisted of 7 schools, 210 students, 7 head teachers and 14 guiding and counselling teachers; totalling 231. Data collection utilized mainly the questionnaire, augmented by interviews and documentary analysis. Analysis was done using qualitative computer software with matrix output capabilities (SPSS and Excel). Results were presented and interpreted using suitable simple tables, charts, graphs and prose. The study revealed that mothers were the main visitors to schools during visiting days, with foodstuff being the major items brought. There was also no uniform system used in managing visiting days as each school was to come up with their own devices. However, lapses in enforcement compromised discipline management. The study recommends to the MOEST to streamline and regulate visiting days; as well as determine the extent of parental involvement when children are in boarding schools.

In recent years, nano-based photocatalyst has shown a great potential as a low-cost, green chemical based and sustainable waste water treatment technology. Development of materials for photo oxidation and photocatalysis has followed an evolutionary pathway from usual bulk metals and semiconductors to colloidal materialsand, recently, to nanosized materials. Nanosized materials, whose electronic properties are size-tunable, enable the application of a larger range of semiconductors as a potential material for photocatalytic processes in the fieldof environmental remediation. The continuous worsening environmental pollution and energy shortages have raised awareness of a potential global crisis. For the sustainable development of the ecologicalsociety, the development of pollution-free and green chemistry based technologies for environmental remediation is an urgent need. Among the wide variety of green earth and renewable energy projects underway, nano-photocatalysis has emerged as one of the most promising new technology because it represents an easy way to utilize the energy of either natural sunlight or artificial internal illumination, and is available abundantly everywhere. Nano-photocatalysis is a rapidly expanding technology for the removal as well as the mineralization of toxicants from the waste in order to environmental clean-up and sustainable development. The ability of this advanced oxidation technology has been extensively demonstrated to remove persistent organic compounds, toxicants, pesticides and dye effluents from the waste water. This paper reviews the recent R&D progresses of semiconductor nano-photocatalyst, mechanism, affects, present and future prospectus of photo oxidation processes for waste water treatment.

The main objective of present paper is to identify and fill up the research gaps in terms of conceptual aspects and methods of research work on Fluvial Morphology and Socio-Economic Environment in the East-Central part of lower deltaic Bengal. This work will provide a proper idea to develop the method of study to the scholars studying on almost similar type of problems. For achieving the target the author has reviewed the previous literatures thoroughly. The literature survey has been attempted on all most all the main aspects of the research work. There is a lack of holistic approach in the studies conducted so far in the present study area. An appraisal of the riverine environment and society needs to be done in a comprehensive manner to facilitate proper planning and management of resources and for using them in a sustainable manner.

The banking industry globally has evolved over the years owing to a number of factors that include but are not limited to technological advances, customer tastes and preferences, more dynamic segmentation of products and services, competition which from not only traditional banks but also mobile companies and micro finance institutions. The customers have also become more demanding and informed hence the banks have to put in place strategies that will lead to having more loyal customers. This must be informed by clear understanding of customer needs and the nature of businesses in society today. The aim of this paper is to assess the moderating effect of perceived customer value on the relationship between relationship quality and customer loyalty based on a study of various commercial banks in Kenya. The study was grounded on three theories; the commitment and trust theory, relationship marketing theory and social exchange theory. The study adopted a positivist approach because of the use of quantitative data. The study further utilized explanatory research design. A questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 309 bank customers in major cities and towns in Kenya. Correlation analysis was used to establish the relationship among the variables. Multiple and moderated regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses at α=.05 level of significance. Model effect size was measured using R-square. The findings of the study indicated that perceived customer value moderated the relationship between communication and customer loyalty; further perceived customer value moderated the relationship between conflict handling and customer loyalty while the relationship between commitment and customer loyalty was not moderated by perceived customer value. The study recommends that bank managers should put more emphasis on relationship quality by improving the relationship commitment, regularly communicating with customers, and resolving conflicts promptly whenever they arise.

The present paper aims to focus on: whether firms of the Zari and Embroidery industry, an important informal localized industry in West Bengal, are leap-frogging. To access the issue, the analysis is based on how small firms of the industry get access to new economic knowledge production, i.e. innovation. The issue is crucial since this particular industry is characterized by the dominance of production units of small firms of the industry who are agglomerated in specific spatial clusters in particular geographical horizon throughout the state. Several factors account for specific location of these informal industrial production units. The present study is specifically confined to a particular factor, namely innovation. The small informal firms of the industry cannot execute their innovation due to lack of fund. The present study is, therefore, confined to explore: how small firms of the Zari and Embroidery industry access to new economic knowledge production thereby ensure their survival in the competitive market and contribute to industrial growth. To reveal this, the present study selects two specific sites of the industry in West Bengal, Panchla (Howrah) and Arambagh (Hooghly). The selection of the sites has been based upon existence of small informal clustered production units in specific spaces and incorporation of their high growth potential and large employment opportunities. The micro-level field studies, sampling design and data analysis procedure of the study are based upon standard model approach to accept spatial heterogeneity within the frame of the study.

The present paper examines the quality of Groundwater in the Study Area of Kalyandurg, Brahmasamudram and Setturu Mandals of Anantapur district of A.P, India. The water quality analysis helps to know the suitability of water for different uses domestic, Agricultural and Industrial suitability of water for various purposes may be studied through important parameters like TDS (Total Dissolved Solids), pH, Chloride (Cl), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), and TH (Total Hardness) and Fluoride contents of the water are the parameters by which water quality is here assessed for 2000 and 2012. For this study groundwater quality samples collected from Groundwater Department for different locations in the study area. The study has found that the pH Value in the study area are found in the range between 7.1 to 8.28 and 8.04 to 8.7 in pre and post Monsoon period of 2000, at the same way for 2012 pH range between 7.1 to 7.38 and 7.55 to 7.97, TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) values range between 367.36 to 651.52 Mg/L, and 395.52 to 666.24 Mg/L for 2000, 673.28 to 1256.32 Mg/L and 520.32 to1173.12 Mg/L for pre and post monsoon period of 2011, Chloride (Cl) range between 32 to 56 and 70 to 150 Mg/L in 2000, 100 to 350 and 50 to 300 Mg/L in pre and post monsoon period of 2011, Calcium(Ca) range between 32 to 56 Mg/L and 16 to 40 Mg/L in 2000, 24 to 48 Mg/L and 32 to 64 Mg/L in pre and post monsoon period of 2011, Magnesium (Mg) range between 5 to 49 and 19 to 44 Mg/L in 2000, 39 to 126 and 34 to 78 Mg/L in pre and post monsoon period of 2011 and Total Hardness (TH) values range between 100.6 to 321.6 and 138.2 to 260.5 Mg/L in 2000 and 220.5 to 638.5 and 219.9 to 421.0 Mg/L in pre and post monsoon period of 2011.

The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection leaves a considerable proportion of children with life long sequelae of one or other form. Besides high case fatality rate, the Japanese encephalitis - epidemics, result in variable frequency of sequelae like mental impairment, severe emotional instability, personality changes and paralysis. A retrospective study had been undertaken to analyse different forms of sequelae among 49 partly recovered JE- cases in Perambalur, a Japanese encephalitis - prone district of Tamilnadu from 1990 through 1999. Motor sequelae, behavioural sequelae, intellectual sequelae and other neurological sequelae were the major forms of sequelae observed. Speech disorder was a striking clinical sequelae (69.4%) recorded in this study. Ataxia was found in 40.8% of cases. Attention deficit (36.7%) and memory deficit (36.7%) were the other two major types of sequelae among the study subjects. Limb paralysis was found among 34.7% of the sequelae patients. This study gives an approximate sequelae rates and stresses the need for regular follow up and due attention to the Japanese encephalitis sequelae cases, as the morbidity exists over a considerable period, though the recovery of sequelae progresses with time.

Aim: To study the obstetrical and perinatal outcome and usefulness of umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry and AFI in oligohydramnnios at or beyond 34 weeks of gestation. Methods: This comparative randomized prospective study conducted among 150 pregnant women at 34 weeks to 42 weeks of gestation.AFI was measured by 4 quadrant technique and umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry done in cases with AFI5 cm and the results were statistically analyzed and compared. Results: In control group mean AFI was 11.74 cm and in study group it was 4.18cm.Among control group LSCS was 46%, in group 1and 2, 74% and 56% respectively. Occurrence of non reactive NST was more in oligohydramnios i.e. group 1 and 2 (42% & 28%) compared to 24% in control group. NICU admission were more in group 1 (58%) compared to group 2 (38%) and control group 22%. Conclusion: AFI 5 CM after 34 weeks of gestation is an an indicator of poor perinatal outcome and umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry is helpful in identification of high risk cases and reduced perinatal morbidity and mortality.

Background: Mucocele is one of the most common benign soft tissue tumor present in the oral cavity. Histologically, there are of two types – one is extravasation and second one is retention type but the majority are extravasation type. Aims: The objective is to determine various factors related to mucocele such as role of trauma due, recurrence, duration, and to find out whether there is any role of psychological stress which initiates trauma like lip or cheek biting. Materials and Methods: 76 cases of mucocele diagnosed at the Department of the Oral Pathology, 2008 and 2013 were reviewed. The clinical data were recorded and histopathologic diagnosis was made. Statistical Analysis Used: Data analysis tool, Microsoft Office Excel 2007. Results: A diagnosis of mucocele was established in 76 cases with male predominance. The peak age of occurrence was between 2nd and 3rd decade. The extravasation type (80.26%) was more common than the retention type (19.73%). The most common affected site was lower lip (36.84%). The maximum numbers of mucoceles were asymptomatic (61.84%), and with normal appearing oral mucosa color was seen in (61.84%) compared to bluish coloration. It was also observed that most of the Mucoceles had diameter ranging from 5 to 10 mm. The most common causative factor for the mucocele was trauma 31(40.79%) with (14.47%) recurrence cases. Conclusion: We conclude that there was male predominance and they were more affected in 2nd and 3rd decade. The lateral side of lower labial mucosa was the commonest site and the trauma due to teeth or lip biting was the major etiological factor for the occurrence of the mucocele.

Data from 558 Friesian-Bunaji crossbreds were used for this study. Season and period of calving significantly (p<0.05) influenced 305-day first lactation milk yield while calf parity number significantly (p<0.05) influenced first milk yield at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 months. First lactation yield of crossbreds did not follow a particular trend but was better in animals calved in the late wet season (982.41kg) followed by early dry season (950.45kg) and least in the early wet season (868.19kg). Subsequent 305-day milk yield was highest (951.91kg) in Period 2006 – 2010 and least (425.17kg) in period 1986 – 1990. It is concluded that crossbreds from the 2nd calf parity, calved in the late wet season have an optimum 305-day first lactation yield subsequently.

All hospitalized patients specially those who are critically ill are susceptible to have Nosocomial Infection. Aim: To conduct a detailed study of various types of nosocomial infections, related factors and control measures for the purpose of preparing a descriptive report on evidence of nosocomial infections in critically ill patients. Setting and Design: Critical Care Areas through quantitative research approach and non interventional descriptive research design was used for the present study based on Chain of Infection Model (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005). Material and Method: A Structured Checklist and Nosocomial Infection Assessment Proforma was developed and used to collect data from purposively selected sample of sixty critically ill patients who became febrile after 48 hours of hospital admission. The collected data was organized, tabulated and analyzed and interpreted using descriptive and inferential statistics to assess Nosocomial Infection evidence. Results: Findings of the study revealed that maximum number of patients i.e. 32 (53.33%) had fever with one manifestation. Culture/serology report was positive in 26 CIP. Acinetobacter baumannii was the found in 12 (46.15%) patients. Most of the patients had only one type of NI, 26 (63.42%) developed respiratory tract infection followed by those with other localized/wound infection 15 (36.59%) then urinary tract 5 (12.19%) and GI tract 2 (4.88%). Measures for control of NI according to structure and process standards were not met. Item analysis revealed several deficits in control measures. Conclusion: Majority of the Critically ill patients do have manifestations of Nosocomial Infections, supporting the assumption. Therefore, descriptive report was prepared and planned to be shared with local TNAI member and Infection control team

Ionising radiations are one of the dominant external factor that exert deleterious effect on human life. The biological effects of the radiation cause damages to DNAs, lipids and proteins. Exposure to high amounts of ionizing radiation causes damage to the hematopoietic, gastrointestinal or central nervous systems. There is a dose dependent effect of radiation on human body. Radiation injury refers to the acute or delayed consequences of exposure of a small part of the body to high doses of ionizing radiation resulting in severe burns acutely whereas long-term injury may affect various organs like eyes resulting in formation of cataract and lung involvement resulting in pneumonia . Damage to the DNA results due to ionizing radiation is the most important factor in cell death. It is followed by altered cell division, depletion of stem cells, organ system dysfunction. The ever increasing use of natural compounds for improving health has tremendously increased in modern times. Hence, there is an urgent need to prevent harmful effects secondary to ionizing radiations. This adverse effect of ionizing radiations on biological systems can be minimized by use of natural radioprotective agents which includes phytochemicals, plants and various herbal preparations of different plant origin.

Sixty buffaloes were selected for an on-farm study to elucidate the effect of pre-partum supplementation on body condition score of dam, milk production, birth weight and growth rate of calf among local buffaloes reared under mixed farming system in Bidar district, Karnataka, India. Supplementation was done for 90 days till parturition using concentrate feed of known composition. Results revealed that pre-partum supplementation had a significant (P ≤ 0.01) effect on body condition score of dam before and at the end of 3rd month of lactation and calf birth weight (27.75±0.39, 27.33±0.40, 28±0.44 vs. 24.33±0.56), Whereas, no effect was observed on calf growth rate/ average daily gain. Milk yield was significantly (P ≤ 0.01) higher in dam supplemented (4.45 ± 0.20, 4.62 ± 0.20, 4.90 ± 0.20) compared to non supplemented groups (3.50 ± 0.20). However, no significant difference was observed in the milk constituents like milk fat, solid not fat and total solids.

Objective: This studyis aimed to estimate the rate of schistosomiasis mansoni among basic school children in Kafr Elsheikh governorate (Kafr Elsheikh district) to determine the magnitude of the problem for prevention and control programs. Background: The study area was in Kafr Elsheikh Governorate, uppermost part of the Nile Delta 120 - 210 km north of Cairo. Kafr Elsheikh district is a model for rural Egypt depending on the water of the Nile for its agricultural output. Kafr Elsheikh Governorate has the highest schistosomiasis prevalence in Egypt. Patients and methods: In this study, a multistage random sample of one thousand children at school age (6-15 years) was selected randomly from three primary and three preparatory schools in the study area Kafr Elsheikh district. Data was collected about name, age and sex. General examination was done for them, urine and stool samples were collected for microscopic examination for schistosomiasis. Weight, height, body mass index, hemoglobin and IQ assessment were done for positive cases only. Results: The rate of schistosomiasis between children in Kafr El Sheikh District is 0.4%. All positive cases were Schistosoma mansoni. A highly significant positive correlation between male sex and increasing the prevalence of schistosomiasis (-P value =0.02-). Positive correlation between primary school age and rural residence and increasing the prevalence of schistosomiasis (-P value= 0.03-) for primary school age and (-P value = 0.04-) for rural residence. 100% of the positive cases were male, within primary school age and with rural residence. Conclusion: The rate of schistosomiasis between children in Kafr Elsheikh Governorate, Kafr Elsheikh district is high rising an alarm that schitosomiasis remains one of the most public health problems between children in rural Egypt. There was predominance of Schistosoma mansoni, males-, primary school age group and rural residence among positive cases.

Ocular trauma is a major cause of visual impairment in all parts of the world. In India the incidence varies between 5% and 10% where as it is 10% to 15% in western world. Eyeball penetration is effected by wide range of objects, Work related injuries; in rural sector penetrating injuries from vegetative materials is common. Rapid advancement in ophthalmic micro surgical techniques and instrumentation has altered management profile and outcome of penetrating injuries Materials and Methods: The present study comprises 72 cases of penetrating eye injury patients attending Government General Hospital, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh during last three years. Results: In the present study males (68%) are double the time more vulnerable to sustain injuries than females (32%). Non occupational injuries (70.83%) are above 2.5 times more common when compared to occupational injuries (29.17%). Commonest object involved in causing penetrating injuries is stone (22.22%) Most common ocular structure involved is cornea (66.67%), followed by Iris (33.33%); Conclusions: In conclusion the incidence of eye trauma is fairly frequent in this region and constitutes a major health problem. Efforts to prevent ocular injury should particularly be directed towards improving safety measures at work places, Improvement in the domestic habits such as chopping and gathering wood, agricultural work would prevent farm related injuries. The importance of seeking professional medical help soon after injury and the danger in delaying treatment should be stressed.

Pet owners should be well aware of the fundamentals of management like deworming and vaccination schedules, frequency of ear cleaning, grooming practice, various infectious diseases that affect pets and regarding regular health checkups. Awareness on these scientific practices to maintain health of the pet dogs immensely contribute to the welfare of both pets as well as their owners, hence the present study was carried out to know various health care management practices of pet dogs carried out by pet dog owners of Bengaluru district of Karnataka through multistage random sampling technique. Majority of the respondents carried out regular deworming (60%) and vaccination (62.09%). More than half (51.25%) of the owners took general precautions for sick dogs. Cent per cent of the respondents took their dogs for a regular walk/exercise and majority (84.58%) of the owners expressed that their dogs suffered from previous illness. Since, majority of the respondents had not practiced health care management practices like regular grooming, regular health check-up, isolation practices, there is a dire need to create sufficient awareness with respect to health care management practices among dog owners.

Background: Despite much research,there are currently no established blood-based biomarkers for dementia.The aim of the present study was to assess the circulatory biochemical parameters and their association with cognitive markers in serum of patients with Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and compare with elderly age-matched controls. Materials & Methods: The study population consisted of patients with Dementia (Group A, n = 32), Mild Cognitive Impairment (Group B, n = 28), and elderly age-matched Controls (Group C, n = 30). All the participants were subjected to psychological assessment, anthropometric measurements and serum biochemical estimations like blood sugar, lipid profile, lipoproteins, and thyroid profile. Results: We observed significantly reduced levels of Total Cholesterol, High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol, Apolipoprotein B and total T4 in serum of Dementia patients compared to elderly age-matched controls (p < 0.05). While decreased Apolipoprotein A1 levels were found in serum of Dementia and MCI patients compared to elderly age-matched controls (p < 0.01). Finally, a positive correlation of Apolipoprotein A1 and total T4 levels with markers of cognitive impairment was observed in Dementia and MCI patients. Conclusion: Our findings suggest the importance of serum lipids, lipoproteins and thyroid hormones in cognitive impairment in patients with Dementia and MCI.

With growing significance of social responsibility of business, companies worldwide have relented to embrace the notion of workforce diversity for providing equal opportunities of growth for people irrespective of their gender, race, religion ethnicity etc. The study examined gender diversity policies of 20 U.S. companies by dividing them into two groups, of which first group of companies were led by female corporate leaders & second group never had any female leaders since their inception. The findings highlighted the fact that the first group has taken up more initiatives to fortify the skills of female employees & guide them on the path of their career progress. Also, though the second group of companies seemed to be open in accepting & assisting the female talent, the policies of first group of companies prioritized gender diversity across all levels of the organization, even at the topmost position.

This article reviews the prevalence of and factors associated with HCV infection in Indian population. Total 109 different studies were included in this study. Literature search was done by using keywords ‘hepatitis C virus prevalence in India’, ‘HCV and India’, ‘hepatitis and India’ through electronic databases like Pubmed, Google Scholar. Blood donors constituted the largest data of 15,61,371 individuals. The frequency was highest in injecting drug users i.e. 51.22 % (95% CI: 50.80 – 51.64). The frequency in multitransfused thalassemics and haemophiliac cases was 22.78 % (95% CI: 22.00– 23.55) and 14.38 %( 95% CI: 13.21 – 15.55) respectively. The frequency in pregnant women was 1.07% (95% CI: 0.983 - 1.017). The frequency due to sexual transmission and haemodialyis was 5.82% (95% CI: 5.646 - 5.994) and 4.73% (95% CI: 4.33 – 5.13) respectively. The serofrequency in communities and hospital –based population was 8.03% (95% CI: 7.75 – 8.30) and 0.45% (95% CI : 0.43 – 0.47) respectively. The frequency in liver disease patients was 19.71 (95% CI: 19.24 – 20.18).This study reviewed HCV seroprevalence among different groups from India which would help to identify high prevalence areas and to introduce the most effective measures to prevent its further transmission and the necessary awareness of this silent epidemic.

The purpose of this study was to analysis of the challenges and problems of teachers’ assessment and evaluation. The main focus of this study was to investigate the extent of utilizing the assessment and evaluation and its implementation. Four high schools in Adigrat town were selected. Of the respective total population size of the study group, 4 principals, 60 teachers and 200 students as sample size were taken. The data for analysis were collected from students, teachers and school principals in each high school using structured interview and instrument. Prior to the data collection, a pilot study was made to see the reliability and face validity of the instrument for students and teachers, found to be 0.77 and 0.89 in Cronbach alpha respectively. After having the intended data, one sample t-test statistics was employed on the data. Both qualitative and quantitative data analysis has accomplished in identifying major and distinct challenges and problems including large class size, shortage of resources, inadequate knowledge of teachers, students’ poor educational background, inadequate supervision of school principals and other concerned bodies. The study came up with the conclusion of the applications of various assessment and evaluation methods in high schools were inadequate.

Background: It has been identified that the ABO blood group system is controlled by a 2 loci gene system: locus ABO and locus H (FUT1), while Dermatoglyphics have been shown to be polygenic multi-factorial traits. Recent advances in genetic analysis have found a multitude of links between these two traits, but conclusive deductions are still pending. The current study was a cross-sectional study aimed at expounding Dermatoglyphics in different ABO blood types among a sex matched sample of 300 Ethiopian students from Jigjiga University, Ethiopia. Results: The analysis revealed that there lies a significant association between fingerprint patterns and Dermatoglyphics (χ2, p<0.00001). Pair-wise comparisons revealed higher loop frequencies for the A blood type relative to the B (OR= 1.52) and AB (OR= 1.96) blood types, lower loop counts in O relative to B (OR= 0.55) and AB (OR= 0.42) individuals, elevated whorl counts in A relative to B (OR= 1.72) and AB (OR=2.14) blood types, lower whorl counts in B (OR= 0.52) and AB blood types (OR= 0.42) relative to the O blood group, while none of the pair-wise comparisons revealed significant differences for the arch pattern. Further studies involving higher sample sizes and a thorough meta-analysis of the so far published findings are pivotal in order to come to conclusive deductions.

Drinking water quality is directly related to health. The worlds thirst for water is likely to become one 21st century. In order to evaluate the existing status and trends of different water quality parameters, Spring and Well water samples was collected in Chowdupalli Panchayat, Chinthpalli Mandal, Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The physic-chemical parameters include pH, Turbidity, Electric Conductivity (EC), Total Alkalinity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness (TH), Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Fluoride, Sulphates, Phosphate, Nitrite, Dissolved oxygen (DO), and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) tested. The results compared with the drinking water standards of BIS and WHO. It was found that some parameters were higher than the prescribed limits while other parameters were lower than the limits. The results showed that, the water in this area is not safe and needed treatment before it is consumed

Gingivitis is caused by substances derived from microbial plaque accumulating at or near the gingival sulcus; all other suspected local and systemic etiologic factors either enhance plaque accumulation or retention, or enhance the susceptibility of the gingival tissue to microbial attack. Porphyromonasgingivalis (formerly Bacteroides gingivalis) is an anaerobic, asaccharolytic, gram-negative coccobacillus that is frequently a component of the flora of subgingival lesions of adult patients with periodontitis. The organism is often present in the oral cavities of periodontally healthy children and adolescents, but, because it occurs in densities below the detectable limit of anaerobic culturing (<1% of the total flora) it is not routinely recovered from such individuals. Hence sensitive and sophisticated methods of detection from the biological samples need to be employed. The genetic diversity of bacteria were analyzed based on RAPD analysis and ARDRA based fingerprinting. Based on the RAPD pattern all the bacteria are belonged to the different species or strains. PCR analysis of the 16S rDNA region also revealed that the strains are from the Gingavilis species. We carried out DNA fingerprinting profile using ARDRA, for the identification and classification of Gingavilis isolates. Traditional PCR was initially used for the detection of bacteria.

The invasive yellow crazy ant, Anoplolepis gracilipes is commonly found in gardens and forests of tropical and subtropical locations. These ants are a problematic pest in both urban and rural environment because of their extreme foraging behavior. The control of these insect pests is by using synthetic pesticides. The use of plant derived compounds is now gaining importance, as they are found to be safe to the environment. The use of non-edible oil seeds of Jatropha curcas containing phorbol esters has been considered as a potential source of biopesticide. The present study evaluates the potential insecticidal activity of Jatropha seed oil and extracts from seed cake on A. gracilipes. The Jatropha seed oil (25, 50 and 100%), Jatropha seed cake (2, 4 and 6 g), Jatropha seed cake cold water extract and hot water extract (5, 10 and 20%) were evaluated for insecticidal activity by studying the mortality rates of the adult workers of A. gracilipes. The bioassay studies indicated that, 100% mortality was observed using Jatropha seed oil at 50 and 100% concentrations. The hot water and cold water extracts of Jatropha seed cake at 5, 10 and 20% levels exhibited increase in mortality with increasing concentrations and exposures. However, the ants were susceptible to the hot water extract than the cold water seed cake extract after 9 h exposure.

This study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity and activity of Rubia cordifolia, Harrizonia abyssinica, Leucas Calistochys Olive and Sanchus schwein furthii against Plasmodium berghei. Approximately 1x105-1x106 of parasitized erythrocytes with Plasmodium berghei, were inoculated into 7 week old naïve BALB/c mice. On the fourth day, these mice were treated with four plant extracts dispensed using the following dosage; 25mg/kg of body weight, 50mg/kg of body weight, and 100mg/kg of body weight twice daily for 4 days. The negative control group received equal dosage of normal saline. Results showed that Rubia cordifolia and Sanchus schwein furthii had higher anti-plasmodial activity against P. berghei parasites with values of 82.4 % (p = 0.001) and 78.6% (p = 0.003). All the mice treated with the above extracts survived up to day 15 just as the controls. The percentage parasitaemia reduction in mice treated with extracts of Harrizonia abyssinica and Leucas Calistochys also showed values of 65.1% (p=0.011) and 59.1% (p=0.04) respectively. LD50 doses of <10mg/kg were observed. Harrizonia abyssinica and Leucas Calistochys Olive had moderate parasite suppressive effects with LD50 doses ranging between 10mg/kg and 100mg/kg. The aqueous extracts of Rubia cordifolia, and Sanchus schwein furthii were more efficacious with highest parasitaemia suppression on Plasmodium berghei

Thirty-four genotypes of soybean were evaluated under eight diverse environments to know the nature and magnitude of genotype x environment interaction and stability in performance for seed yield and eleven other characters. It was observed that G X E (linear) component was significant for all the characters except days to maturity, number of seeds/pod, harvest index, 100 seed weight and oil content, whereas pooled deviation, a non-linear component, was significant for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, 100 seed weight, oil content and protein content. The results indicated that both linear and non-linear component of g x e interaction were responsible for the differences in the stability of genotypes observed. Among the 34 genotypes, six genotypes namely PK 416, VLS 47, Pb 1, PS 1042, CO 2 and PK 564 were found to be stable for seed yield and also for biological yield and days to 50% flowering. Further, two genotypes Alankar and PK 471 were found stable under favourable environments having high mean seed yield, b>1 and non-significant deviation from regression.

A destructive anthracnose disease of Rauvolfia serpentina L. Benth. Ex Kurz. is found in West Bengal. It’s causal organism was isolated and phenotypically identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporoides. Once in a week survey for two consecutive years of 2013 and 2014 in ten places of 24 Parganas (N) district, West Bengal establishes the presence of disease in all ten places. PDI was recorded by monitoring it’s cultivation at 4 selected areas in and adjoining North 24 Parganas, West Bengal for the same time period. Maximum PDI (66.66%-89.90%) was during September and minimum (17.64-39.20 %) was recorded during December – January in all four studied areas. There was only few reports of anthracnose diseases on Rauvolfia serpentina but also this is the first approach to the study of disease intensity of anthracnose disease of Rauvolfia serpentina in this state. So our work is an entirely new one in this regard.

The present study was carried out to find out the changes induced by one of the type of stress conditions such as heavy metal copper sulfate, It is discharged into freshwater environments in large concentrations as an industrial effluent and severely affect the freshwater fauna, especially fishes. The serum electrolyte changes in the fish, Notopterus notopterus was investigated after copper sulfate exposure at sub lethal concentration. The significant changes were observed in the serum electrolytes, sodium values were found higher, potassium values were lower and calcium values were higher in the fish exposed to copper sulfate. The changes in the environmental factors such as pollutants cause stress to the fish which may bring disturbance in the blood parameters effecting the survival of fish.

There are about 25,000 species of orchids estimated to occur in the world. In India, about 1350 species belonging to 186 genera represent approximately 5.98% of the world orchid flora and 6.83% of the flowering plants in India. The Eastern Himalayas and North Eastern, North West Himalayas, Peninsular India and Andaman & Nicobar Islands are the major orchid regions of India. Some orchid species like Dendrobiumnobile, Eulophiacampestris, Orchislatifolia, Vanda roxburghii and Vanda tessellate have been documented for their medicinal value. Phytochemically, orchids have been reported to contain alkaloids, triterpen¬oids, flavonoids and stilbenoids. Ashtavarga, a group of eight medicinal plants, is a vital part of Ayurvedic formulations like Chyvanprasha and four of these plants viz,Riddhi, Vriddhi, Jivaka and Rishbhaka belong to the family Orchidaceae. In the present study, medicinal parts and properties of more than 30 orchid species and importance of a number of aromatic orchids have been reviewed.

Stereospermum tetragonum DC. is a medicinal plant belonging to family Bignoniaceae. S. tetragonum is an important medicinal plant; therefore, it’s planting and conservation has been recommended to prevent its extinction. In the present study we estimated the pod length and width, the number of seeds per pod, and number of seeds per kilograms of seeds using a descriptive analysis and the Analysis of Variance. We specified and estimated a regression model to study the relationship between the number of seeds per pod (dependent variable) and the pod length (independent variable). The estimated average pod length, pod width, seed number per pod, weight of 100 seeds (gm)and number of seeds per kilograms of seeds are 32.5±2.2, 4.0±0.2, 27±3, 1.08±0.02 and 92403±1535, respectively. With a 1% increase in average pod length, the average seed number per pod is estimated to increase by 0.9%.The results of this study will be useful for a yield improvement program of the plant, planning a sowing program, and in calculating the seed prices.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the Ethanol extract leaf from Jasminum sambac Linn. Qualitative analysis of showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, tannins, phenol, steroids, terpenoids and glycosides. Absence of leaves extracts protein, mucilage, saponins, fats and fixed oils. This work deals with the phytochemical screening and GC-MS, FT-IR studies of the Ethanol extract. The highest peak area of (40.87%) was obtained by 7-Tetradecenal, (Z) - (C14H26O) at retention time of (18.959) and the lowest peak area of (0.16%) was obtained by Phenol, 3, 5-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl)- (C14H22O) at retention time of (12.294). The FT-IR spectroscope studies shows different characteristic peak values of many functional groups in the extract. FT-IR analysis of leaf extract confirmed the presence of amide, alcohol, phenol, alkane, carboxylic acid, aldehyde, ketone, alkene, primary amine, aromatic esters, alkyl halide, and aliphatic amine compounds. This study summarizing the information about the phytochemical constituent’s presence in ethanolic leaf extracts and these constituents may be responsible for pharmacological activites.

The use of plants to cure human diseases has been coming from ancient cultures, medicine practitioners used the extracts from plant to soothe and relieve aches and pains. Medicinal plants, and plant products are known to ‘Ayurveda’ in India since long times. In the very beginnings of Botany, doctors in both Europe and America researched herbs in their quest to cure diseases. Many of the plants that were discovered by ancient civilizations are still in use today. About three quarters of the world populations relies mainly on plants and plant extracts for health cure. It is true that many species of flora and fauna exhibit medicinal properties but amongst the most talked about are Sanjeevani ("restores life") and Bishalyakarani ("arrow remover"). In the Ramayana epic, the Hanuman went to search these magical plants in Dunagiri by getting advice of Sushena. Since beginning of human culture, people have been talking about the magical effects of these plants. Now scientists are searching these two plants in Himalayan mountains for the medical benefits in human society and they should be studied thoroughly.

A fern gametophyte is a small, photosynthetic organism capable of normal development in culture. It has usually both the sex organs leading to the belief that self-fertilization is probably the rule. But this would lead to great deal of homozygosity and consequently little morphological variation. But it is generally found that ferns exhibit a lot of morphological and cytological variation which is due to cross fertilization. The present study is an attempt to investigate the reasons for these variations by studying the gametophytic generation in Dryopteris caroli-hopei Fraser.-Jenk., D. chrysocoma (Christ) and D. cochleata (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don). Ripe spores of these species were raised on ½ Knop’s nutrient medium and their growth was studied. It was noticed that in a population of gametophytes some were fast growing and some were slow growing. The slow growing gametophytes usually remain only male throughout the life.

An Ethnobotanical survey was conducted in 5 villages of the Balrampur district of Chhattisgarh, India, during the year 2014. Along with field study, personal interview was held with 15 people in each village 10 men and 5 women.Plant specimens were, collected thrice namely monsoon, winter and summer.Following taxonomic procedure the specimens were duly pressed processed. Among the specimens collected 50 plant species belonging to 37 families were much used by Korakutribe for various ailments. The method of drug preparation, drug administration were also recorded during the survey and interview. The results of the study revealed that Korakutribes have rich knowledge of medicinal plants and continue the use of plants for various ailments.

The graft copolymers of granular maize starch with two vinyl monomers namely- acrylamide and methacrylamide were synthesized using ceric ammonium nitrate. Gravimetric estimation was used to calculate percent grafting. While acid hydrolysis and infra-red spectroscopy was used to confirm the grafting. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is the right technique to study the surface morphology of starch spherulites as their size ranges between 3 and 100 µm. The study of SEM photographs of pure granular maize starch granules and starch-graft-acrylamide and starch-graft-methacrylamide was carried out at different magnification. It was observed that surface morphology of starch changes on grafting with these monomers and is easily distinguishable from that of pure starch. In case of starch-graft-acrylamide, although the granules remained almost separate from each other, their shape changed from spherical to polyhedric. The SEM photographs of starch-graft-methacrylamide, revealed that the grafted polymer formed a thin layer on the surface of starch granules and most of the granules were joined through the surface layer of grafted polymer. SEM studies can thus be used not only to confirm grafting onto starch spherulites but if method is properly standardized can be used to characterize the graft polymer.

This paper delineated the indigenous knowledge system of fishing communities of Visakhapatnam district. The present study is undertaken to bring out the present status of fishing communities inhabiting the Visakhapatnam district and their techno-cultural adaptations. In addition to this, housing types, demographic profiles, economic aspects of the fishing communities have been described in detail.

The effects of drying condition on the drying behaviour of pepper (C. annum) and the applicability of three thin-layer drying models namely; Page, logarithmic and Flick’s law, to predict the drying behaviour of pepper were studied. The experiments were conducted in a constant temperature hot air drying oven. Three temperatures (50, 60, and 700 C) were studied. Drying air temperature was found to be the main factor affecting the drying kinetics of pepper; raising the drying temperature from 500C to 700 dramatically reduced the drying times. Higher equilibrium moisture contents were obtained at lower temperatures. Furthermore, drying was observed only in the falling rate period, and comparison among drying models was made using statistical analysis to select the best fitting model for the drying curves. Among the three tested models, Page model was found to be superior to the other models in terms of fitting performance, in fitting the experimental data, providing the highest coefficient of determination (R2) value -0.9944, and the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) value - 0.03032.

Component-based software engineering approach to software development employs the techniques of selecting reliable and reusable software components and assembling them within appropriate software architecture to form a robust software system. This approach is unique because it brings about designs that make a clear separation between the stable parts of the system from the specification of their composition. The rising need of software in 21st century is indeed of a great concern. In view of the increase in demand for software, software engineers need a proactive and pragmatic approach that will handle the situation on ground. Although object oriented approach helped in giving birth to software that reflect the object of the problem domain, the approach does not necessarily produce software architectures that can easily adapt to the changing requirements of users in this 21st century. In component-based software engineering, the software team will first establish requirements for the system to be built, the architectural design is made and detailed design omitted instead the team examines requirements to determine what subset is directly amenable to composition rather than construction. Component-based software engineering would help software developers to build high-quality, reliable and easily maintainable software that meets user’s requirements. It will also bring about significant reduction in the development cost and time since developers can quickly assemble such systems from a set of reusable software components rather than build everything from the scratch. Furthermore, it will lead to designs that will be easily adapted to meet the changing needs of users.

Nickel cobalt oxide nanofilms were grown by electrodepositing method using heptahydrated nickel tetraoxosulphate (VI) salt as source of nickel ion, Citric acid as oxidizing agent, hexahydrated cobalt chloride salt as source of cobalt ion, and Sodium hydroxide as pH adjuster. The deposition voltage was varied from 8.5V to 14.5V in intervals of 1.5V. Results of the study show that the films exhibit low absorbance and low reflectance in all the regions of electromagnetic spectrum; and high transmittance in the regions. The optical properties viz, absorbance, reflectance, refractive index, extinction coefficient, are directly proportional to the deposition voltage while percentage transmittance is inversely proportional.

In the present work, the study of length of solar cycle 22-24 has been presented in relation to the solar activity, cosmic ray intensity, interplanetary magnetic field and geomagnetic activity. We have studied the solar activity trends of sunspot number (SSN), geomagnetic activity amplitude planetary A-index (Ap), cosmic ray intensity (CRI) and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) during solar cycles 22, 23 and 24 (till Dec.2014). We have studied the relation among simultaneous variations in cosmic ray intensity (Moscow NM), SSN, Ap and IMF during solar cycles 22, 23 & 24, and found the correlation coefficient. We then compared the relations between those obtained for the two previous solar cycles. We have observed certain peculiar features in cosmic ray modulation during the solar cycles 22-24. The focus of our study was to investigate whether this range is associated with a secular pattern in the length of the solar cycles 22,23 and 24 (SSN, CRI, gamogenetic activity and IMF) in the analysis of the long-term behaviour of the Sun. We have analysed archival data of SIG parameters from 1986 - 2014.

Modeling and simulation techniques are able to throw new insights in the science and mechanics of materials. Predictability of fracture and failure are becoming more certain and these are now compared with experimental observation. In this work, the authors have investigated the fracture behavior of a single crystal alpha-iron having a mode-I edge crack. Using small-scale Molecular Dynamics Simulation (MDS) and proper choice of interatomic potential and boundary conditions, the authors have shown agreement in the prediction of crack initiation and propagation using Griffith fracture criteria, and crack instability condition from material’s fracture resistance in the atomic scale. The simulation shows that the crack does not initiate or propagate until the stress intensity value reaches the stress intensity factor equivalent to Griffith fracture stress for the material. The fracture resistance and crack opening displacement (COD) were measured using the simulated results, similar to that of continuum fracture mechanics. The point of initiation of stable and unstable crack was delineated using the principle of plane stress fracture toughness testing. The results indicated inelastic deformation in the early stage of the application of load when crack propagates.

Internet is a Global system of interconnected servers and computers that uses standard protocols to link millions of devices worldwide using different technologies. Mainly, Servers are computers that stores large amount of information whose purpose is to serve the information needed by connected computers. The devices in internet are linked through broad array of electronics, wireless and optical fiber networking technologies. Most common types of internet connections are Dial-up, cable, DSL/ADSL, Wireless broadband (Wi-fi, Wi-Max etc.), Mobile broadband, fiber optic, Satellite broadband etc. This article demonstrates a Comparative study of recent internet access technologies for choosing best internet access method as per our requirement. In last net neutrality is discussed.

Natural resource management and documentation of indigenous knowledge as a means to ensure sustainable development is becoming both national and global agenda. The main purpose of the study is to examine the mediating role of indigenous Oromo Gada system in commons management of natural resources. In this study, this particular information gap is interrogated by systematically reviewing various literatures on the critical role of Gada system in institutionalization of natural resource management from a wealthy available literature. It is a meticulous conceptual analysis. The study revealed that Gada system played a significant role for the coexistence of peace, solidarity and unity among Oromo people towards democratization of nature conservation via development of different natural resource management institutions and by enacting different rules and regulations under the Oromo democratic institution: Gada system.

Background: Immunization remains one of the most important public health interventions and cost effective strategy to reduce both morbidity and mortality in children. World health organization estimated that if global immunization coverage rises to 90%, vaccines would prevent an additional two million deaths a year among children under five years. Nevertheless, global immunization coverage is still low, leading to two million deaths annually from vaccine preventable diseases. Assessment of immunization coverage provides evidences to evaluate progress in achieving programme objectives and in improving service delivery. Methods: A community based Cross sectional study was conducted in Tehulederie district North East Ethiopia from February 1 to 15, 2012. Multistage sampling technique was used to select study participants. Seven villages were selected by simple random sampling method. The sample size was allocated to the selected villages proportionally to population size. Logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with full immunization coverage of children. Ethical clearance was obtained from college of Health sciences’ Ethical clearance committee, Jimma University. Results: All the villages were staffed with two Health Extension workers with ratio of 1:2591and 1:5180 population in rural and urban residences respectively. Five hundred fifty seven (87.2%) of the respondents were geographically accessible to the service and 96.8% of them accepted the service. 83.1% of children were fully immunized whereas 14.7% and 2.2% of the children were partially immunized and never vaccinated respectively. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, children in rural areas were 8 times more likely to be fully immunized than children in urban residence (AOR= 8.01 95% CI: 3.78- 16.99) and children who had access for the service were 8 times more likely to be fully immunized than children who had no access for the service [AOR= 8.24 95% CI: 4.66- 14.59). Conclusions: Physical access to immunization was nearer to the national standards. The trend showed that the immunization coverage was tending to lower in later doses. Thus, it was recommended that attention should be given to awareness of mothers to complete doses in order to achieve full protection for their children.

Background: Satisfaction is one of the meaningful indicators of patient experience of health care Services. Asking patients what they think about the care and treatment they have received is an important step towards improving the quality of care, and to ensuring that local health services are meeting patients’ needs. Methods: Institutional based cross sectional study was conducted from September to October 2013 in Mettu Rural district, Ilubabor Zone, Oromia region, Southwest Ethiopia. A total of 390 subjects were involved in the study. Data was collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS for windows version 16.0.Statistical test to analyze the data. Results: The questionnaire was administered to a total of 396 patients with 98.5% response rate. Out of the participants, 47.9% were male and 31.8% of respondents were in the age group of 35-44 years old, 31.8% of clients were unable to read and write and 71.3% were occupationally farmers. The finding of the study showed that the overall level of client satisfaction level with the OPD rendered at four growing health centers was 57.9%. Satisfaction was reported to be highest for amenities variable (71.3%) and lowest for provider characteristics (63%) related to courtesy and respect for respondents. Furthermore, satisfaction with the health care rendered at OPD was found to have significant association with accessing prescribed drugs and patients’ waiting time. Conclusions: This study showed that clients’ satisfaction level lower in the study health centers when compared to other similar studies in the country. Lack of drugs and supplies, poor information provision, long waiting time, poor cleanliness, lack of privacy, lack of necessary equipment and lack of water and electricity were found to be major causes of dissatisfaction. Therefore, the concerned body district Health Office, all the Health Center staffs should consider these service areas in order to improve customer satisfaction.

Background: Fitness may be divided in three areas physical, mental and social fitness .In physical fitness flexibility is one of the very important component. Ground flexibility may increase the level of performance and low level of flexibility may produce injury proneness. The aim of the study was to compare three major joints flexibility of cricket, basket and football players. Method: 30 male university level players 10 from each sports (cricket, basketball and football) were selected conveniently for this study. For flexibility of the shoulder, trunk and lower back and ankle joint were chosen in this study for data analysis Mean, SD, ANOVA and ‘T’ test were adopted. Results: Footballers were higher in shoulder, trunk and lower back flexibility whereas cricketers were better in ankle flexibility. Flexibility of different joints very sports to sports due to the use of different joints may. Conclusion: It may be from this study footballers level of flexibility were better than basketball and cricket players. To measure the flexibility more sophisticated accurate instruments were recommended for future study.

Introduction: Early childhood education aims at total child development, in a learning environment that is joyful, child centered, playful and activity based. It is expected to provide necessary maturational and experimental readiness to the child for meeting the demands of primary school curriculum. He needs an understanding adult in the form of his teacher to help him to help himself to explore manually and verbally, and to learn the lesson of life from both people and objects. Objectives: To assess the method of administration of teaching learning material for young children. Material and methods: For the present study, 100 numbers of Government Lower Primary School and Senior Basic School where there is provision for early childhood care and education were selected. The Schools were from both the urban areas and the rural areas of Golaghat District of Assam. From the list 20 numbers of schools from each of the five blocks were selected randomly. In this way 100 numbers of Government Schools having Early Childhood Care and Education (Ka-Sreni Schools) were selected. Results: Most of the schools do not have sufficient teaching learning materials for early childhood care and education and the teacher have not received any special training regarding preparation and use of teaching learning materials effectively for making the learning environment more easy and joyful. The teachers strongly felt that, the use of teaching learning materials in the classroom interaction make the environment more joyful

This study was, in a broader sense, intended to identify the many political, social and economic changes that the continent of Africa has undergone since independence. Among the significant changes witnessed are those of its political leaders. This study analyzed the various traits and actions of Africa’s contemporary political leaders as portrayed by Kiswahili poets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes that the contemporary African politician has undergone since the attainment of multiparty democracy according to Swahili poets. The study was guided by Post-colonial Theory which is associated with the works of Edward W. Said, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak and Homi K. Bhabha. Data was collected from selected anthologies of Kiswahili poems using purposive sampling method. Qualitative analysis of the selected poems was done guided by the research objective. The findings of the study revealed that although the African continent has made remarkable steps in enhancing democracy, a good number of its political leaders, whom were credited for championing multiparty democracy, have turned out to be tormentors of the very people they had sworn to protect.

The objective of this study was to examine the behaviour of volatility in the Indian commodity market after the introduction of derivative trading in the national level commodity exchanges. Researchers around the world revealed the behaviour of volatility in different commodity markets, but none of them studied the Indian commodity market extensively in this aspect. From 2004 to 2012, this 9 year period was chosen as the period of study. The agricultural commodity index MCXAGRI, some of the agricultural commodities, namely Barley, Chickpea, Chilli, Cumin, Maize, Mustard Seed, Pepper and some non-agricultural commodities namely Brent Crude Oil and Gold were involved in the analysis of volatility. Using entropy as a measure of volatility, it was observed that for most of the commodities spot and futures prices volatility behave in a similar manner. However, there were exceptions for some commodities. No trend of volatility was observed for most of the commodities in Indian market. Additionally, with few exceptions, the difference between average volatility of the spot and futures prices was insignificant. Furthermore, patterns of change of volatility over the quarters was similar in the spot and the futures markets.

Aim: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of 14-week training and tennis programme on physical and physiological profiles of boys aged 8 to 12 years. Method: The experimental group consisted of 14 healthy boys. The average age, body mass index (BMI), height and weight are 9,9±1,2 years, 17,9±3,5 kg/m2, 138,7±8,1cm and 34,4±10,3 kg respectively. Exercise sessions were carried out for 2 hours per week (Saturday and Sunday) over a 14-week period. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from parents, the medical committee and the Kafkas University Sarıkamış School of Physical Education and Sports. Some physical and physiological tests were measured. Hand grip strength, 20 m speed, balance, coordination, flexibility, anaerobic power, aerobic power, 30 s push-up, 30 s sit up, horizontal jump and pull-up tests were applied to subjects. The measurements were taken in resting condition before and after the 14-week exercise programme. Within the scope of the training programmes, there were 20 minutes of warm-up and gymnastics; 20 minutes of aerobic step to music to improve coordination and rhythmic skills; 20 minutes of educational games, including various types of sports (basketball, football, volleyball, handball); and finally, 60 minutes of basic tennis training. Each week, these activities were conducted in different ways to prevent them from becoming routine.Evaluation of the obtained data, SPSS for Windows 11.0 software with paired-samples t test was used for intra-group statistics. All measured parameters performed at the level of 0.01 and 0.05. Findings: As a results of the analysis, there were significant differences between pre-post tests of all measured parameters at the end of the study. Result: Consequently, 14 weeks regular training and mini tennis acivities has positive effect on physical and physiological developments of boys aged 8 to 12 years.

Jhum cultivation, which is also known as shifting cultivation, is the primitive form of soil utilization. The main characteristics are rotation of fields rather than crops, clearing by means of fire, absence of manure, use of human labour only and employment of dibble sticks or hoe. After two or three years the fields are abandoned, the cultivators shift to another clearing, leaving the old one for natural recuperation. This explains the use of the term ‘shifting cultivation’. The intervening period for which a Jhum land is abandoned is known as the Jhum-cycle. Jhum cultivation is a kind of subsistence cultivation. It is an age old system of agriculture among the different tribes of Arunachal Pradesh. The Galo tribe progress to full use of the ecological and environmental conditions to their advantage. The integral nature of their socio-cultural life is thus woven around Jhum which is not merely an agricultural activity, but a way of life. This paper is an attempt to understand the Jhum cultivation practice followed by the Galo people of Arunachal Pradesh. An attempt has made to discuss the various activities that are involved in the Jhum cultivation. The present paper has also thrown light on the traditional calendar including months and all the Jhum activities that is done in all the months.

The present study was conducted to assess the relationship of specific satisfaction in biogerontology and social gerontological and medical gerontology .The study is based upon sample of 120 elderly (60 nuclear family and 60 joint family) and the age rang 60-80 year. and used the social support scale measuring over life satisfaction and support the family members. The study revealed that majority of elderly had low social support and those which nuclear family elderly reported for low joint family having higher social support the finding financial, health, social and personal domain. The result revealed that significant in nuclear family was highly significant. The test was applied to check difference social support of elderly people in nuclear family and joint family .The ANOVA method used to check the difference.

In developed as in developing countries, the study of the impact of the development of the agricultural insurance on the agricultural performance is of a big utility as far as this study allows to pull measures of economic policies which allow to promote the agricultural insurance and the strategies allowing the country to pull the profits of the development of the agricultural insurance. We show the existence or not the causality between the agricultural performance and the development of the agricultural insurance and this by resorting to an econometric approach which defines itself as follows: by proceeding by a study of the stationarity of the series to determine their order integration. In the second stage, we test the existence of a relation of cointegration between the used variables. Afterward by specifying the parameters of the model, we make the tests of causality, decomposition of the variance and the tests of the distribution of residues. The Granger causality test was then used to make the various tests in Argentina. We found interesting results in this connection which reflect the state of the agricultural insurance and the implications of its use to allow the preservation of the agricultural performance. Besides, we showed in term of causality the implications of the application of the agricultural modalities of risk management on the agricultural performance. By applying all of the tests, we show the existence of a causality between the agricultural performance and the development of the agricultural insurance which is measured by the penetration in the agricultural insurance. And this causality is valid for Argentina between 2000-2012. It’s a unidirectional causality which remains true in the short and long term so we can adopt the model estimated for projected effects. In this result is added a causality which puts in relation the action of the State by direct helps granted to the insurants in the form of subsidies of the premiums of agricultural insurance and their effects on the agricultural performance.

In developed as in developing countries, the study of the impact of the development of the agricultural insurance on the agricultural performance is of a big utility as far as this study allows to pull measures of economic policies which allow to promote the agricultural insurance and the strategies allowing the country to pull the profits of the development of the agricultural insurance. We show the existence or not of the causality between the agricultural performance and the development of the agricultural insurance and this by resorting to an econometric approach which defines itself as follows: by proceeding by a study of the stationarity of the series to determine their order integration. In the second stage, we test the existence of a relation of cointegration between the used variables. Afterward by specifying the parameters of the model, we make the tests of causality, decomposition of the variance and the tests of the distribution of residues. The VAR model was then used to make the various tests in China over the period 2000-2012. We found interesting results in this connection which reflect the state of the agricultural insurance and the implications of its use to allow the preservation of the agricultural performance. Besides, we showed in term of causality the implications of the application of the agricultural modalities of risk management on the agricultural performance. By applying all of the tests, we show the existence of a causality between the agricultural performance and the development of the agricultural insurance which is measured by the penetration in the agricultural insurance. And this unidirectional causality is valid for the China between 2000-2012. A causality which remains true in the short and long term, so the model can be adopted for estimating projected effects. In this result is added a causality which puts in relation the action of the State by direct helps granted to the insurants in the form of subsidies of the premiums of agricultural insurance and their effects on the agricultural performance. In these causalities, are added other relations appropriate to a country.