December 2013

Actinomycetes are wide spread in nature and known for production of bioactive metabolites. Marine source world-wide are considered to be rich for bio-resource and efforts has been taken to identify new bacterial agents from marine environment for human welfare. In this study, we reported isolation of 20 Actinomycetes strains from marine sediments and tested with standard biochemical test and utilization of carbon sugar, to confirm the Actinomycetes character. Among the isolates 17 and 3 were recorded to be gram positive and gram negative respectively. Carbon utilization test revealed that all the isolates utilized dextrose and none of the isolates utilized ducitol. Antagonistic activity of 20 strains revealed that six strains (PS2, PS4, PS9, PS11, PS13 and PS14) are positive and crude ethyl acetate extracts of strains PS4, PS11, and PS14 were showed good antimicrobial activity. The isolate PS14 dominant over other isolates and revealed promising antimicrobial activity.

3-Hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (3-HSD) is a member of the aldo-keto reductase family. The enzyme is used in the synthesis of neuroactive steroids in steroidogenesis. The 3-HSD catalyzes the conversion of 5-dihydroprogesterone (5-DHP) and 5-dihydrotestosterone (5-DHT) into 3,5-tetrahydroxyprogesterone (3,5-THPROG) and 3,5-tetrahydroxytestosterone (3,5-THT) respectively. The progesterone metabolite of neuroactive steroid, 3,5-THPROG is synthesized in different regions of brain. In the present study, the gene expression of 3-HSD in the brain of Labeo rohita was identified. The gene was observed by PCR amplification with a specific primer. The result showed has formed a basis for future investigations on the regulation and function of these enzymes in the fishes.

The present study was aimed at to investigate the bioactive compounds from the leaf and root extracts of Hypochaeris radicata using GC-MS analysis. 11 compounds from leaf and 9 compounds from root extracts were identified. The major chemical constituents in leaf and root extracts are phytol, acetate (19.22%), hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (17.37%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- (16.74%) and phytol (13.60%) and Urs-12-en-3-ol, acetate, (3.beta.) (43.86%) and 1-Benzazirene-1-carboxylic acid, 2,2,5a-trimethyl-1a-(3-oxo-1-butenyl) perhydro-, methyl ester (30.31%). The bioactive compounds in the methanolic leaf and root extracts of the species, H. radicata exhibited the phytochemical importance and hence its therapeutic significance.

The Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae is the etiologic agent of cholera. The ability of V. cholerae to colonize and cause disease in hosts requires production of a number of virulence factors during infection. A total of Forty clinical and environmental V. cholerae isolates have been isolated from different samples in Baghdad .The susceptibility to different antibiotics was evaluated by disk diffusion method and MICs were determined, All environmental isolates were sensitive (100%) to all antibiotics, while the clinical isolates were shown variable behavior against these antibiotics, these shown (90%) to ciprofloxacin, as a highest value and (50%) for amoxicillin as a lowest value, in other hand, these isolates revealeded resistance (100%) to nalidixic acid, ampicillin and Co-trimoxazole. The MICs values were 128-1024 μg/ml for clinical isolates. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed for detection of qnr VC3 gene in Vibrio cholerae isolates, the results showed that qnr VC3 gene didn’t appear in any isolate. The detection of of plasmid DNA by gel electrophoresis showed that some isolates carried more than one plasmid bands; the curing plasmids for isolates were appeared sensitivity against antibiotics that lead us to conclude that gene was carried on plasmid.

With the aim of contributing to natural control of plant pathogens, the antifungal activity of 11 extracts from 3 Cameroonian plants namely, Drypetes gossweileri, Eucalyptus tereticornis and Sida acuta was evaluated against Acremonium apii and Colletotrichum dematium, respectively causal agents of brown spot and anthracnose diseases of celery (Apium graveolens L.). The supplemented media technique was used to assess the inhibition of both fungi mycelial growth by essential oils, ethanol,hot water and cold water extracts. The essential oils exhibited the highest antifungal activity at 50 ppm with essential oil from D. gossweileri; and 6000 ppm and 7000 ppm, against C. dematium and A. apii, respectively, with essential oil from E. tereticornis. Ethanol and aqueous extracts displayed a moderate inhibitory activity with the best activity obtained from D. gossweileri ethanol extracts (90.31% and 67.53%, respectively, against A. apii and C. dematium at 10000 ppm). The fungitoxic potential of essential oils was comparative to the synthetic fungicide used as positive control. Phytochemical screening of solvent extracts revealed a diverse composition in secondary metabolites and stronger inhibitory effects were recorded with extracts rich in alkaloids, phenols, anthraquinones and saponines. These findings suggest a promising potential of essential oils and ethanol extracts for botanicals control of celery fungal pathogens.

In recent years, Ghana has been cited in several local Newspapers as the second largest consumer of paste tomato in the world. According to the Ghana National Tomato Producers’ Federation, Ghana imports up to 7,000 metric tons (t) of fresh tomato per month from its neighbors, along with 27,000 t of processed tomato from Europe. It is a common practice for the Ghanaian tomato marketers called “market queens” to travel all the way to neighboring Burkina Faso, usually in March and May, to scout for tomatoes, encountering several hazards on the highways. The collapse of the tomato industry in northern Ghana is associated with a complex of biotic, abiotic and institutional challenges. The event adversely affected the fortunes of thousands of farmers and other stakeholders and their families for whom, tomato then dubbed “red cocaine” production has for several decades constituted a major source of income. The remote causes of the disaster in the tomato industry included a pandemic in all the growing areas in the north of Ghana referred to as “the Tomato Disease Complex” - the result of the adverse influence of excessive build up of soil nematodes and uncontrollable proliferation of fungal, bacterial, viral and other diseases in all the major growing areas in northern Ghana. “The Tomato Disease Complex” in some seasons, culminated into total crop failures for countless farmers, resulting in bankruptcy and several reported cases of attempted suicide. This work reviews the key challenges that have confronted the tomato industry in Ghana over the last three decades and proposes fundamental pathways for the way forward for this industry to develop to its full potential and contribute more significantly to the growth of the economy of Ghana.

Several potential health hazards are associated with the wide use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (e.g., n-TiO2). The primary aim of the current study was to detect the toxic effects of 800 mg/kg 50 nm n-TiO2 on bone metabolism. Comparative studies were conducted to determine whether natural antioxidants, such as idebenone, carnosine and melatonin, could ameliorate the hazardous effects of n-TiO2 on down regulation of bone. The results of this study revealed that n-TiO2 treatment produced bone complications, which were confirmed by alteration of serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, inflammatory cytokine) level and bone alkaline phosphatase (B-ALP; bone formation marker), and C-terminal peptide of type I collagen (CTx; bone resorption marker) in treated rats compared with controls. The administration of the previously mentioned antioxidants along with n-TiO2 treatment significantly modulated the alterations in most the inflammatory cytokines and biomarkers. It was concluded that treatment with idebenone, carnosine and melatonin protects against n-TiO2 oxidative stress-induced bone complications.

Relative abundance, feeding habits, length-weight relationships and conditions factors of two fish species from Gilgel Gibe reservoir, Ethiopia, were investigated. Percentage index of relative importance (%IRI) was used to investigate relative abundance of the fish species. Frequency of occurrence and volumetric methods were used in analyzing feeding habits of the fishes. However, an index of preponderance was used to assess relative contribution of prey items to the fish diets. The diet breadth index (BA) values (O. niloticus = 0.40 & L. intermedius = 0.63) suggested an omnivorous feeding habit for both fishes. The Horn’s overlap index (44 %) indicated considerable prey overlap between the two species. The feeding habit of O. niloticus did not vary between seasons. The lines of best fit to the regressions of log transformed Weight-Total length had the equations of a form log W = 2.76 log TL-1.40 (R2 = 0.89) for O. niloticus and log W = 2.24 log TL-0.79 (R2 = 0.59) for L.intermedius. Seasonal variations in ‘b’ and condition factors as well as dependence of the latter on fish size were also investigated. The findings of the present study are of functional value in the proper management and exploitation of the reservoir’s fishery resource.

Rural households, especially those in the developing world, rely on fuelwood for provision of energy for cooking and lighting. This study, carried out in Lurambi District, Kakamega County, examined factors influencing fuelwood scarcity among rural households. Data was collected from 200 households using sysematic random sampling technique, with the main tools for data collection being a standardised questionnaire and a Key Informant Interviews checklist. The findings of the study indicated that 95% of the households used fuelwood and that 84% of them experienced fuelwood scarcity. Further, the findings showed that lack of communal collection points and reducing land sizes have contributed to fuelwood scarcity. The study concluded that socio economic and environmental factors have contributed to fuelwood scarcity among rural households in the district.

The present study is the report on the growth performance of L. vannamei in the bore well and brackish water fed ponds. Crab fencing and antibird netting were done before pumping water to prevent the disease and carries of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV). The water quality parameters such as temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen and alkalinity were measured during the entire culture period. The Daily Growth Rate (DGR) was ranged between 0.05 and 0.38 g in the bore will fed pond and in the brackish water fed pond the DGR varied between 0.11 and 0.33 g. the maximum growth 27.33 g attained on 175th days of culture in the bore well fed pond and in the brackish water fed pond the maximum growth 31.44 g reached on 140th days of culture. From the present study it is concluded that the brackish water fed pond is suitable for L. vannamei culture when compare with bore well water fed pond.

Fifteen isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes was isolated and activated from tonsillitis in Muqdadiya city/Iraq. The sensitively of these isolates have been tested against (15) antibiotics. The results showed that highest resistance among Amikacin, Ampicillin and Trimethoprim with percentage 100%, while the lowest resistance was recorded for Penicillin, Imipenem, Chloramphenicol and Vancomycin with 0%. Results of investigation of some virulence factors of S.pyogenes indicate that all isolates produce hemolysin enzyme with 100% and that all isolates surrounded by capsule with percentage 100% and uncapable to producing bacteriocins, while (14) isolates (93.3%) are able to Dnase producer, whereas (13) isolates (86.6%) were Bio film producer, in addition to (11) isolates (73.3%) had the ability to produce cysteine protease enzyme, on other hand (9) isolates (60%) were able to streptokinase production. The results of plasmid content indicate that all isolates contain single large plasmid band. Curing of plasmids was conducted by use of three materials included acridine orange, ethidium bromide and sodium dodecyl sulfate, the acrdine orange showed strongest curing material and the plasmid lost at concentration (256 µg/ml) and plasmid lost at by ethidium bromide with concentration (512 µg/ml), whilst sodium dodecyl sulfate was the weaker material and the plasmid lost at concentration (2000 µg/ml).

Background : Detection of Circulating Fetal Trophoblastic Cells (CFTC) by single cell genotyping not only allows to identify fetal cells from maternal blood, but also to characterize their bi-parental genome. Methods : We have tested intact fetal trophoblastes recovered at 4th to 10th Week of Gestation (WG) from blood of 13 women after In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and transfer of one or several embryos. Large cells isolated from blood were individually microdissected and studied by genetic fingerprinting with a mean number of 3 Short Tandem Repeats (STR) markers, known to be informative by testing paternal and maternal blood DNA. Results : CFTC were found in all mothers starting from the 5th WG. A mean number of 2.5 CFTC per ml of blood was found in all the analyzed samples collected at the different terms of pregnancy. All mothers who received the transfer of two or three embryos, including one who delivered twins and one with vanishing twin (identified by ultrasounds), were found to have CFTC with two or three different bi-parental genotypes, belonging to different embryos derived from the same parents. Conclusion : CFTC is detectable starting from the 5th WG. A “vanishing twin” phenomenon frequently develops after IVF and transfer of multiple embryos, being undetectable by ultrasounds and revealed by genetic CFTC fingerprinting.

We discuss in this work, the simulation of radar signals GPR, using Reflexw (Sandmeier, 1998) and GprMax (www.gprmax.org/~agianno/GprMax/Download/) software. Note, however, that the operation of these two programs is based on numerical methods including finite difference method (FD) for Reflexw and finite difference time domain (FDTD) for GprMax. The simulations we have performed include the following items: an iron bar, a plastic tube and a plastic water bottle. According to their simulations, these objects will be buried in the garden of the Faculty of Sciences of Granada and studied experimentally, taking direct action by the radar GPR (www.sensoft.ca), which will test the detection efficiency of this unit.

The pressure vessel is an important component of the nuclear reactor, the knowledge of the fluence of neutron in this part of the reactor during its operation and their associated effects is a key issue. The calculation method and also the cross section data and their treatment, have an important rule to this problem. For this object the NESDIP benchmark where the neutron transports through typical side-shield of a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) were performed at AEA technology Winfrith, UK (United Kingdom). In this study we have been interpreted this benchmark using the Monte Carlo transport code MCNPX for the aim to contribute a validation of the method of calculation, and analyse the cross sections, for Iron (56Fe) and water (1H and 16O), presented by: ENDF/B-VII.0, JEFF-3.1 and JENDL-4 libraries. The continuous energy cross section libraries were produced by the nuclear data processing system NJOY99. The principal results required from the benchmark analysis are the calculated-to-measured (C/M) dosimetry reaction rates of 103Rh (n,n’)103mRh monitor, at different depth in a water/iron shield reproducing the ex-core radial geometry of a PWR. The calculations of the NESDIP benchmark experiment showed us that calculation method is effective for the protection study of the REP. And generally, the average C/M ratios obtained are reasonably good when the uncertainties of the measurements are taken into account. The MCNPX code are choosing on the main are used routinely for studying radiation shielding analysis and the fact that feature a rich palette of Variance Reduction (VR) techniques, which play a very important role to reduce the computer required to obtain results of sufficient precision. Some of these VR techniques have been used in the frame of this protection study such as the energy cut-offs (CUT card), the Geometry splitting and Russian roulette (IMP card) and the phase space.

A multi-level analysis was carried out among people of Kudapakkam Village. This area was chosen as a model to study malaria Knowledge Attitude and Practices (KAP). This area is situated Thiruvallur district of Tamilnadu in India. The aim is to determine awareness factors associated with malaria. Data were collected from secondary sources containing 580 respondents. The data deals with socio demographic characteristics, knowledge of signs and symptoms, usage of Long Lasting Insecticidal Net (LLIN) and adverse measures of malaria. Forty percent of respondents doesn’t know about signs and symptoms of malaria and remaining sixty percentage respondents know the signs and symptoms of malaria. Awareness of malaria, usage of LLIN was significantly associated with family grade of education; Awareness of malaria was not significantly associated with occupation, gender, respondent age, community, occupation of the family. Knowledge, signs and symptoms and usage of LLIN have no association with malaria attacks. In addition, to found the hidden pattern of Knowledge, signs and symptoms and usage of LLIN using two step cluster analysis and cross validate this pattern using discriminant analysis.

Zinc sulfide thin films have been deposited onto glass substrates by chemical bath deposition. Thin films of ZnS with different thicknesses of 720nm to 1045 nm were calculated from UV parameters. The effect of film thickness on structural and electrical properties was studied. The thermal conductivity of ZnS thin film is 0.88W/K-m. The structural and activation energy studies support this decrease in the resistivity due to improvement in crystallinity of the films which would increase the charge carrier mobility and decrease in defect levels with increase in the thickness of film. Aim of the work is analyzed the particle structure by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), surface morphology Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and optical properties by UV-Visible spectroscopy and thermal conductivity ZnS thin films. The result indicates that the conductivity of the buffer layer is generated the carriers with minimal losses while coupling light to the junction with minimum absorption losses, yields a highly efficient solar cell.

Pericardial effusion (PE) is an abnormal accumulation of fluid between epicardium and pericardium and may occur due to tumour masses, infectious agents or can be idiopathic in nature. It is more prevalent in large male dog breeds with higher predisposition of Golden retrievers. There are number of modalities that can be useful in diagnosing the pericardial effusion, however, each in one way or other the lack potential for confirmatory diagnosis and thus multiple diagnostic modalities are employed. Radiographic features that are evident in PE include the increase in cardiac silhouette and a Globoid/basket ball appearance of heart. On electrocardiography, decrease in QRS complex voltage and presence of electrical alternans are the usual findings observed. Echocardiography aids in the detection, localization and quantification of pericardial effusion in dogs and is the most sensitive method available for detection of pericardial effusion in dogs. Although, these techniques enable us to diagnose the condition, however, They may not be sufficient enough to arrive at the aetiology of PE. The present review covers the role of radiography, electrocardiography and echocardiography in the diagnosis of pericardial effusion.

The phytochemical analysis of a traditional medicinal formulation also called “komi da ruwanka” used in the treatment of diseases was carried out. The screening of the formulations from all the locations revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, steroids and volatile oils.

This study was conducted to determine the anti-diabetic effect and safety profile of alkaloids of Acanthus montanus Leaf (AAML). The anti-diabetic study was carried out using alloxan-induced diabetic rats by daily intraperitoneal administration of AAML at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg for 4 weeks and 8 weeks. The toxicological assessment of AAML was also done by determining the haematological, biochemical and urinary parameters in blood, serum, and urine samples respectively at the end of the tested periods. In the acute toxicity test, mice were administered intraperitoneally with AAML up to 5000 mg/kg. Animals were then observed for behavioural changes; signs of toxicity, and mortality within 24 h. Surviving mice were monitored for 7 days for signs of delayed toxicity. Result of the anti-diabetic study shows significant (P < 0.05) dose-dependent reduction (42.68 %) in blood sugar levels of the hyperglycemic rats when compared with glibenclamide (standard drug). In the acute toxicity test, AAML was practically non-toxic showing no mortality and visible signs of delayed toxicity. The AAML at 4 and 8 weeks elicited significant (P < 0.05) increases in haematological parameters (Hb, PCV, RBC, WBC and differential count), reductions in biochemical parameters (levels of liver enzymes - AST, ALT, and ALP), total cholesterol, triglycerides, urea and creatinine and urinary parameter (pH). Results obtained in this study suggest that the alkaloids of leaf Acanthus montanus leaf is safe when administered intraperitoneally with potential beneficial effects as immunostimulant, hepatoprotective, and hypocholestrolemic agent, when administered over a long period of time.

Pancytopenia is a very common entity among children in today’s scenario. The cause of pancytopenia can be varied from drug induced bone marrow depression to leukaemia. So, the objective of this study is to determine the cause of pancytopenia among children by haematological parameters (complete blood count) and bone marrow aspiration in a tertiary health care centre. Material and method- A retrospective study was done patients below 18 years of age, diagnosed with pancytopenia at Patna Medical College and Hospital between May2010 to October 2012. Result-258 children were found to have suffered from pancytopenia during the study period. Age ranged from 4 and ½ months to 18 years. Out of 258 cases 62.4% were male and 37.6% were female. Generalised weakness and pallor were the most common clinical presentation of pancytopenia in children. Haematological parameter and bone marrow aspiration was diagnostic. Megaloblastic anaemia followed by hypoplastic anaemia were the most common forms.

The term Temporary anchorage devices presents professional dilemma in the field of orthodontics. Though there are many anchorage devices which are used in the treatment of various malocclusion by orthodontist, Temporary anchorage devices has been recently widely accepted. These devices compose a broad array of implants used to support orthodontic treatment. This article reviews about the various aspects of temporary anchorage devices in the field of orthodontics.

Reaction time is a simple means of determing the sensorimotor performance of an individual. It has been more widely used as an objective method in experimental procedure in field of data processing. Auditory recognition reaction time is a type of reaction time and it plays a very important role while driving vehicles. Previous studies were mainly on simple and choice reaction time and there are very less studies on recognition reaction time. The aim of our study was to compare the dominant hand recognition reaction time with that of foot. The present study was conducted in department of Physiology, JIPMER, Puducherry on 60 healthy female volunteers. After giving adequate practice, hand and foot recognition auditory reaction time were recorded using Reaction Time Machine (RTM 608, Medcaid, Chandighar). The result showed auditory recognition reaction time was significantly more for foot when compared with hand. This could be because of difference in nerve conduction velocity and movement time of the hand when compared with that of foot.

Though, the opportunities for improvement as a result of procurement automation seem abound, 60% of information technology application in procurement initiatives do not deliver the expected results. One such area greatly affected, in many procurement entities, is customer service. Thus, customer service delivery, in many procurement entities, remains a great challenge. For few, if any, consider procurement as a service function, and emphasize into procurement automation is often focused on the cost efficiency rather than service delivery. This study, therefore, examined the impact of procurement automation on procurement entities’ internal customer service delivery, adopting a case study design with a single-case descriptive approach targeting 43 customers using purposive sampling and thereafter the resultant selected divisions used as study clusters (second-stage cluster sampling). A 30% sample size was selected with descriptive statistics and statistical test: Pearson’s (r) and chi-square being used. The study findings indicate that procurement automation positively impacts the procurement entities’ customer service delivery according to 69.8% of the respondents, and there is a significant relationship (with r values ranging from 0.118 to 0.313) between procurement automation and procurement entities’ customer service delivery. Consequently, procurement automation can be viewed as an enabler of the procurement entities’ internal customer service delivery. Hence, procurement automation initiatives must focus, also, on ensuring procurement entities’ provide a high customer service levels.

Students at every stage of their learning need props to help them achieve their learning goals. Part-time students are no exception. Support services are essential for part-time adult students since they often have to combine their learning with work, maintenance of a home and social activities. This study looks at support services available to students at the family, work and institutional levels; likewise peer support, financial support and support from friends. Using descriptive statistics and narrative analytical methods, the study found that there was inadequate support for part-time students at the family, employment and institutional levels. Generally, part-time students are self directed learners but need a few props to enhance learning. Findings of this study also reveal implications for distance learning.

Women empowerment is one major issue of todays. Various International organisations, and governments, are engaged for empowering women, economically, socially, and politically. United Nation World Travel Organisation implemented an action plan for empowering women through tourism. As far as Sikkim state is concern, tourism is one of the main sector in the state and contributing in income and employment to people. In this context, the present study examines the contributions of tourism in women’s empowerment in Sikkim. The study is based on secondary data. A statistical test shows there is difference in participation of male and female work-force in tourism in the state. Out of the total workforce in tourism, only 30 percent of the workforce is female, which it is less than that of the average female workforce of the state (34 percent). Further, there is wide scope for the women’ empowerment through tourism in Sikkim. The steps should be taken by the government, banks, NGO’s, Self-Help Groups, and so on to encourage and facilitate women in tourism related activities.

The present study was undertaken in the undisturbed and disturbed pine and oak forests of Pauri area in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India. The aim of the present study was to assess the physic-chemical properties of these soils. Chemical properties of the soil, i.e., total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), available potassium (K), organic carbon (C), soil organic matter (SOM), pH, C:N ratios, exchangeable Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg) and micronutrients Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and Manganese (Mn) were analyzed for different depths viz., 0-10, 10-30, 30-60, 60- 90, 90-120, 120-150cm in both the undisturbed and disturbed forest types. The phosphorus was found higher in the lower horizons of the Quercus leucotrichophora forest, which may be due to the leaching properties of the soils. The available nitrogen was also higher in the undisturbed forests than in the disturbed forests. The soil pH was found higher at both the disturbed sites. Among the two forest covers, the soils under Quercus leucotrichophora showed comparatively higher CEC than the soils under Pine. The higher values of CEC in the soils may be due to availability of higher organic matter and clay content. The content of exchangeable Ca2+ was maximum under Quercus leucotrichophora and minimum under Pinus roxburghii forest types. Among micronutrients, the manganese was found higher under Pinus roxburghii forest cover. Pine needles being rich in Mn content might have accounted for high level of Mn. Zn was found higher under oak forest cover. In case of Pinus roxburghii forest, a significant positive correlation was found between total nitrogen and organic carbon (0.97), available nitrogen and organic carbon (0.94), CEC and organic carbon (0.98) (Table 5). In case of Quercus leucotrichophora forest, a significant positive correlation was found between total nitrogen and available nitrogen (0.93), available phosphorus and total nitrogen (0.98) (Table 6).

Chemical properties of twenty five composts produced in Saudi Arabia were investigated in order to evaluate their quality compared to local and international standards of compost quality. Generally results showed large variations between most chemical properties of composts under the study. Electrical conductivity (EC) Ec of final composts ranged from 0.6 dSm-1 to 25.4 dSm-1 and 92% of studied composts exceeded the upper limit of accepted EC set by CCQC and PAS-100. Most pH values tended to be alkaline and % were higher than 7.5. Ammonium contents were more than 500 mgkg-1 (the maximum limit set by CCQC) in 40% of final products of compost, which may inhibit seed germination. Organic matter percentages were less than 25% (CCQC minimum limit) in 7% of composts and less than 40% (GCST minimum limit) in 76% of composts. Most C/N ratios (92%) of composts were less than 20% and complied with CCQC, GSCT standards. Nitrification index of 13 composts (52%) was above 3 and they are considered immature composts according to CCQC standards. Significant differences were shown between means of some chemical characteristics of all types of composts. Heavy metal contents of composts were below the upper limit set by CCQC and GCST with exception of Ni and Cd, which exceeded the allowable limit in 65% of and 79% respectively. In general, results showed that most local compost facilities are unable to produce a mature composts product. The high variability between chemical properties of composts confirmed the need for establishing quality assurance procedures to be applied by suitable mechanisms to produce mature compost and protect public health and the environment.

Morocco was equipped, since 2009, of a new development strategy and competitiveness of the halieutic sector. The development of this sector will make it possible to improve the means of existence by the means of the increase of the incomes, employment and the wellness. The development of the aquacultural sector will contribute in addition to the food safety and the socio-economic development of Morocco. The station of fish farming of concerning Deroua HCEFLCD is part of the one of the stations which can play a lever for the development of this sector by the whole of the scientific studies conducted to its level. The follow-up of the physico-chemical parameters during the period of reproduction of a nonnative species Morocco (Oreochromis nilotica) introduced by Egypt in 2004 shows that during the various phases of breeding as well parents whom larvas show that the physico-chemical parameters raised throughout the experience seem to suit perfectly to Oreochromis niloticus because all the registered values is meanwhile optimal of the species. These results can establish a database for the development of the aquacultural sector of this species.

Soil fertility decline is a major constraint to increased agricultural productivity. However, the majority of the smallholders could not afford the cost of applying inorganic fertilizers to mitigate a soil fertility decline at recommended rates due to high costs. Hence, the need to supplement inorganic fertilizers with other sources of plant nutrients that is sustainable and environmentally friendly. Three hundred and fifty-six respondents (356) were sampled in Oyo state for the study. A systematic random sampling technique was used in selecting the respondents. Data were obtained with the use of structured interview schedule and analysed using both descriptive statistics and Tobit regression. Results showed that factors such as age (P < 0.01), cropping pattern (P <0.05), educational level (P <0.01), availability of legume seeds (P <0.01), farm size (P <0.05), farming experience (P <0.05) significantly influenced the adoption of green manure for soil fertility management. Stakeholders should reach out to the farmers in order to sensitize them on the potentials of green manure technology. Researchers should look into the possibility of making seeds available for the interested farmers to ensure the sustainability of using green manure for soil fertility management.

The white-rot fungus Hexagonia apiaria isolated in wood parks in Gabon showed a high capacity to degrade synthetic dyes used in the textile industry. The results of this study show that this fungus has an optimum growth temperature between 30°C and 40°C. Optimum physicochemical parameters of discoloration on solid culture media are 35°C and 0.3g/L. On solid culture medium, the fungus produces different enzymes (cellulase, laccase, phenoloxidase, and peroxidases) in the presence of different substrates. At the concentration of 0.3g/L after 6 days, the discoloration rates are of 0.83, 0.76 and 0.78 (cm/day) respectively for Orange G, Reactive blue 4 and Congo red. The study reveals the opportunity of using this yet poorly known fungus for discoloration of synthetic dyes.

Environmental pollution with toxic heavy metals is spreading throughout the world along with industrial progress. Copper, chromium, cadmium and nickel are few of the known heavy metals. Elevated level of heavy metals not only decrease soil microbial activity and crop production but also threatens human health through the food chain. Rhizoremediation is emerging as a potential cost effective solution for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils in opposition to the conventional chemical and physical remediation technologies that are generally too costly and often harmful to soil characteristics. Rhizosphere plays a significant role in phytoremediation of heavy metals contaminated soil in which microbial population are known to affect heavy metal mobility and availability to the plant through release of chelating agents, acidification, phosphate solubilization and redox changes. This paper reviews the important beneficial plant-microbe interaction that promote plant health and development. Role of rhizospheric bacteria that may promote plant growth by producing siderophore, synthesizing phytohormones and enzymes has also been discussed. The role of transgenic plants, genetically engineered microbes and tolerance of plants to heavy metals in stress environment for enhancing phytoremediation is also explained.

The present investigation was undertaken in order to know the effect of pre-sowing seed invigoration treatments on seed quality and seed yield in cotton genotype LRA 5166. The experiment was conducted in experimental farm, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University during summer and winter seasons of the year 2010-12. The different pre-sowing invigoration seed treatments showed differential response for all the seed quality attributes, growth and yield parameters. Among the treatments, seed treated with 500 ppm GA3 (T3) recorded significantly higher field emergence percentage (92.33%), lesser days to first flower (35.33) and maximum seed cotton yield (154.27) when compared to winter season. The season had significantly effect on all the seed quality parameters studied for cotton.

A large number of pesticides are commonly used to control various agricultural pests; however, their toxicological impact also extends to non-target species like fish. Fish is good indicator of aquatic contamination because its biochemical stress responses are quite similar to those found in mammals.The aim of the present study is to assess the glycogen content in brain and muscle of the fish Channa striatus exposed to sublethal concentrations of endosulfan 1/10th (high), 1/15th (medium) and 1/20th (low) of the 96 hour LC50 values for the period of 7, 14 and 21 days. The fish exposed to endosulfan showed a decrease the glycogen level for 7, 14 and 21 days in brain and muscle. However, no information is on record concerning the three different sublethal concentration of endosulfan on the glycogen contents of fish. The objective of the present work was to observe the effect of endosulfan on glycogen levels in brain and muscle of freshwater fish, Channa striatus.

The purpose of this work is to study a laminar free convection flow of viscous incompressible fluid through a saturated porous medium bounded by an infinite vertical permeable plate in the presence of cosinusoidally fluctuating temperature and concentration. Assuming constant suction at the porous plate, the approximate solution for velocity, temperature and concentration are obtained analytically using regular perturbation techniques. The effects of governing parameters on flow characteristic are discussed graphically.

The real need of e-Governance structure in the area of Indian Administrative services are yet to be seen as there are various dynamics in the Indian scenario. Although previous studies have focused on evolution of various models, but majority of the model are based on small scale scenario of application. The current paper thereby exhibits a novel e-governance architecture which is purely designed considering the conventional structure of e-governance where the proposed solution of architecture is formulated with all the 4 layers of the e-governance structure considering both quality of service as well as security aspects in the design patterns. The evolution of this novel idea is subjected to real time case studies considering the unique identification (UID) in Indian Administrative services, where the results are verified considering i) defect averting, ii) defect minimization, iii) maximized efficiency, iv) software reliability, v) architecture flexibility, and vi) risk management

A detailed hydrogeochemical study was carried out in Lekkur sub basin which is part of Vellar basin. Groundwater is the major source of water supply for agricultural and domestic uses. The agricultural and urbanization activities have made a lot of impact on groundwater quality of the study area. In order to understand the groundwater quality variations in the sub basin area, twenty groundwater samples were collected from dug wells and hand pumps during pre-monsoon season. These water samples were analysed for major cations and anions. The water analysis data were processed using a computer program HYCH. In this program, numerical steps are adopted for the hydrochemical facies classification using the criteria of Handa, Piper, Stuyfzand and USSL schemes. The results show that according to Stuyfzand classification, 50 % of water samples are oligohaline to fresh type. Based on USSL classification, 40 % of water samples fall in good to moderate (C2S1 and C3S1) categories and the rest of the samples exhibit poor quality. This shows serious problems for domestic and agricultural uses during pre-monsoon period.

Rice straw ash and wood ash were admixtured at various weight percentages with cement and its effect on hydration was explored in this report. The ash particles under 75 micron size were mixed together at four different percentages and added to cement as a partial replacement and the samples were hydrated for various time periods from 1 hour to 4 weeks. The samples were analyzed with FTIR, XRD and SEM techniques to characterize the hydration kinetics and to understand the changes occurring in mineral compounds during their modification into hydrated mineral compounds. The results were compared with the compressive strength measurements in the light of available literature. The result obtained reveal a definite possibility of RSA and WA reuse.

Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 emerged in Mexico and United States and spread throughout the world over a short period of time. The aim of this study was to investigate the demographic, clinical manifestations and epidemiologic characteristics of influenza H1N1pdm09 associated to confirmed influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Casablanca. From 07 May, 2009 to 17 May 2010, 1347 nasopharyngeal swab from patients with clinical evidence of influenza-like illness (ILI) were tested for pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, using One-Step Real-Time RT-PCR. Demographic data, symptoms, exposure and co-morbidity conditions were documented. Of 1347 nasopharyngeal swab 489 (36.3%) were positive and 858 (63.7%) were negative. The Maximum positive cases were found in the age group of 15-44 yr, (46.4%) followed by 5-14 yr (32.3%) and the low positive cases was found in the age group > 65 yr(1.7%). Fever (82.4%), Cough (80.2%), Sore throat (47%), Headache (44.6%), Rhinitis (46.4%) and Myalgia (28.6%), were the most commonly reported symptoms in the A(H1N1)pdm09 positive group, but gastrointestinal symptoms, including vomiting and diarrhea, were not commonly reported (9.2%), (4.7%) respectively. The prevalence of Influenza A(H1N1 is high in the younger population. Continuous monitoring is essential for evaluation and surveillance to be prepared for and able to control future influenza activities.

The aim of this was to investigate the association between P53 exon 4 codon 72 genotypes and acute and chronic lymphoid leukaemias. A total of 77 subjects were enrolled in this study, 32 with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, 15 with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and 30 healthy individuals as a control group. Genomic DNA was extracted from patients’ blood samples by salting out method, and analyzed for determination of P53 exon 4 codon 72 genotypes using-allele specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR). The results showed that, the genotype Arg/Pro was the most frequent (75%) in patients with ALL, followed by the genotype Arg/Arg (19%), and Pro/Pro (6%). Also in patients with CLL the genotype Arg/Pro was the most prevalent (67%), followed by Arg/Arg (27%), and Pro/Pro (6%). In healthy control the Arg/Arg genotype was the most frequent genotype (80%), followed by Arg/Pro (17%), and Pro/Pro (3%). There was a significant association between the Arg/Pro genotype and both ALL (OR: 4.5, CI: 1.97-10.27, P .value: 0.000) and CLL (OR: 4.0, CI: 1.7-9.6, P.value:0.001). In conclusion, Arg/Pro genotype might confer increased risk for development of ALL and CLL.

An experiment was conducted in the Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University to evaluate the hatchability of various sanitizing agents for hatching eggs of Kuttand duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) eggs. A total of 2400 hatching eggs over a period of six weeks was collected for the study. Each treatment consisted of 600 eggs with 100 eggs per replicate. The selected eggs were randomly allotted to the various cleaning methods (dry cleaning, luke warm water wash, glutaraldehyde wash and sodium hypochlorite wash) and were examined for the effect of these treatments on hatchability. The findings of the present study revealed that the the highest hatchability percentage was recorded in eggs washed with sodium hypochlorite (T4) followed by dry cleaning (T1), glutaraldehyde (T3) and luke warm water wash (T2). Statistical analysis of data recorded no significant difference among treatments.

A fingerprint is an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger. Fingerprint patterns are unique in each individual. Since the beginning of twentieth century, fingerprint detection and analysis are being commonly used. It has become an important part of forensic investigation in crime scene. Therefore, it has got a great application in the court of law. Out of many blood grouping systems available, ABO and Rh systems are the most important and are considered for the present study. Aim of this study is to correlate the fingerprint patterns with gender and blood group of individuals. This prospective study was carried out in a time period of 2 months among 300 medical students (150 male and150 female) of Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore. The fingerprint patterns are classified under loops, whorls and arches. Results show that loops are the most commonly found pattern followed by whorls and arches. Loops are predominant in females whereas whorls and arches are seen more in males. Highest frequency of loops was seen in O positive blood group.

Accurate patient positioning and monitoring play a vital role in radiotherapy to achieve maximum tumour control and minimal normal tissue complications. The main aim of the present investigation was to fabricate indigenously micro-switch controlled circuit based Automatic Patient’s Movement Monitoring Device (APMMD) used with the radiotherapy machine that immediately halts the teletherapy treatment if patient moves claiming accurate field treatment. This device prevents unnecessary radiation exposure to a patient's normal tissue in situations where immobilization devices are not utilized. The APMMD consists of two micro switches, two LED’s, two buzzers and two AA batteries and two sensor devices. Patients were placed in between the two sensor devices which are near the treatment area. The movable rod of the sensor should touch the patient’s body on both sides. If the patient moves left lateral side, the left inner rod moves inward to the outer rod, and the micro switch is activated, so that the alarm is activated and the LED goes to OFF position automatically. Furthermore, the treatment halts automatically and repositioning of the patient is necessary to continue the treatment. This equipment is utilized for observing the movement of 130 patients with different types of cancer. Our preliminary clinical results indicate that 77 patients were moved from their position during the treatment, whereas the rest received the radiation without movements. This low cost electronic compact device and alarm system can detect patient movements with a sensitivity of about 0.5cm.

Trading as an activity was at its zenith during the Mughal period in India. The role of Geography was exceptionally crucial in the foundation of a trading town. How propitious geographical factors helped in the growth and development of a trading town in that period is the foremost focus of this paper. Assortments of factors were responsible for the growth of trade during that period. Among them geographical factors also played a key role. If a town was having a centripetal location, was near to a water body or had fertile soil or had a rich hinterland then it was considered apt for becoming a trading centre. Technology was not that advance as it is today so it becomes interesting to know how trading towns were affected by geographical factors.

The Weaving community of Shantipur of Nadia district of West Bengal performing the activities as a means of livelihood since long back. Earlier the weaving had potentiality to meet all basic demands of the families involved in the activity. But at present only the weaving alone as an activity failed to provide minimum livelihood support among the weaver. In this paper we have tried to represent the involvement of the community and the past and present status of the weaving as an economic activity.

Dowry is a good custom and practice for those who can afford it. But for the poor, it is a curse. The government has enacted many laws to check its misuse. Officially speaking, no parent or family can demand dowry. But still it continues to cast its baneful grip on society

The purpose of the study was to find out what special education teachers know about Asperger’s syndrome. In addition, this study attempted to find out if there any significant differences in special education teachers' knowledge about Asperger Syndrome depending on teachers'(gender, education level, teaching experience, and level of professional development) variables. A total of 171 special education teachers from various segregated and inclusive schools in (Riyadh, Al-Baha, Jeddah, and Al-Dammam) in Saudi Arabia were asked to complete the Knowledge of Asperger- revised Scale - revised (KASP-Revised) to determine their level of knowledge about Asperger Syndrome. An analysis of the collected data, using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance, indicated that special education teachers have relatively moderate level of knowledge about Asperger Syndrome. The results also indicated that; female special education teachers, teachers with Master’s degree or above, teachers with (>10) years of experience, and finally, teachers who had a previous professional development, had higher level of knowledge about Asperger Syndrome in comparison with other special education teachers groups.

Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or geological materials from the earth, usually from an ore body, vein or coal seam. Materials recovered by mining include bauxite, coal, copper, gold, silver, diamonds, iron, precious metals, lead, limestone, magnesite, nickel, phosphate, oil, shale, rock salt, tin, uranium and molbedium. Any material that cannot be grown from agricultural processes, or created artificially in a laboratory or factory, is usually mined. Mining in a widersense comprises extraction of any non renewable resource eg, petroleum, natural gas. Mineral resources are vital for the economic growth and development of the country. Minerals worth Rs. 73945 crore were produced in India in 2004-05. Opencast mining operations to result the minerals like limestone, bauxite, iron-, chromite, copper- ores and coal are getting more emphasis because of obvious reasons but are associated with various environmental concerns. One of the major environmental challenges is to handle and manage the huge volumes of overburden generated in the opencast mines. This paper presents the assessment of environmental impacts of overburden such as visual (aesthetics, landscape), soil erosion, ecological disruption, air and water pollution, safety, risk and health etc. Economic valuation aspects of environmental impacts of overburden are also briefly described in his paper.

Cryptococcosis is an acute, subacute or chronic fungal disease caused by an encapsulated yeast Cryptococcus neoformans. It is the second most common fungal infection after candidiasis in HIV infected individuals and it is consider as the potentially most serious infections. Commercial antibiotics especially chloramphenicol was more effective in controlling C. neoformans. A wide variety of plants can be screened which are potentially antimicrobial. Morphological and cultural characteristics of C. neoformans Sanf. were studied. Morphology of the organism was studied by direct observation under the microscope by using wet mount and negative staining techniques. The cultural characteristics of the organism were studied in Sabouraud’s dextrose agar and broth under the influence of different carbon sources. The influence of some commercial antibiotics and plant extracts were assessed for their antimycotic activities. The identity of the fungus was confirmed by nigrosin staining and biochemical tests. Effect of some physico-chemical factors such as temperature, pH, salinity, sugar (dextrose) and peptone on the growth of C. neoformans was studied and the optimum requirements for its growth have been determined. Antibiotic activities of some commercially available 11 antibiotics were assayed against C. neoformans and chloramphenical alone inhibited the growth of the test organism. The presences of antimicrobial properties in 129 plant extracts were also tested against C. neoformans. Among the plant extracts tested Coleus forskohlii and Pedalium murex (leaf) was more effective than other plant extracts tested.

Micropropagation technique is a powerful tool of biotechnology which can be used in crop improvement and meets the demand for availability of uniform clones in large numbers for economically important crops. Simmondsia chinensis (Link.) Schneider is an oil-yielding, eco-friendly plant of the family Simmondsiaceae. The seed contains a unique liquid-wax about 50-60%of their dry weight which is used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, lubricant industries and treatment for skin cancer and wound healing properties. Propagation of S. chinensis is through seeds, seedlings, stem cutting, grafting and micro propagation technique. Problems in direct seed cultivation in field due to male biased population which have male to female ratio is 5:1. Vegetative propagation via. cutting, grafting have limitation due to seasonal process and difficulty of rooting in S. chinensis. Hence, successful regeneration of plants by micropropagation technique offers excellent opportunities for the improvement of S. chinensis and protocols providing regeneration and multiplication from various vegetative parts of the plants have been tested with varying degree of success. In this review article we have assimilated the recent literature pertaining to the new developments in the field of micropropagation of S. chinensis using different explants such as shoot tip, nodal segment, leaf, immature zygotic embryos, micropropagated shoots for rooting and the effect of various additives on S. chinensis.

Milk is a food that inherently favors the microbial growth. There are many sources of contamination of milk including the cows itself, the environment water, milking processes and equipments. The varied routes for the introduction of pathogens into milk preclude the production of milk that can be guaranteed to be safe for human consumption. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological safety and to detect mastitis in milk that sold in Jimma town, south western Ethiopia. A total of 90 samples were collected form some randomly selected restaurants in the town. Standard methods were used for the enumeration of aerobic mesophillic bacteria, coliforms, aerobic bacterial spores, lactic acid bacteria, yeast and molds. Isolation and identification of the most important mastitis bacterial pathogens (Staphylococcus aurous and Streptococcus agalactiae) were also done. The data was analyzed by using SPSS version 15 and presented by using tables and graphs. The result of the study showed that the mean microbial counts were dominated by aerobic mesophilic bacteria (7.5±0.8), lactic acid bacteria (6.6±0.6), coliforms (5.9±0.4), yeasts (5.1± 0.5) aerobic bacterial spores (4.2±0.4) and moulds (3.7±0.6). On the other hand, two most important mastitis pathogens were isolated and identified. Generally the microbial safety of milk sold in Jimma town was poor and it calls for special attention especially those concerned bodies inhabit in the town.

An in vitro propagation protocol was developed for large scale production of Jatropha curcas. Uninodal explants in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1.33 M Benzyl Aminopurine (BA) and 0.29 M Gibberellic Acid (GA3) was achieved shoot induction. In vitro shoots in MS medium combination of 7.36 M Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) and 9.29 M Kinetin (KN) was obtained multiple shoots. In vitro raised shoots were rooted in half strength MS medium supplemented with 1.34 M Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA). Survival percentage of rooted plantlets was recorded in the growth chamber (92.2) and mist chamber (85.4).

Economic development entails environmental cost. Striking a balance between the two is a wise theoretical solution. Real world situations are more complex and displacement of human habitats as an offshoot of development process is a case in point. In India, starting from Narmada Valley Project to the recent POSCO exemplified the vulnerability of the oustees and their deplorable life sustenance. Building large dams, mining, clearing forest set the primary objectives of promoting economic growth. Externalities caused by such activities result in degradation of environmental resources and loss of human habitats as well. While such large scale ventures appear essential to ensure progressive development and employment opportunity, the over exploitation of natural resources and the attendant pollution can never be ruled out; besides the affected people are marginalized and stakeholders form the voiceless majority. In this milieu, discussion of the following real stories may unfold the ground reality in India. The Narmada Valley project is still alive and controversies are unresolved yet. Narmada River is the bone of contention between the Government of Gujarat and Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) an NGO. The Government claimed that the project would be beneficial in terms of irrigation hydropower (electricity), flood control, drinking water, increased storage capacity on the one hand, and the NGO resisted by indicating the dis-benefits; submergence of land as much as 37690 hectares in Gujarat, Maharastra, and Madyapradesh. There were displacement of 45000 families at full reservoir level, depletion of forests, water logging, problems of earth quakes, and political disputes. NBA, an NGO under Medha Patkar, has been opposing tooth and nail the project for its large scale displacement of people. Right from 1990-91 it highlighted the plight of the oustees and forced the World Bank to withdraw from the project. Gujarat Govt. claims 35000 families have been rehabilitated. NBA challenges it. Pohang Iron and Steel Company, Korea, (POSCO). The project envisages a steel plant, power plant and port. It also requires construction of 300 kms of railway track for transport of ore from mines to factory through forest area. POSCO project, worth US $ 12 billion, covered 1620 hectare of which 1440 hectare is forest land in the State of Odisha. Additional 2469 hectares of hilly area in Khandadhar were to be brought under mining. According to Government the project will displace only 466 families, about 2,500 people who will be adequately compensated. But the forest area is the livelihood for more than 10,000 to 15,000 people Compensation of Rs. 28.75 lakhs per hectare of acquired land is being offered. Betel farming provides Rs. 10- 17.5 lakhs per hectare per year. The compensation will be equal to 2-3 years of revenue. POSCO cannot employ locals as they are not skilled labors. POSCO may be development but will be development that takes the livelihood of the people for whom the project is meant for. It is a tussle between land based economic growth as against industrial growth. Social Justice propounded by Rawls needs to be invoked in this context. Policy makers understand their ‘Original Position’ and need to enter in into ‘Veil of ignorance’ to frame rules of forming a fair society towards achieving social justice.

Zooplankton are known as good bio-indicator of changes in water quality because it is strongly affected by any changes in physical and chemical conditions of water as well as the surrounding environmental condition. Zooplankton diversity and physico-chemical parameters of an oxbow lake, Madhura anua was studied for a period of one year from September 2012 to August 2013. During the study period a total of 26 species belonging to 4 groups of Zooplankton were recorded of which rotifera was represented by highest number of 16 species, Cladocera by 7 species, copepoda by 2 species and ostracoda by only 1 species showing lowest percentage of presence. Zooplankton community when correlated with physico-chemical parameters indicated that Dissolved Oxygen and free Carbon Dioxide are significantly inversely correlated (p < 0.01) with the occurrence of zooplankton.

The study was aimed at understanding the effect of mixed leaf litter (Polyalthia longifolia and Samanea saman) vermicompost on the growth and productivity of Vigna mungo plant. The vermicompost of leaf litter was used with Vigna mungo plants under field conditions. The different treatments affected the seed germination of the test crop significantly. Plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of days for flowering, number of fruits per plant, fruit length and 100 seed weight were significantly greater in the leaf litter vermicompost treated Vigna mungo plants as compared to control and no disease incidence was observed in the fruits of vermicompost treated Vigna mungo plants. The study revealed that vermicompost amendments affected Vigna mungo plants differently and we recommend that the safe and soil enriching plant leaf litter vermicompost should be used by farmers while the cultivation of Vigna mungo plants and synthetic fertilizers should be avoided instead to decrease the soil pollution by these synthetic fertilizers.

Tea is the most popular beverage in the world and contains several essential nutrients, which are beneficial for human health. Tea leaves also contains heavy metals which are harmful for human health. In this study, the concentration of heavy metals in tea cultivated soil and tea leaf were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The concentration of Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb in all the soil samples ranged from 1.28-2.58, 48.26-78.42, 43.12-65.28 and 22.74-49.85 mg/kg respectively. The concentration of heavy metals in leaves samples were ranged from 2.02-2.67, 60.28-84.34, 56.18-79.20 and 30.96-50.12 mg/kg respectively. The concentration of heavy metals in the tea soil and tea leaves can be arranged in the following order, with regards to their total contents: Cr > Ni > Pb > Cd. The concentration of heavy metals in tea leaf is slightly higher than the tea cultivated soil. The concentration of heavy metals are within the tolerable level.

The main objective of this study is to estimate nuclear data uncertainties on the effective multiplication factor (Keff) related to elastic, inelastic, capture and fission cross sections and the correlations between them. Different rapid and thermal cases of the different IHECSBE benchmarks have been studied by using nuclear data evaluation JENDL4 to calculate the sensitivity vectors for 235U and 238U isotopes and four cases used to validate our sensitivity vectors. These sensitivity vectors are calculated by using the adjoint-weighted perturbation method based on the Kpert card of the Monte Carlo code MCNP6. Thus, the uncertainties induced by nuclear data have been calculated by combining the sensitivity vectors with the covariance matrices that are generated by the ERRORJ module of the recently updated of the nuclear data processing system NJOY99. In this study, we found the four cross sections (elastic, inelastic, capture and fission) of the 235U and their covariance matrices Lack the adjustement especially in the rapid energies. Against, the cross sections and covariance matrices of the 238U not lack the adjustement especially in the thermal energies.

Coir pith a natural, lignocellulosic, low-cost, agricultural by-product has been evaluated as a sorbent to remove strontium from aqueous solutions. Sorption studies were performed in a batch mode by varying the experimental parameters such as solution pH, initial metal ion concentration and contact time. The extent of strontium sorption was found to increase with increase in initial metal ion concentration and contact time. The optimum sorption of Sr(II) on coir pith was achieved in the pH range of 5-8. Kinetic studies showed that the strontium sorption process was rapid and followed pseudo second-order kinetics. Equilibrium data were evaluated using Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Maximum sorption capacity of coir pith for Sr(II) was found to be 87.16 mgg-1 in the studied concentration range. Repeated sorption-desorption cycles were performed to examine the reusability and metal recovery efficiency of the biosorbent. Sr(II) could be desorbed almost completely from the spent coir pith using HCl or EDTA solutions within 1h. Quantitative removal of strontium was obtained from spiked ground water samples. The studies revealed that, coir pith is a promising biosorbent for Sr(II) removal from aqueous solutions owing to its low cost and high uptake capacity.

Glasses with composition 60B2O3–(40–x)MnO2–xNa2O (where x = 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mol. %) have been prepared using the melt quench technique. The structural analysis of glasses is carried out by X-ray diffraction, density, IR spectroscopy and thermal analysis measurements. The XRD profiles confirmed their glassy nature and FTIR spectra indicate that inclusion of modifier oxide produces BO3 and BO4 structural units by breaking the boroxol B3O6 ring. The glass transition temperature (Tg), crystallization temperature (Tc) and melting temperature (Tm) of the glasses decreases with increases of Na2O content in the system. Scanning electron microscopy study was also carried out with a view to throwing more light on their morphology aspects.

The roots of Acanthus montanus were extracted with methanol and the extract successively extracted with n-hexane, petroleum ether, ethylacetate, diethylether and chloroform to investigate the anti-diabetic activity based on ethnomedicinal lead. Through a pilot study the ethylacetate fraction (EAF) was studied against alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Preliminary phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity studies were carried out in mice intraperitoneally. An attempt was made to resolve the EAF into its components using thin layer chromatography (TLC). Result of the anti-diabetic study shows significant dose-dependent reduction (P <0.05) in blood sugar levels of both normoglycemic and hyperglycemic rats. When doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg of the EAF were administered intraperitoneally to alloxan-induced diabetic rats, significant decrease in blood sugar level occurred (21.91, 38.12 and 49.20 % respectively) compared to the sugar lowering effect of glibenclamide (51.78 %). In normal rats, EAF (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg) exhibited a significant reduction of the blood sugar level of 19.20, 27.80 and 40.74 % respectively, while glibenclamide caused a 49.94 % reduction. Phytochemical tests showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. Acute toxicity test carried out in mice using Lorke’s methods showed that the extract was safe, since no death was recorded at a dose of 5000 mg/kg. The study shows that the extract of the EAF of Acanthus montanus possessed a significant and dose-dependent hypoglycemic activity in normoglycemic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats and provides a pharmacological basis for the use of Acanthus montanus root in folk medicine in management of diabetes. Among the chromatographic solvent systems tested, chloroform: ethylacetate (6:4) gave the best resolution of the EAF giving the highest number of spots. The result of the chromatographic studies can be a guide for further studies to isolate and characterize the active principle(s) responsible for this activity.

Background: The metabolic syndrome which was hitherto taught to be a disease of the western world is now becoming more prevalent in developing countries. Of paramount importance is its association with cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. This study seeks to determine the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in an urban and rural area of Nigeria and its association with some socio-demographic factors. Method: In a cross-sectional community based study, by a stratified random sampling method, 229 subjects were selected aged 18 – 78 years. The diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome was based on the revised third National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III definition. Results: The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 8.0%. It was more prevalent in the urban area than rural area with rates of 7.5% versus 0.5% (χ2 = 17.417, p <0.001). It was also more prevalent in females than males with rates of 6.1% versus 1.9% (χ2 = 6.367, p = 0.012). Metabolic syndrome was more prevalent in the older age group than in the younger age group with rates of 6.1% versus 1.9% (χ2 = 4.998, p = 0.025). Conclusion: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is significantly associated with urbanization, female sex and older age.

Three dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship (3D-QSAR) models were developed for anilino pyrimidine and anilino quinazoline derivatives to inhibit the glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3β) and EGFR tyrosine kinase respectively. The selective glycogen synthase kinase is an important for improved therapeutic profile of gsk3β inhibitors over tyrosine kinase. For this purpose we developed atom based 3D-QSAR for 60 selected compounds. The model showed satisfactory statistical significance; (Regression (r2) with 0.9738 and Regression coefficient of variation (r2cv) with 0.6172). These results were found to be more informative in pinpointing the structural basis for the observed quantitative differences of kinase inhibition. The result of the best QSAR model was further compared with structure based investigation using docking studies with the x-ray crystal structure of gsk3β and tyrosine kinase domines. The results helped to understand the nature of substituent’s at 21 and31 positions on aniline ring. Therefore these results will be useful for providing new guidelines for the design of novel inhibitors.

Background: Congenital muscular torticollis is a postural deformity resulting from unilateral shortening and fibrosis of the sternocleidomastoid muscle .Early diagnosis helps in achieving good results with conservative treatment. Delayed treatment of this condition results in suboptimal correction of torticollis & persistence of associated secondary deformities. Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of surgery in patients presenting late for the treatment. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted from august 2011 to July 2013. 10 patients were included in the study. Data was collected in terms of age, sex, clinical presentation, additional deformities, range of neck movements pre& post operatively, history of previous treatment attempts, findings at operation and surgical procedures. All the patients underwent bipolar release of torticollis as described by ferkel. Results: The mean age of the patients who were operated for CMT (6 females, 4 males) was 13.9 years (range: 7 yrs to 30 yrs).6 pts had rt side torticollis & 4 pts had lt side torticollis. mean follow up period was 1 year . All pts were diagnosed to have this deformity in early childhood. The most common complaints at presentation were restriction of neck motion, head tilt & fascial asymmetry. 1 pt had h/o previous surgical release & remaining pts did not undergo any treatment previously. All pts had shortening of sternomastoid muscle with thickening of both origin & insertion of the muscle. Significant improvement in neck movements & tilting of the head were noted after the surgical release. No significant complications were noted with the surgical procedure. Conclusion: surgical release of CMT in neglected cases improves the quality of life by improving neck motion & resolving the head tilt & it is a relatively complication free method.

Hundred axillary dissections were conducted by the first author over four years. A muscular slip was observed during such a routine axillary dissection in a cadaver extending from the lower border of Latissimus dorsi muscle to the trilaminar tendinous insertion of pectoralis major muscle. The arch was identified as the “Axillary arch of Langer”. This attribute’s its incidence to 1% in south Indian population. The paramount importance of the arch to the surgeons operating in the axilla has been discussed. The article aims at describing the various reported muscular variations in the axilla, their embryological basis and surgical significance as their knowledge is vital due to their relevance in hyper abduction syndromes, post mastectomy breast reconstruction using latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps, lymphoedema, differential diagnosis of axillary swellings and thoracic outlet syndrome.

The study of tourist’s perception on service quality is a critical strategy for success and survival in today’s competitive environment (Fynes and Voss, 2001). This study assesses the recreational experiences of tourists and aims to discuss the sustainable tourist development of cold desert of Ladakh region. The region as a whole is a climatic desert, which has imposed severe check on the proper growth of economic activity, even agriculture has not flourished fully. Despite of that tourism is opening new vistas fort the region, the total number of the tourists visited in the year 1985 was 18911 which increased to 77800 in the year 2001. The study was conducted with the help of the questionnaires that included different variable measuring the demographic profile, occupational distribution, purpose of visit, and mode of transportation to arrive the destination, level of satisfaction and perception of the tourists towards the environmental condition of the Ladakh. The result shows that about 80% of the tourists visiting the Ladakh are in the economically active age-group and majority of them are from the developed courtiers of the west Europe which is a good sign for the future tourism of the area. The study also focused on the attitude of the host population towards the tourism and it was found 96% of the tourists were of the opinion that host population was supportive for the development of the tourism industry. On basis of this empirical data, some recommendations are made for the sustainable tourism development of the region.

The measurement of cost and efficiency in physical distribution has been a subject of serious debate in marketing literature, particularly the concern for high costs and the need for improvements on the methods and processes of operations. What to be measured and how these are measured remain difficult in physical distribution tasks or functions. A survey design was used, and the population of study was some selected manufacturing firms in south east Nigeria, that are directly involved with finished goods distribution. Data collection was by questionnaire and interview. The data presentation was by simple percentages. The findings were that costs and efficiency in physical distribution were never really measured, appropriated as percentages of stock value and also by estimation. Physical distribution costs is a priority that must be fully established, the methods used properly documented and measures taken to control the costs.

Organizational effectiveness means how effectively an organization is achieving the goals, it intends to achieve. It is ordinarily used to refer goal attainment. In any organization, people and resources contribute significantly towards its effectiveness. In fact, they make their impact in attaining organizational goals. Keeping in view the role of organizational effectiveness in the determining goal achievement, the present study has been undertaken. A number of criteria have been used for measuring organizational effectiveness including Productivity, Efficiency, profitability, growth, goal consensus, commitment to organization, ethical values, quality of goods and services, morale of the employees, absenteeism and turnover, pay, supervision, job satisfaction, participation in decision making, stability etc. The study seeks to explore the variables contributing to organizational effectiveness and the existence of relationship among them. Primary data used in the study has been collected on the basis of questionnaire. The questionnaire is administered on the selected employees of ABC Laboratories Ltd. The analysis has been made by applying statistical tools. The study is of great significance to the organization and the researchers as it highlights the variables affecting organizational effectiveness.

Although Commercial Forestry Policy and supportive laws exist for the development of commercial forestry, which together with other socio-economic activities like agriculture contribute to the quality of socio-economic welfare, the population in Northern Uganda has remained largely poor. This study aimed at examining the factors that affect implementation of the current Commercial Forestry Policy in Northern Uganda. A Cross-sectional survey design, with a target population of 127 participants was used in this study. Data were analyzed by measuring the frequencies of occurrence of sets of response. The findings revealed that, inadequate public awareness creation, lack of seeds/planting stocks and funds, were among the major challenges affecting implementation of the current Commercial Forestry Policy in Northern Uganda. The study recommended that continuous awareness creation be conducted, financial and physical incentives be provided to the public and researchers should explore further into other strategies for effective implementation of Forestry Policy, among others.

The mosaic of demographic surface experiences a continuous change over time, if the area is frequented by constant influx of population from outside. The Sundarbans of India is such a region, wherein influx population in different periods settled down, especially in the 20th century. After the independence of India, drastically reduced rate of mortality and slightly reduced birth rate have instigated booming of population of the region. The influx population from the west and East Pakistan added an extra momentum to the population growth due to partition of India in 1947. All these events are continuously modified demographic surface of the region and so likely have widened the gap of demographic relief. The present investigation has been made to unfold nature and dynamics of population growth of the Indian Sundarbans and at the same time it aims to find out the tremendous growth zones of the region.

The use of training sessions which combine with strength exercises and sprints (CO training sessions) to improve the Repeated Sprint Ability (RSA) requires that athletes manage well recovery times. This study aimed therefore at measuring the decrease in performance at jump tests, induced by a CO training session and estimating the level of restoration reached after 48 hour-recovery period. Seventeen students playing basketball (20.8 ± 3.7 years) took part in this study carried out using a 2 x 5 experimental design, with a control training session made up of traditional basketball exercises (TR), and after seven days, came a CO. The Squat Jump (SJ), counter movement jump using arms or not (CMJ and CMJA), Reactivity Jump (RJ) were carried out before, at the end, six hours, 24 hours and 48 hours after each session. The CO session induced the decrease in performance by 12.7%, 12.3%, 6.7% and 22.9% (p < 0.05), respectively for SJ, CMJ, CMJA and RJ, without a complete recovery of the muscular capacities after the 48 hour-resting period. After the TR session, the modifications in jump performances recorded were all non-significant (p > 0.05). A CO training session caused a decrease in the performance of jump tests, like that induced by a strength training complex session. After a 24 hour-resting, the Reactivity Index (RI) was closed to the initial value, but 48 hours after, the restoration of the other muscular parameters was incomplete in the studied basketball players.

In this study, an attempt has been made to study the relationship between different dimensions of pro-social behaviour and stress perception of higher secondary students. The pro-social and antisocial behaviour scale was constructed and validated by the investigator has been used for this study to measure the pro-social behaviour of higher secondary students. Stress perception scale was constructed and validated by Lydia Eric. The pro-social and antisocial behaviour scale includes four dimensions of pro-social behaviour namely, donating, helping, sharing and comfort behaviour. The tool has been administered to a random sample of 836 higher secondary students studying in Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu. The survey method has been followed for the present study. The result of the study reveals that there is significantly moderate correlation and negative relationship between stress perception and different dimensions of pro-social behaviour such as donating beaviour, helping and total pro-social behaviour. Also it shows that there is significantly low correlation and negative relationship between stress perception and dimensions of pro-social behaviour such as sharing and comfort behaviour.

This paper deals with the deep historical reason for the Israel and Palestinian conflict. In this backyard numerous wars have been fought in this region between the Arabs and Israeli forces and is still continuing with varying intensity and severity to each other. Today in the era of cyber and digital warfare sympathizers of both the groups are threat to global security through terrorist activities. The Israeli and Arabs have their logical argument to support their fight against each other. Important secret treaty and declarations has further enflamed this conflict. This issue is very severe today and vulnerable for peace in this region of Middle East. Today both the Israeli and Palestinian are fighting for their existence and will keep doing till their end unless peace is attained with mutual acceptance and recognisation in the region