April 2022

Background: Academic libraries of this age have embraced the user-centric approach and introduced learning commons (LC) for interactive learning of its users. They are redesigning their resources and services to meet the diverse learning needs of the Techie Gen LC users. It is an out of class group learning space where users are sharing and acquisitioning knowledge for solving learning problems. Group learning is supported by Problem-Based Learning (PBL) cycle phases where users play a knowledge transformer role. This study checks the relation and the ways that knowledge sharing and acquisition supports PBL phases and thereby confirms a new PBL phase. Objective(s): The main aim of the study is to investigate the relation and support of knowledge sharing and acquisition in problem-based learning (PBL) phases and thus determine a new PBL phase for LC. Methods: The research used a quantitative approach and included a survey design in its methodology. The online surveys were conducted in three university libraries of Japan and statistical analysis of simple percentage, mean and standard deviation were adopted to analyze the data. Results: The Cronbach's alpha score of the construct of knowledge sharing and acquisition was 0.750, skewness -0.531 and kurtosis was 0.651, which reveals it`s strong validity. Moreover, 77.5% of participants perceived that knowledge sharing and acquisition has a positive influence on them in PBL supported group learning at LC. Conclusion: The results of the study has revealed that knowledge sharing and acquisition is a new PBL cycle phase for LC group learning. Therefore, LC must combine resources and services in order to foster knowledge sharing and acquisition in PBL supported group learning and thus leverage users' out of class activities.

Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to the problems associated with academic stress as transitions occur at an individual and social level. It therefore, becomes imperative to understand the sources and impact of academic stress in order to derive adequate and efficient intervention strategies. Academic anxiety has become part of students’ academic life due to the various internal and external expectations placed upon their shoulders. The study employed a quantitative research design where participants were screened using examination stress level from adolescent boys and girls of government and private schools. Understanding the sources of stress would facilitate the development of effective counselling modules and yoga strategies by school psychologists and counsellors in order to help students alleviate to examination anxiety.

Background and Objectives: Incisional hernia is the most common complication following abdominal surgery that requires reoperation. Incisional hernia is more common in females following obstetrics and gynaecological surgeries. Laparoscopic incisional hernia repair has been gaining popularity for small and medium sized ventral hernias.The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical details of incisional hernia following obstetrics and gynaecological surgeries and early outcomes of laparoscopicintraperitonealonlay mesh hernia repair using composite mesh. Methods: A prospective hospital based observational study in which 36 females with incisional hernia following obstetrics and gynaecological surgeries were enrolled and clinical details were taken. Laparoscopic intraperitonealonlay mesh hernioplasty using composite mesh with or without primary closure of defect was done. Results: Thirty six females with a mean age of 49.2years with incisional hernia through previous midline (63.88%), pfannensteil(36.12%) incisions presented with swelling(80.5%), pain(16.6%) over incision sites. There was previous history of previous hysterectomy(47.2%), caesarean section(38.8%),myomectomy(5.6%),ectopic rupture(5.6%) and ovarian cyst rupture(2.7%) with comorbidities like obesity(19.4%),diabetes(11.1%),COPD(2.7%),smoking(2.7%) and history of postoperative wound infection following previous surgery(5.6%).Patients underwent laparoscopic intraperitonealonlay mesh hernioplasty using composite mesh with introduction of mesh in 4-170 sec, adjusting and fixation of mesh in 30 -60min using tacks and transfascial sutures. Hospital stay was a mean of 2.1days with complications of seroma formation(8.3%) and recurrence(5.6%). Conclusion: Incisional hernia following obstetrics and gynaecological procedures is a common problem which can be effectively treated with laparoscopic onlay mesh hernioplasty.

Background: Genetic diseases forms sizeable portion of diseases which being an important cause of morbidity and mortality, they impose a heavy burden on families and the health sector in our country. Thus Awareness about genetic diseases is crucial in today’s world. Aim and Objectives: To study awareness about genetic diseases among youth population in Akola city and to gain an insight into their understanding about it. Methodology: The cross-sectional study was conducted among 130 youths of Akola city in the month of March and April 2022. A predesigned pretested schedule was used to collect information on socio-demographic profile, knowledge, attitude and practices about genetic diseases was observed through interviews. Results: Majority of participants were male, 88.46% were in the age group of 20-30 years, 80% were studied graduation and above, 61.54% were students, 82.30% participants were aware about genetic counselling, 67.69% disagree that late marriages increases the risk of genetic diseases, 85.38% participants were interested to screen both themselves and their partner before marriage, 71.53% participants inquired about presence of genetic diseases in the family of person they wish to marry and 63.85% participants check blood group of partner before marriage, 91.53% participants accepted consanguineous marriage as a cause of genetic disease. Conclusion: Although majority of participants were educated and aware of genetic diseases, very few translated it in their daily practices. Pre-marital counselling and Screening should be made mandatory which in turn can reduce genetic diseases. Practical Application: This study can help to train and formulate policies and create awareness about Genetic diseases and can help them make better choices in their lives.

Odontodysplasia is a rare nonhereditary developmental anomaly of dental hard tissue with unknown etiology, arising from both ectodermal and mesodermal components. Hitchin in 1934 first described it as a localized arrest of tooth development generally affecting one quadrant of the jaw. When it just affects one quadrant, it is referred to as “Regional Odontodysplasia,” but when it crosses the midline and affects more than one quadrant, it is referred to as “Generalised Odontodysplasia.” In this case, 10 year old female patient was diagnosed with Regional Odontodysplasia affecting the Maxillary Anterior Teeth on left side confirmed with Clinical and Radiographic Features.

Aim: To review current articles advocating the integration of sustainable healthcare in medical education curriculum. Context: The concepts of innovation in healthcare sustainability are relatively new in medical education. It focuses on long-term health promotion, wellness, and wellbeing in order to lighten the burden on the healthcare system. Medical schools can serve as a breeding ground for the development of knowledge, skills, and innovation to address environmental challenges through innovative and collaborative approaches. Material and method: Few articles were reviewed for application of sustainability in medical education curriculum. Findings and inference: When the concept is integrated into the medical curriculum, young minds will embrace it and work toward attainable sustainability goals. Inference: The following are some of the topics that will be addressed in the curriculum and which future doctors should be able to do: 1.Evaluate the clinical and cost effectiveness of therapies and select investigations based on cost effectiveness. Work to make such approaches more innovative. 2.Procedures and infrastructure that are environmentally friendly. 3.Nutrition in connection to individual patients and societies, which may provide some possibility for sustainable healthcare education. 4. Recognize the effects of global and climate change. 5. "Seeking strategies to consistently enhance the usage and prioritization of resources" is part of patient safety and quality improvement. 6. Recognize how therapy and care can add to a patient's burden and make decisions to alleviate it where possible, especially when the patient has several diseases or is towards the end of life." 7. Diagnosis and medical management. Doctors who qualify should be able to apply sustainable healthcare ideas to their medical practice. Inclusion of teaching sustainability in medical education to add a new dimension to future learning. The concepts of innovation and sustainability are relatively new in medical education. It focuses on long-term health promotion, wellness, and wellbeing in order to lighten the burden on the healthcare system.

Background: Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (AECOPD) is a common reason for hospitalization and a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Intravenous MgSO4 has shown benefits in acute severe asthma by producing bronchodilation. However, the use of intravenous MgSO4 in acute exacerbations of COPD alone or as an adjuvant to bronchodilators is lacking and more studies are needed to establish its usefulness. Aim/Objectives: To study the role of serum magnesium in acute exacerbation of COPD. To study the role of intravenous magnesium sulfate in acute exacerbation of COPD. Methods: A non-randomized, open-label, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, comparative prospective interventional study, where 100 subjects were allotted into 2 groups (group M and group P) of 50 each to receive either 2g of intravenous MgSO4 or a similar amount of normal saline as placebo along with nebulized salbutamol. The efficacy of MgSO4 was evaluated by measuring PEFR a primary outcome parameter at 0,15,30 and 45 mins. Irrespective of the group serum magnesium of all 100 patients are monitored at the time of admission Statistical Analysis: The statistical software SPSS V.16.0 was used for all analysis of the data &MS Word & Excel have been used to generate graphs, tables, etc. All the results are presented as mean ± SD & the range values for the continuous data. The categorical data are presented as numbers & percentages. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: The mean difference in the MgSO4 group at every observation was higher than the placebo. The mean change in PEFR (193.04± 43.47) in the MgSO4 group at 45mins observation was Significantly (p=0.0170) higher than in placebo (172.4± 41.47). The serum magnesium level was also monitored but our study was not able to prove a significant correlation between hypomagnesemia and acute exacerbation of COPD. Conclusions: The benefits of intravenous MgSO4 as an adjuvant to bronchodilators in AECOPD resulted in improvement of clinical condition and PEFR. The improvement in PEFR was significantly higher with MgSO4 than with placebo MgSO4 enhances the early bronchodilator response of other drugs and has significant efficacy.

Bone grafting replaces a patient's missing bone with both natural and artificial materials. Biocompatibility, bioresorbability, structural stability, availability, ease of handling, and cost are all factors to consider when choosing an augmentation material for grafting. Osseointegrative ability refers to the graft's ability to integrate and bond with the host. There is currently no complete bone substitute that meets the requirements for biocompatibility, bioabsorption, and volume maintenance. The bioabsorbability of leftover bone substitutes and the volume maintenance of the augmented tissue are inversely related over time. An allograft is a type of human tissue obtained from someone other than the recipient of the graft. Fresh or frozen bone, FDBA, DFDBA, and cortico-cancellous bone allografts are the three types of bone allografts available. The mineral to organic matrix ratio of hydroxyapatite (HA) is similar to that of human bone. The granular form is sterile and ready to use in periodontal and other bony defects treatment, as well as bone maintenance. Cancellous bone is resorbable, and new bone will gradually replace it. Alloplastic grafts can be made with bioactive glass or hydroxyapatite. When calcium sulphate deteriorates, it loses a lot of its mechanical properties, making it a risky choice for load bearing applications. To supplement residual alveolar ridges, porous tricalcium phosphate ceramic could be used. In apical resection areas, cystic defects, extraction sockets, and alveoli, bioactive glass particles with a narrow size range promote osteogenesis. Synthetic polymers, like natural polymers, are resorbed by the body. PRF is a fibrin matrix that traps and releases platelet cytokines, growth factors, and cells over time. PRP has been shown to help with periodontal and oral surgery outcomes. PRP may aid the body's natural wound-healing mechanisms when used in dentistry.

Kanamycin is one of the injectable second line anti-tubercular drug used in multidrug resistant tuberculosis. It caused renal electrolyte wasting causing dyselectrolytemia in our patient presenting with carpopedal spasm `which resolved after discontinuation of kanamycin.

Objective: The objective of our study was to document the histological type and morphology of neoplastic lesion found concomitantly with renal calculi. Background: Renal calculi is one of the most common urological condition. Chronic irritation induced by predisposing factors superimposed by infection is believed to induce squamous metaplasia. Subsequent development of leucoplakia and neoplasia in the urothelium stimulated RCC. The dismal prognosis of renal malignancy in patients with long standing calculi compelled us to study the clinicopathological presentation. Methods: In our series, we retrospectively examined records of about the nephrectomies done for long standing calculi with nonfunctional kidney in Pravara Rural Hospital, Loni during a span of 3 years from January 2018 to March 2021. Results: We analysed 30 cases of nephrectomies considering pre-op factors like age, gender, laterality of disease, radiological investigations ,method of determination of non functional kidney(USG,CT-IVP,DTPA), signs and symptoms of distant metastasis, type of nephrectomy and histopathological report of the nephrectomy specimens in patients with long standing renal calculi. 62.5% were males and 37.5% females. Right side malignancy was reported in 75% patients where as left side reported in 25% patients. 75 % patients underwent Simple nephrectomy whereas only 25% patients underwent radical nephrectomy for the same. Histopathological study 62.5% of the patients had squamous cell carcinoma 25 % of the patients had clear cell carcinoma,12.5% had urothelial Carcinoma with squamoid differentiation. Lymphovascular invasion was found in 37.5% of the patients. Conclusions: Our study has shown that malignancies associated with stone disease have insidious onset of clinical symptoms and there is a fair incidence of squamous malignancies. The possible way to improve prognosis is early diagnosis by screening patients of long standing urolithiasis with a CT scan in order to detect the associated malignancies. So the planning of appropriate early surgical intervention can be done and to improve the prognosis .

Background: Makkah Al-Mokarramah, Saudi Arabia has a special consideration in Islamic religion as millions of people came to perform Umrah and Hajj during the year, gathering multi ethnicity and nationality. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence and associated risk factors of COVID-19 in suspected patients and close contact with confirmed cases in Makkah Al-Mokarramah, 2020. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional study included all high score suspected patients and those confirmed contact with positive cases that were screened in 5 primary health care centers assigned as COVID-19 screening centers in Makkah Al-Mokarramah. Self-administration secondary data, that were uploaded from Health Electronic Surveillance Network were utilized. Results: A total of 143288 individuals were included. The overall difference between cases and control subjects as regards age distribution was statistically significant, p<0.001. Males represented 70.1% of cases and 66.8% of controls, p<0.001. The prevalence of COVID-19 among the study participants was 56.6%. Both cases and controls were more reported in June, 2020 compared to May, 2020 (70% and 59.8% vs. 30% and 40.2%). The prevalence of confirmed and suspected cases was 44.9% and 29.9%, respectively. Regarding the outcome, majority of cases (82.1%) recovered whereas case-fatality rate was 2%. Concerning symptoms, the most frequently reported were fever (88.4%), cough (88.3%), sore throat (73%) and running nose (56.7%). History of patients `admission was observed among 36.5% of them. Concerning the initial reason for admission, respiratory reasons ranked first (58.9%). Conclusion: COVID-19 was commonly reported among suspected patients and close contact with confirmed cases. Their hospital admission was relatively common and the case fatality rate was lower than others.

COVID-19 pandemic has changed the living of people of all ages throughout the world. While it led to fear and restricted movements of all, it also resulted in the problems related to least movements such as overcrowding in small houses, increased domestic violence, joblessness, addiction, etc. Most of these had detrimental effects on the lives of people including preschool children. Normally preschool children attend anganwadi/ Balwadi or the pay group nursery in India. This is the time to prepare the children for schooling in next few years, normally. The preschool phase lasts for two to three years. The phase emphasizes separation individuation of the child from the primary caregiver, - the mother in most cases. It is also a phase of social skill training like learning to mix, talk, share and play with other children. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought these activities to absolute standstill in last one and a half year. Naturally the children today with lockdown lifted and school opened offline are poorly prepared for the schooling. The foregoing article gives and account of the multiple dimensions in which this lockdown might have influenced the preschool children.

Teacher performance is a quality matter of great consideration in institutions of learning and in particular basic education institutions. It is for this reason that measures have been put in place to enhance teacher performance worldwide. In Kenya programmes such as strengthening of Mathematics and Science in secondary Education (SMASSE) have been undertaken. In fact SMASSE was a major joint venture between the Kenya government through Ministry of Education and government of Japan through Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), 1998 to 2003. Later on Centre for Mathematics, Science and Technology Education in Africa (CEMASTEA) was created in 2001 to implement SMASSE programmes aimed at capacity building of teachers for quality curriculum delivery. These programmes were extended and changed to strengthening of Mathematics and Science Education (SMASE) to accommodate both primary and secondary school activities. In all these programmes the central factor is headteacher’s leadership. This is because the headteacher is the accounting officer and implementor of government policies at school level. Teacher performance is a product of headteacher’s leadership, hence headteacher’s leadership style is critical. In this regard, studies have provided contradicting revelations, some posit autocratic leadership style as critical in teacher performance improvement while others indicate that autocratic leadership style has negative influence on teacher performance. The objective of this study was therefore to establish the influence of head teachers' autocratic leadership style on teacher performance in public primary schools. The study established that autocratic leadership style significantly influences teacher performance with regard to schemes of work preparation, lesson planning, preparation of teaching /learning resources, content delivery, formative evaluation and summative evaluation. Since autocratic leadership style accounted for only 17.7% of the variation in teacher performance, the study recommends that autocratic leadership style should be used sparingly or cautiously so as to enhance teacher performance optimumly.

Road accidents and various other form of accidents are common nowadays which causes deaths. According to the data received from WHO approximately 1.3 million people dies in road accidents every year. Not only in India but also in other countries the number of accidents is very high. Most of the time road accidents happens due to driver’s sleep. In this paper, a good intention to implement the driver drowsiness detection system which will help to reduce road accidents. This system is based on deep learning and with an accurate android application. We are tried here with lightweight structure of application which will get easy to handle to everyone.

How do people visit museums and inspire themselves? Existing papers focus almost entirely on the digital exhibition or marketing perspective, while other researchers have studied social media with a specific focus on how to increase the number of followers. Unlike these papers, this work puts emphasis on the digital-familiar generation, whose social media usage is among the top across age groups. With Covid-19 widespread, online information influences offline behaviors, possibly indicating the role of social media as an alternative to museum visits. To examine this idea, we provide survey evidence that consists of four parts - demographic, social media usage, museum visiting during Covid-19, and others. In short, Covid-19 has influenced museum visiting patterns but did not have much impact on the followings of museums’ social media accounts. Specifically for students whose majors are art-related, they find it necessary to visit the museum in-person, suggesting that the role of social media as an alternative to museum visits is insufficient.

This report aims to make a state of the art of the evolution of heat waves during the period 1982 to 2014 in the Sahel and to try to establish a link between heat waves and precipitation as well as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). This will allow a better predictability of future changes in heat waves, the only way to minimize the damage because the models predict that warming will continue even beyond the 21st century. Estimation of heat waves was made on the basis of the heat index that combines air temperature and relative humidity to get a value which determines the temperature felt by the skin. The threshold is set at the 90th percentile of the heat index for a period of at least 3 days together with a minimal spatial extension. Heat waves appear seasonally, with a maximum during the month April-May-June (WAN) and they had a high inter-annual variability during the period 1982-2014. The years 1998 and 2010 have been severe heat waves extensions while those of 1982, 1984 and 1985 recorded low. The study on the severity of episodes of summer heat waves carried on the threshold of the intensity of the heat index and duration. It appears that the years 1998, 2001 and 2010 were severe. The correlation between heat waves in spring and summer precipitation in the same year give a correlation coefficient r = 0.30. This result was impacted by the effect of El Nino Southern Pacific (Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI)) and lowered r=0.10. The MEI is correlated with heat waves of spring and summer precipitation for respective values of correlation coefficient r = -0.20 and r = -0.17. Then the correlation coefficient of the precipitation of the year (n-1) and the heat waves of the year (n) was r = 0.29. This correlation value is found to be very strong by eliminating the abnormally hot years (1998 and 2010), with a coefficient r = 0.56.The studies also try to link heat waves and the last year normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) a correlation coefficient equal to r = 0.28 was found and correlation between NDVI and summer precipitation gave r = 0.67.

Food is the basic requirement of the human life. It is said that an individual's personality can be judged by the type & amount of food taken by him or her. Many people suffer from various disorders due to the insufficient or excess nutrition. It become little sensitive; when we think about school going children. This article is mainly focused on Nutritional Disorders in school going children. A survey was conducted by which nutritional disorders like obesity, vitamin B deficiency problems were detected among children.

Arterial disorders represent the most common cause of morbidity . Much of this is due to the effects of atheroma on the arteries supplying the heart muscle (coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction) and brain (stroke), although atheroma is also common at other sites. This clinical condition is typically an Emergency Medicine based diagnosis and the definitive management is the forte of vascular surgeon who also addresses diseases that are typically the province of the vascular surgeon, namely those affecting the peripheral arterial system. Vascular disease that alters the normal structure and function of the aorta, its visceral branches and the arteries of the lower extremity are quite common and often a missed diagnosis or a delayed diagnosis in places with resource limited workforce. Peripheral artery disease (PAD), which typically refers to atherosclerotic arterial disease of the lower extremities, affects more than 200 million people worldwide.1 PAD is considered a clinical manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis and is often present with concomitant coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular disease.2–4 Multiple studies have demonstrated a high risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death, among patients with PAD.5–7 Beyond cardiovascular outcomes, patients with PAD are also at risk for ischemic limb events which can cause significant morbidity and reduce functional status and quality of life.8–10 In particular, acute limb ischemia (ALI) resulting from a sudden decrease in limb perfusion can lead to tissue loss and threaten limb viability.

Background: Fetal monitoring during labour has been known as the most important tool in clinical practice. The stress of uterine contractions may affect the fetus adversely especially if the fetus is already compromised. Even a fetus which is apparently normal in the antenatal period may develop distress during labour. Hence fetal monitoring during antepartum and intrapartum periods is of vital importance for timely detection of fetal distress so that appropriate management may be offered. . EFM is defined as use of electronic monitoring of the fetal heart to ensure well being of the fetus during labour Methods: This study is a prospective observational study of 100 patients presenting to antenatal OPD and to Labour room at >34 weeks period of gestation and was performed over a period of two years . Delivery conducted was either by vaginal route, instrumental or by caesarean section depending upon the foetal heart rate tracings and their interpretations as per the case. At the time of delivery umbilical cord blood was taken for the ph analysis. All new born babies were seen by the paeditrician immediately after the delivery and 1 and 5 minute Apgar score assessed for the delivered baby. Babies having low Apgar score or any other complication as per Pediatricians advice were admitted in NICU. The various EFM Patterns obtained were compared with the neonatal status at birth using the parameters already mentioned. The false positives and false negatives if any were tabulated. Data so obtained was analyzed statistically thereafter. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 13.0 was used for the purpose of analysis. Results: Results revealed that among the 50 subjects of the case group, 03 subjects showed the absence of the beat to beat variability, 24 subjects showed early deceleration, 07 subjects showed late deceleration, and 20 subjects showed the presence of variable deceleration. There is a significant association between absent beat to beat variability and mode of delivery and low Ph. In parturients showing early deceleration the incidence of low pH was significantly higher whereas there is no association with remaining parameters. Variable and late deceleration showed a significant association with all the parameters. Conclusions: EFM should be used judiciously. Cardiotocography machines are certainly required in the labour room. Equally important is the proper interpretation of the CTG tracings so that unjustified caesarean sections can be minimized, at the same time picking up cases of fetal distress in time which is likely to improve fetal outcome.

Cold agglutinin antibodies are autoantibodies causing hemolysis at a lower temperature which can be triggered by various infections like covid-19, mycoplasma pneumonia and numerous other virus causing flu like symptoms. Cold agglutinin antibodies cause multisystem immune mediated dysfunction;haematological and circulatory are the major ones affected. Presently, no definite treatment is available for immune mediated cold agglutinin disease secondary to covid 19 infection.

Sundarban is the largest delta in India as well as world’s largest delta, formed by the rivers Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna., Extending about 260 km along the Bay of Bengal from the Hooghly River Estuary in India to the Meghna River Estuary in Bangladesh. Sunderban covers an area of 4262 sq. km in India. The name may have been derived from the word Sundari or Sundri, the local name of the mangrove species. Its mangrove forest acts as a natural flood barrier, protecting the coastal population from the devastating impact of cyclones that hit the region. However, increased deforestation and damage to the mangrove forests for extraction of resources is not only leaving the coasts progressively exposed and more vulnerable to storms, but also depleting the rich biodiversity of the region. Sundarban is the pride of Bengal for many reasons. The most important is the existence of the black-striped yellow tigers knows as the royal Bengal tiger. Even UNESCO is taking care of this tigers. Now-days the people of Sundarban is facing several severe problems like (1) Very crisis of the safe drinking water (2) Shortage of ground water (3) Saline of surfers and river water(4) Acute poverty (5) Poor health management and sanitation practices (6) gender discrimination (7) Inadequate transport facilities (8) frequent natural calamities (9) Limited livelihood options (10) Ignorance of Government services and many more. The possible solutions are (1) Supporting them in uplifting their income generation capacity and reducing their dependence on the conserved area (2) Need to include integrated efforts for restricting growth of population in the region(3) Policies targeted at universal education (4) Eradication of gender bias and women empowerment (5) To address the region’s conservation challenges, internalization of a development plan with strong components on land management, sustainability of natural resource base, disaster management and livelihood management in the context of climate change is imperative and many more. The Sundarban delta in India has been a priority region for WWF-India since 1973 and it is also an ecologically fragile and climatically vulnerable region that is home to over 4.5 million people. Securing the future of the Sundarbans, its biodiversity and people requires a long term vision that can integrate climate adaptation and conservation strategies. Water salinity simulation and modeling would be a proper tool for decision making and allow planners to protect the Sundarban ecosystems in future.