August 2013

Indian major carp Catla catla were exposed to sublethal concentration of monocrotophos to determine the role of pesticide on fish physiology. Fish were exposed to sublethal concentration (0.0250mg/l) for acute (5 days) and subchronic (30 days). Blood biochemical parameters such as Total protein, Total glucose, Urea nitrogen, Creatinine, Cholestrol, Triglycerides, Bilirubin, AST and ALT levels were estimated in the control and experimental fishes. Significant changes in the biochemical parameters were obtained in the experimental group compared with the control. The total protein and total glucose decreased in the acute and sub chronic exposures compared with control; where as a significant increase in urea nitrogen, creatinine, bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides, AST and ALT levels were noticed. The changes in the biochemical profiles shows monocrotophos induce alterations in the blood, which may be used as an index for the toxic role of pesticide on the aquatic organisms.

The effect of the leaf extract of Naringi crenulata in normal and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats were studied. Blood glucose levels were determined after oral administration of graded doses of Naringi crenulata (300, 600mg/kg) in fasted normal and diabetic groups. In both groups, 600 mg/kg of the extract, significantly reduced blood glucose levels 8 h after administration, which was consistent and time-dependent. The higher doses of 300 mg/kg did not affect significantly the blood glucose levels. The plant extract (Acetone) is given to the diabetic rats as well as normal rats orally by intragastric tubes. The blood glucose levels were increased when diabetes is induced in all the experimental rats. The methanolic extract of N. crenulata action was significant in increasing the plasma insulin levels in diabetic rats when compare to acetone extract treated rats. Total Hb was also found increasing in extract administered rats. The normal rats blood glucose levels did not change much when treated with plant extract alone. The plant extract was capable of ameliorating at the glycosylated Hb levels and moderate increase in glycogen levels and significant decrease in urea and creatinine levels while administering deferent dosage of N. crenulata extracts.

Litopenaeusvannamei(Pacific Ocean shrimp) is the exotic species, imported from Taiwanto India for experimental purpose. L. vannameihasso many advantages than the tiger shrimp (Penaeusmonodon), so The Government of India (GOI) permitted pilot-scaleintroduction of the species in 2003 and subsequentlypermitted the culture of L. vannamei in the country in 2008based on a risk analysis carried out by Central Institute ofBrackishwater Aquaculture (CIBA) and National Bureauof Fish Genetic Resources (NBFGR) which recommendedthe pilot-scale introduction of L.vannamei culture in Indiawith strict regulatory guidelines (kumaran et al, 2012). Present production of vannamei is too high when compare to last two decades. Scientistsare expecting so many problems such as, diseases, unsustainability etc. All problems can overcome by importing of Specific Pathogen Free (SPF), Specific Pathogen Resistant (SPR) brood stocks from other countries, implementing biosecurity factors and practicing of Better Management Practices (BMP) in field level, will maintain the environmental sustainability.

The main objective of this work is to prepare the solar active materials such as TiO2 with help of dye. The Rhodamine-B modified TiO2 (RhoB-TiO2) composite will used as DSSC. The PL studies are carrying out by the emission and excitation of TiO2 is increased after addition of Rhodamine-B. UV study showed that the composite energy gab has shifted towards the visible region in electromagnetic spectrum (Red shift), and then band gap is indirect and allowed transition. In this type of RhoB-TiO2 composite used for fabrication of optoelectronic device and fabrication of DSSC.

The potential of acid treated sugarcane bagasse (ATSB) to remove methylene blue (MB), an azo-cationic dye, from waste waters was explored. Surface characterization of the biomass before and after MB sorption was achieved using FTIR spectrophotometer. The ATSB had surface functional groups, -OH, N-H, -C=O, -C-OH, SiO2 and C-halogen that were involved in removing MB from solution. Batch equilibrium sorption experiments were performed under optimized pH, contact time, biosorbent dosage and varying MB initial concentrations. The Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich and Halsey adsorption isotherms were used to describe equilibrium data generated from the effect of MB initial concentration. The equilibrium data fitted the isotherms in the order: Langmuir > Freundlich = Halsey > Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) > Temkin with R2 ranging from 0.9957 to 0.9621. The Langmuir isotherm based separation factor, RL, (0 < RL < 1) and the Freundlich’s adsorption intensity, n, (1/n < 1) indicated sorption favorability between MB and ATSB with the Langmuir sorption capacity of 64.9351 mg/g. The Freundlich and Halsey isotherms pointed to the surface heterogeneity that the ATSB comprised of both macropores and micropores. The energy of sorption, ED and bT parameters, derived from the D-R and Temkin isotherms respectively indicated that the biosorption was endothermic and physical ion-exchange in nature. ATSB can be used to remove MB from waste waters. However there is need to explore the effects of metal ions, anions and other dyes on the removal of MB by ATSB.

Glucose oxidase sensor is one of the best methods for measuring small amounts of glucose. this sensor can be modified using multi wall carbon nanotubes as complementary substance in the electrode structure with the aim of increasing efficiency.In this paper, Pt electrode, was enriched with carbon nanotubes by an intervening material of amino groups of poly (allylamine) (PAA), and was used as working electrodes (anode) along with a platinum auxiliary electrode and the reference electrode Ag / AgCl (cathode). Working electrode was surrounded by a semi-permeable membrane containing the Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with Ph = 4,6,9 enzyme. To evaluate the performance of the constructed biosensor, it was put into a dish containing 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 M glucose concentrations which were dissolved in doubly distilled water. The produced current and its rate was measured by Potentiostat with transferring the electron from the working electrode to reference electrode which was released by the reaction of glucose in the presence of the enzyme. According to the performed experiments, with increasing concentration, the flow rate of current production is increased and pH deviance from neutral range reduces the flow. Optimal conditions was obtained in concentrations 0.1 M and pH=6, respectively.

The use of Video Display Terminal (VDT) is widespread and beneficial for improvement of work quality and productivity. Musculoskeletal symptoms or disorders in the upper extremities and neck among employees working at video display terminal workstations has been a topic in occupational health research for many years. This study has developed a MSD prevalence model suitable for computer workplaces in India. A total of about 600 questionnaires were distributed to the VDT users of production, software and service industries. Out of total 600 questionnaires distributed, 427 were collected with the response rate of 71.16% of the respondents. Out of 427, only 410 samples were found to contain complete information and so were valid for analysis. To check whether the perception level of production, software and service industries regarding MSD causing risk factors, MSD Prevalence level and Job Prevention is different, a hypothesis H1 was framed and tested. One way ANOVA has been conducted and the result clarifies that the perception of production, service and software industries are significantly different regarding the variable Equipment Layout and Assumed Posture. The Management of software industries has to understand the urgent need to take steps towards reducing the MSD prevalence level, since the VDT users of software industries suffers a lot compared to productions and service sectors. The production and service sectors have to accept the need of document holder and foot rest for VDT work.

The study assessed the contributions of farmers’ children to crop production in Odo-otin Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria. A total of eighty farmers’ children were selected using simple random sampling. Structured interview schedule was used to collect data from the respondents and statistical tools used in analyzing the data were: frequency distribution, percentages and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC).The result of data analysis showed that majority of the farmers’ children interviewed were male (76.30%) and (76.30%) of respondents stayed with their parent. The result also showed that majority of the respondents (96.3%) claimed incentives as source of motivation for their contribution to crop production; almost half of the children interviewed (51.3%) considered no appropriate technology for farmers’ children as mild problem. The result also revealed that time spent on farm activities (r=0.844) had a strong significant relationship with level of contribution to crop production. Farmers’ children contributed greatly to crop production through their participation in farming activities mostly harvesting, fertilizer application and planting of crops. The study therefore recommends that Children should be adequately motivated to develop interest in agriculture in such a way that it will not affect their academics pursuit but choose agriculture as a career.

In this present study, the mortality rate of heavy metal lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) was determined in the freshwater fish Catla Catla. The median lethal concentration was determined using static and renewable method through Probit analysis. The median lethal concentration (LC50) value of (Pb(NO3)2) was found to be 190.56, 181.81, 172.43 and 163.04 mgL-1 for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs respectively. The dose and time dependant responses (mortality rate and behavioural changes) in the test fish was observed. The behavioural changes observed in the experiment includes hyper activity, loss of balance, vertical and downward swimming pattern, frequent surfacing activity, convulsion, difficulty in breathing and mucus secretion over the body. No behavioural changes or death were observed in the control group during the experiment. The results of the study showed that, acute lead toxicity severely affects the normal behaviour and results in death.

Seeds of 365 divers bred wheat lines were sown in paired row plots of 2m length. The field was heavily fertilized and frequently irrigated to provide a congenial environment for the development of the spot blotch disease. Observations were recorded for disease severity (%) as well as using 0-9 scale. Disease was rated three times i.e. at growth stages 69, 77 and 83 (Zadoks et.al.1974) to calculate AUDPC. Plant height, days to maturity and test weight was also recorded for each genotype. A wide variability for resistance to spot blotch was observed in the wheat lines screened. In one year of testing, 15 lines were found to have resistant. The proportion of moderately resistant, moderately susceptible and susceptible lines were 47%, 43% and 6% respectively. The resistant as well as susceptible lines belonged to early, medium as well as late maturity groups. However the late maturity lines appeared to carry greater resistance than early ones. The useful resistant lines having dwarf stature and early days to maturity were 15. These lines can be exploited in crossing programme to developing spot blotch resistant early maturing lines suited to rice wheat cropping system of NEPZ. Most of the wheat lines showed susceptible reaction. However, differential reaction was also observed in same line. Thus, the differential reaction for spot blotch severely in some of the genotypes supported the idea of independent gene control.

Since its first origin in 1918, Influenza virus has caused the highest degree of morbidity and mortality compared with the other dreadful infections. Till date, many works were carried out on the molecular level to unveil the mystery behind this dreadful infection. In this paper, we have carried out a proteomic and structure validation analysis for the two important genes, Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase of influenza virus isolated between 1918 to 2009. Among the subjected isolates, HA and NA protein of 2009 isolates were highly antigenic. The subcellular location of all pretense was located in the plasma membrane. Simultaneously, the structure quality checks inferred that Phyre 2 produced a better and a significant prediction for ten isolates of Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase protein when compared to Raptor X and (PS) 2 software.

Sports have become an integral part of society. The coaches and trainers all over the world are aspiring for better result of their trainers. This can be made possible by conducting studies on the relationship of motor ability and level of skill of the player with their playing ability. The purpose of the study was to find out relationship of football skills with the selected physical fitness component. The study was delimited to 150 male inter college level player is age group of 19-25 year. The subject was selected from the inter college football matches of three university of Punjab. The data was collected during the inter college matches of soccer. The Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient (r) method was used. The level of p≤0.05 was considered significant. The result show significant relationship of football skills with sprinting speed, agility, endurance and flexibility

Poverty reduction is an overarching development goal for Tamil Nadu. Providing rural poor with financial services is considered to be one of the key inputs to achieve this goal of poverty reduction. But looking at the diverse topography, lack of access to financial services has been one of the major obstacles to accelerate the socio-economic, disadvantaged community people living in remote and inaccessible areas of Tamil Nadu. The low level of family incomes have limited the poor families to self finance on farm and off-farm income earning activities. Adequate access to financial services has therefore been considered essential to promote the growth and contribute to reduce the widespread poverty. Over the last four decades there has been several efforts made in the financial sectors in addressing the needs of financial services to support poor and ultra poor for creating self employment opportunities. Accordingly, there has been continued emphasis to expand the financial services to rural and poor through several targeted programmes related to microfinance services. Microfinance service providing organizations mainly target exclusively low income level people especially women living in hard economic conditions. These institutions have been playing significant roles to reduce social and economic poverty in rural and urban areas. Lack of schooling also means that women live in ignorance of their legal rights, including rights over their children and property, and their rights within marriage, and this in turn can lead to neglect, abuse, and too often domestic violence. It should be noted also that very few women in the region are in positions of authority in government, business or the professions, and hence there are few women role models.

A mutual fund is just the connecting bridge or a financial intermediary that allows a group of investors to pool their money together with a predetermined investment objective. Mutual funds are considered as one of the best available investments as compare to others they are very cost efficient and also easy to invest in, thus by pooling money together in a mutual fund, investors can purchase stocks or bonds with much lower trading costs than if they tried to do it on their own. This study is done to determine the preferences of investors for investment in mutual funds in India. The objectives of the study were to identify the factors that influence the preferences of investors for investment in mutual fund, to analyze investment options other than mutual funds and to plan the promotion of mutual fund investment in India. The sample were divided into two i.e. Prospective and Existing investors. The study reveals the most preferred factor for investment in mutual fund by the existing investors is high return and tax benefits. Bank is the main factor which influences their investment decision as the preferred distribution channel for investment. Tax benefit is the mostly preferred feature of mutual fund which attracts the investor for investment in mutual fund. Most of the prospective investors would like to seek the advice of their financial advisors and the bank personnel.

Today, the violence against women is the most pervasive yet under recognized social problem, not only in India but also throughout the world. It is present in every country, cutting across boundaries of culture, class, education and age. More significantly, with the increasing trend of urbanization the number of cases of violence against women has rapidly grown over the years. Hence in the present study an attempt is made to analyze the relationship between urbanization and increasing violence against women. For the said purpose, the data on the total number of cases registered under major six types of violence against women (Rape, Kidnapping of Women & Girls, Dowry Deaths, Cruelty by husband/in laws, Molestation & Sexual Harassment and PIT Act) during the period of 2001 to 2011 has been collected from all the police stations of all the seven divisions of Bangalore city. In the present study the pattern of violence against women in Bangalore city particularly during the period of 2001 to 2011 has been examined in the larger context of Indian society. The major casual factors for the violence against women have been discussed from sociological perspective. Further, important suggestions have been made to reform the existing legislative system regarding violence against women and at the end to provide gender justice in all the sections of the society.

Career change is an issue of concern to institutions given the huge costs related to lost productivity, hiring and training of employees. This study examined the effect of job satisfaction on non teaching staff career change intention in Moi University Eldoret Municipality Kenya. The objective of this study was to; establish the effect of remuneration on non teaching staff career change intention. This study was based on survey research design. Individual elements were selected using stratified, systematic random sampling and the sample size determination was based on Nassiuma method. Data analysis was based on frequencies, percentages, spearman correlation and ordinal regression. The findings indicated that; Remuneration had a significant relationship with non teaching staff career change intention. The findings indicated that non teaching staff considered remuneration as a critical indicator of their perception of job satisfaction. This study concludes that job satisfaction indicator as perceived by non teaching staff had a higher impact on career change intention. Arising from the conclusion of this study, it is recommended that, the institution pay reasonable salaries to its employees, which continue to act as a constraint to performance of its staff resulting to career change intention.

The silkworm, Bombyx mori being a monophagous insect, derives all the nutrients required for its growth from the mulberry leaves. The quality of silk produced by the silkworm depends on the quality and yield of mulberry leaf as well as environmental conditions. The larval and pupal parameters of silkworm Bombyx mori fed with silver nanoparticles (AgNps) treated V1 mulberry leaves, the following works have been considered. The AgNps was synthesized by chemical method, it was diluted by different concentrations such as 25%,50 % and 75% (without dilution) fresh mulberry leaves (Morus indca L.) were sprayed by each concentration and were fed to silkworm from 3rd , 4th ,5th instar for four feeding were recommended. Then, group T, larva received V1 mulberry leaves sprayed with distilled water and served as control, group T2, T3, and T4 larvae received 25%, 50% and 75% AgNps sprayed mulberry leaves, respectively. Silkworm larvae fed on M.indica (V1) leaves sprayed with 25% concentration of AgNps (group T2 ) was significantly increased the larvae and cocoon length, width and weight, cocoon shell weight, pupal weight, shell ratio and silk filament length as compared to those fed on control (group T1) V1 mulberry leaves and other groups (T3 and T4). It has been observed from the present study that 25% AgNps treated (group T2) leaves fed by silkworms have enhanced the larval and pupal growth and quantity of silk production than control.

The study focused on passengers preference for selected mass transit companies in South eastern Nigeria. Data were collected from 114 passengers who patronized the selected mass transit in the study area with the aid of a structured questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency counts and percentages. The results of the study showed passengers preference for Imo Transport Company Limited, then Rivers Transport Company Limited, and then Abia Line Network Company Limited. Findings revealed that passengers were satisfied with the general quality of service, fares charged, vehicle standard, attitude of drivers and crew, and drivers' safety consciousness on the highway. Findings also revealed that vehicles were also readily available when required. Based on the findings, the following recommendations were made: Government should develop other modes of transportation to enhance proper integration of transport services in the country. The companies should open up more routes to increase extent of vehicle utilization which will result to increase in income. The government should assist the companies to improve the standard of facilities such as tarrying of parks, building of adequate passenger waiting hall and other passenger comfort facilities. More importantly, Government should improve the condition of Nigeria roads.

Optical biosensors are powerful detection and analysis devices that have vast applications in biomedical research, healthcare, and pharmaceuticals. This paper includes design of a 2-dimensional photonic crystal based biosensor with line defect which can detect different components of blood. Analysis has been done for blood serum albumin, blood plasma, glucose, white blood cells and red blood cells. Analytical work has been done using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method. Modeling and designing of photonic crystal is done with the help of simulation tools MEEP and MPB. Simulation results shows different blood components like blood serum albumin, blood plasma, glucose, white blood cells, and red blood cells and their peak has been observed. It has been observed from the band structure that for little change in refractive index there will be a moderate shift in the frequency and hence it acts as a sensor.

Wireless networks, and mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) in particular, are characterized by time- varying link characteristics and network topology. In such an environment, the network must accommodate the changes, providing end-end packet delivery while at the same time incurring low control overhead. This paper proposes a routing algorithm for MANETs with the primary goal of maximizing connectivity while limiting overhead. The KA algorithms of AOMDV-DPU strengthen the primary route and secondary routes, respectively. As a result, the frequencies of Received Route Requests RREQ, RREP (route replies), and RERR (route error) messages are reduced considerably. As a result, the route breakage probability increases. Node mobility in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) causes frequent route breakages and intermittent link stability. In this paper, we introduce a robust routing scheme, known as ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector with dynamic path update (AOMDV-DPU), for delay-sensitive data transmission over MANET.

A total of seventy nine samples from four different wells of Mui basin in parts of Mwingi and Kitui districts in Kenya were examined in order to establish the presence and quality of coal. The research was based on a proximate analysis which involved analysis of seven parameters per each sample based on ASTM standards (ASTM, 1991, Speight, 1983).The parameters were; determination of calorific value, fixed carbon, sulphur content, volatile matter, moisture content, ash content and iron. Proximate analysis is the determination of overall composition of coal sample (Spheight, 1983; Barbaras, 1991). The results obtained provided quick and valuable information regarding commercial classification and determination of the suitability of the coal from Mui basin identified for a particular industrial use (Dara, 2004). About 80% of the samples could be classified as industrial fuel, while the rest could be suitable for domestic fuel. But with reference to specific uses, 63% of the coal samples were found to be suitable for power generation, 19% for domestic fuel, gaseous fuel or tar distillation while the rest (18%) could be suitable for use in metallurgical coking.

Treatment A series of Chitosan(CS)/Poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA)/ Methylcellulose(MC) hybrid ternary blend with crosslinked of glutaraldehyde (G) was fabricated by a solution casting method, in order to be used as a potential sorbent material for toxic soft metal of cadmium (Cd). The fabricated crosslinked CS/ PVA / MC hybrid ternary blend film were characterized by FT-IR, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Effect of time, pH, adsorbent dose and adsorbate concentration on the adsorption of Cd (II) was investigated in batch process and pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order kinetic models was also evaluated. The data was analyzed on the basis of Lagergren pseudo first order, and pseudo-second order. Regardless of the metal ion species, the adsorption capacity rapidly reached and adsorption followed second order kinetic equation. The equilibrium adsorption obeyed Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were calculated. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of CS/PVA/MC-G blend film as obtained from Langmuir adsorption isotherm was found to be 100.15 mg g-1 for Cd (II) ions. The experimental results demonstrated that CS/PVA/MC-G blend film could be used for the removal of Cd (II) ions from aqueous medium through adsorption. The regeneration study indicates that CS/PVA/MC-G blend film could be used repeatedly without significantly changing their adsorption capacities and desorption percentage.

Background and Purpose: A recent study reported promising clinical results using dynamic stretching and ballistic stretching as a warm-up exercise in improving vertical jump performance for basketball players. Objectives: This study aims to determine the acute effect of dynamic and Ballistic stretching in a warm up routines on vertical jump height in amateur basketball players. Methodology: In This experimental study sixty subjects of amateur basketball players with a mean age of 22.46+1.21, were randomised to Dynamic stretching, Ballistic stretching and control group randomly. Each subject were pretested for vertical jump on one day and for 7days each subject received 10 min jog warm-up and Dynamic and Ballistic stretching groups received Stretches addressed the major muscle groups of the lower body (Gluteal, Hamstrings, quadriceps, adductors, hip flexors, gastrocnemius and soleus) stretches performed in both the legs for Fifteen repetitions per leg for three sets followed by post test for vertical jump everyday for a week. Results: The results analyzed using ANOVA showed that there was significant variations p<0.05 in the mean improvement of all the groups considered thus accepting the experimental hypothesis stating that there is significant difference with stretching protocols in improving the vertical jump performance of Amateur Basket ball players. Mean improvement values of the amateur basket ball players belonging to group Dynamic stretching, Ballistic stretching and control group (1.42, 0.97, and 0.25) shows Group-A players trained with Dynamic stretching had a significant improvement with their vertical jump performance when compared to the group trained with Ballistic stretching and the control group. Conclusion: This study shows acute effect of both Dynamic stretching and Ballistic stretching have got beneficial effect in improving the Vertical jump performance of amateur Basketball players. But acute effect of Dynamic stretch has superior hand in improving the Vertical jump performance of amateur Basketball players.

Creating reasonable and sustainable livelihood security to masses is a major concern in the developing countries world over. The major challenge is creating reasonable livelihood security to landless and marginal farmers who comprise nearly 30% and 40% of rural families, respectively. Small dairies have been recommended as most acceptable and profitable venture. The present study has been undertaken to evaluate a concept of establishing small dairies by the resource poor farmers without involvement of any sizeable capital. It was conducted in two different situations: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, where dairy venture is in its infancy and low producing animals are reared for milk and availability of high producing animals for purchase and lateral introduction does not exist. The other situation existed in two districts of Uttar Pradesh, where dairy activities suffer from very low profitability. In the first scenario, initially in 10 villages of south Andaman, estrous synchronization of existing cows was done using our mineral based estrous induction and synchronization technology. In the second scenario, for establishment of dairies afresh 22 unemployed youths resource generation approach was taken up and they were provided with 250-300 day old chicks of Nirbhik strain and fed azolla. The income generated by first batch of rural poultry along with income from vegetables/gladiolus was used to purchase first high producing animal. The sale proceeds of milk along with cash realized from subsequent batches of poultry and vegetables /gladiolus was used to purchase second batch at 3-4 months interval. The concept was termed as “systematic introduction scheme” (SIS). The inter-calving period in intervened animals during 5 years was reduced to 15.5 ± 1.1 months. The male: female calf ratio during the period was 54.6: 45.4. Female calf survivability up to one year was 88.2%. The age at first calving in new stock was significantly reduced to 30.8-1.6 months. All the 22 youths monitored for the establishment of dairies earned on an average of Rs. 30,000/- net income from the first batch of chicks and Rs. 30,000 - 34,000/- in subsequent batches at 2-3 months intervals. Off-season vegetables provided Rs. 10,000 – 18,000/- in 3-4 months per 0.24 ha (one bigha) whereas, gladiolus gave a better return (above Rs. 25,000/- per 0.24 ha). Systematic introduction scheme (SIS) automatically improves earning status of rural youths as it has got a positive impact on milk production without incurring any expenditure.

The present study was conducted to examine the echocardiographic parameters between open and closed skill athletes. To obtain data for this study, the investigator had selected seventy two (N=72) male university level athletes of 19 to 25 years of age group to act as subjects. They were further divided into two groups which includes thirty six (n= 36) open skill athletes and thirty six (n=36) closed skill athletes of various games. The purposive sampling technique was used to obtain the required data. To measure the cardiac morphology the echocardiography was administered. One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was employed to find out the intra-group differences. To test the hypothesis, the level of significance was set at 0.05.The results revealed significant differences between open and closed skill athletes on the left ventricular internal dimensions and thickness. The study concludes that cardiac morphology is affected by the type of sport and training undertaken by the athletes.

Poultry farming as a business had tremendous scope for self-employment on one hand and could diversify the agriculture production system on the other hand. Training is very essential for capacity building and for strengthening the business economically by developing scientific attitude to increase knowledge status and making aware about present situation of sector throughout country and worldwide. Present study was carried out under World Bank funded ICAR research project, National Agricultural Innovative Project, Component- III in the Raebareli and Barabanki districts of Uttar Pradesh, India to identify the training need areas and farmers preference regarding methods, venue, time and period of training activities. Information was collected with the help of well-constructed questionnaire from a list of poultry farmers selected. The data were tabulated and analyzed using appropriate statistical method. Training need areas were classified into more important and less important based on the average mean score value, which was 9.18. Out of sixteen activities of poultry husbandry five were found to be most important training areas among farmers viz., feed formulation; vaccination and preventive measures; finance and loan facilities; brooding management; disease diagnosis and health care. Maximum 89.5% farmers acquired training during the period January to March; 3.5% during April to June (3.5%); 2.5% during July to September; and 4.5 % during October to December. Majority of the farmers desired training by on site demonstration method (74.5%), 15.5% by using exposure visits, 5.5% by lecture with field trip, and 4.5 % by group discussions. This suggests that site demonstrations provide multi-session interaction with experts at their farm during frequent visit at any stage of development. Largest part of the farmers (83.5%) recommended village name as venue of the training programme, as an alternative of Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) (14%) and Block / Tahsil / District headquarter (2.5%). The 78.5% farmers suggested that the duration of the training programme should be for 2-3 days, followed by 19% for one day, 1.5% for 4-5 days and 1.0% for one week or more. It can be concluded from this study that all these aspects when studied vividly will enable the farmers to perform poultry farming more efficiently to enhance their own household income, which is crucial for obtaining sustained livelihood security and poverty alleviation.

Economic Faces are but a gallery of pictures. "-Francis Bacon. Facies is the appearance of a facial expression of an individual. In the deviations from the normal facies lie subtle clues. These clues may point the keen observer not just to myriad possibilities from the coarse facies of inborn errors of metabolism to leonine facies, but at times can be the tell-tale symptom of the disease itself like syphilitic facies. Nevertheless the distinct appearance holds the clue to the diagnosis and is an integral part of clinical examination. This article brings in together the descriptions of various facies to not only emphasize but also categorise the same for the sake of convenience of the observant.

Objective: The present study aimed to clarify the role of visfatin in the pathogenesis of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) complicated Metabolic Syndrome (MS). Materials and methods: 30 adult albino rats were included. Rats were divided into three equal groups: group I: served as control; group II: rats received high fat diet (HFD); group III: rats received visfatin injection. The serum levels of visfatin, sVCAM-1, insulin and fasting Serum glucose (FSG) levels were investigated for all groups. Moreover, proteinurea, mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and histopathological examination were detected. Results: Results showed a development of major systemic alterations similar to human MS, including obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertension in rats on a HFD. These systemic changes were accompanied by renal pathophysiological alterations including, high creatinin levels, proteinurea, and atrophy of the glomeruli and sclerosis of the glomerular capillaries. Injection of visfatin was associated with lower levels of FSG, insulin, and HOMA-IR in comparison with both control and HFD-fed groups and high levels of creatinin, proteinurea, and sVCAM-1 in comparison with control. Moreover, mild glomerular atrophy and sclerosis was detected. Visfatin was positively correlated with proteinurea, and sVCAM-1 in both HFD-fed group and visfatin injected group. Conclusion: Visfatin plays an important role in the development of renal injury associated with MS. As it increased the sVCAM-1 level that is considered as a biomarker for endothelial dysfunction and it also caused glomerular sclerosis.

Extended spectrum β- lactamases (ESBLs) are a group of enzymes which confer resistance to cephalosporins, monobactams and related oxyimino β-lactams. ESBLs are encoded by transferable conjugative plasmids which may also carry resistant determinants to other antimicrobials like aminoglycosides, limiting treatment options. ESBL’s are more prevalent in Klebsiella spp. than any other members of family enterobacteriaceae. The present study was carried out to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and to detect ESBL production in Klebsiella spp. from clinical isolates in a tertiary care hospital. 100 isolates of Klebsiella spp. derived from various clinical specimens processed as per the standard guidelines were considered for the present study. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by Kirby-Bauer technique was done according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2011 guidelines. 41 Klebsiella isolates which were considered presumptively positive for ESBL production by Kirby-Bauer method were later confirmed by the phenotypic double disc diffusion test using cefotaxime & cefotaxime/clavulanic acid discs. An increase of >/= 5 mm in the latter disc was considered as confirmatory. A majority of these isolates were also resistant to aminoglycosides. All isolates were found to be susceptible to carbapenems. The study revealed a high prevalence of ESBL producing Klebsiella spp. in our hospital. Enhanced infection control, coupled with antibiotic stewardship programs backed by simple and effective detection methods are required to limit the spread of ESBL-producers.

Background: Cervico- diaphyseal angle or neck-shaft angle is the angle made by the neck of the femur with the femoral shaft. This angle had grabbed much attention of researchers and different studies with variable results were obtained. Aim: The aim of the study is to measure the neck-shaft angles on both gender types and on both sides and correlate it clinically. Materials and Methods: This study was done in Department of Anatomy, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore.100 dry human femora of both sexes belonging to either sides were measured mechanically using osteometric board, threads and glass protractor .The results obtained were statistically analyzed. Results: The neck-shaft angle of femur is measured in100 dry bones and the mean value is calculated as 134.56 degrees. The mean values for males were 134.29 and females were 134.82 degrees respectively. The mean values for left side were 135.22 and that of right side were 133.86 degrees. Even though the value is higher in females and in left side, no statistical difference was found. Conclusion: Any increase or decrease in femoral neck-shaft angle is associated with various clinical conditions.It had a significant role in maintaining hip stability and normal gait pattern. Knowledge about this is essential in hip arthroplasties and corrective osteotomies. The data established in this study will be useful for various orthopedic diagnosis and procedures and also in the field of general human osteology and anthropology.

Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant based liposomes. Niosomes, the novel drug delivery system are self assembled vesicles primarily of synthetic surfactant incorporated with cholesterol as an excipient. They are the vesicles formed by hydrating the cholesterol and non-ionic surfactant. The main aim of niosome includes use of drug in efficient manner which includes reduced dose, reduced side effect, reduced dosage frequency, greater patient compliance and maximum concentration at the site of action so, that under exposure to the entire body. It includes higher therapeutic efficiency and reduced side effect. Niosomes are thought to be the better candidate’s drug delivery system due to the various factor like cost, stability, etc. various types of drug delivery is possible using niosomes like targetting drug action, ophthalmic, topical, parenteral, etc. Drug delivery potential of niosomes can be enhanced by using novel concept like proniosomes, discomes and aspasomes. Niosomes serves better aid in the diagnostic imaging and as a Vaccine adjuants.this article focuses on the recent advances in niosomal drug delivery, formulation methods, and methods of characterization and current researches in the field of niosomes.

Glucose The objective of this study was to understand the crucial factors that are helpful in building good employee relations, specifically in public sectors.The study determined that although the human resource function plays an important role in building strong Employee Relations in any organization measures of HR practices are not being properly implemented in state PSUs.

An efficient and reproducible protocol for the large-scale propagation of Dendrocalamus asper was achieved using nodal segments as explants. .High frequency of multiple shoots was induced on Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium supplemented with Benzyl amino purine, BAP (8.86 µM) and adenine sulfate (13.5 µM). Regular sub-culturing carried out every 3 weeks on fresh shoot multiplication medium provided long term shoot cultures. Rooting (up to 90 %) was readily achieved upon transferring the shoot clumps (3-4 shoots) onto MS medium supplemented with Indole butyric acid, IBA (14.76 µM) and Naphthalene acetic acid, NAA (3.67 µM). In vitro raised plants were hardened in green house and successfully established in the field conditions, where they exhibited normal growth. Random amplified polymorphic DNA, RAPD and Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to establish genetic uniformity in micropropagated plants. One hundred thirty three monomorphic fragments derived in 44 (34 RAPD; 14 ISSR) markers based fingerprinting confirmed genetic uniformity in in-vitro raised plants and mother plants.

The leadership style adopted by head teachers influence various aspects of the school effectiveness including teacher job satisfaction. However, there is still lack of clear understanding of the best and most effective leadership style or a mix of them that positively influence job satisfaction among teachers, especially in developing countries. This study was conducted between May and November, 2010, and sought to assess the effects of leadership style on job satisfaction of teachers among secondary schools. The population included 274 teachers in the 17 secondary schools with a student population of 4557 including 2956 girls and 1601 boys. A random sample of 115 teachers and 11 head teachers was drawn from 12 selected schools. Data was collected using a self-structured questionnaire and in-depth interview schedule administered to teachers and head teachers, respectively. The questionnaires were pilot-tested to validate and determine its reliability. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 11.5 for Windows. The study findings indicate that the dynamic situations in the school environment required head teachers to adopt different leadership styles.

Zooplanktons are good indicators for changes of water quality, because they are strongly affected by environmental conditions and respond quickly for the changes in environmental quality. The present study was carried out to examine the diversity and density of zooplankton in Ukkadam lake, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, for the period of one year from May 2003 to April 2004. During the present study period, a total of 36 genera of zooplankton composed of 8 genera of protozoa, 6 genera of Rotifera, in which 7 genera belonged to Cladocera and 6 to Copepoda were recorded in all the three stations during the period of study. Rotifera were observed to be maximum during summer (March, April and May) and dominated other genera. Species Diversity Index calculated for zooplankton population varied from 1.74 to 3.63. Maximum numbers of zooplankton were recorded in the months of March and October. Dominance of Rotifers is indicated the eutrophic status of lake. The present study result was clearly indicating intensified eutrophication of lake.

Qualitative education plays an important role in technological advancement. Therefore, to prepare competent teachers, teaching technology has developed pre-service and in- service teacher education programmes. In order to make teacher education programme effective and to bring qualitative improvement, a need is felt to investigate the training of teaching skills at the micro level and teaching performance of student-teachers. The study envisages the effect of microteaching training in classrooms on teaching performance of student-teachers using pre and post experimental design. From the target population of student-teachers, a sample of 248 student-teachers enrolled during the academic year 2012-2013 at NKT National College of Education for Women, Chennai is chosen. From the statistical analysis, it is concluded that the post-training performance of teaching is significantly better than the pre-training performance of teaching of students both in B.Ed. and B.Ed. in Special Education. Hence, it is evident that microteaching training technique has a positive influence on the teaching performance of student-teachers. The gain scores of the teaching performance of student-teachers in B.Ed. and B.Ed. in Special Education courses did not differ significantly, revealing that the student-teachers in both the courses gained to the same extent because of their exposure to microteaching.

The aim of the study is that the extraction of phytochemicals from Catharanthua Roseus and the identification of antitumour agent based on docking studies The Phytochemical compounds were extracted and the effect of absorption were calculated based on Lipinski’s rule. The list of phytochemicals was tested with Parameters and the effective ligand has been found. Finally we have observed that the ligand n-hexadecanoic acid has satisfied the conditions of Lipinski’s rule and docked effectively with the receptor.

Couroupita guianensis Aubl and Erythroxylum monogynum Roxb. are medicinal plants popularly used in traditional medicine to cure many ailments. The aims of this research were to screen the extracts of the leaves of the two medicinal plants for phytoconstituents, and to approve the antibacterial property of the extracts against four strains of bacterial species, namely, Escherchia coli, Klebsiela pneumoniae, Pseudomonas putida and Staphylococcus aureus. The highest inhibition zone noted for aqueous extract of E.monogynum leaves against E.coli was 14.66 mm followed by ethanol extract (13.80 mm). The highest activity of acetone extract against K.pneumoniae was (12.0 mm). The ethanol leaf extracts of C.guianensis showed maximum antibacterial activity against E.coli (13.60 mm). The acetone leaf extracts showed highest activity against P.putida (12.80 mm). The aqueous leaf extracts showed significant activity against E.coli (12.28 mm). The results of the phytochemical screening various solvent namely acetone and methanol were taken which revealed that the leaves extract of C.guianensis contained tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, phytosterols, cardiac glycosides and carbohydrates. Phytochemical analysis of E.monogynum showed the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids. In conclusion, the present results of the study evidence the utilize of the plants in traditional biomedicine for the curing of ailments caused by the microorganisms.

The present investigation was carried out to standardize the recipe for preparation of pomegranate anardana powder by using selected processing techniques and explore the prepared anardana powder with spices in mouth freshner. Further mouth freshner was evaluated for nutritional, organoleptic quality and Techno-economic feasibility. Study revealed that the ascorbic acid, protein and fat content of anardana prepared from Ganesh and Arakta variety were 6.7mg/100g and 7 mg/100g, 1.3 percent and 1.4 percent and 0.91 and 0.92 percent respectively. The mouth freshner was prepared by sun drying and cabinet drying. For acidity, sample of Ganesh and Arakta prepared by sun drying had highest acidity i.e.1.4% and 1.6% respectively. For cabinet dried sample of Ganesh and Arakta cultivars 1.3% and 1.5% respectively. Ascorbic acid content was higher in cabinet dried sample (6.7 mg/100g and 7 mg/100g) for both cultivars. Whereas in sun dried samples of Ganesh and Arakta varieties ascorbic acid content was 6 mg/100g and 6.5 mg/100g respectively.In organoleptic evaluation of pomegranate mouth freshner of Ganesh variety prepared by cabinet drying scored highest score for overall acceptability than others. The effect of storage (ambient) temperature on quality of mouth freshner of Ganesh variety dried by cabinet drying was studied and found acidity and ascorbic acid were decreased during storage period. The cost of 100g pomegranate mouth freshner was Rs. 55/-, with energy value 134.19 Kcal/100g. Hence this product could be recommended for commercial exploitation.

Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are recognized as an important foodborne pathogen, responsible for sporadic cases to serious outbreaks worldwide (Wani et al., 2003). The morbidity and mortality associated with several recent outbreaks due to STEC have highlighted the threat this organism poses to global public health. The present study describes the molecular characterization of STEC expressing five different serotypes (O157, O158, O114, O125 and O26) isolated from different sources in Egypt and investigates their clonal relationship. The present study investigated the ability of each Shiga toxin producing strains with different genetic backgrounds to induce disease in vivo using a rat model. STEC strains were identified and characterized by PCR and DNA sequencing analysis; clonality was determined by comparing pulsetypes generated during pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Ten STEC isolates (three from human stool, four from animal stool, two from meat products and one from untreated water) were positive for a combination of stx genes; three were positive for both stx1 and stx2, the remaining were only positive for stx1. Two of the STEC isolates contained eae, whereas one carried the enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) hemolysin gene, hlyA. All STEC isolates exhibited in vivo toxic effects after inoculation of STEC bacterial broth or their respective purified toxin to experimental rats. Subtyping of the ten STEC isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revealed three distinct restriction patterns. Sixty percent (6/10) of the isolates shared the same PFGE (mrp1) pattern, representing the most common profile; and 30% (3/10) shared a second common (mrp II) pattern. Only one strain (10%) showed a distinct and unique mrp III PFGE profile. In vivo challenge experiments with O157 and non O157 STEC induced disease in rats, including pronounced epithelial lesions and severe vascular damage. This study identified STEC O157 from human cases with diarrhea, and demonstrated that meats and untreated water available in Egypt were contaminated with diverse non-O157 STEC strains. This finding is of concern due to the potential of these organisms to cause human disease.

The continuous decrease in cultivable land and land holding pattern is making agricultural enterprises less economical. Keeping this point in view the present study was conducted to develop suitable model(s) of rural poultry production based on semi-range system. A total of 907 farmers, out of 5,250 families in 65 villages, were given the chicks for evaluation studies and 34 families were monitored for impact. Chicks of dual purpose strain, Nirbhik, developed by Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar were provided in the batches of 250-300 per farmer. They were fed with azolla based feeding practices by keeping in shelters according to the model I in this study. Some farmers adapted the birds under open range system, either out of fancy or for subsidiary income, in the strength of 20-30 chicks. Some farmers in the group of the 34 monitored families, upgraded and opened small broiler unit from the income generated and reared batches of 300-500 broiler chicks, side by side. The profitability was assessed on the basis of data provided by them. The cost of small shelter constructed by the farmers varied between Rs. 800-1,500/-. The lowest cost realized from the sale of birds on live weight basis in summer month of 2010 was Rs. 85/ kg and highest during winter of 2010-11 i.e. Rs. 160/ kg. The market rates varied between Rs. 100-150/ kg live weight which is about 10-15 % higher than the broiler. The net profit per bird varied between Rs. 100-125/- and the batch of 250 chicks fetched net profit of Rs. 23,000-30,000/-. The net profit from the broiler units varied between Rs. 6-9/ per chicks. Even the disease problem by this particular system of rearing was found to be negligible. The evaluation of profitability among the system i.e. small broiler unit, model-1 and open range system clearly evidenced a much higher profitability in the present model. A unit of 500 broiler chicks can produce net profit of Rs. 20,000- 35,000/- in 5 cycles while in the present model, it can cross Rs. 90,000/- in a year. In open range system, profitability could not be ascertained clearly as the birds were ether consumed by the families or sold as per the need and no pattern was followed. Model-1 thus provides resource generation, self-employment, livelihood security and poverty alleviation as a whole and rural poultry has been established as the best tool for poverty alleviation.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of underweight among adolescent of 11-16 years old using the 2007 WHO Child Growth Standards. Methods: This cross-sectional study was undertaken among 1879 school going children (939 boys and 940 girls) from rural area of Bankura District, West Bengal. Body weight (Kg) and height (cm) were measured according to standard procedure. Results: The overall prevalence of underweight was 53.27%. A high prevalence of underweight was found among girls (55.27%) than boys (51.1%). The height frequency of underweight was observed among boys of 12 years (59.39%) and among girls of 13 years (64.33%). Conclusion: It is concluded that underweight is highly persists among the adolescent in rural area especially in girls. Nutritional intervention is necessary to ameliorate their underweight.