Survey on graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, structural properties and applications

Graphene and graphene oxide have attracted significant attention over the past decade due to their exceptional and unique electrical, optical, mechanical, and chemical properties. This review focuses on the structure, characteristics, production methods, and applications of these materials. Initially, we provide a brief overview of the fundamental structure, production techniques, and properties of graphene and graphene oxide. Various methods, including chemical exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition, as well as top-down and bottom-up approaches, can be employed to synthesize these materials. Following this, we summarize the diverse applications of graphene and graphene oxide across various fields. Finally, we discuss the challenges that lie ahead for the development and utilization of graphene and graphene oxide. It is crucial to ensure that wastewater discharged during production contains minimal to no heavy metals, to mitigate any potential negative effects on the ecosystem.