October 2026

Introduction: Schistosomiasis is an endemic parasitic disease in Mali. Despite control efforts carried out by the Ministry of Health and Social Development, transmission still occur in Bamako district. This situation is most likely due to irregular mass treatment and, above all, to the lack of running water replaced by water body from rain or rivers, that favor the development of mollusks. Object: The current study aimed to investigate the distribution of intermediate host mollusks and the risk of schistosomiasis transmission in Bamako. Methode: This was a cross-sectional, one-time study conducted from April to June 2025. It covered all six communes. Gastropod collection was carried out between 8:00 a.m. and 11:00 a.m. Sample Specimens were collected using forceps on aquatic vegetation and on submerged or partially submerged supports. Results: Species identification and cercaria emission tests were performed in the Laboratory. From the total of 307 samples 66.4% (n = 204) belonged to Bulinus truncatus, 32.6% (n = 100) to Bulinus globosus, and 0.97% (n = 3) to Biomphalaria pfeifferi. Communes I (CI) and V (CV) provided the largest number of samples, with 35.8% (110/307) of the mollusks captured, whereas no samples were observed in communes II and III. Relative densities varied from 27.5 gastropods/person/15 minutes at Dialakorodji 1 to 0 at Bankoni, Bougouba (CII) and Farako (CIII). Natural infestation rates were higher in CI (7.95%), low in CIV (2.77%), and zero in CII, CIII, and V. Conclusion: Only one species, Bulinus truncatus, was found to be infested. The observation of mollusks infected with cercariae shows the existence of active transmission foci of schistosomiasis in the Bamako district. Control of mollusks through watercourse sanitation seem to be a useful complementary strategy to strengthen chemotherapy outcomes.

The morphometric analysis of any watershed provides an account about the topography of the area, geological conditions and runoff potential of the watershed. Morphometric analysis is the measurement of a three-dimensional geometry of the landforms and has traditionally been applied to watershed, drainages, hill slopes and other group of terrain features. The morphometric characteristics of a watershed represent its attributes and can be helpful in synthesizing its hydrological behaviour. Remote Sensing and GIS technique is a powerful tool for morphometric analysis. It provides efficient tool in drainage delineation and updating. It is effective in overcoming most of the problems of land and water resources planning and management on the account of usage of conventional methods of data process. Morphometric analysis of a watershed is an essential first step, towards basic understanding of watershed dynamics. Any hydrological investigation, such as determining the potential and management of groundwater, must consider the drainage basin analysis. The physiographic properties of drainage basins, such as stream length and size, drainage density, area and slope of the drainage area, and the shape and size of the drainage area, can be connected with a number important hydrologic phenomenon. Considering this, the present study, ‘Morphometric Analysis of Raikheda Watershed, Parbhani District, Maharashtra using Geospatial Techniques’ was conducted during the year 2024-25. The morphometric characteristics of the Raikheda watershed were determined using ArcGIS software and SRTM DEM downloaded from USGS. Raikheda watershed covers an area about 6 km2, with basin length 4.12m and perimeter 12m. The total length of stream in the watershed was 7110 m. The length of first, second and third order streams were 2813m, 4165m, and 132m respectively. The overall, mean stream length for the watershed was 824m. The value of the mean of the all bifurcation ratio( Rb ) was 5.57. The value of drainage density (Dd) 1.185km/km2 indicate coarse pattern of drainage network. The drainage texture value was 3.08. The value of the stream frequency (Fs) was determined as 6.17 which is indicate permeable sub-surface material and moderate to low relief. The value of the form factor (Ff) was determined as 0.35 which indicated elongated shape of watershed. The value of elongation ratio (Re) was 0.67 which also, indicated the elongated shape of watershed. elongated in shape. The value of circulatory ratio for the watershed was found as 0.52. Average constant of channel maintenance(C) was 0.843 for the watershed. The value of basin relief (R) 71m indicated moderate relief, higher infiltration and low runoff potential of the watershed. The value of relief ratio was 0.0172. In the Raikheda watershed the value of ruggedness numbe r(Rn) was 0.0841, indicating slightly rugged area with moderate relief and medium degree of soil erosion. The Raikheda watershed has low degree of slope with higher infiltration rate.The study helped to understand the basin hydrology, ground water potential, identification of sites for soil and water conservation works, and for overall natural resource management.

Cette contribution a pour objet d’analyser les pratiques culturelles et les savoir-faire des Sénoufo du Kénédougou nord (Burkina Faso) dans un contexte de profondes recompositions sociales, économiques, religieuses et symboliques. Elle repose sur l’hypothèse que le patrimoine immatériel sénoufo – rites initiatiques, techniques agropastorales, artisanat, musique, danse, organisation lignagère, systèmes d’alliances et de médiation – reste un socle de cohésion sociale et un outil de régulation des rapports collectifs, tout en étant confronté à des menaces multiples. Elles tiennent notamment à la scolarisation formelle peu articulée aux savoirs endogènes, à l’urbanisation, à la mobilité des populations, à l’influence des médias de masse, aux recompositions religieuses, ainsi qu’aux effets conjugués de l’économie marchande et de la précarité. L’étude s’appuie sur une démarche qualitative fondée sur l’anthropologie culturelle et l’observation de terrain à partir d’entretiens réalisés auprès de détenteurs de savoirs, d’anciens, d’initiés, d’artisans, de musiciens, de jeunes et d’acteurs institutionnels locaux. Elle présente tout d’abord un panorama des pratiques culturelles et des savoir-faire majeurs chez les Sénoufo du Kénédougou nord, puis met en lumière les dynamiques de mutation et les modalités d’appropriation par les jeunes générations, avant d’identifier quelques stratégies communautaires et institutionnelles de sauvegarde.

Depuis des décennies, la croissance démographique, l'étalement urbain et l'augmentation des besoins en logements et en infrastructures ont profondément modifié l'organisation spatiale de la capitale nigérienne et de sa périphérie. Cette étude analyse la dynamique spatio-temporelle de l’occupation des terres dans le paysage urbain et périurbain de Niamey entre 2000 et 2025. La méthodologie utilisée repose sur l'exploitation des images satellitaires acquises en 2000 et 2025, des systèmes d'information géographique (SIG), aux techniques de télédétection et aux matrices de transition. L’évolution de la couverture a été évaluée à partir de l’indice de végétation par différence normalisée (NDVI). Les résultats révèlent une forte persistance des classes d’occupation du sol avec 72,02 % des surfaces demeurant dans leur classe initiale. Toutefois, une recomposition du paysage marquée par une augmentation des terrains rocheux de 17,22% à 17,80% et du bâti de 3,07% à 11,34% est observée. Tandis que, les surfaces agricoles diminuent de 43,53% à 35,13% entre 2000 et 2025. La variation du NDVI montre que 43,97% de la superficie reste stable, 34,07% connait une régression et 21,96% une progression. La régression dépasse ainsi la progression de 12,12% traduisant une tendance globale à la diminution de la couverture végétale. Ces résultats mettent en évidence une recomposition progressive du territoire caractérisé par la persistance de certaines unités d’occupation du sol, l’extension des surfaces bâties et minérales et une régression localisée du couvert végétal.

Dysgraphia is categorized among Specific Learning Disability (SLD). It is considered as a type of Specific Learning Disability that affects the ability of a child to output his/her ideas on paper. The current survey was conducted to identify EFL students with dysgraphia (students with writing problems) at secondary schools of Ouémé regions in Benin, a West Africa country. A sample of 240 students (N=240) were selected from four (04) different classes and four (04) schools of Ouémé region through a Purposive Sampling Technique. Data were collected through a self-developed tool, named ‘Identification of EFL Learners with Dysgraphia’, and followed by the class observation, and an interview with teachers. Findings indicated that about 37% of learners were facing problems in handwriting. It is then important that all stakeholders make a decision so as to assist these learners for a better support.

Artificial intelligence (AI) increasingly performs tasks associated with human cognition, including linguistic production, classification, prediction, and decision-making. This development intensifies philosophical questions about knowledge, agency, responsibility, consciousness, and harm. This paper argues that Indian philosophy can contribute to AI ethics not by supplying an ancient “AI ethics” but by offering conceptual resources for critically evaluating technologically mediated cognition and action. Nyāya provides a rigorous distinction between a knower, means of knowledge, object, and valid cognition, thereby challenging the automatic epistemic authority of AI output. Sāṃkhya and Advaita Vedānta complicate the identification of computational intelligence with consciousness, while Viśiṣṭādvaita raises questions about the distinction between conscious selves and insentient matter. Buddhist ethics foregrounds the reduction of suffering; Jain anekāntavāda and syādvāda caution against one-sided representations and overconfident classification. Concepts such as ahiṃsā, satya, aparigraha, karma, and loka-saṃgraha can be reconstructed as principles of non-harm, information integrity, data restraint, responsibility, and social welfare. The resulting framework places human responsibility, epistemic humility, and protection of sentient beings at the centre of AI governance while remaining open to future arguments about machine consciousness and moral status.

Contexte: La cacaoculture est d’une importance capitale pour de nombreux pays africains, dont la Côte d’Ivoire.Mais, celle-ci est confrontée à de nombreuses contraintes qui impactent négativement le rendement de la culture. Il s’agit notamment du vieillissement du verger, l’invasion des maladies et ravageurs, le changement climatique, la non maîtrise des bonnes pratiques agricoles par les cacaoculteurs et la baisse de la fertilité des sols liée à leur surexploitation. Ainsi, une étude portant sur l’évaluation des effets de 3 composts à base de coque de cacao sur la fertilité du sol et les rendements des cacaoyers a été réalisé à Divo au centre-sud de la Côte d’Ivoire. Méthodes: Le dispositif expérimental était un bloc de Fisher complètement randomisé, avec 5 traitements, répétés 4 fois. Les données agronomiques et pédologiques ont été analysées à l’aide du logiciel SAS version 9.4 pour évaluer l’effet des engrais sur les paramètres mesurés. Résultats: Les résultats ont montré que, les traitements issus des composts ont eu un pH de sol compris entre5,35 et 6,11, une capacité d’échange cationique (CEC) comprise entre 12-39 cmol.kg-1 et un bon équilibre ionique selon les normes recommandées. Quant au rendement, le traitement 1 (compost à base de 30% coque de cacao + 10% fumier de bovin +45% fiente de volaille + 5% lisier de porc + 10 % panicum maximum), a eu le meilleur rendement potentiel et réel. Il a eu respectivement 2816,54 et 2498, 50 kg/ha. Le témoin (T0) a eu le plus faible taux. Conclusion: Le traitement 1 issu du compost à base de 30% coque de cacao + 10% fumier de bovin +45% fiente de volaille + 5% lisier de porc + 10 % panicum maximum est le meilleur traitement de cette expérimentation, il pourrait être de ce fait, recommandé aux producteurs pour améliorer la fertilité des sol et la production des cacaoyers.

Le royaume moaaga de Waogdgo (Ouagadougou) est généralement présenté comme le centre d'un regroupement de Tẽmse (territoires de commandement) unis par une origine commune mais relativement autonomes les uns des autres. Cet article interroge cette lecture à partir d'un cas précis qui questionne les rapports noués, des origines dynastiques au XVe siècle jusqu'à la française de 1896-1898, entre Waogdgo, Bʋlsa et Kʋgpɛɛla (Koupèla), trois Tẽmse issus de la même lignée fondatrice de Naaba Wubri. Il montre que ces rapports n'ont jamais relevé d'une simple juxtaposition d'États souverains, mais d'une hiérarchie de tutelles imbriquées. Pour illustration, Kʋgpɛɛla intronisé par Bʋlsa, Bʋlsa intronisé par Waogdgo, dans un système où l'autonomie locale était réelle mais toujours placée sous surveillance du pouvoir central. L'article reconstitue les mécanismes de cette tutelle selon le droit de regard sur les successions, les interventions armées, les circuits commerciaux contrôlés avant d'examiner le processus par lequel la conquête française, en s'appuyant sur les mêmes points de passage, a mis fin pratiquement en deux ans, à un système politique vieux de quatre siècles. L'analyse s'appuie sur une relecture critique de diverses monographies consacrées à l'histoire de Bʋlsa et du Moogo, croisée avec les témoignages des espions(explorateurs) et envahisseurs (administrateurs) coloniaux et les travaux de l'historiographie moaaga.

Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, is a musculoskeletal condition characterized by shoulder pain, progressive stiffness, and restricted active and passive range of motion, which can significantly affect daily activities and quality of life. Diabetes mellitus and thyroid disorders are recognized risk factors associated with its development. This literature review aims to examine the potential role of naturopathic interventions in the management of frozen shoulder, focusing on their benefits, limitations, and integration with conventional rehabilitation.Relevant literature was reviewed concerning therapeutic exercise, gentle mobilization, hydrotherapy, thermotherapy, acupuncture, massage and manual therapy, yoga, relaxation techniques, and nutritional and lifestyle approaches. The findings suggest that therapeutic exercise and individualized physiotherapy remain essential components of conservative management. Gentle mobilization and progressive stretching may help improve shoulder mobility, while thermotherapy, massage, hydrotherapy, and acupuncture may provide supportive benefits for pain relief and movement tolerance. Yoga, mindfulness, and relaxation techniques may contribute to psychological well-being and coping with persistent pain. Nutritional support and appropriate management of coexisting conditions, particularly diabetes mellitus, are also important for maintaining general health.The quality and strength of evidence vary considerably across interventions. Evidence specifically supporting hydrotherapy, yoga, relaxation techniques, and nutritional supplementation for adhesive capsulitis remains limited. No specific diet, herbal preparation, or nutritional supplement has been established as a reliable method for reversing capsular fibrosis. Therefore, naturopathic interventions should be considered complementary approaches rather than replacements for evidence-based medical care and physiotherapy.

Cotton production is a major agricultural activity in Togo, particularly in the Northern Plateaux, where agricultural intensification threatens soil fertility and may increase soil contamination by pesticides. Studies conducted in Togo have documented declining soil fertility under continuous cropping, the limitations of mineral fertilizer inputs, and the presence of pesticide residues. However, these studies generally investigate soil fertility and contamination separately, sometimes focus on areas outside the Northern Plateaux, and pay limited attention to the relationships between agricultural practices, soil quality, and pesticide fate. This review examines the influence of agricultural practices on soil fertility and contamination in cotton-growing soils of the Northern Plateaux. The literature search followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The PICO framework was adapted as follows: cotton-growing soils were considered the population/problem, agricultural practices the intervention/exposure, different management systems the comparison, and soil fertility and contamination indicators the outcomes. Publications from Togo, West Africa, and other cotton-producing regions were examined across four main areas: tillage practices and crop residue management, fertilization and nutrient dynamics, pesticide use and fate, and effects on the biological and physicochemical properties of soils. The synthesis highlights declining soil fertility despite mineral fertilizer application and the presence of pesticide residues in soils in Togo. Soil conservation, organic matter replenishment, crop rotation diversification, and improved fertilizer-use efficiency contribute to maintaining soil quality. No study in the reviewed corpus addressed all these dimensions simultaneously in cotton production systems in the Northern Plateaux. This gap highlights the originality of this review and the need for integrated studies to support the sustainable management of cotton-growing soils in the Northern Plateaux.

IoT network security has become a major concern due to the rise in cyber threats. Traditional intrusion detection systems (IDS) struggle to detect sophisticated attacks in real time, due to insufficient resources and the constantly evolving nature of attack methods. To address these challenges, we designed a robust intrusion detection system (IDS) capable of detecting complex attacks using machine learning on the IoT_23 dataset. This study proposes a new machine learning (ML)-based IDS to improve IoT security. The main objective is to optimize attack detection accuracy while minimizing computational load. The proposed methodology includes data preprocessing, feature selection using principal component analysis (PCA), and classification using three machine learning models: Decision Tree, Random Forest, and Support Vector Machine (SVM). The model is trained and evaluated on the IoT_23 dataset, which contains real-time attack data, thus ensuring its practical relevance. Estimating the proposed model on this dataset demonstrates superior accuracy (99%) compared to existing IDS techniques. This study provides valuable insights for improving IDS (Intrusion Detection Systems) models for Internet of Things (IoT) security, addressing issues such as dataset imbalance, feature selection, and classification accuracy. The results demonstrate that the Decision Tree model achieves near-perfect results, notably with 99.99% accuracy and a runtime of 266.52 seconds; the Random Forest model achieves 99.99% accuracy and a runtime of 7128 seconds; while the SVM model proved particularly time-consuming, requiring 48 hours for an accuracy of 99.85%. The results of this study could contribute to: • The implementation of an intelligent cybersecurity monitoring platform for IoT infrastructures, capable of automatically detecting attacks, alerting administrators and, if necessary, proposing or triggering automated response mechanisms. • Improving the security of smart infrastructure, such as smart cities, connected health systems, smart agriculture, industrial networks and energy infrastructure;

The classified forest of Mbao is considered one of the most important green lungs of the Senegalese capital. In addition to this role, it is also the scene of many and varied agroforestry activities, practiced by the populations living in its neighboring localities. This study was carried out to determine the nature of these activities as well as their impacts on the socio-economic life of the populations. The survey results revealed that market gardening and seasonal agriculture (taungya system) are the main agroforestry activities practiced in the Mbao classified forest. Five groups of market gardeners (408 people), 241 other individual market gardeners, as well as 287 seasonal farmers, are listed in this forest. Fifteen (15) different vegetable speculations are produced there. Lactuca sativa, Mentha pulegium, Brassica oleracea, Solanum lycopersicum and Capsicum annuum are more frequent in this production and individual market gardeners are the biggest contributors in number of speculations. For seasonal agriculture, six (6) foodstuffs are produced. Hibiscus sabdariffa and Vigna unguiculata predominate this production. For its societal impact, agroforestry creates more than 600 direct jobs, as well as several other indirect jobs. It also allows supplies on local markets with +19 tons of fresh vegetables all year round and 40 tons of cereals (millet, corn, and sorghum), cowpea and bissap. On the economic level, market gardening and seasonal agriculture generate a turnover of + 10 million CFA francs per year. All of these results, highlighting the main uses of the Mbao classified forest, remain very useful for its sustainable management, for the conservation of its biodiversity, for establishing good environmental and social governance around it, as well as for the economic development of the people living nearby.

Rapid urbanisation in West African cities exacerbates stormwater management problems. This study aimed to diagnose the state of stormwater drainage in the N’Dakro Extension district of Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire, and to propose a suitable drainage network. A field survey of 271 residents, combined with watershed delineation using QGIS and Global Mapper and flow estimation using the Caquot method, was conducted. The results show that the district lacks adequate infrastructure: 85% of residents rely on natural infiltration, while runoff has damaged 30% of roads and 22% of property. Peak flows calculated at the two main outlets are 118.94 m³/s and 40.45 m³/s, respectively, for a 10-year return period. Hydraulic design using the Manning–Strickler formula (Ks = 60) resulted in primary collector sections of 4 × 2 m and 3 × 1 m. Implementing this network, alongside community involvement, could significantly reduce flooding and erosion in this peripheral district.