February 2026

En 1900, Bingerville est devenue la capitale provisoire de la colonie de Côte d’Ivoire parce qu’elle était considérée comme une ville saine. Après les épidémies récurrentes de Grand-Bassam, les autorités coloniales, en quête d’un nouveau site pour abriter la capitale ont choisi Bingerville, qui offrait un environnement propre, débarrassé des vecteurs des maladies épidémiques. À partir de 1910, l’insalubrité, les problèmes d’eau potable et l’absence d’assainissement inquiétèrent l’administration coloniale. Pour y remédier, les autorités mirent en œuvre un vaste programme de salubrité et d’assainissement. L’étude examine comment les autorités ont géré ces problèmes entre 1900 et 1914 et montre l’attention portée à la lutte contre les vecteurs de maladies. Elle prend en compte les actions visant la préservation de l’environnement. L’étude s’appuie sur de nombreuses sources d’archives retrouvées à Dakar et Abidjan, constituées de rapports annuels du service de santé de la Côte d’Ivoire et de circulaires des gouverneurs. Ces documents ont permis de recueillir des informations précises sur les initiatives portant sur la lutte contre l’insalubrité à Bingerville. L’exploitation des sources, complétée par des articles et ouvrages scientifiques a fourni des données importantes pour orienter le travail. Les résultats montrent que des fonctionnaires coloniaux résidaient à Bingerville et des mesures ont été mises en place par le chef de service de santé pour maintenir la ville salubre. Sur ses recommandations, la ville bénéficia d’actions de salubrité et d’assainissement pour protéger la santé des fonctionnaires.

Different concentrations of Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and Cetrimide have varied effects on the mechanical properties of endodontically treated teeth. AIM: This study aims to evaluate the mechanical properties of root dentin after exposure to different endodontic irrigating solutions. Methods: This in-vitro study evaluated the effect of different irrigation regimens on the flexural strength and Knoop microhardness of root dentin. The sample size was estimated to be a total of 56 samples (40 samples for flexural strength and 16 samples for microhardness). For flexural strength, dentin beams (12×2×1mm) were obtained from roots and randomly divided into five groups based on the irrigation regimen: Group I: 5% NaOCl + 17% EDTA, Group II: 5% NaOCl + 17% EDTA + 0.2% Cetrimide, Group III: 3% NaOCl + 17% EDTA. Group IV: 3% NaOCl + 17% EDTA + 0.2% Cetrimide, Group V (Control): Normal saline. Flexural strength was measured using a three-point bending test on a universal testing machine. while root dentin discs were tested for Knoop microhardness before and after irrigation. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (Version 26.0). Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, paired t-test, and One-Way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD post hoc test, after confirming normal distribution. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Flexural strength testing showed that Group 2 had the greatest reduction in strength, which was significantly lower than the control (p < 0.05), though not significantly different from other experimental groups. Groups 3 and 4 showed moderate, non-significant reductions. For microhardness, all experimental groups showed a decrease in Knoop values post-irrigation, but no statistically significant differences were found among them. Conclusion: High-concentration NaOCl with cetrimide significantly reduced dentin flexural strength, while microhardness changes were minimal; lower NaOCl levels caused less structural weakening, indicating a safer irrigation approach. Cetrimide’s role as a surfactant improves penetration of irrigants but may amplify damage when used with strong oxidizers.

Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is a common gynecological condition among females of reproductive age and is often associated with significant physical discomfort, psychological distress, and reduced quality of life. Non-pharmacological interventions such as exercise-based therapies have gained importance due to their safety, accessibility, and holistic benefits. 42% of young females reported limitation in daily activities and 17% reported absenteeism. Despite its high prevalence many females do not seek medical advice and it is left untreated. Objective: The main purpose of this study is to find out- 1) To evaluate the effect of chair aerobics and yogasanas on pain in females with primary dysmenorrhea. 2) To evaluate the effect of chair aerobics and yogasanas on quality of life in females with primary dysmenorrhea. Methods: A total sample size – 80 females diagnosed with Primary Dysmenorrhea with 18-25 years of age were selected and divided into two intervention groups.Group A received non-impactchair aerobics exercises, while Group B performed selected yogasanas. Both interventions were administered for a specified duration over consecutive menstrual cycles. Quality of life was assessed using a validated questionnaire before and after the intervention period. Outcome Measures: The data was analyzed by NPRS for pain and WaLIDD Questionnaire for severity of dysmenorrhea. Quality of life and pain-related outcomes were assessed using validated outcome measures including the Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaire. Pre- and post-intervention scores were statistically analyzed. Results: The study shows significant reductions in pain (39.9%) and WaLIDD 42.4% in Group- A & 48.4% in Group- B) scores and improvement in quality of Life (72.1%) (SF-36) Scores.Clinically significant improvements in quality-of-life domains including physical functioning, bodily pain, vitality, and emotional well-being. Conclusion:The study provides compelling evidence that chair aerobics and yogasana are both effective non- pharmacological intervention for managing primary dysmenorrhea that improves quality of life.

Plumbago zeylanica is an herbaceous plant used in traditional medicine to treat microbial and parasitic infections, swelling, arthritis, and certain types of tumors. However, scientific data validating the pharmacological properties of the species found in Togo remain limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of leaf and root extracts of P. zeylanica. To this end, a phytochemical assay of flavonoids and total polyphenols, as well as a phytochemical analysis using DPPH and FRAP techniques, were performed on P. zeylanica extracts. The anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated in rat paw edema induced by 1% formaldehyde. The phytochemical analysis revealed a significantly higher total polyphenol content in the root extract (41.68 mgEqAG/g) compared to the leaf extract (23.18 mgEqAG/g) (p<0.0001). In contrast, the flavonoid concentration was significantly lower in the leaf extract (31.18±0.37 mgEqQ/g) than in the root extract of P. zeylanica (62.36±1.02 mgEqQ/g) (p<0.0001). The results obtained demonstrated the strong antioxidant power of the extracts examined. The root extract of P. zeylanica caused a significant inhibition of edema in rats treated with 400 mg/kg body weight (bw) (p<0.001). These pharmacological effects are thought to be attributable to the chemical molecules present in the extracts, particularly the flavonoids and polyphenols present in the extracts examined. P. zeylanica is undoubtedly a medicinal plant with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, but caution should be exercised when using it in traditional medicine to prevent harmful side effects in users.

Photocatalytic nanomaterials such as Titanium Dioxide (TiO₂) have been extensively studied for environmental remediation; however, most investigations remain rooted in chemical reaction engineering rather than fundamental physics. This work explores a field-coupled nanophysical framework for catalytic pollutant degradation, in which photocatalysis is treated as a non-equilibrium, multi-field interaction problem involving electromagnetic excitation, charge-carrier dynamics, lattice polarization, and surface quantum states. We propose a new concept termed Field-Coupled Catalytic Dynamics (FCCD), in which external and intrinsic physical fields, optical, electric, strain-induced, and thermal, cooperatively govern catalytic efficiency. Using TiO₂-based nanostructures as a model system, we theoretically and experimentally demonstrate that pollutant degradation rates are not solely governed by bandgap excitation, but by spatiotemporal charge localization and field-mediated energy transfer at the nanoscale. This approach gives a universal framework for designing next-generation catalytic nanomaterials beyond conventional photocatalysis.

This study investigates the relationship between dietary patterns, geographic location, and consumption behaviours related to plant based meat alternatives (PBMAs) among Indian consumers. Using chi square analysis on a sample of 300 respondents, this research examines whether significant associations exist between categorical variables, viz., dietary type (vegan, vegetarian, non vegetarian), city of residence, and various consumption dimensions of PBMAs. The findings reveal statistically significant associations between geographic location and intention to consume PBMAs at different locations/situations (χ² = 14.23, p = 0.027), between dietary type and past PBMA consumption (χ² = 11.73, p = 0.003), and between dietary type and meal frequency of PBMAs (χ² = 14.31, p = 0.001). However, no significant relationship was found between dietary type and time spent consuming PBMAs (χ² = 0.77, p = 0.680). These results suggest that not only individual dietary preferences but cultural, geographic factors also play major roles in determining PBMA consumption. The study helps in understanding the market segmentation for PBMAs in the Indian context and thus helps in formulating targeted marketing strategies and public health interventions for promoting sustainable dietary transitions.

In this paper, we study Lagrangian mechanical system on generalized-quaternionic ka ̈hler Manifolds by using vector field: Y=∑_(a=0)^3▒〖Y^(an+i) ∂/(∂x_(an+i) )〗 in a canonical local basis {G} of V. Finally, the geometrical – Physical results related to generalized-quaternionic ka ̈hler mechanical systems are also given .

Background: Nursing education is inherently stressful due to academic demands and intensive clinical exposure. In recent years, revised curricula and increased patient acuity have further intensified stress among undergraduate nursing students. Aim: To assess perceived stress levels, identify major stressors, and determine coping strategies among undergraduate nursing students. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 50 undergraduate nursing students using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and the Brief-COPE inventory. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: The majority of students (72%) reported moderate stress, while 16% experienced high stress levels. Clinical requirements were identified as the primary stressor (Mean score = 3.8/5). Adaptive coping strategies such as active planning and peer support were adopted by 80% of students, whereas 20% relied on maladaptive coping methods including avoidance and excessive screen use.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection continues to pose a significant global health burden, often leading to chronic liver diseases if inadequately treated. The introduction of direct acting antivirals (DAAs) such as Ledipasvir, Sofosbuvir, and Voxilaprevir has markedly improved therapeutic outcomes. With the growing clinical use of fixed dose combinations, the need for sensitive and stability indicating analytical methods has become increasingly important. This review critically evaluates reported analytical methods for the estimation of HCV DAAs, with a particular emphasis on stability indicating liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approaches. A comprehensive literature survey of peer reviewed articles and regulatory guidelines published between 2014 and 2023 was conducted. Reported UV, HPLC, and LC-MS/MS methods were systematically analyzed with respect to sensitivity, specificity, stability indicating capability, and regulatory compliance as per ICH guidelines. Conventional UV and HPLC methods were found to be suitable mainly for routine quality control but exhibited limited capability for degradation product detection. In contrast, LC-MS/MS methods demonstrated superior sensitivity, selectivity, and applicability for multi drug analysis and forced degradation studies. However, only a limited number of reports addressed comprehensive stability indicating analysis of all three DAAs within a single method. LC-MS/MS represents a robust and regulatory preferred analytical platform for the stability indicating evaluation of HCV DAAs. Further research focusing on comprehensive multi drug stability studies is warranted to support quality control and regulatory submissions.