October 2021

The paper aims to analyse impact of online teaching in rural areas of India based on experiences of the Covid-19 pandemic. A qualitative research method was undertaken in two steps. In the first step, a thematic analysis of an online discussion forum with experts from different sectors was carried out. In the second step, both the data and the statements of opinion from secondary online sources, including web articles, statistical data and legislation, were analysed. Though Government of India has taken several online teaching initiatives, several technological, pedagogical and social challenges exists in rural areas of India. The technological challenges are mainly related to the unreliability of Internet connections and many students’ lack of necessary electronic devices. The pedagogical challenges are principally associated with teachers’ and learners’ lack of digital skills, the lack of structured content versus the abundance of online resources, learners’ lack of interactivity and motivation and teachers’ lack of social and cognitive presence. The social challenges are mainly related to the lack of human interaction between teachers and students as well as among the latter, the lack of physical spaces at home to receive lessons and the lack of support of parents who are frequently working remotely in the same spaces. The open challenges emerging from this health crisis may prove crucial in improving the capability to provide effective online learning, in evolving educational models to overcome inequalities and isolation in emergencies and in preventing social exclusion. Policymakers, enterprises, experts, schools, students and families should collaborate closely to develop accessible and smart learning environments, educational resources and tools additionally able to maintain the sociality, inclusiveness and accessibility of education across India.

Along with the development of science, the glass is now used as the main structural element that carries the burden of the structure and used on the floor as an element of forming space. The application of a transparent glass floor does not cover a whole room, just in the upper part of the room with a view of the floor below.In this research, the author wants to know the response from the user at the time of crossing the transparent glass floor at Plaza FX Jakarta. Activities across the floor from the glass material need courage because the user still assumes material form glass not safety in application. The presence of glass as the floor is still considered risk.Especially many people assume the glass has a more than potential hazard, even though the material transparent glass the floor is from a type of laminate. This is interesting from this research because it is necessary to prove laminated glass as a structural element capable of making safe, comfortable, and own styles in the appearance of the interior design. This research used method is a case study, where the data collected through participant observation, interviews, etc. For explain, the condition learned through "Field Study' or "case report" in the social behavior of the society that is seen as they are obtained in the field.The result of this study are expected, can give experience to society there is no need to afraid of crossing the floor from glass materials. Because of the transparent glass floor can provide a sense of safety, comfort, and own uniqueness psychological.

An Adrenal Ganglioneuroma (AGN) is an extremely rare, hormonally silent benign tumor. It is common for AGNs to be erroneously diagnosed, considered as other adrenal malignancies. Therefore it is imperative that, in work-up of adrenal incidentalomas, other less common aetiologies such as ganglioneuroma should be considered, and the latter should be suspected in adrenal mass on imaging without associated hormone hyper production. Here, the present authors report a case of giant adrenal ganglioneuroma in a 25-year-old female presenting with vague right side abdominal pain, after abdominal computed tomography (CT) scanning, the patient underwent an open right adrenalectomy and histopathological examination further confirmed the lesion as giant AGN, which measured 16 cm * 13 cm* 10 cm.

Tobacco consumption has led to devastating effects all over the world. Nicotine in tobacco is considered as one of the major addictive component that leads to long-term dependence on tobacco. Tobacco use is continuing in India since ages, despite of numerous tobacco control policy. Tobacco in India is used in two forms: smoking and smokeless form. Smoking form includes cigarettes, bidis, etc. whereas smokeless tobacco includes ghutka, khaini etc. Quitting tobacco is the most important interventional strategy that has to be practiced to improve the oral health status and quality of life of individuals. Government sector can help in this issue by increasing the price of tobacco products through taxation, and should also ensure that health professionals routinely advise smokers to stop and offer assistance for quitting, and make available pharmacological and behavioral support for cessation.

A study to assess the on “Effectiveness of Panel Discussion on Nursing Informatics Among 4th Year B.sc Nursing Students, SVIMS, At Tirupati” Objectives • To assess the level of knowledge on nursing informatics among 4th Year B.Sc nursing students. • To evaluate the effectiveness of panel discussion on nursing informatics among 4th Year B.Sc nursing students. • To find the association between demographic variables and the level of knowledge regarding nursing informatics among 4th Year B.Sc students. Methodology: By using Non-Probability Convenient sampling technique, a pre experimental research design was adopted, 50 B.Sc (N) 4th year students were taken as a samples. Data collection was done by using a self instructed questionnaire. Results: the results revealed that out of 50 students majority 20 (40%) had in adequate knowledge, 18(36%) had moderate adequate knowledge and only 12 (24%) had in adequate knowledge in pre test, where as in post test 33 students had adequate knowledge, 12 (24%) had moderate knowledge and only 5(10%) had in adequate knowledge. Conclusion: Due to increase in day to day advancement every field is gaining its importance even the educational field also gaining its importance in order to improve the educational status and to increase the concentration of students it is needed to change the method of teaching and panel discussion had proven to be one of the best method of imparting knowledge.

Background: To study the safety and efficacy of sub tenon (parabulbar) anaesthesia by blunt 23-gauge cannula in cataract surgery. Method: A Prospective study of sub tenon anaesthesia, 30 patients were examined for sub tenon (parabulbar) anaesthesia for cataract surgery. One single surgeon has evaluated some parameters like pupil dilation preoperative and during operation, intraocular pressure before anaesthesia, just after anaesthesia and 2 minutes after anaesthesia. Akinesia, anaesthesia, subconjunctival hemorrhage and preoperative complication has been recorded. Results: In our study mean IOP measured before anaesthesia was 16.58. means IOP just after anaesthesia was 11.2 and after 2 minutes was 6.2. 83.22% patients were painless and 16.66% complained of mild pain during operative procedure after anaesthesia. No patient was having total akinesia just after the anaesthetic injection and after the surgical procedure 60.67% had moderate movement. Chemosis was the frequent side effect with sub tenon anaesthesia. 60% patients had chemosis in one quadrant. Only 13.3% patients had subconjunctival hemorrhage. Conclusion: Sub tenon anaesthesia is considered to be a safe technique. Also, it is more comfortable for patients. Sub tenon (parabulbar) anaesthesia is quick, safe and effective method of anaesthesia.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is an effective tool in business strategies to improve the customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. Improving the customer relationship helps to improve the customer satisfaction and profit of the companies. Many researches involves in applying the various CRM model and methods to analyze the important factors in CRM. In this paper, the recent researches in the CRM model were reviewed to analyze the advantages and limitations. The regression analysis in the CRM model shows the effective performance in investigating the customer satisfaction and relationship. Some researches uses only positive comments for the CRM model and negative comments were also need to include for effective performance. Social media data are observed to improve the efficiency of the CRM model in terms of customer satisfaction.

This paper describes user’s opinion

Zinc oxide (ZnO) and organophilic Clay (Viscogel B8) were added to poly(3-hydroxid butyrate) (PHB) matrix in some proportions. The nanocomposites containing both nanoparticles were obtained from solution casting method using chloroform as solvent. The films obtained were mainly analyzed by time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR) to obtain answers about the interactions, dispersion, distribution of nanoparticles and, consequently, the homogeneity of both nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. Combining relaxation data of 1H measured at 23 MHz and from the longitudinal relaxation dispersions measured among 100 KHz to 300 MHz, it was also obtaining information on the influence of both nanoparticles in the polymer characteristics and if there was a synergic effect of ZnO nanoparticle and organoclay, using them together. The results obtained showed that the incorporation of only 0.1% of ZnO caused a great impact in the polymer PHB matrix and in the system obtained.

This paper presents the validation of experimental investigation on Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) strengthened high strength concrete columns. A total of 14 test specimens of 150mm diameter and height of 600 mm were cast and tested. The level of corrosion-damage was 0%, 15% and 30%, glass fibre reinforced polymer wraps with different configurations such as Chopped Strand Mat (CSM), Uni Directional Cloth (UDC) and Woven Roving (WR) each of 3 mm and 5 mm thickness are used in this study. All the test specimens were tested under monotonic loading up to failure, in a loading frame of capacity 2000 kN. The ultimate stress and ultimate strain levels reached by the FRP confined concrete columns have been validated with the existing models. The validation results concluded that Xia and Wu (2000), Fardis and Khalili (1981) and Kono et al. (1998) showed reasonable agreement with the experimental ultimate compressive stresses and strains.

In the article, the authors highlight "The state of solid household waste of the population of Tashkent in the period 2018-2021." They raise about the problem of solid waste and their ways of disinfection, as well as their use as secondary raw materials. In Uzbekistan, 9 million tons of solid household waste is accumulated, and only 9% is recycled, in developed countries the rate of recycled waste is much higher - from 40% to 60%.The problem of solid household waste has grown so much in the republic that a regulatory document was created on April 17, 2019 for NPP-429 and a Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Sh.Mirziyoyev was issued "On the approval of the strategy for handling solid household waste in the Republic of Uzbekistan for the period 2019-2028. ”, Where it was established that the Strategy should be implemented in two stages.The authors propose that in order to improve the sanitary condition of the environment, to improve the quality of the educational process in the school, in their region where they live, and mainly in the family.

When it comes to pain, patients resort to complementary methods as well as pharmacological treatments. Among these methods, phytotherapy is the most widely used. The aim of this mini-review is to identify the herbs used in the treatment of pain-related disorders in the world and to review the available preclinical and clinical information about these herbs. For this mini-compilation, we discussed the plants used in traditional medicine in the treatment of pain in the world; We reviewed scientific databases of herbs (Pubmed, CINAHL; Web of Science, Ulakbim, EBSCOHost MEDLINE; Ovid and Bibliothecal digital) analyzed in preclinical studies and used in pain treatment using related terms, and obtained information from published books.

The experiment was conducted during the period from December to March, 2020-21 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj to study the effect of organic manures and different varieties on growth and yield of chickpea. The treatment consists of three organic manures (Farmyard manure-5t/ha, Vermicompost-2t/ha and Poultry manure-2t/ha) and three different chickpea varieties (GNG-2144,GNG-1958and Radhey). The experiment was conducted by following a randomized block design with nine treatments and were replicated thrice. The results revealed that significantly higher plant height(52.25cm), plant dry weight(19.65 g/plant), pods(40.53/plant),seed index(27.37g), seed yield(2.70 t/ha) and stover yield(4.63t/ha) were recorded in a treatment combination with the application of Vermicompost 2t/ ha +Radhey Variety.

The objective of this research is to find out whether there is any significant diiference in the students’ mastery of discourse analysis taught by three kinds of challenge based appraoch at higher level of education. The sample of the research are the third year students of the English Study Program at the University of Lampung The students are both as the population and sample of the research. The results showed that there is a significant difference of students’ achievement in three challenge based learning activities. RWP (read, write, and present) challenge produced better result of learning compared to RRP (read, relate, present) challenge. There is no significant diefference between RRP challenge and RIPA (read, illustrate, present, and argue) challenge, while there there is a signiicant difference of achievement between RWP challlenge and RIPA challenge.

Maize is the most important cereal and it is mostly used as grain, feed, fodder, starch and industrial products. In the present study, an attempt was made to know about the socio-economic characteristics of maize growers, to calculate the cost of cultivation and profitability of maize per hectare in different size of farm group for hybrid maize in the study area. The study area selected was Manchal, Yacharam and Shakerpalli blocks of Rangareddy (dist.). A multi-stage sampling method involving a combination of purposive and random sampling procedures were employed in drawing up the sample block, villages and farmers for collecting primary data. Ninety farmers (42 Small, 29 medium and 19 large) were selected at random by proportional probability sampling technique.

Successful Competency Based Curriculum (CBC) implementation must be cognizant of various teacher factors that are most likely to influence it. In 2013, partner states in the East African Community agreed to put in place a harmonized curriculum framework which is competency-based and one that matches global trends. The Competence Based Curriculum was rolled out in Kenya in January 2017 and is currently being implemented in lower primary school in phases from grade one to four. As at the end of 2018, eighty nine thousand teachers of the total 160, 000 teachers of lower primary imparting basic education in Kenya had been inducted trained on the implementation of the Competence Based Curriculum. Teachers are the implementers of the curriculum hence they play a significant role in developing and transforming learners Rangwe Sub County who found to be is facing low primary to secondary school transition rates. Recent statistics indicated that 52% of pupils sitting Kenya Certificate of Primary Education examinations every year scored less than 250 marks. The pupils were left disoriented and demoralized causing some to either drop out or repeat as per the 8-4-4 curriculum. With the CBC in place all learners are believed to have a chance to develop their competencies and skills for nation building. It is against this back drop that the current study sought to establish teacher factors influencing implementation of CBC in Public Primary schools. The objective of the study was to specifically establish the extent to which teacher perceptions influence implementation of CBC in public primary schools. The findings were that teacher perceptions accounted for 34.0% of the variation in implementation of CBC as signified by the coefficient 0.340. Therefore teacher perceptions were found to have a moderate influence on the implementation of Competence Based Curriculum. The study recommended that efforts should be made to ensure that teachers have a positive attitude towards CBC in order to enable the pupils also to develop a liking towards the contents of CBC for effective implementation. The findings of this study are significant to stakeholders in education as they inform policy making and amendment.

Concerns have been raised globally that human resource management practices do influence employee performance. In Kenya the performance in the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education mean scores in Rachuonyo North Sub County in comparison with neighboring sub counties of Homa Bay County for the past 3 years has been below average (3.11 in 2017, 4.07 in 2018 and 4.36 in 2019) Rachuonyo East (3.4940, 4.672, 4.9468), Rangwe (5.24048, 5.0257, 3.416), Suba (3.5722, 4.4310, 4.3097), Mbita (3.5983, 4.4706, 4.860) and Homa bay sub county (4.2920, 4.860, 4.7904). At the same time, the Teachers Service Commission still deploys various human resource practices to manage teachers. Concerns have been raised that these practices have a hand in the deteriorating performance hence a study was necessary to establish the extent and degree to which these practices influence teacher instruction performance. The objective of the study was to examine the extent to which Teachers Service Commission compensation practices influence teacher instruction performance in public secondary schools in Rachuonyo North, Kenya. The findings revealed that Teachers Service Commission compensation practices moderately influenced teachers’ instructional performance. The study recommended an improvement on positive practices and reduction on negative practices in order to realize full potential of the teachers as they affect teachers’ instruction performance. The study findings are significant to stakeholders in education as they inform policy formulation, review and implementation on Teachers Service Compensation transfer, compensation and career progression practices.

Phantom lung tumors, also known as evanescent tumors, are peculiar radiological aches observed in heart disease patients with clinical decompensation or with a teaching that occurs with volume overload. In this case report, we seek to demonstrate the characteristics of this incomuminate patient with congestive heart failure, a carrier of mural thrombus and significant hepatomegaly.

Background: Spalgis epius, the ‘Ape Fly’ is a small butterfly that belongs to the lycaenids or blues family. The powdery stuff sheathing their wings are called scales which are the main factor for wing coloration. Ape fly on appearance shows blue color on the dorsal wing area and ventral wing area shows ash color. The wing scales forms vivid or indistinct patterns and helps the organism to protect itself by camouflage, mimicry and warning. Wing scales perform a great role in the natural history of Lepidoptera. Objective: To examine the various types of wing scales, their morphology and dimensions (Length and Width) in Spalgis epius. Methods: The Standard method of Grodnitsky and Kozlov (1991) is used. Several hundreds of scales were scrapped off from the dorsal and ventral wing separately into a glass slide. The sample is fixed using xylene and studied under light microscope. The dimensions are measured with micrometry. Results: A wide variety of scales has been observed from dorsal and ventral wing area. A total of 175 scales were studied which include 88 varieties from dorsal side and 87 varieties from ventral side. On analyzing the blue coloured dorsal wing area several colored scales including dull brown, cream, pale black colored scales are identified. Many broad, flat and short sized scales are observed in this area. Here the majority of scales are devoid of dendations. Flat, thin, glassy type scales are also observed. For most of the scales, the abwing and adwing are broad. The length and width of the scales vary. Transverse lines in scales are not clearly seen. The blue color of dorsal wing is not due to blue scales instead it is because of structural colors formed when the light passes through the other colored scales. The dimensions of dorsal wing scales ranges between 82.74µ-110.32µ in length and 55.16µ-74.86µ in width. The ventral wing scales shows several long scales unlike the dorsal side. Several grayish white colored scales are identified. Long narrow scales are the major scales. In the ash colored ventral wing some reddish brown scales can be seen in the strigae. The scales are darker towards the upper lamina and colorless towards the lower lamina. Thin transparent glassy type scales are observed. The wing scale dimensions ranges between 90.62µ-130.02µ in length and 47.28µ-78.8µ in thickness. Conclusion: Studies focusing on butterfly wing scales are important as the scientific works based on the above is only minimum. A wide variety of scales are been observed in Spalgis epius with varying dimensions. Structural and coloration aspect of wing scales lead to the development of new ideas in science and technology.

Introduction: Branchial cleft cysts are the most common congenital neck masses which originate from remnants of the branchial arches or pouches.The term branchial cyst was first given by Ascherson in 1832. Clinically they can present as a cyst, sinus, or fistula. 7The classical presentation of second branchial cysts are painless neck mass along the anterior border of the upper third part of the sternocleidomastoid. Case Report: The branchial cysts are usually Here we present report of a rare case of infected congenital branchial cyst type II in a known case of congenital pulmonary airway malformation.A10 days old male child who had a swelling below the right side of lower jaw presenting like neck abscess. On ultrasonography and computer tomography of neck it was diagnosed as infected congenital branchial cyst type 2. It was managed with incision and drainage under general anesthesia. The postoperative histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of branchial cleft cyst. The most common presentation of branchial cysts are in young most commonly present in second to fourth decade, rarely present in neonatal period. Conclusion: The branchial cysts can get infected very rarely & present like neck abscess in a neonate. Any congenital infected mass one of the differential diagnosis is infected branchial cyst should be kept in mind and such cases should be treated promptly.

Background: The production of processed cheese in Egypt has recently received much attention. Due to both economic reasons and the increase of consumer’s awareness on the impact of food on health, the food industries are interesting to produce processed cheese with cheaper price, healthier, more appropriate and meet consumer requests. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is low in fat and readily available at a low cost. Besides being a carbohydrate and energy source, they are also rich in micronutrients like vitamin C, B and potassium, as well as carotenoids and antioxidant phenols. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to incorporate sweet potato for the development of processed cheese to enhance the nutritional and textural values and minimize the cost without affecting the overall quality. Materials and Methods: Chemical, rheological, textural, microbiological, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), antioxidant properties (RSA %) and sensory evaluation were evaluated in processed cheese supplemented with sweet potato puree. Results: Results showed that adding sweet potato puree to cheese resulted in lower total solids (T.S), fat/DM, total nitrogen (T.N), ash, salt and TVFA contents, while pH values, S.N, meltabilty, oil separation and total bacterial count (log cfu/g) increased with increasing the level of sweet potato puree. Incorporating sweet potato puree to cheese increased the TPC, TFC and RSA (%) of all the resultant cheese. In addition, increasing sweet potato puree incorporation tended to decrease the measured textural parameters, except springiness, which increased with increased sweet potato puree level. The flavor of all cheese treatments were preferable to the panelists especially up to 30% sweet potato puree added. All cheese treatments were sensory acceptable but the most acceptable were T1 and T2 as compared with the control, the cheese blend with 10, 20, 30 and 40% sweet potato puree decreased the cost by 5.78,12.54,19.17and 29.13 %, respectively. Conclusion: Incorporation of sweet potato up to 30% had no significant effect (p≤ 0.05) on the sensory and textural parameters of the processed cheese. Sweet potato puree improved the rheological and microbiological properties compared to regular processed cheese. Moreover, the use of sweet potato puree in cheese can be improving its antioxidant activity and decreased the cost.

A new efficient and environmental friendly procedure for the synthesis Chalcone linked Isatin derivatives -Based Schiff Bases under microwave irradiation method also. The method is compared with the conventional method also. A series of novel Chalcone linked isatin derivatives were investigated for anti-inflammatory related activities such as cyclooxygenase inhibition. The results also showed that the chalcone derivatives with isatin moiety seem to be significant for inhibition of enzymes. Molecular docking experiments were carried out to elucidate the molecular aspects of the observed inhibitory activities of the investigated compounds. Present study findings increase the possibility that these newly synthesized chalcone linked isatin derivatives might act as a useful starting material for the design and synthesis of improved anti-inflammatory agents and synthesized compounds were characterized by IR spectroscopy.

Background : Antibiotics are one of the most important discoveries in the field of medicine and are widely used against infectious diseases. In developing countries like India, the antibiotics are the highly consumed medicines, and irrational use of antibiotics is a common practice. Misuse of antibiotics has become even more during COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding the prescription pattern of antibiotics is crucial in tackling irrational prescription and antibiotic resistance. Objectives: 1)To study the prescription pattern of antibiotics. 2)To compare prescription pattern with WHO indicators. Methods and Methodology: A retrospective, cross-sectional study.Total of 600 precrisptional data were studiedin the department of General medicine in a tertiary centre,Tirupathi,on in-patient basis. Inclusion Criteria:1)Prescriptional data of study sample with the age group greater than 18 years of both males and females.2) Prescriptions of common infectious diseases such as enteric fever, malaria, dengue ,Acute gastro-enteritis, Pyrexia of unknown origin, URTI, LRTI, dysentry has been included .3) Prescriptions with diagnosis. Exclusion criteria:1) Prescription papers in which the handwriting of prescriber was illegible to identify medication clearly.2) Prescription papers that did not contain medication.3)HIV/HbSAg /TB /Auto-immune diseases.4)Chronic renal disease (CKD).5)Cancer. Study Method: A total of 600 prescription papers were studied. Specific prescriptions papers were selected randomly.A detailed checklist containing patient-related information, medication related with diagnosis has been prepared.WHO prescribing indicators with their standard values were utilised to measure rational use of drugs with due focus on antibiotic prescribing patterns with study period of 6 months.No culture and sensitivity tests are done before starting antibiotics. Approval of Instituitional ethics committee has beentaken before starting the study. Results: Socio-demographic characteristics have been recorded prior to the study. Drug dose, frequency of administration, route of administration, duration of treatment have been recorded. WHO-prescribing indicators :1)Average number of drugs per encounter is 4.2.(optimal value 1.6-1.8).2)Percentage of encounter with antibiotics is 126.1%(optimal value 20.0-26.8%) 3)Percentage of encounter with injectionsis 94.33%(optimal value 13.4-24%).4)Percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name is 100%(optimal value 100%).5)Percentage of drugs from Essential medicine list is 100%(optimal value 100%). Frequently prescribed antibiotic injectable was CEFTRIAXONE constituting 49.2% Conclusion: Our study concluded that prescribing pattern of antibiotics deviates from and is non-complaint with standard endorsed the WHO.“SUPERBUG-infections” are great threat to the world, due to irrational use of antibiotics.This problem may be reduced by developing an ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP PROGRAMME, introducing practice of antibiotics with the aid of culture and sensitivity tests and developing institutional guidelines.

Le choix d’une filière d’étude reste un point capital sur la détermination de ce que fera l’individu plus tard après ses études. Ensuite, il est un outil qui, fondamentalement, permet à l’individu de préparer avec aisance son avenir et qui indique sa vie future. Il est vrai que c’est une voie qui amène tout intellectuel à l’intégration sociale la plus meilleure et la plus adaptée et lui facilitant ainsi, le contact avec ses semblables. Tout étudiant (e) cherchant à exceller facilement et rapidement dans son cursus universitaire doit opérer un choix sur la filière en conformité avec ses aptitudes et selon ce qu’il préfère être dans la société.

The new inventions in technology lead to more power consumption by more number of nonlinear loads, which in turn effecting the quality of power transmitted. The power transmitted in a line is needed to be of high quality. The flow of power basically depends on the line impedance, sending end and receiving end voltage magnitudes. Nonlinear loads create harmonic currents which in turn creates system resonance, capacitor overloading, decrease in efficiency, voltage magnitude changes. The DPFC is a new FACTS device, employs the distributed FACTS (D-FACTS) concept, which is to use multiple small-size single-phase converters instead of the one large-size three-phase series converter in the UPFC. The large number of series converters provides redundancy, thereby increasing the system reliability. The DPFC has the same control capability as the UPFC, which comprises the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this research and the corresponding experimental results are shown.

Biology as a discipline is a pre-requisite field of study at O-level for very many professional careers in the realm of Medicine, Agriculture, Forestry, Teaching, Sociology among others. This means that is a critical subject that requires proper teaching and learning at secondary school or O-level it is a concern to note that in Kenya from 2016 to date the in biology is wanting. The following data attest to this. The performance in Biology at Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) level is very low nationally and even at Sub County level despite provision of educational resources or inputs by the government. Thus, in the whole country candidates who sat KCSE examinations in the year 2016 only 71,348(13.99%) out of 509,822 scored C+ and above, in 2017, only 11,503(2.1%) candidates out of 546,014 scored C+ and above and in 2018, only 33,126(5.66%) candidates out of 584,924 scored C+ and above. In Ndhiwa Sub County, the performance of Biology was been far much below the average for the last four years registering mean scores of: 4.83 in 2015, 2.90 in 2016, 2.27 in 2017 and 2.90 in 2018. The objective of this study was therefore to determine influence of school factors on students’ performance in Biology in Ndhiwa Sub-County. The study established that school factors accounted for 7% of the variation in students’ performance in Biology but the influence was not statistically significant at the p-value of 0.05. This means that there is serious wastage in utilization of educational resources such as finance, library, Biology laboratory, revision materials in Biology and use of ICT in teaching and learning provided by the government and parents. This is signified by the negative relationship between most school factors and students performance as revealed by multiple regression analysis. The study recommended that Quality Assurance and Standards Officers and principals of secondary schools should ensure optimal use of educational resources to remedy the situation. The findings of this study will inform policy formulation and decision making with a view to enhancing student performance in Biology.

The recent anthropization of the peripheral zone of Niger W biosphere reserve has resulted in an advancing of the agricultural front towards its central portion. Therefore, the stabilization of crop areas requires a better understanding of the relationship between the level of integrated soil fertility management practices’ utilization and the importance of agricultural migrants in the area. For this purpose, a perception survey coupled with soil parameters record was carried out along the gradient of proximity to the central core of the reserve. The results obtained show that the non-native populations composed mainly of sedentary transhumants and farmers in search of fertile land (91%) are concentrated in the buffer zone contiguous to the central area of the reserve. These agricultural settlers (88%) acquired land through clearing (purchase, donation and loan). The sedentarization of transhumants has resulted in a more intensive and integrated management of organic matter through the rotating livestock to fertilize the fields. On the other hand, typical farmers from the Northern East of the country favor shifting cropping practices to improve soil fertility. Consequently, the chemical and physicochemical characteristics of the soils show a relative abundance of the phosphorus content ranging from 37.7 ppm in the transition zone to 136 ppm in the buffer zone. In the two zones, the rate of organic matter is similar (0.62%). The Cationic Exchange Capacity values are distributed according to an increasing concentration gradient as one approaches the central core, going from 12.6 Meq / 100g of the soils in the transition zone to 15.5 Meq / 100g of soil in the buffer zone. These results underline the need to promote integrated diversified soil fertility management practices with an in order to stabilize the agricultural front in the peripheral zone of the W reserve in Niger.

Cervical spine injury can pose great challenge to the medical team due to involvement of neurologic, cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Airway management in an unstable cervical spine injury can be the most challenging part for an anaesthesiologist as it can have serious implications if not well managed. In our patient with unstable cervical spine, airway management had to be altered from the ideal method of using fiberoptic bronchoscope. Overall idea is to prevent deterioration of previous injury without inciting any new injury besides maintaining other vital parameters. With anterior fixation of cervical spine, extubation was equally critical. Here we present the anaesthetic management of an unstable cervical spine injury posted for emergency anterior discectomy and fixation.

Background.Menopause is one of the major mile stone in a woman’s life, a woman under goes many changes that are both physiologic and psychosocial changes A large proportion of women undergoing menopause experience various abnormal symptoms such as, vasomotor symptoms. the vasomotor symptoms include hot flashes and night sweats; they are also considered as predominant menopausal symptoms. Multiple studies have shown that the increased risk of depression in the menopausal age group. Objectives To assess the prevalence the depressive symptoms in women aged 40 to 55 years , residing in urban area. Methods The present study is a cross sectional study, Assessment of Depression of women was done using Beck’s Depression Inventory, it is a validated instrument for measuring depression. This tool is a self-rated scale, where individuals rate their own symptoms of depression. Results: The results of data collected from 120 women in the age group of 40 to 55 years. Mean age of the participants in the present study were 49.92 ± 4.01 years. In the present study a total of 53 women i.e. 44.1 % of the total study population had depression where mild depression was seen in 32 i.e. 26.6% and moderate depression was seen in 15 patients i.e. 12.5 %. Severe depression was seen in 6 patients i.e. 5 %. The age of the study participants was positively with the depression score with person’s correlation coefficient of 0.725 and p value of 0.032 which was statistically significant. The education level of the study participants was positively with the depression score with spearman’s correlation coefficient of 0.247 and p value of 0.522 which was non statistically significant. The duration of comorbidities of the study participants was positively with the depression score with spearman’s correlation coefficient of 0.451 and p value of 0.048 which was statistically significant. Conclusion: Majority of the women i.e. 44.1 % of the total study population had depression. The depressive symptoms were found to be higher in older women and those with comorbidities. The women in the age group of 40-55 years need special attention, these women should be screened for signs of depression, so that major depressive illness can be mitigated. The treating physician should consider the mental health aspect of the patients.

Protein is one of the main building unit of the cell and ultimately the life. It is abundant in nature. The cheapest and omnipresent natural source of protein as grain is Cicer arietinum commonly called as gram. It is consumed by the people as a main food items as well as the food supplement, the health supplement. The people of the world like it as the protein rich food grain. At the end of September the farmers of Ramgarh start to cultivate the gram in their field. The pestAgrotis ypsilon Rott, destruct the cropalso hatched at the time ofappearing of seedlings of Cicer arietinum. The pestis found around the world. In India the infestation on rabbi crops by this pest is common in winter season. Ramgarh (Jharkhand)is a plateau region where lack of proper irrigation restricts the cultivation of gram. Only few farmers cultivate the gram at restricted and irrigated field and earn a handsome money. This important and commercial crop is infested and destructed by the pest Agrotis ypsilon Rott, it damages the crop as well as the financial condition of farmers significantly.The present author deals with the study of the biology of the pest Agrotis ypsilon Rott. (Lepidoptera, noctuidae):Its infestation and destruction on the crop Cicer arietinum. A case study at Ramgarh (Jharkhand, India). It was observed that the experimental pest was a cold weather pest, its activity was maximum during September to March and completed 03 to 04 over lapping generations. The Caterpillar was the only destructive stage its activity was maximum during night. Only larvae damage the standing crops at night, it cut the foliage more than it devour. During day time they hide in cracks and crevices in soil. After fertilization the female moth oviposit creamy white dome shaped eggs singly or in cluster of about 20 to45 eggs. During night on the under surface of leaves of the host plant or on the moist soil under the host plant. After incubation of 02 to15 days eggs hatched out to small caterpillars feeding on their own egg shell and move like a semilooper. After disturbance the larvae turns C shaped and motionless for few minutes. The larvae attains its maximum size in 12 to 30 days and enters into cracks or crevices and form their earthen chamber and pupate underground. The pupal period varies from 08 to 30 days and the moth emerges out at night. The life cyclegets completed in 35 to80 days. The farmers of Ramgarh cultivate vegetables and crop throughout the year, they cultivate different types of vegetables and crops asper demand of the market. The crop Cicer arietinum is a cash crop, whole parts of the green plant is edible as green leaves, green soft pods, mature pods all the stage of cropattracts the people and always make it in the demand, the farmers use to sale it and get handsome price. The life cycle was studied during the year 2018 -2020 at Ramgarh .During the studyit was found that the life-cycle of the pest Agrotis ypsilon Rott.(Lepidoptera, noctuidae) was very simple. In summer season the pest pupa hidesunder 25 to35 mm incracks and crevices in the soil. There was an observation that the moth migrates towards cold region of hillsduring hot climate. Destruction of host plant by pest was 50 to 80%.Prevention from the pest was very difficult. The farmers were advised to control the pest by spraying the chemical pesticides as lindane 02% etc. The field should have been often flooded moderately. Various natural enemies e.g. moles, grubs, wasps, predaceous and parasitic flies destroyed the larvae of the pest were natural control of the pest population.

The experiment was conducted during the period from November to March, 2020-21 at Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj to study the effect of spacing and phosphorus levels on growth and yield of linseed. The variety Neelam was used as test crop during this experiment. It consists of two factors: Factor A: Spacing (3 levels); 20cm×10cm, 30cm×10cm, 40cm×10cm and Factor B: Phosphorus (3 levels); 20, 30 and 40 kg/ha. The experiment was conducted by following a randomized block design with three replications. The results revealed that treatment combination of Spacing at 20cm×10cm + Phosphorus at 40 kg/ha obtained highest in plant height (62.43 cm), dry weight (12.60 g), crop growth rate (5.00 g/m2/day), relative growth rate (0.013 g/g/day), seeds per capsule (8.46), capsule per plant (52.47), test weight (6.40 g), seed yield (0.82 t/ha), stover yield (2.36 t/ha) and oil content (38.47%) respectively. It may be defined that spacing and phosphorus had a significant influence on the growth and yield of linseed and spacing 20cm×10cm and 40 kg P per hectare can be the optimum dose for attaining higher yield.