January 2016

Two classes of oral anti-coagulant (OAC) are available to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke: vitamin K antagonists (VKA) and direct oral anti-coagulants (DOA). Our goals were to evaluate current prescription practices in a neurovascular care unit (NCU), to inform discharged patients on their drug and to follow them up. A registry of 124 patients with an OAC prescription, was kept by our clinical pharmacist team. Indications were analysed and patients got a pharmaceutical interview whenever possible. Several months later, pharmacists recorded benefice, adverse event and patient observance from the patient follow up consultation with a neurologist. Stroke upon atrial fibrillation mainly occurred (69%) and DOA were mainly prescribed (79%). Most of the patients (73%) were informed on their treatment before leaving. The registry allowed to follow 72% patients and showed an overall compliance (98%) and few thrombotic relapses (3%) or adverse effects (10%). Our registry showed that DOA prescription is significantly chosen over VKA for patients with stroke upon atrial fibrillation. Moreover, accompanying prescription of risky drugs, such as OAC, by clinical pharmacists, with personalised information prior to discharge, is feasible, likely contributing to increase patient adherence and safety of their treatment.

Background: Thyroid disease is a common prevalent disease in the women of reproductive age. This disease arises due to complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors. On the other hand, the relations between genes and environment are yet to be identified. The most important susceptibility genes that have been identified is the HLA-DQB1 gene locus on chromosome number six. The major environmental factors include iodine, medications, infection, smoking, and possibly stress. Aim of study: the association between HLA-DQB1 alleles and goitrous thyroid disease in a group of Iraqi Arab Muslims. Patients and methods: A case-control comparative research was carried out in Al-Kindy Teaching Hospital, Baghdad-Iraq. Patients with thyroid diseases attended this hospital in the period September-2013 to June-2014 for thyoidectomy. HLA –DQB1genotyping was done using a group of sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes (SSOP) method by means of HLA-DQB1amplification kit and other hybridization kit (SSO HLA type DQB1 plus and Mastermix for HLA type DQB1 Amp plus kits -Innogenetics- from Belgium) by using AutoLipa – 48Innogenetics-Belgum. Results: There was an increased frequency of HLADQB1*03:01and 0601 in control group compared with patients group (P=0.005, Odds ratio=0.0164, 95% Confidence Interval: 0.0009-0.2926) and (P=0.01, Odd ratio=0.1667, 95% Confidence Interval: 0.0412 to 0.6750) respectively. Other alleles like HLA-DQB1* 0202, 03:02, 0501 and 06:02 were detected in patients group and not in control group. Conclusions: HLA alleles have an effect on development thyroid disease. HLADQB1* 0301 and 0601 is a protective in Iraqi Arab Muslims individuals.

Birth defects are the leading cause of infant mortality accounting for approximately 21% of infant death rate. Developmental anomalies of the urogenital system is one of them, and of paramount clinical importance. About 100 foetuses of age groups four months to nine months of intrauterine life were collected from local hospitals at Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh and preserved in 10%formalin. After making an incision in the anterior abdominal wall. The abdomen was eviscerated. The posterior abdominal wall and the excretory organs were exposed on both the sides. Out of 100 foetuses observed, in one foetus (Male, aged 20 weeks) the left kidney, the left ureter and the left renal artery were absent. The foetus had a normal right kidney, right ureter and right renal artery. In conclusion, Renal agenesis is the consequence of failure of development of the ureteric bud.

Aim: The study was aimed to assess the quality of life (QoL) of patients with psoriasis and the association of QoL scores with the selected socio-demographic variables. Methods and Materials: A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 200 patients affected with psoriasis. Study subjects were recruited from Dermatology clinic, JIPMER (Jawaharlal Institute of Post-graduate Medical education & Research), hospital, Puducherry. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews by using a structured questionnaire on sociodemographic information, three questionnaires on quality of life such as 12- items General Health Questionnaire, modified Psoriasis Disability Index and modified Psoriasis Life Stress Inventory. Results: Most of the subjects 164(82%) reported that their quality of life was negatively affected with psoriasis. The disability and stress were found to be more in the younger age group (<30 years).

Aim: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of conventional surgical knife to that of laser assisted excision of operculum in terms of patient comfort assessment, post-operative pain and healing. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yenepoya Dental College, Mangalore. Study consisted of 20 patients with clinically diagnosed Pericoronitis who required excision of the Oerculum. They were divided in 2 groups: A and B. Group A comprised of cases were operculum was excised with surgical knife and group B comprised of cases were operculum was excised using picasso diode laser. Clinical parameters such as patient comfort, post-operative pain and healing were assessed and compared between two groups. Results: Group B showed significantly better results than Group A in terms of post-operative pain and wound healing. Conclusion: The use of diode laser in excision of operculum has several advantages over surgical knife such as enhanced haemostasis, less post-operative pain and a better post-operative healing. Therefore, lasers can be considered as a better and acceptable alternative for excision of pericoronal flaps.

A study was undertaken to find out certain macro and micro mineral levels (Ca, P, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) in soil, fodder and serum of dairy cattle owned by College of Veterinary Science, AAU, Khanapara, Guwahati-22. The soil and fodder samples were collected and processed following the procedure of Mitchell and Rhue (1979) and Fick, et al. (1979), respectively. The serum samples was analysed as per method of Fick et al. (1979) with the help of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The phosphorus content in soil, fodder and serum was found below the critical level whereas the levels of Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu were observed above the critical level. Hence, phosphorylation of soil including supplementation of phosphorus to the livestock may be practised.

Plasmacytoma is a localized collection of malignant plasma cells. SBPs are found primarily in the axial skeleton, particularly the vertebrae, ribs, and pelvis, but may involve any bone in the body. But plasmocytoma in clavicle is very very rare. We here report a case of 50 yrs old female patient presented with swelling and pain at medial end of left clavicle, diagnosed solitary plasmacytoma of clavicle post-operatively by means of Histopathology and IHC without any bone marrow involvement of monoclonal cells, presence of M-band on serum electrophoresis, negative bone scan or any systemic features of multiple myeloma.Solitary plasmacytoma of bone is not very common. Moreover involvement of medial end of clavicle is a rare entity.

Children differ from adolescents and adults in their interpretation and ability to express their experience. They simply know that something is going wrong and that they are very afraid. Children can only describe the physical symptoms. They have not yet developed the constructs to put these symptoms together and label them as fear. The objective of present study was to understand the prevalence of anxiety related disorders and gender differences among children. The sample size of present research was 200 children. The sample consists of 100 boys and 100 girls between ages 9-11 years. The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED) scale by Birmaher et al. (1999) was administered individually on all the participants. Results indicated there is significant difference between boys and girls on different anxiety related disorders.

Background: Changes in the lifestyle of school student are one of the most important factors for the postural problems that are developing in students. This study aims to find the reliabity of postural measurements within trial and across trial measurements. Method: In this study, 97 middle grade school students (10- 11 years) were included. Photographs were taken in sagittal plane in 2 trial and 3 sessions which were assessed quantitatively and reliability was calculated. Results: Postural measurements of upright position in both within trial and across trial were found to be significant reliable. Conclusion: The study reveals significant intra subject reliability of upright postural measurements.

Aim: Assess the oral health status and treatment needs of geriatric and pediatric population in a ward of Jaipur city Objective: Assess the oral health status using the Oral Health Assessment form of subjects of 5 and 65-74 years in a ward of Jaipur city. Assess the periodontal status of subjects of 5 years and 65-74 years using modified CPI index in a ward of Jaipur city Materials and Method: Sample of 630 subjects including 360 children aged 5 years and 270 adults in the age-group of 65-74 years were examined for their oral health status and periodontal status using WHO Oral Health Assessment Form 2013. Subjects were selected from a ward of Jaipur city Results: Of the 270 adults, 69.1% subjects cleaned their teeth once a day, only 60.7% used toothpaste. Nearly 55% subjects had visited a dentist. Over 93% subjects consumed tobacco in some form. Nearly 31% subjects had complete edentulous arches and mean DMFT score was 16.74 of dentate individuals. The score was higher in males than females. Almost 58% subjects had deep pockets and 73.4% had bleeding on probing. Ninety three percent respondents complained of difficulty in chewing food. Among the 360 children, 71% had either decay or missing tooth with mean dmft 1.43. Mean decay score was 1.36 and mean missing score was 0.12. Conclusion: The study concluded that the DMFT score for adults was high and dmft score for children was low. As nearly a third of the adult population had complete edentulous arches, they had less utilization of dental services.

Breast carcinoma is one of the leading cause of malignancy in females. The diagnosis of breast carcinoma is often made by fine needle aspiration cytology, which is quick and non invasive procedure to assess in vivo tumor grade. Cytological grading in aspiration of breast malignancies is a useful tool for surgical maneuvar and prognosis. The aim of present study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the Robinson's cytological grading of breast carcinoma assuming the Elston's modification of Bloom Richardson's histological grading as a gold standard and to assess the importance of cytohistological grading in predicting prognosis of breast carcinomas. The fine needle aspiration smears were stained with papanicoloau and H&E stains & graded using the Robinson's cytological grading system and correlated with modified scarff bloom Richardson's histological grading (Assuming as gold standard). The present study showed that the cytological grade correlated well with the histological grading (p<0.01), diagnostic accuracy was 75.71% and higher grade was associated with nodal metastasis. Hence the cytological grading and typing should be routinely incorporated in the cytology report and they can be of great value in guiding the choice of the treatment protocols.

Preterm delivery is the leading cause of perinatal mortality accounting for up to 40-60% of perinatal deaths. These have been attributed to a variety of factors, though in some cases the direct cause is not readily apparent. Materials: Information required was obtained from folders of preterm babies admitted into special care baby unit in the study center for a period of five years (2005-2010). Results: In this study, there was a significant association between birth weight, uptake of antenatal care and marital status, (likelihood ratio; 0.03, 0.000 and 0.001) respectively. The poor outcomes (Left against Medical Advice and death) were higher among babies of single mothers. Eight out of 12 lama and 16 out of 25 deaths met with statistical significance, p = 0.001. Conclusion: Compulsory female education and early identification of women at risk of preterm delivery will reduce perinatal deaths. Referral to appropriate health centers as well as the use of cheap and cost-effective care would go a long way to reduce these deaths.

Aim: The aim is to assess the interplay between anxiety and depression was also assessed by comparing the HAD scales with biochemical serum markers of anxiety and depression, namely cortisol and serotonin during surgical removal of third molar. Materials & Methods: A prospective randomized study was conducted using 30 healthy patients (male-13,female-17) between 18-45 years, requiring surgical extraction of impacted mandibular third molar were included in the study. Hospital anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) scale is a questionnaire used to assess levels of Anxiety and Depression. Blood samples were collected before and after the surgical procedure. The blood samples was analysed for serum cortisol and serotonin, these results were compared with the HAD questionnaire results. Results: The results were analysed using the Student ‘t’ test and Chi square test. The comparison between the pre and post extraction cortisol (C1 and C2) values suggested that the mean post-operative value was in the higher range of the physiological limits with p <0.05 whereas the pre and post extraction (S1 and S2) was within the normal limits with p value >0.005. Conclusion: The study showed that patients were only anxious but showed no signs of depression after surgical removal of the third molar. Study concludes depression does not co-exist with anxiety in immediate pre and post-operative setting.

Infant and under five mortality in developing countries has declined in the past two decades while the new born mortality has not significantly changed. Most neonatal death take place at home, this indicate that lack of early recognition on the danger sign and low treatment seeking behavior of mothers (care taker) towards modern health care service. The objective of this study is to assess knowledge of mother on danger signs of neonatal and postnatal illness and health seeking behavior among pregnant and postpartum mother in Gedeo Zone, 2014/15. A community based cross-sectional study design, supplemented with qualitative study is conducted. The study period is done from 1/11/2014-30/11/2014 and the study populations is all sampled pregnant and postpartum mothers who live in Gedeo Zone during study period. Sample size is determined by Level of significance (0.05), Power (0.50), Proportion of Knowledge of newborn danger signs on Mother’s response was 29.3% according to a study result in SNNPR which result in sample size of 318.Considering design effect of 2 and adding 10 % for non-response rate, the final sample size is 700. Focus group discussion and in-depth interview was conducted with pregnant and postpartum mothers and health care provider respectively and triangulated with quantitative findings. The sampling procedure will involve a multistage stratified cluster sampling technique. A total of 700 respondents were included in the study and giving 100% response rate. The mean ages of the respondent was 25.8 (SD± 8) with a range age of 17 to 40. Marital Status of the respondent showed that 15(2.1%) were single followed by 655 (93.6%) were married & 12 (1.7%) were Widowed. Bivariate analysis showed that significant associations between treatment seeking behaviour of mother’s from health center to new born with residence, educational status of mother & husband, income, family size, perception score towards new born health problem, ethnicity, affordability & accessibility and place of delivery however, the result of the multivariate analysis showed that, Residences, educational status of the respondent, delivery and family size were predictors of treatment seeking behaviour of mother’s from health centre to new born. Residences, educational status of the respondent, delivery and family size were predictors of treatment seeking behaviour of mother’s from health centre to new born thus as a recommendation appropriate health education intervention should be given to the respondent.

Pregnancy is a holistic experience which suggests that every little thing that happens to the mother anyplace in or on her physique has the chance of influencing the infant. Adverse pregnancy outcomes including preterm birth, low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, are important events determining neonatal morbidity and mortality. In the present scenario the oral hygiene is the least cared for during pregnancy and owing to the high impact of dental disease on pregnancy outcome research into this area becomes mandatory. Keeping this in mind, this study was conducted to see the significant association of dental disease with adverse pregnancy outcome in MGM Hospital, Kalamboli, Navi Mumbai, so that in future dental examination can be made an integral part of antenatal check-up.

To identify the risk factors other than tobacco and alcohol for the development of head and neck cancer, functional polymorphisms of DNA repair genes including XRCC1 Arg194Trp in the exon 6, Arg280His in the exon 9, Arg399Gln in the exon 10, XRCC2 Arg188His in the exon 3, XRCC3 Thr241Met in the exon 7, XRCC4 codon 247, XRCC4 G1394T, XRCC4 intron7, XRCC5 2R/1R/0R, XRCC6 61 (C>G) and XRCC7 6721 (G>T) were studied among rural population of Maharashtra. The XRCC genes were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) to elucidate the specific changes in the gene region. The result from our study showed that XRCC1 A399G in exon 10 (OR= 3.69; 95%CI= (2.34-5.51); p= <0.0001) XRCC4-2 (G1394T) OR=6.53; 95%CI=(4.71-9.05); p= <0.0001), XRCC5 (0R/0R) OR=1.97; 95%CI=(1.15-3.26); p= <0.0001) and XRCC7 (6721 T/T) OR=11.58; 95%CI=(7.44-18.02); p= <0.0001) genotypes significantly increased the risk of head and neck cancer. This study indicates that variant types of XRCC1, XRCC4, XRCCC5 and XRCC7 genes play a role in modifying genetic susceptibility of individual to head and neck cancer. Thus, the consistent findings from this case-control study suggest that selected DNA repair genes represent genetic determinants in oral carcinogenesis along with other risk factors in the rural Indian population.

High serum CK levels are found in many muscular dystrophies as well as inflammatory, toxic, metabolic, and mitochondrial myopathies. The highest values are seen during attacks of myoglobinuria (“rhabdomyolysis”), a clinical syndrome of diffuse myalgia, myoglobinuria, and, often, renal failure. Idiopathic hyper CKemia indicates persistently elevated CK with no symptoms or minimal symptoms, such as muscle aches at rest or with exercise, muscle cramps, or stiffness. On examination, there should be no weakness, wasting, loss or increase of tendon reflexes, or fasciculations. We here present a case of 31 year old Indian male presented to us with complaints of muscle aches, easy fatiguability numbness in all 4 limbs for last four years. On investigation the patient had an elevated serum creatine kinase level but on evaluation no myopathy, weakness, wasting, loss or increase of tendon reflexes, or fasciculations were present. Patient’s PTH level was low and diagnosis of idiopathic hypoparathyriodism with Hyper CKemia without Myopathy was kept.

Purpose: The purpose of our study is to determine the ratio of abnormal cervical cytology among the results of the first cervical screening of women in the Darfur area of Central Africa. Material and Method: The cytology results of women who had Pap smear tests done in a Saharan hospital between 2014-2015 were screened retrospectively. Women with abnormal cervical cytology results in the conventional evaluation were examined further. Women with cervical cytology results of ASC-US, ASC-H, LGSIL, HGSIL, and AGC were included in the study. Findings: Abnormal smear results were detected in 178 (2.83%) of the 6279 women whose cervical cytology was examined. ASC-US was detected in 100 (56.1%), ASC-H in 5 (2.8%), LGSIL in 31 (17.5%), HGSIL in 14 (7.9%), AGC in 27 (15.3%) and cervical cancer in 1 (0.56%) of the cases. Sixty-three of the cases underwent colposcopy-guided biopsy. The biopsy results were reported as chronic cervicitis in 29 (46.3%), CIN1 in 13 (18.7%), CIN2 in 6 (9%) and CIN3 in 13 (20.3%) of the cases. The correlation between the cervical cytology and colposcopy-guided biopsy results was statistically significant (Kappa: 0.541 and p<0.001). Result: Cervical cancer can be diagnosed early by cervical cytology evaluations and can even be prevented. Although the cervical cytology test is a readily available, easy and effective method, histopathological correlation gains importance in the evaluation of abnormal cervical cytology. Performing colposcopy-guided biopsy for histopathological evaluation is considered an appropriate approach for the management of abnormal cervical cytology.

Background: Tobacco and alcohol use are serious public health problems in many countries including India because of the associated health hazards. In contrast to urban areas, there are relatively few data on the prevalence of risk factors among rural population in various age-groups from Tamil Nadu. So, a study was conducted to estimate prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use in a rural population in Tamil Nadu, India. Methods: A cross sectional was carried out over a period of one year from August 2010 to July 2011 in the field practice area of PSG Rural Health Centre, Neelambur attached to the Department of Community Medicine, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore. Data collection was done by semi-structured, semi-open ended interview-based questionnaire. Results: Out of 1464 study participants, 244 (16.7%) were smokers. Smokeless tobacco usage was found in 168 (11.5%) study participants whereas 191 (13%) were using Beedi and 85 (5.8%) were using Cigarette. Alcohol consumption in the last 12 months was found in 207 (14.1%) study participants. Among those consuming alcohol, most of them were consuming Beer 176 (85%) followed by Rum 54 (26.1%) and Whiskey 40 (19.3%). Conclusions: prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use was high in this rural population proximal to urban area in Tamil Nadu. There is an urgent need for health promotion campaigns to raise awareness regarding risk factors such as smoking, alcohol, overweight and encourage adoption of healthy lifestyles.

Atypical pneumonia is atypical in presentation with only moderate amounts of sputum, no consolidation, only small increases in white cell counts and no alveolar exudates; and sometimes, not even presenting with respiratory symptoms. Here we present a case of a 65 years old elderly man who presented with disorientation, hiccups and loss of appetite. He was a known diabetic and hypertensive. On presentation patient had a SpO2 of 96%. Lab reports were suggestive of severe hyponatremia of 92meq/L and clinically he was euvolaemic. Chest X-ray showed right sided consolidation. However he did not have any breathlessness or cough. He was given sodium correction and antibiotics for the consolidation and was treated as a community acquired pneumonia. Patient showed signs of improvement. All other causes for hyponatremia were ruled out. However, the patient again presented with same symptoms after 1 month with hyponatremia of 95meq/L and left sided consolidation. He was again given sodium correction. Patient did not produce sputum so bronchial lavage was done and sent for culture sensitivity which showed chlamydia infection. Antibiotics were given according to the sensitivity. Patient improved clinically. On follow up after 1 month patient had normal x ray and normal sodium levels. Hence repeated episodes of hyponatremia associated with pneumonia were hypothesized to be caused by atypical pneumonia caused by chlamydia- a rare presentation.

Wound dehiscence is disruption of any or all of the layers in a wound. Dehiscence may occur in up to 3% of abdominal wounds and is very distressing to the patient. Wound dehiscence is an acute wound failure. Acute wound failure has been discussed under various names i.e. wound dehiscence, burst abdomen, wound disruption and evisceration. Despite advances in perioperative care and suture materials, incidence and mortality rates in regard to abdominal wound dehiscence have not significantly changed over the past decades. This may be attributable to increasing incidences of risk factors within patient populations outweighing the benefits of technical achievements. This study was conducted to find out the incidence and identify the risk factors involved in causing abdominal wound dehiscence. 40 patients who developed abdominal wound dehiscence after laparotomy in department of surgery, RIMS Hospital were selected for cross sectional study during the study period of October 2013 to September 2015. Analysis was done with IBM SPSS version 16 and data were described using mean and percentages. Out of 1728 laparotomies during the study period which included 1008 cases of emergency laparotomies and 720 cases of elective laparotomies, 40 developed wound dehiscence, so incidence rate of abdominal wound dehiscence was 2.3% in this study; 1.9% for elective laparotomy and 2.6% for emergency laparotomy. The common risk factors identified were emergency laparotomy, age <30 years and age above 60 years and male sex. Low socio economic status was also a common cause of wound dehiscence. Hypertension and diabetes were present in some cases. Anaemia, hypoalbuminemia and kidney function derangement were also common among wound dehiscence patients. Another important finding was presence of malignancy. Wound infection, sepsis and raised intra abdominal pressure (coughing, vomiting) were also an important cause of abdominal wound dehiscence. Further studies with larger sample size and controlled studies were recommended to support this finding.

Fungal and aflatoxins contamination in rabbit's environment and evaluation the efficacy of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and probiotic in amelioration the toxic effects of aflatoxins were investigated. One hundred samples, including (25 each of feed, water, litter and wires of rabbit's cages) were collected from private rabbit's farms at El-Giza Governorate. The mycological examination resulted in recovering Aspergillus sp. at the top of fungi isolated from all examined samples(68%), followed by Mucor sp.(35%), Penicillium sp. (31%), Fusarium sp. (23%), Rhizopus sp. (21%),Cladosporium sp. (6%) and Scopulariopsis sp. (4%). Members of genus Aspergillus was predominantly recovered from the present samples. A. flavus was isolated from (59%) of samples, followed by A.niger (21%) and A.ochraceus recovered from (19%) of samples. The isolated A.flavus from litter samples were detected as the most prevalence aflatoxigenic strains (100%)which produced aflatoxin BI and B2 with a mean levels of (27.0±3.22). Although, the higher mean levels of AFs was obtained by A. flavus that recovered from feed samples (50 ± 3.5) with a lower relatively rate of incidence (87.5%). This makes the selection of proper decontamination methods that will effectively decompose aflatoxins. Thirty-five healthy New Zealand rabbits were divided into 5 groups, each including 7 rabbits. The rabbits of group 1 were kept as the negative control group. While, rabbits in the groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were orally given AFB1 at a dose of 50ug dissolved in 0.5 ml of olive oil/ animal daily, for 4 weeks. On first day following the administration of AF, NAC was orally administered a dose of250 mg/kg ofb.w. for group 3 (low dose)and a dose of 500mg/kg b.w. for group 4 (high dose). While, the group 5 given probiotic in drinking water (0.5 gram dissolved in 25 liters of water).Aflatoxin induced (ROS), accompanied with significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of lysated RBCs and a significant decrease in CAT, SOD and GPx activities. While, there was an increase in serum AST, ALT, ALP, urea and creatinine levels. The activity of pancreatic enzymes showed significant increase in serum amylase and lipase activities after the rabbit's exposure to aflatoxin BI .However, aflatoxin BI group had a decrease in concentrations of serum total protein, albumin, alpha globulin, beta globulin and gamma globulin together with A/G ratio. The administration of N-acetylcysteine or probiotic caused a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and an increase in GSH, CAT, SOD and GPx compared to aflatoxicated group. In addition, the levels of ALT, AST, plasma amylase and lipase levels were significantly reduced due to the protective effects given by N-acetylcysteine and probiotic. The histopathological necrotic damage due to the drastic effects of AFBI on some vital organ as liver and kidney included hepatotoxic effects and inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. These changes improved by administration of probiotic and N-acetyl cystein to aflatoxicated animal resulted in reduction of the aflatoxintoxic changes through the immune strengthening effect and protection of lipid and protein from oxidative damage.

Urolithiasis is one of the major health issue in urinary system which causes large health care burden. Although many therapeutic options have been develop for the treatments of renal stones, mechanism of formation of renal stone is still remains as controversial. In order to detect formation of stone in different anatomical locations in renal system, we have examined 76 renal stone samples in different anatomical locations collected from Teaching Hospital, Peradeniya. Surface and cross sectional visual and microscopic analysis were done in all samples. Advanced morphological data and photographs were obtained through polarizing microscope using plane and crossed polarized light. Serial chemical characterization was carried out by using on X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectrometer (Fisher-Scope XAN). From that study we found to have that the nucleation is the most important step for the formation of urinary calculi and it could be the organic matter. Also, the fragments of early formed stones within pelvicalyceal system could also be the nuclei of stones of other anatomical location. Nucleus and periphery have two different lamination patterns in polarized light and morphological and chemical data indicates significant difference between nucleus and periphery of a renal stone. It clearly shows that formation of nucleus and periphery of a stone is governed by two different processes. Based on these data urinary calculi can be differentiated according to their origin and growth. Also it may help to modify the correct treatment of urinary calculi.

Background: Group A individuals are further subdivided into A1, A2 and other rare types like A3, A intermediate (int.), Ax, Am, Aend, Ay, Ael, etc. Subgroups of A can result in discrepancy in ABO blood typing. The occurrence of weak variants due to heterogeneity of the A and B alleles poses a challenge for immunohaematology practice. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of 2.5 years from January 2013 to July 2015 carried out at the Department of Immunohaematology & Blood Transfusion of MGM Hospital, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai. Data has been collected from blood bank donor grouping records. All blood samples processed during period of observation were included in the study. Results: Blood group records of 9,539 whole blood donors were analysed. It was found that out of total 9,539 donors 3,986 (41.78%) belonged to A1 subgroup and 68 (0.71%) belonged to A2 subgroup. 672 (7.04%) belonged to A1B subgroup and 72 (0.76%) belonged to A2B subgroup. Conclusion: Identification & recording of subgroups is important. Weak subgroups of A antigen red cells may be mistyped as group O or B which might led to transfusion reactions in a few cases.

Aims: The overall aim was to evaluate the outcome of decompressive craniectomy (DC) in patients with acute massive cerebrovascular accidents in a tertiary referral center with the primary outcomes being survival, functional ability and psychosocial consequences. Methods: The study was a retrospective study over the last four years. Data derived from case sheets, reports and operative notes. The main outcome measures were noted from Glasgow Scale (GCS), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Barthel Index (BI), and Modified Rankin Scale (MRC).Changes over time during follow-up were obtained by telephonic communication with patient. Analysis was done using a statistical method that is suitable for small data sets. Results: The retrospective data was analyzed for a period of four years, of which 51.11% patients had ischaemic stroke and 48.89% had intracranial hemorrhage respectively. All patients who underwent decompressive craniectomy survived and did well with the surgery 85.07% people improved to MRC scale of 3 and 14.93% patients expired due to secondary causes such as MI aspiration pneumonia etc which occurred duringhospitalization. The therapeutic algorithms, time to tracheotomy time to cranioplasty were also noted. The control group who received only medical management saw only 1.5% survival. Conclusions: The studies show that an effective chain of medical surgical and rehabilitation activities can produce a good outcome/living situation and that life can be satisfactory for patients after massive cerebrovascular accidents in spite of neurological deficits.

Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) is caused by overgrowth of Candida yeast species in the vagina. It is characterized by curd-like vaginal discharge, itching, and erythema. It affects 3 out of 4 women in their lifetimes. Pregnancy, use of high estrogen oral contraceptive pills, steroids, antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs and aging favour the growth of Candida species. Womwn are generally reluctant about VVC which leads to emergence of pelvic inflammatory diseases in them. Diagnosis of VVC is done by KOH wet mount, culture, germ tube test, chlamydospore test, and a battery of sugar fermentation and assimilation tests. A review of 15 years (2000-2015) has been done in this article. In conclusion of this review is that patients coming with pre disposing factors (usage of antibiotics, oral contraceptive drugs, hormonal therapy, and pregnancy) and co morbidities like diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis should also be examined for VVC in them.

Penetrating Abdominal trauma is increasing because of the increase of violence in our fellowship. A number of patients with penetrating abdominal trauma have normal vital signs and negative abdominal examination when referred to trauma centres. A great heap of contention exists between authorities about screening these patients for emergency laparotomy. The optimal management of hemodynamically stable asymptomatic patients remains controversial. The goal is to identify and treat injuries in a cost efficient way. Common evaluation strategies are Local Wound Exploration (LWE), Diagnostic Peritoneal Lavage (DPL), Serial Clinical Assessments, and Computed Tomography (CT) imaging. Reaching a decision to operate on a patient with penetrating injury abdomen is a challenge. The Objective of this study was to analyze the pattern of penetrating abdominal trauma, current management practiced and outcome. Patients and Methods: Eighty (80) patients who were admitted to the Department of General Surgery, Bowring and Lady Curzon Hospital between March 2010 and August 2015 with abdominal stab wounds were included in prospective study. Results: A total of 80 patients with penetrating abdominal trauma were assessed with a mean age of 29 yrs. The male to female ratio was 25.7:1. Most of the patients (89.4%) were in the Second to fourth decades of their liveliness. Twenty-Five patients (31.25%) presented with shock. The homicidal Stab wound is the commonest mode of injury seen in our patients. All of our patients were managed by exploratory laparotomy. Hollow viscus injuries were reported in 81.25% and Solid organ injuries was found in 20% of the patients. The rate of negative laparotomy of this study was 7.2%. Complications and mortality were encountered in 31.25% and 2.5% respectively. The mean hospital stay was 9 days. Conclusion: The study shows no difference in the pattern of intra-abdominal injuries regardless of the means of penetrating abdominal injury. The rate of operative treatment is satisfactory, but laparotomies can be avoided in hemodynamically stable patients without peritonitis provided more sensitive investigations are available which can identify early/minor injuries. There is a need to identify new imaging modality/ procedure which helps to determine the management scheme. Till date many investigations / procedures have been proposed, but none have withstood the test of time. The overall outcome was acceptable and comparable to other studies.

Endodontics encompasses the study and practice of the basic and clinical sciences of the biology of the normal dental pulp and the etiology, diagnosis, prevention treatment of diseases and injuries of the dental pulp along with associated periradicular conditions. Endodontics has evolved tremendously in the past decade and its applications have immensely improved the quality of dental treatment. Hence exploring the different aspects of the principles of endodontics, tackling certain challenges will help to boost its development with the advantage of innovations in research and technology. This paper reviews the various advancements that can change the course of endodontics, as well as the challenges which when tackled can solemnize its future

A total of one hundred feed samples were collected from Cairo and Giza governorates and screened for aflatoxigenic and ochratoxigenic fungal isolates. A total of 106 fungal isolates comprising, Aspergillus flavus, A. ochraceus and A. niger wererecovered from feed samples and tested for aflatoxins and ochratoxin A (OTA) production. The most predominant isolate was A. flavus, which was recovered at the range of (40-55%), followed by A. niger (30-50 %) and A. ochraceus (15-20%). Thirty three of 47 A. flavus isolates produced aflatoxin B1 and B2 at average levels of (170-750 ppb), while, 22 of 44 tested isolates of A. niger produced OTA with average levels of (100-550 ppb), whereas, 12 of 15 A. ochraceus isolatesproduced OTA at average levels of (300-700 ppb). Molecular identification of 16 toxigenic fungal isolates (5 A. flavus, 6 A. ochraceus and 5 A. niger) was carried out by PCR. The results of PCR of the DNA extracted from these isolates using ITS primer confirmed the identification of A. flavus, A. ochraceous and A. niger. The application of real-time PCR (RT-PCR) system directed against the nor-1 gene of the aflatoxins biosynthetic pathway was applied on the DNA extracted from the 5 selected strains of A. flavus. The amplification plot of the DNA samples indicated the presence of nor-1 gene in all aflatoxins-producing A. flavus isolates and in only one isolate of the negative aflatoxins-producing A. flavus. On the other hand, the use of primer set for amplification of omtB gene responsible for AF production amplified 611 bp fragments bands in all aflatoxigenic A. flavus, while, no band was detected in all negative aflatoxinogenic isolates. All the sequenced A. flavus isolates were confirmed to belong to A. flavus species and were 100% similar to the reference isolates of A. flavus. The application of PCR assays for detection of ochratoxigenic fungi using OCRA1/OCRA2 primers, amplified a single fragment of about 400 bp, when genomic DNA from ochratoxigenic A. ochraceus and non- ochratoxigenic A. ochraceus isolates were tested. No product was observed with genomic DNA from A. niger isolates. When, PCR assayswas applied using a pair of primers (Aopks1/Aopks2) for specific detection of ochratoxigenic fungi by targeting the metabolic pathway genes Polyketide Synthase (pks) specific to ochratoxin, a single fragment of about 549 bp was produced with all positive ochratoxigenic A. ochraceus isolates and 2 ochratoxigenic A. niger isolates. No product was observed with genomic DNA from all negative ochratoxigenic isolates of A. ochraceus and A. niger. Moreover, the combination of biochemical and molecular methods is needed to correctly evaluate the potential toxicological risk in feed caused by these fungi. Conclusion: the application of molecular biology technique was found to be rapid, highly specific, easy to perform and cost effective method to assist creation the programs used for reducing the risk of harmful effects of toxigenic fungi and their toxins to human and other farm animal's health.

Metastatic cardiac tumors are more frequent than primary tumors. Osteosarcomas very rarely metastasizes to the heart and to our knowledge, no cases have been reported to occur in the whole right cavity. We report a case of cardiac metastasis in a 77 year old patient with osteosarcoma of the humerus, presenting after more than one year of surgical treatment of primary lesion with signs of right heart failure and severe respiratory distress. Diagnosis was made on echocardiogram and chest CT scan: The patient had a large tumor within the right ventricle and atrium. It totally occluded the right ventricle outflow. Calcification was observed. No other metastatic site was detected. Intra cardiac metastasis from osteosarcoma rarely gain clinical attention. However patients should be followed up for cardiac involvement for long years.

The present study was done in the department of Anatomy at Government Medical College Srinagar to study the variationsin the arrangement of structures at the hilum of kidney and their clinical Significance.30 kidneys (n:2) from 15(n:1) formalin preserved cadavers were taken for this study and anatomical variations of renal arteries and arrangement of structures at the hilum of each kidney was studied. It was observed that in one of the cadavers with supernumerary renal arteries arrangement of structures in the hilum of right kidney was arteries, vein and renal pelvis from anterior to posterior in contrast to the usual arrangement of vein, artery and renal pelvis. In this cadaver we found that renal right renal artery after originating from abdominal aorta at the level of first Lumbar vertebra divided into three branches. The superior branch (S) entered the upper pole of kidney, middle (M) and inferior branch (I) made their entry through the hilum but anterior to renal Vein. The inferior suprarenal artery (ISA) originated from superior the superior branch common renal artery (S). The origin and course and branching pattern of renal vessels on the left side of this cadaver was normal. In this series we do not found any accessory renal artery originating from coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric artery or common iliac artery. Though anomalies of renal artery are very common but usually the arrangement of structures at the hilum remains unchanged. The knowledge of this rare anomaly with change in pattern of structures at the renal hilum is very useful in Interventional Radiology/ Cardiology, planning laparoscopic renal transplants and urological surgeries with better prognosis.

Splenic hydatidosis has been reported since ancient times. Berlot in 1790 was the first to describe splenic hydatidosis as an autopsy finding. It may be detected incidentally or present with non-specific complaints. It is endemic in cattle-rearing areas of South America, Africa, Middle East, South Europe, India, and Australia. The rarity of splenic hydatid disease poses a diagnostic challenge for clinicians, particularly in non-endemic areas. As the hydatid cyst can present as a simple cyst without having the classic serological and imaging features, and later can lead to life-threatening complications like anaphylaxis, hydatid disease of spleen should be considered in differential in every patient in endemic areas with cystic lesion of spleen until proved otherwise.

People are using herbal medicines from centuries for safety, efficacy, cultural acceptability and lesser side effects. Plant and plant products have utilized with varying success to cure and prevent diseases throughout history. Due to side effects of synthetic products, herbal products are gaining popularity in the Indian market. Scenario and perceptions of herbal medicine are discussed. According to pharmacopeia of world, at least 119 distinct chemical substance derived from plant are important drugs currently use within 62 therapeutic categories and 91 species are the source of this drugs. The present article deals with the Current scenario of herbal medicine in India.herbal product are as old a human race. As herbal preparation gives various advantages over synthetic ones. Herbal formulations are getting popularity in the Indian market. Traditional pharma sectors as well as modern pharma sectors involved in production of nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals and biopesticide. This review gives an account on current scenario of herbal product in Indian market like neutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals and biopesticide which are preferred nowadays.

A series of 100 patients presenting with suspected diagnosis of non traumatic acute abdomen have been studied by helical computed tomography with the aim to diagnose the etiology of pain, to suggest the mode of management and also to compare CT findings with clinical, ultrasound and operative findings wherever surgery was done. In the present study, pancreatitis was the most common cause of non traumatic acute abdomen present in 40% of the cases. Abscess was the second most common cause present in 20% cases. Appendicitis and urolithiasis was seen equally in 10% cases followed by cholecystitis and intestinal obstruction in 5% cases each. No abnormality was seen in 10% cases. Helical CT is an effective technique in the evaluation of patients with non traumatic acute abdominal pain, and it should be considered as an initial imaging modality in the emergency department to obtain new diagnostic information for faster and more accurate diagnosis (MacKersie et al., 2005).

Background: Female genital mutilation is a commonly applied tradition in the Sub-Saharan Africa. It has three subtypes. Currently, it has been mostly illegal. But tradition still goes on. Methods: This study included 407 male and 412 female university students who study in Nyala University in the State of South Darfur. Students were questioned for the followings in common: age, faculty of study, reasons for female circumcision, effects of female circumcision on female sexual functions, and their views about the circumcision of the possible future daughter. Mann-Whitney U-test was used for statistical analyses. Results: The rate of circumcision was 79.6 % in the female university students 73 % of the all male students prefer to marry uncircumcised women. Male students reported that female circumcision should be continued to be performed, and their future daughters should be circumcised (64.7%); female students reported that their future daughters should not be circumcised (77.7%). Conclusions: This study shows that even educated individuals in Africa demand female circumcision in spite of knowing its harms. It is therefore concluded that educational studies on this subject must be continued.

Contraceptive methods are used to alter or avoid the body's natural state of fertility, thereby preventing or reducing the probability of pregnancy without abstaining from sexual intercourse. A comparative study was conducted to assess preference and usage of contraceptive methods among 100 married women of selected rural and urban areas of District Ludhiana, Punjab by using convenience sampling technique, The findings of the present study revealed that, Male condom was 1st preferred contraceptive method both in rural area & urban area. In relation to usage, the most commonly used contraceptive method in rural area was standard day’s method & in urban area, it was female sterilization. While age, education, duration of married life & number of male child, had significant relationship with usage of contraceptives. Hence it is further recommended to do this study on large sample for better generalization. Moreover, an exploratory study can be done to identify the factors associated with usage of contraceptive methods.

In view of the global epidemic of untreated caries in children there is an urgent need to establish a scoring system that both assesses and quantifies various advanced stages of caries. The DMF index despite having limitations has been widely utilized in oral epidemiological surveys. It is recommended by the WHO for measuring and comparing the experience of dental caries in populations. The future new research in caries epidemiology will depend on finding an ideal caries index. There are many promising new caries indices purposed, but still there is a need for further studies to evaluate their validity and reliability before they can replace DMFT index.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer of women in both developed and developing country. As per global health estimates,WHO-2013,about 508000 females died of breast cancer in 2011.Though breast cancer is considered a disease of developed countries, in recent years a rising incidence of cases is also being seen in developing countries. India is no exception to this. Breast cancer is on the rise particularly in urban areas. Objective: To find the awareness regarding breast cancer in women in an urban area of Rohtak, Haryana. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in urban area of district Rohtak, Haryana, India. The study was conducted in 300 households in an urban area. Married females in the age group of 18-60 in the selected houses were interviewed using a pre tested schedule to get an insight about their awareness of breast cancer. Only one female per household was selected. Results: Majority of the participants were aware of breast cancer but lacked proper knowledge about the about the risk factors of the disease. Most of the participants were unaware of correct technique of breast self examination. About 70 women admitted of having some disorder in breast (lump, cracks, discharges, pain and tenderness).Only 25 of these sought medical check up from a registered medical practitioner. Others sought help from other females of their locality or quacks. A considerable number of participants admitted they were not comfortable discussing this subject within their homes. Conclusion: In recent years there has been a rapid spurt of cases of Breast cancer in India. The mortality associated with the cases is considerably higher in India compared to the developed countries. This can be attributed to lack of proper knowledge and the taboo associated with the subject. Increasing the knowledge of women in self examination techniques and the screening procedures for early detection and management of breast cancers can reduce the morbidity and mortality of females to great extent

For the past 30 years, the Sanger method has been the dominant approach for DNA sequencing. In the new era of high-throughput sequencing the genomic analysis now referred as next-generation sequencing (NGS). Next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have opened fascinating opportunities for the analysis of sequences. During the last few years, NGS methods have become widely available and cost effective. They can be applied to a wide variety of biological fields. In this review, fundamental principles of commercially available NGS platforms are discussed. Although differences in their working and sequencing qualities, through cycles of polymerase-mediated nucleotide extensions in one approach, through successive oligonucleotide ligations, sequence outputs in the range of hundreds of megabases to gigabases are now obtained routinely..In this review, the impact of NGS on basic research, bioinformatics considerations, and translation of this technology and a view into future technologies, including various sequencing technologies are highlighted.

Home textile is an important segment of technical textiles, which covers soft and hard sectors depending on the unique characteristic of the product. New design concept and innovation are the areas to be explored to impart functional features, which may sometimes been derived from apparel technology. India is globally recognized and appreciated for its wide variety and exquisite designs in home textiles & furnishing fabrics. The country is on the verge of a big boom in the affordable housing sector and there is good growth in employment opportunities, especially in the services sector and hence high disposable incomes in the hands of young consumers. A combined result of these factors have seen the demand for home textile products growing by a healthy 30-40% per annum This paper highlights the various products like filter fabrics, carpet backing cloth, soft toys, wall coverings, floor coverings, window blinds, furniture fabrics, mosquito nets etc., and their future prospects in the technical textiles sector.

Efficient and safe wastewater treatment methods with low costs with minimum requirements are urgently needed instead of conventional and currently used methods. The aim of the present study was to isolate resistant microbes from wastewater treatment plant and selection of the most active isolate for bioremediation process. Three different waste water samples were collected from Bani Malek, heated and used for actinomycetes isolation on starch nitrate agar with Cu++ and Cd++. All plates were incubated at 45ᵒC for 10 days and the obtained bacterial colonies were purified and preserved. Growth and resistance to different concentration of heavy metals including Cu++, Cd++, Ni++ and Pb++ of the five obtained bacterial isolates were determined in minimum broth medium. The isolate WW1 was the most resistant isolate, thus it was identified as Streptomyces sp WW1 using different methods including morphological, physiological and biochemical methods .The selected and identified Streptomyces sp was used for removal of heavy metals from treated waste water of Bani Malek Plant. The removal percentages (%) were 12%, 22%, 16%, 24%,12% and 11% for Cd++, Cr++, Cu++, Fe++, Ni++ and Zn++. Moreover, it was 79 and 32% for Mn++ and Pb++ respectively. In conclusion, actinomycetes genus Streptomyces can be used safely for heavy metal bioremediation processes.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the socio-economic condition of the coastal community residing near the mangrove habitats of South Andaman Islands. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect the survey data. Essential information e.g. employment, education, hygiene, family size, income and utilization of nearby mangrove regions were taken into consideration. A total of 120 households were surveyed and it was found that middle age group was highest (58.8%) and young group was lowest (2.5%), represented by 87.5% Hindu. Most of the inhabitants were private job holders (57.5%) followed by professional fishermen (37.5), government (3.75%), and government retired (6.25%). Fishermen were of two type part time (62.5%) and professional fishermen (37.5%). Fishing activity was carried out solely by male gender with no involvement of women. Positive correlation was estimated between the source of income and fishermen type (r=0.89) explaining most of the private job holder as part-time fishermen. About 57.5% of respondents monthly income was low (1000-5000/-) while 36.5% and 10% earned medium and high monthly income respectively. Average highest monthly income was generated by fishermen 7200/- and lowest by government employ 5666.7/-. Coastal population were immigrants belonging to various states of mainland India, 55% represented from West Bengal settled before Indian independence (Pre-1942-63.75%). About 16.25% of the population were illiterate, 22.5% acquired primary level, 48.75% secondary level and 12.5% higher secondary level of education. Most of the household were constructed of concrete with asbestos roof (48.75%), supplied with electricity (97.5%) and with proper government drinking water supply (87.5). However it was found that coastal population was utilizing mangrove environments not merely for fishing but also for sanitation (33.5%) and garbage disposal (50%) which was a major constrain. Lack of scientific knowledge about mangrove ecosystem and fishing license, government help for fishing equipments transportation and less number of inhabitants with higher education were the major drawback during the study.

The article discusses the results of screening for antibacterial activity of Dendron plant extracts growing in humid subtropical zone of Western Georgia, Ajara. Phythopatogenic bacteria, an important, quarantinable microorganism Ralstonia solanacearum, giving economic loss, was selected as the test-culture. We used the strains collected in 2012-2014, which were isolated from different bacterial recipient plants (potato, tomato, pepper). 7 strong and 12 medium of antibacterial activity out of the studied 60 species have been identified.

An experiment was conducted to find out the effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Vegetative Growth, Flowering and Fruiting of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). The experiment was laid out in a randomized bloc design with 8 treatments using chemical fertilizers (NPK), vermicompost and biofertlizers (Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilising Bacteria) in different combinations including one control treatment. The results indicated that maximum growth parameters i.e. plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, number of flowers and fruits of Coriandrum sativum L. was recorded in T7 treatment compared to other treatments. From the analysis of result it can be concluded that integrated use of biofertilizers, chemical fertilizers and vermicompost treatments significantly increased growth parameters of Coriandrum sativum L.

The study has been attempted with a specific objective i.e. To focus on the understanding of the utilization of farm based resources within the rural areas of the North Eastern region to integrate such agrarian ecosystem to the mainstream of the economy by developing it into tourism areas through community participation. The research work is the outcome of the analysis drawn from relevant literatures since the initialization of policies for farm based tourism to get a broader insight of the concept of ecotourism, to build environmental and cultural awareness among people for conserving bio-cultural diversity while generating income using the rural ecosystem. It is expected that the concept will help the policymakers draw strategies to develop the rural agrarian areas into profitable tourism venture to reduce poverty in isolated and underdeveloped and problem areas without damaging the ecosystem.

Background: Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) worldwide and a leading cause of Diabetes Mellitus related morbidity and mortality, which can be assessed by estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate. The early detection of renal dysfunction in subjects with diabetes is of vital importance as appropriate interventions have been shown to retard the progression of ESRD. We compared advantages of serum Cystatin C over Serum Creatinine for determination of early Decline in Glomerular Filtration Rate in Type ll Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Materials and methods: In the present study on 30 Type ll diabetic patients and 30 non-diabetic controls, we compared the estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) from serum Cystatin C and the estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate from serum Creatinine. Result: Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) from serum Cystatin C was significantly decreased in patients as compared with eGFR from Serum Creatinine. Conclusion: Serum Cystatin C is a better parameter for assessing GFR In type ll Diabetes Mellitus for diagnosing early diabetic nephropathy than serum Creatinine.

A trial was conducted to study the effect of integrated use of nutrients on growth, yield and qulity of sweet orange cv. Mosambi at regional research station, Jhargram of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya. Growth in terms of canopy height, basal girth and canopy volume were significantly improved with application of nutrients and maximum growth was observed in plants received with (N200P75K150g + neem cake 2.0kg)/ plant / year followed by (N200P75K150g + neem cake 2.0kg + VAM)/plant/year. Highest average fruit yield (9.0kg/plant) was obtained with application of 200g nitrogen, 75g phosphorus and 150g potassium in combination with 2.0kg of neem cak as compared with control (3.0kg/plant). The fruit quality in terms of total soluble solids, total sugar, TSS: acid ratio and vitamin C content of fruits were obtained from plants received with (N200P75K150g + neem cake 2.0kg). The highest fruit yield was associated with the foliar N.P.K concentration of 2.30, 0.12 and 1.30 percent respectively.

In laboratory and greenhouse conditions in Episkop Konstantin Preslavski University of Shumen, during the period 2013-2014 studies were performed of fungal isolates from rhizosphere of “slaughtered” plants of sugar beet. The ability of a variety of sustaining media for the cultivation of the isolates and the influence of factors soil herbicide (Dual) and humidity of the environment for the growth and aggressiveness of the different isolates was studied. It was found that Alternaria ssp. Grows well on organic environment; corn agar can be referred to as a selective medium for Pythium ssp.; more aggressive cause of slaughtering is Pythium ssp., and weaker - Afternaria ssp.; their aggressiveness is maximized in the presence of the entire complex tested isolates; at 70% and 90% от soil humidity the herbicide dal in a dosage of 4500 ml/ha suppresses the aggressiveness of Pythium ssp. and stimulates that of Aiternaria ssp.

Due to high durability, cheap cost and ease of manufacture, billion tons of plastic based products are manufactured, which leads to generation of millions tons of plastic waste annually around the globe. Of the total plastic waste, polythene shared 64%. The plastic waste finally enters into the sea through different water bodies and leads to deaths of million sea animals. Among the various methods used to dispose plastic waste, biodegradation is considered as the most accepted, ecofriendly and cost effective method. In the present study, rhizosphere soil of Avicennia marina was collected from Vashi, Maharashtra, India. Total numbers of bacterial isolates recorded from the rhizosphere soil were 22 only. Screening of polythene degradation was carried out based on percent weight loss (% WL) after 4 months of regular shaking at room temperature. After 4 months period maximum % WL (10.63±0.77%) was recorded with VASB10 at pH 7. The characterization of polythene degrading bacteria is under progress.

The study was conducted at the animal farm, Department of Animal production, College of Agriculture - University of Tikrit, included field experimentation which conducted during 28/3/2013 to 9/5/2013 The present study was conducted to explore the effect of different levels of Neem (Azadirachtaindica) Seeds powder and aqueous extract on Performance of production of the Broiler Chickens , the study include 525 chicks of broiler from un sexed hybrids (Hubbard), day one-old from Samarra's Salahaldin province, The chicks were divided randomly at the age of 2 week to seven treated groups each group has three replicates and each replicate included 25 chicks were treated as follows : T1. Control without any addition, T2.T3.T4. Supplemented with powdered seeds of the Neem to diet at ratios of 1.5, 2 and 2.5 g / kg of diet respectively ,T5.T6.T7. supplemented extract of the seeds Neem to drinking water by 20.30 and 40 ml / liter of water respectively. The results of the study showed that: A significant (p <0.05) for aqueous extract treatments of Neem seed and especially Add 40 ml / liter of drinking water in the rate of body weight (g)compared to the control groupwhilst not recorded any significant differences in theincrease weight rate andfeed conversation rate efficiency.

The environmental infectivity caused by extreme use of chemical pesticides increased the interests in integrated pest management (IPM), where chemical pesticides are substituted by bio-pesticides to control plant pests and plant diseases. Genus Trichoderma has high ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungus by secreting some enzymes. Trichoderma is an asexually reproducing filamentous fungus and a species aggregate. An effective biological control agent should be genetically stable, effective at low concentrations, easy to mass produce in culture on inexpensive media and be effective against a wide range of pathogens. The mechanisms of Trichoderma include direct competition with the target organism, antibiosis and parasitism of the target organism and induce resistance of the host plant. Therefore various agricultural by products were evaluated for mass production of Trichoderma species worldwide. Trichoderma haarzianum and T. viride was found suitable carrier materials to formulate various agro wastes. Biological control of plant pathogens through antagonists is a potential, ecofriendly and a sustainable approach apart them being a promising alternative to the use of chemicals. The major issue involved in mass production and utilization of biocontrol agents are selection of effective strains, development cost effective methods, for mass multiplication, effective methods for storage, consignment and its formulation. Abiotic factors also have a profound effect on the production and activities of enzymes and antibiotics associated with biocontrol by Trichoderma species.

The study was conducted to examine whether there are real opportunities for the creation of ultra early-winter wheat, using wheat with spring type of development. To achieve the target 24 hybrid combinations between 6 and 8 early spring winter wheat varieties in two consecutive years are made. With different vernalization requirement of plant populations in an artificial climate in the greenhouse winter and spring type plants habit are separate through consistent double selections. Subsequently all the developed lines are checked in respect of field winter cold tolerance for two winter seasons. Combination of spring and winter wheat provides a real opportunity to obtain ultra early forms with winter wheat type of development. About 16% of the plants from crosses of spring parents have similar time to ear emergence (TEE) as the respective spring parent. Time to ear emergence of the spring form does not directly affect the probability of obtaining the desired early plants. The later time to ear emergence of the winter parent, the smaller is the share of the earliest genotypes in the hybrid combinations. The selection of a very early date of time to ear emergence using spring wheat is completely possible and unexpectedly easy to implement. However, preparation of early breeding lines is not sufficient, because they have different grain yield. To have a high productivity must for native climate is to have a high cold resistance. It achieves much more difficult against the earlier date of ear heading date. The results show that it is implicitly associated with the winter cold tolerance of winter parents in every cross combination.

The present study was done to assess the organoleptic acceptability, physical characteristics, nutritional composition and shelf life study of value added biscuits developed from newly released wheat varieties (WH-1129 and HD-2967) flours supplemented with sorghum and soybean flours. The overall acceptability scores of four types of biscuits was in the category of ‘liked very much’. The thickness of composite flour biscuits increased significantly (P≤0.05) with the increase in the level of substitution of wheat flour with sorghum and soybean flours. The value added biscuits from prepared from WH-1129 wheat variety had significantly (P≤0.05) higher contents of protein, crude fibre and ash as compared to biscuits prepared from variety HD-2967 while HD-2967 value added biscuits had significantly had significantly (P≤0.05) higher fat content than WH-1129 and control wheat flour biscuits. The shelf life study indicated that there were no significant changes in the overall acceptability of the developed biscuits and they were acceptable upto 3 months of storage.

Soil borne diseases are very difficult to control, traditionally chemical soil fumigants were used to manage them but they are harmful to the environment and human health. For the management of soil borne diseases in organic production system use of various eco-friendly methods viz. green manures, mulches, organic amendments and composts etc. was recommended and practiced. In this context biofumigation is a new concept, which is gaining attention of the researchers and shown some potential in management of soil borne disease in Europe and Australia. Biofumigation is an agronomic technique that makes use of some plants' defensive systems and biofumigant plants are mainly Brassicas. It is an eco-friendly process and important strategy of disease management in organic production system in the developed countries. The present review was prepared in an effort to compile different research works conducted worldwide regarding various aspects of biofumigation.

Vermicompost is rich in NKP (nitrogen 2-3%, potassium 1.85-2.25% and phosphorus 1.55-2.25%), micronutrients, beneficial soil microbes and also contain ‘plant growth hormones & enzymes’. It is scientifically proving as ‘miracle growth promoter & also plant protector’ from pests and diseases. Vermicompost retains nutrients for long time and while the conventional compost fails to deliver the required amount of macro and micronutrients including the vital NKP to plants in shorter time, the vermicompost does. Vermicompost is the product or process of composting using various worms, usually red wigglers, white worms, and other earthworms to create a heterogeneous mixture of decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and vermicast. Significantly, vermicompost works as a ‘soil conditioner’ and its continued application over the years lead to total improvement in the quality of soil and farmland, even the degraded and sodic soils. Vermicompost is free of toxic chemicals, Induce biological resistance in plants, Suppress plant disease, Rich in humic acids and Biochemical promoting root growth & nutrient uptake. Similarly, the vermicompost prepared from cow dung had the highest total nitrogen (N) content (275%) phosphorus (12.70 mg/g) and total potassium (11.44 mg/g). Reduced use of ‘water for irrigation’ as application of vermicompost over successive years improved the ‘moisture holding capacity’ of the soil.

North-east India that comprises of seven states of India is a unique geographical location. It is located in between 27o57ʹN and 28o23ʹN latitudes and 89o46ʹE and 98o25ʹE longitudes. Most of the states are situated in the Himalayan range. This zone is endowed with diversity of natural flora and fauna. A large number of plant parasitic secernentean as well as adenophorean nematodes have been reported from this zone from around the root zones different plants. This review makes an effort to compile the all possible information on the report of nematodes by nematologist of this zone upto 2013.

In this article, we demonstrate the effect of initial pH (2-10), charge loading (1.83-18.25 Fm-3), current density (0.4-3.2 Adm-2), distance between two electrodes (1-5 cm), time of electrolysis (5-50 min), and metal ion concentration (2-25 mgl-1) on the removal of cadmium (Cd) from industrial wastewater using electro-coagulation (EC) technique. In particular, we find that when the initial pH of 8, charge loading of 18.25 Fm-3, current density of 3.2 Adm-2, and distance between electrodes is 3 cm; Cd percentage of the industrial wastewater is reduced to 99.9 % after 15 minutes of electro-coagulation process. In spite of this result, for 1 kg of Cd removal produces 2.8 kg of sludge; meanwhile, the 32 kg of sludge is generated from the iron sulphate precipitation method. These results suggest that the proposed EC technique has improved industrial wastewater quality by controlling various physico-chemical characteristics.

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a gonadotropic hormone produced by the anterior lobe of the mammalian pituitary gland which regulates the normal female and male gamete growth and maturation and normal gonadal steroid production. Deficient endogenous production of FSH is a known cause of infertility and therapeutic preparations of FSH are widely used in the treatment of this condition. In this study, 27 batches of therapeutic rh-FSH preparations were evaluated for their identity and potency before the batch release for use in patients, by using rat ovary weight gain assay as described in the European Pharmacopoeia. The results were calculated by using the Parallel-line assay; COMBISTATS v 4.0 software from EDQM. Based on the findings, it was established that all the 27 batches of rh-FSH were identified to be Follicle Stimulating Hormone and their estimated potencies were found to be within the specification limits as per the European Pharmacopeia.

The Physico-chemical and biological analysis of the Heirok-Wangjing River water was carried out over a stretch of 22.5km. Temperature, transparency, pH, dissolved oxygen, bio-chemical oxygen demand, carbon-dioxide, chloride, total alkalinity, acidity, calcium hardness, NO¬2 and NO3 etc. increased slightly from its origin to the end of the river in the valley. This increase in the parameters was the result of human activities. A total of fifteen species of fish and seven groups of aquatic insects and one class of annelids were recorded from the river.

Fistula-in-ano is also known as Bhagandar according to Ayurveda, In- general, Fistula can be defined as a communicating tract between two epithelial surfaces commonly between a hollow viscous and the skin (external fistula) or between two hollow viscera (internal fistula). The Fistula-in-ano can be classified into two categories viz.low level fistula and high level fistula.According Ayurveda types are as per their morphological structure ie. Shatponaka, Ushtragreeva, Parisraavi, Shambukavarta, Unmargi. Ksharsutra application is the best methods of treatment in the management of such condition and can be used based on condition or degree and severity of the disease. It can be successfully practiced in present days as it is very cost effective.

The recent approach for rice production includes the improvement of yield is necessary to cater for consumer demand. Therefore, a field experiment (diallel analysis) was conducted at RiceResearch and Training Center, Egypt during 2014 and 2015growing season to estimate combining ability, heterosis and genetic parameters in ricefor improving the yield. The results indicated that, Sakha101 and Sakha105 were recorded highest mean values for most traits. The crosses (Giza177 × Sakha106, Sakha101 × Sakha104 and Sakha101 × Gz7576-10-3-2-1) were recorded highest mean values for grain yield plant-1.Sakha106 and Sakha104 recorded the highest mean values for flag leaf area.It is evident from the result, a positive correlation was observed between flag leaf area and grain yield plant-1as well as, the results were recorded positively correlation coefficient between number of days to heading, number of filled grains panicle-1 and 1000-grain weight. Special attention was paid to, the cross Sakha 101/Sakha 104, Sakha 104/Sakha 106, Sakha 105/BL1 and Sakha 106/BL1 were identified as themost promising cross for developing high yielding rice varieties and could be further benefits to isolate superior transgressivesegregants for breeding programs in rice.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to verify and set a standard for the Waist Circumference (WC) in children as a marker for abdominal obesity. Methods: The study involved 8 state schools in the city of Lins, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The population of the study comprised 882 children of both sexes, with ages ranging from 6 to 10. The following anthropometric variables were evaluated: BMI/A (body mass index in relation to age); W/A (weight in relation to age); the TSF (Tricipital Skinfold), and the WC. The curves used to determine the parameters evaluated here are for children and adolescents aged 2 to 20. Results: An analysis of the WC values in terms of pBMI/A, pTSF, and pW/A indicates that, in terms of the variables studied here, the WCs are the same for both sexes and it is reasonable to suggest that a correlation between the WC and the pBMI/A, pTSF and pW/A is a good parameter to diagnose the nutritional status of 6 to 10-year-old children, and that it can be used in clinical practice to aid the diagnosis of obesity and its correlation with the development of metabolic disorders. Conclusions: The results show that the WC is a valid parameter to diagnose the nutritional status of children between 6 and 10 years of age.

In this article, a problem of bivariate stratified sample surveys in presence of partial responses has been considered. The population in each stratum is divided into three group’s i.e. complete non-respondents, respondents of questions of category I or partial respondents and complete respondents. It is assumed that the respondents of the questions of category II always reply the questions of category I but not necessarily the vice versa. The problem of finding optimum allocations is formulated as Bi-objective Nonlinear Programming Problem (BONLPP). Since the problem is bi-objective the optimum solution cannot be obtained because the optimum solution of one objective may or may not be optimum for the second objective, so we obtain compromise optimum solution using four different methods i.e. Value function, Fuzzy programming, Goal programming and Chebychev approximation. For the demonstration purpose an illustrative example has been solved and also an R simulation study has been carried out to show the efficiency of the methods. Comparison of the solutions obtained by four different methods is shown graphically in the figure.

The ac impedance and conductivity properties of BaZrxTi1-xO3 (BZxT) ceramics in a wide frequency range (1kHz-2MHz) at different temperatures have been studied. An ac impedance spectroscopic technique was used to correlate between the microstructure and electrical properties of the compound. The presence of both bulk and grain boundary effect in the compound was observed. The frequency-dependent electrical data were used to study the conductivity mechanism and estimate the activity energy (Ea). An analysis of the electric impedance with frequency at different temperatures has provided some information to support suggested conduction mechanism.

The fortification of dairy products with prebiotic and probiotic ingredients is gaining a huge impact in the food industry. A quick screening methodology was developed to isolate existing lactic acid bacteria from dairy products and determine compatible carbon and nitrogen sources using Phenotypic screening for production of conjugated linoleic acid. Three isolates were selected from different dairy products based on their acid production potential when grown on sugar sources and/or fatty acids. The microorganisms were able to produce conjugated linoleic acid from castor oil hydrolysate in MRS broth and also in fat rich milk during fermentation under the given experimental conditions. The conjugated linoleic acid profiles and contents were determined and compared with Lactobacillus delbrueckii. An average CLA content of 0.1g L-1 was observed in fermented fat rich milk with the isolates while 0.5g L-1 was seen with L. delbrueckii.

Jatropha curcas L. seed oil has been identified as one of the potential source of feedstock for biodiesel production which is a renewable energy. The oil cannot be used directly as fuel due to its high viscosity and therefore has to be processed to lower the viscosity. Transesterification is the best process adopted by many of the researchers for processing jatropha oil into biodiesel. The current review is intended to look at these different processes used by many of the researchers; considering the conditions that optimized the process used, comparing the yield and quality of the biodiesel produced with the standard properties prescribed by American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard. The use of subcritical hydrolysis or addition of micro amount of catalyst employed with supercritical transesterification has shown to reduce drastically the high reactant molar ratio, temperature and pressure associated with supercritical transesterification process. Heterogeneous transesterification of high free fatty acid (FFA) content jatropha oil assisted with ultrasonic irradiation reduces the reaction time and increase yield of biodiesel. All the transesterification processes used by many of the researchers gives high yield of biodiesel from jatropha oil or seed at various reaction conditions and the fuel properties falls within the ASTM standard specification. There is a need to carry out research on the economic analysis of the best processes that gives high yield at better reaction condition which can be employed in the production of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas L. seed oil at industrial scale.

In this paper, we attempt to propose a method to enhance ad-hoc file transfer. We employ the idea of using Wi Fi Peer to Peer MAC to establish connection with the desired peer. The Wi Fi Peer to Peer MAC is obtained by discovering the recipient peer through Bluetooth, and then employing an algorithm that computes the MAC using the recipient’s Bluetooth MAC address. The advantage of establishing a peer- to-peer network lies in bypassing the need of connecting to AP (Access Point) and in better transfer rate and range over file transfer using Bluetooth. Further, test results show that our proposed implementation has the potential to achieve improved speed, wider range and better security when compared to existing peer-to-peer file transfer techniques, viz. NFC, Infrared and Bluetooth.

Using Agents to extract data from existing sources of information is a key development area to unlock previously unknown relationships between heterogeneous data sources. It becomes an issue when large volumes of data, such as in the case of data from different sources like SQL, ORACLE,IBM-DB2,MySQL,FLAT FILES and others need to be analyzed. The main focus of this paper is on how data warehousing and mining techniques can be applied in knowledge discovery. We therefore proposed architecture for heterogeneous data integration based on Multi-Agent Driven Rule-based Decision Support System in data warehousing. With our predictive model, we achieved high accuracies of over 83% compared to (65%-72%) and (66%-72%) achieved by Clark, P & Niblett, T and Michalski, R.Set. al respectively on the Breast Cancer Wisconsin dataset.

Packed bed reactors are important and have gained popularity because of their ideal plug flow behavior, low maintenance cost and reduced loss due to attrition and wear. Here, we wanted to carry out simulation for the same. For development of simulation, we first chose Dispersion model and Tanks in series model. RTD experiments were carried out for the reactor. Reactions between sodium thiosulphate and hydrogen peroxide were carried out at different temperature and concentration. Results of the reactions were analyzed and then simulation was carried out based on it.

After carrying out simulation for Packed bed reactor, we decided to do the same for Continuous stirred tank reactors in series (CSTRs in series) which is also referred as Back mix or Mixed flow rectors are widely used in chemical process industries for conductions single as well as multiphase reactions. These reactions have provisions for continuous inflow of reactants and outflow of product mixture. A certain pool of reaction mixture is always maintained in the reactor so that there is no variation of concentration, temperature or reaction rate throughout the reactor volume. CSTR is having much attention because of its simulation is simple due to absence of temperature and concentration gradient within the reacting fluids. Mathematical modeling and experimental verification of the steady state and dynamic behavior of CSTRs in series is useful for designing of a safe operation of reactor with suitable control. Here, hydrolysis reaction of acetic anhydride in the presence of acetic acid as solvents and sulphuric acid as catalyst was chosen as a reactions system. Experiments were carried out for heat loss for all the three reactors as model and then simulation was carried.

Bio treatment a high strength toxic petrochemical (acrylonitrile) waste water to reduce COD and cyanide. Among the waste water generated in petrochemical industry, the process waste water stream generated during the manufacturing of acrylonitrile are considered to be one of the most toxic as they can take cynides are extremely harmful to lives on earth including human and can cause irreparable damage to environment. Biological degradation of the high strength toxic petrochemical waste water using laboratory scale immobilized cell bio reactor (immobilized cells act as bio catalyst – 4% sodium alginate beads in 0.85% saline, containing 4.6 mg/ L of mixed culture. This was added dropwise to 2.0 M cacl2 solution and each drop hardened in to a bead containing entrapped cells. The beads were allowed hardened further in cacl2 solution at 5 0 c for 24hr. COD reduction was measured for various organic loading.

Facile, efficient, and robust immobilization of metal nanostructures on porous bioscaffolds is an interesting topic in materials chemistry and heterogeneous catalysis. This paper reports an in situ method for the synthesis and immobilization of small silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at room temperature on natural eggshell membrane (ESM). The eggshell membrane is the clear film lining the eggshell, visible when one peels a boiled egg, which presents interwoven fibrous structure and can be used as a unique protein-based biotemplate. Many chemical and physical techniques are available for the synthesis of antimicrobial silver nanoparticle (AgNPs), but the green synthesis is the most emerging method of synthesis. Here the silver nanoparticles were synthesized using Ocimum sanctum leaf extracts which act as both reducing and capping agent. Visual color change, UV spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy unambiguously identifed the presence of AgNPs on ESM. Besides the antibacterial activity of these ESM’s was seen through the zone of inhibitions observed for the test samples against plates of Escherichia coli. Such egg membranes can be used against skin wounds like that in burns wherein the AgNPs can prevent the bacterial infections and the presence of ESM will also help the recovery of the skin as the amino acid composition of the egg membranes is quite close to that of human skin and other human tissues.

In this study, Oil from the seed of Dacryodes edulis was extracted using cold maceration method. The oil obtained had high acid value of 4.40mgKOH/g. Therefore the production of biodiesel was processed via two step acid – base transesterification process. The first step reduced the acid level to 2.60mgKOH/g while the second step involved direct conversion to fatty acid methyl ester using 1wt% NaOH as catalyst, 1:6 of oil to methanol ratio, 333 Kelvin and 1 hour reaction time. The yields of the oil and its methyl ester were 29% and 67% respectively. The biodiesel produced was analyzed for its fuel properties and yielded the following result; viscosity at 40oC (5.17mm2/s), density (0.87g/ml), cloud point (8oC), pour point (7.500C), flash point (1520C), fire point (1600C) and acid value (1.80mgKOH/g). The results obtained showed that most of the important properties were within the American standard test method (ASTM) of D 6751 of Biodiesel.

On transparencies or are encoded and stored in a digital form, conventional visual secret sharing (VSS) schemes hide secret images in shares that are either printed. But it will arouse suspicion and increase interception risk during transmission of the shares, the shares can appear as noise-like pixels or as meaningful images. For the secret itself and for the participants who are involved in the VSS scheme, VSS schemes suffer from a transmission risk problem. To protect the secret and the participants during the transmission phase, to address this problem, we proposed a natural-image based VSS scheme that shares secret images via various carrier media. The proposed (n, n) - NVSS scheme can share one digital secret image over n - 1 arbitrary selected natural images and one noise-like share. In digital form or in printed form, the natural shares can be photos or hand-painted pictures. The noise-like share is generated based on these natural shares and the secret image. Thus greatly reducing the transmission risk problem, the unaltered natural shares are diverse and innocuous. We also propose possible ways to hide the noise like share to reduce the transmission risk problem for the share. Experimental results indicate that the proposed approach is an excellent solution for solving the transmission risk problem for the VSS schemes.

The charge-transfer complex crystal of N, N dimethyl 4 amino pyridinium 4 amino benzoate dehydrate is synthesised and the complex has been confirmed by studying the spectroscopic results. The crystal structure was comprehended by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The cation and anion are linked through strong hydrogen bond in the molecule. The Mulliken atomic charge and the values of electronegativity and chemical hardness index were calculated for interpreting and predicting the reactive behaviour. The lowering in the HOMO and LUMO energy gap explains the eventual charge transfer interactions that take place within the molecules. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic studies were also performed for the identification of different modes present in the compound. This dielectric study highlights the dielectric constant decreases with increase in frequency. The charge transfer crystal was subjected for its biological activity, such as antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the synthesized complex were examined against various bacteria and fungi species, which exhibited a good antibacterial and antifungal activity compared with standard antibacterial and fungal species. The compound has significant antioxidant activity against free DPPH radicals.

ZnO nanorods are grown on quartz substrates by metal organic chemical vapor deposition using diethylzinc (DEZn) and tert-butyl alcohol. Nanorods are grown basically by controlling the temperature and duration of growth at various steps. X-ray diffraction confirms the formation of ZnO naorods. FESEM images show the uniform distribution of nanorods on the substrate. The mechanism of formation of ZnO nanorods is proposed.

Millions of closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras are installed in streets and businesses throughout the world with the stated goal of reducing crime and increasing public safety. This leads to large collection of video data. For searching particular object or person from whole CCTV video data is too much time consuming. The proposed algorithm extracts key frames from these videos to overlook videos. From these key frames required frames are easily detectable and video can be played from that frame to analyze further in details. Extracting small number of key frames that can abstract the content of video is very important for efficient browsing and detection. The amount of data in video processing is significantly reduced by using video segmentation and key-frame extraction. This paper presents algorithm for key frames extraction with matching difference between two consecutive frames is computed with different weights. Shot boundaries are detected with automatic threshold. Key frame is extracted by using reference frame-based approach.

Quality metrics are used throughout the pharmaceutical industry to monitor quality systems, processes and drive continuous improvement efforts in drug manufacturing. Quality Metrics (QM) are the refined and systematic representation of Quality- Key Performance Indicators (Q-KPI) during manufacturing operation. These can used to identify, where performance of quality management is good and meeting desired standards or where performance requires amendment. Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify the quality key performance indicators (KPI) and how comprehensively these are used during pharmaceutical manufacturing and distribution operations. Method: The exploratory method has been used for study through data available on regulatory websites and secondary data in articles of other researchers. Result: KPIs shall be enabler to describe the performances measures for Quality in pharmaceutical industry Conclusion: The Quality-KPI are used as tool to maintain quality of pharmaceutical products. It is important to identify and track KPI for Quality in pharmaceutical industry during manufacturing and distribution operations.

In this paper a new technique that employs support vector machines (SVMs) and Gaussian mixture densities (GMDs) to create a generative/discrimitive object classification techniques using local image features. Future to rank the images according to how well they conform to the relevant features a feedback mechanism is also designed. The entire system is developed using LABVIEW software. Finally the simulation results are presented to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme.

One of the efforts that must be undertaken by companies in the field of production is the production process should be designed as efficiently and effectively as possible. For that in the implementation of the production process of the need for planning and monitoring good production so lightweight brick production process can run well, so that later can increase the number of qualified products. The aim of research analyzing the quality standard time lightweight brick production process, method of data collection directly to the worker / operator in the process I Ball Mill and Raw Material. The research result analysis cycle time, normal time and standard time, then the part I. Process Ball Mill and Raw Material 1 operator obtained a standard time 67.86 minutes, Operator 2 is obtained standard time standard time acquired 36.20 minutes, Operator 3 is a standard time 56.95 minutes. Standard time or standard time gained to the three operators in the process I. Ball Mill and Raw Materials takes one time settlement activities in the amount of 161.01 minutes.

In this paper, Computational Fluid Dynamics and Numerical Analysis is used to investigate the rocket thrust chamber cooling characteristics. The scope of the investigation involves the study of effect of regenerative and film cooling on the heat transfer characteristics of coolant channel. Steady state pressure based analysis is carried out in this work. The temperature distributions of coolant along the rectangular cooling channel, temperature distributions of copper and stainless steel walls are the main focus of the study. In this study the, the coolant (kerosene), which is the fuel) enters at the aft end of the thrust chamber and passes through the rectangular cooling channels before it is fed to the injectors.

The research objective to be achieved is to analyze the influence of strong currents (100, 120, 140, 160) Ampere, the model position number (2, 3, 4) bolt in the direction of the weld longitudinal and transverse as well as determine the best model of weld and bolt connection combination as an effort to increase tensile strength plate. The method used is to form specimens of welded connections (longitudinal and transverse) with various types of bolt position model. The manufacturing process produces a connection position 2 bolts model (Horizontal, Vertical, Slant A and Slant B), and the position of 3 bolts with the model (ΔA, ΔB, ΔC and ΔD) and position 4 bolts with the model (Square, rhombus, parallelogram A and parallelogram B). Welding treatment is done through a longitudinal direction, transverse direction and combinations (Longitudinal + transversal) with vary of strong currents. The testing process of tensile test produces output value of load, extension, tensile strain, maximum tensile and the time used. The phenomenon of the test results showedthe best the connection of weld and bolt combination. Results of tensile test results in improved strength through the addition of a (2, 3, 4) bolt from the various models and position 4 bolts models parallelogram Bhas the highest tensile strength of and weld connection combination direction (Longitudinal + transversal) with a strong current of 120 Amperes has highest tensile strength of and connection combinations of welding direction transversal to position of 3 bolts models triangleD in a strong current of 140 Ampere has the highest tensile strength values of compared to the 2 bolts models of slant A of and position for 4 bolt model parallelogramB of .Position 3 bolts models triangle D in weld connection combination direction transverse with a strong current of 140 Ampere showed the value of the highest maximum tensile strength as a results of tensile test and the best connection.

Ghana in 1986, as part of Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) implemented Financial Sector Adjustment Program (FINSAP), the financial sector reform programme was followed up with the Financial Sector Strategic Plan (FINSSP) in 2003. It became imperative to explore with the indices to find out whether these reforms have facilitated economic growth in Ghana. The main objective of the study was to investigate the significance of financial deepening on economic growth. The study developed an index for financial deepening following Abiad et al. (2010) and Bawumia (2010). The study adopted the Johansson Co-integration regression procedures with evidence suggesting financial deepening has a significant impact on economic growth, and also there is bi-directional causality between the official exchange rate and credit to the private sector for investment. Thse study therefore recommended policies should place emphasis on removal of any unnecessary restriction in the financial sector and deepening the reforms to promote economic growth.

A curious seasonal anomaly found in finance is the turn of the month effect, where the daily mean return of stock market at the end of a month and beginning of a month is significantly higher than the average daily return of all the days of a month. There have been evidences that certain months in a year deliver significantly higher returns. Similar anomalies are found for week days also, where some days in a week deliver above average returns. Seasonal anomalies for researchers have been a subject of great interest and lot of literature is available worldwide. This paper examines presence of day of the month effect on ten stock markets, geographically located in different corners of the world. This paper is not intended to study only the anomalies and inefficiencies present in various world markets, it is intended to highlight the profit potential available to individual investors and professional fund managers. The date wise daily returns are calculated in percentage terms to make the phenomena easy to understand. The statistical significance of daily returns is tested with Z-Statistics, in total 310 hypotheses are tested in the research. We found day of the month effect present in all the stock markets tested across the world, some days in a month historically are found to have delivered significantly higher returns.

The present paper discusses the issues challenges and trends of public debt in India since 1980. It first explains the reason for public debt and then gives a brief overview on the concept of Public Debt. The paper analyses the theoretical perspective of the public debt in which the views of various authors on public debt have been explained. Further the paper looks at the trends of public debt and gross interest obligation of the government since 1981. It discusses how the government debt have been used and specifically focuses on decline in the recovery ratio over the years. Due to decline in recovery ratio there is either increase in fiscal deficit or decline in non interest expenditure of the government or a combination of both. Also the increased amount of public debt is not leading to increase in productive capacity of the government indicating the inefficient utilization of the funds borrowed either from internal of external source. Lastly the paper points out the areas where the government is lacking and the measures the government should take so that the funds can be used in an efficient manner.

The infanticide of Baatombu is a ritual practice that raises faiths, myths and local representations. To analyze its various characteristics and foundation, we drew on the reports of seminaries (seminars), workshops, drills organized by NGO (non-governmental organizations), national and international documents, and we questioned about ten people as resources. After analyzing all of this information, we found that the phenomenon of the infanticide is practiced in several cultures: Europe, Asia, and Africa. In Benin, an analysis of the phenomenon showed that, under the influence of the faiths and myths, children being born in abnormal conditions are accused of witchcraft. In these circumstances, the incriminated children are either eliminated by the executioners or repairers, or marginalized or abandoned in bad weather. At best, they are freed of the evil “that they shelter,” in the hopes of full recovery, by a person of willingness or a charitable organization. This practice has fatal consequences psychological, economic, and social to both the family and society. In spite of a legal and institutional environment suited for the protection of the children and the raising of awareness, the infanticide still persists in zones moved back by Benin.

Research problem of this study is finding out; (1) How does the description of a cooperative learning model implemented by tutor in learning activities of Keaksaraan Usaha Mandiri (KUM) program in UPTD-SKB Kendari Southeast Sulawesi province ?; (2) How does the description of the motivation to learn by citizens of UKM program in UPTD-SKB Kendari Southeast Sulawesi province ?; and (3) Is there any significant relationship between cooperative learning model applied by tutor with the motivation of citizens to learn in KUM program (KUM) of UPTD-SKB Kendari Southeast Sulawesi province?. The objectives of this study are (1) to determine the cooperative learning model applied by tutor in the learning activities of KUM programs in UPTD-SKB Kendari Southeast Sulawesi Province; (2) to describe the motivation of citizens to learn in KUM program of UPTD-SKB Kendari; (3) to know the significant relationship between cooperative learning model applied by tutor with the motivation of citizens to learn independent business literacy program (KUM program) in UPTD-SKB Kendari Southeast Sulawesi Province. Population of this research is all citizens of KUM program in UPTD-SKB Kendari city, by 26 people of total population. The techinque of sampling uses total population techniques. Data analysis techniqueas of this research are descriptive statistical analysis techniques and nonparametric statistical analysis techniques and to test the hypothesis by using Spearman rank formula followed by the t-test. The results show that the description of cooperative learning model implemented by tutor learners in learning activities of KUM program in UPTD-SKB Kendari Southeast Sulawesi Province is at the level of the medium rank category; and the motivation of the citizens to learn the program is at the level of intensity of response which also categorized medium rank. In addition, the significance of test results through the t-test is at the level of α = 0.05 with df = (n - 2) = 26-2 = 24: obtained index t (4,6)> t table (2.064); and the result of coefficient rs is 0.68 (categorized in fairly strong by positive correlation), which means that there is a significant relationship between cooperative learning model applied tutor with the motivation of citizens to learn independent business literacy program (KUM) in UPTD-SKB Kendari Southeast Sulawesi Province

There are millions of children in the world die every year before reaching the age of five due to malnutrition and infectious diseases and they are mostly from the developing countries like Somalia, Uganda, Bangladesh, Nepal, Tanzania, Ghana, India, Sudan, Pakistan, Nigeria etc. There is no doubt that infants are prone to infection due to their not fully developed immune system. Apposite food and nutrition during infancy are very essential for immediate and future health, physical growth, mental development and a healthy immune system. According to World Health Organization, breast milk is the ideal food for normal infant and they strongly recommend exclusive breast feeding for first six months of the normal infants instead of any prelacteals. Colostrum is the earliest and most immunologically protective secretion of the mammary glands, which is highly nutritious, easily digestible substance and acts also as natural vaccine against various health related threats in humans. Lots of evidence reported from all over the globe revealed that neonatal and post neonatal deaths were become lower among those infants who fed colostrums than those who were not. But there are much higher number of reported cases of colostrum avoidance due to various cultural beliefs and practices from communities and States of different countries. This paper is an attempt to review the scenario of colostrums avoidance in present day context based on available literatures.

The objective of the study is to determine the impact of global environmental forces namely global economic, political – legal and socio-cultural in enhancing management effectiveness and development in the Nigeria Breweries Plc Lagos in Nigeria. Data for this study was obtained through primary and secondary sources. Questionnaire was the main primary instrument of data collection using five (5) point Likert rating scale of Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), undecided (U), Disagreed (D) and Strongly Disagreed (SD). Survey research design was adopted for the study. The numbers of respondents were 342 from the surveyed firm. Multiple regression test was used in testing the formulated hypothesis. The findings revealed that the global environmental forces have a relationship with the management effectiveness and development of Nigeria Breweries Plc Lagos. The paper recommends that proper examination and analysis of the global environmental force (i.e global economic, political – legal, socio –cultural forces) by the Nigeria Breweries Plc Lagos using SWOT analysis – strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, PEST Analysis framework variable (political/legal, economic, socio – cultural variables) that affect the industry be carried out periodically by professional consultants to sustain effectiveness of management and development of Nigeria Breweries Plc Lagos.

Farmers’ suicides in India have led to public policy and academic discourse. Relatively higher suicide rates for farmers are to be identified as a symptom of a larger socio-economic malaise. Various reasons are attributed for the suicides namely, poor productivity, fluctuation in rainfall and climate, huge investment and low income, indebtedness, socio-economic impact. This review focuses on the reasons and suggests some remedies to resolve the issue of suicides by farmers.

The aim of this study is to understand school bussing in primary and lower secondary, upper secondary education in Turkish Education System with its reasons and evaluate school bussing in primary and secondary education with different aspects, especially the development of school bussing in terms of years. The focus is on the development of school bussing after the changes on the duration of compulsory education. At this point, the role of school bussing on spreading compulsory education is important and numerical data show that school bussing made a major contribution to the process especially in and after the period of eight years and 12 years compulsory education. With the transition to 12 years compulsory education in the academic year 2012-2013, school bussing expanded and it will continue to expand possibly. At present, almost 900,000 of school age population are on the scope of school bussing. Finally, it can be asserted that school bussing is of great importance for Turkish Educational system and therefore, the determination and analysis of problem issues and finding constructive and effective solutions to problems is very important for the functioning of the school bussing in a more useful and healthy way.

The outsourcing and contracting policy-practice establish principal and agent relations in the environment of learning and development within the public service. The article applies the principal-agent model and determines the nature and extent of the contractual relations between government departments on the one side, and on the other, higher education and training institutions (HETIs) and independent individual contractors (IICs). This article argues that the interplay and mutual support of the different decisions within these collusive contexts combine with the outsourced contracting policy-practice contribute to multiple principals and agents across the components of education, training and continuous professional development (ETPD) provisionin the public service. The principal-agent model provides opportunities for agency and self-interests behaviour in ETPD provision.

This research aims to clarify the definition of leadership, levels of leadership, characteristics of each level of leadership, and the teachings of Buddhism that can be used to strengthen leadership. We also present a conceptual framework for using Buddhism to develop leadership. A mixed methods approach, using both sequential and parallel designs, was used. We found that leadership refers to the relationship between leader and follower in a relational process that transitions to a new world or a better future, whether one is a leader by position or by nature. Leadership is divided into three levels: (1) self-leadership, (2) team leadership, and (3) organizational leadership. The characteristics of leadership that reflect the "talent" of leadership is "the ability of leaders to think, to have, and to do.”The teachings of Buddhism should be used to strengthen and develop the concept of leadership as perceived by Western scholars. Eastern and Western views of leadership are not in conflict; neither is “better” than the other; and they each have their own strengths. The researchers conclude by presenting a conceptual model for developing leadership called the H-E-B-M-H-F Model.

The article addresses the issue of teacher competence as an important factor in teaching and learning process. Outputs research plays the relation: a competence technology. Expressed position that a resolution of the many variations of pedagogical problems encountered in contemporary school is necessary to conceptualize the idea of Competency technology. Because Bulgarian teachers have developed a number of professional and personal competency, but fail to combine their best effective strategy. And this is because in practical life lost strategic goal. Competency technology is one technology that can combine certain individual competencies to solve specific educational and professional case. As a foothold for constructing Competency technology used "effects" of the study "Visible Learning" Professor John Hattie. Discussed are such effects in the study were identified as unworkable, but Bulgarian reforming educational system are a major trend. Outputs groups relevant factors / effects that are possible core competency of operating technologies. Draws attention to the goal - why construct one such technology: how and what to choose a teacher to operationalize the activities in the context of achieving a school purpose.

The history of Gond Community has been glorious and their social, culture and traditional heritage are also rich. They have their own language, life style and religion, which makes them different from other. Gond kingdoms were strongest political power in Central India (Gondwana) since 17th to mid 20th century. Gonds are recognized as one of the oldest tribe of world and inhabitated in India before Aaryan invasion. This paper highlights the Political, Cultural and Social variety of Gond history. To day majority of Gonds are live as only tribe, they have duel status and also apart from main stream of development.