January 2013

Testis specific protein kinases are important because of their potential role in spermiogenesis, sperm maturation and sperm function. To continue our studies on the testis specific serine/threonine kinase (TSSK) family, we isolated a PCR fragment encoding a member of testis specific serine/threonine kinase3 (TSSK3) from Mus musculus testis RNA using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with oligonucleotides. The sequence length of the target gene was identified as 804 bp encoding a protein of 268 amino acids.

India is solitary of the richest floristic region of the world and has been a resource of plants and their yield since antique and man uses them in different ways according to his requirements, predominantly as food or as medicine. The preliminary Pharmacognostic study on leaves of medicinal plants plays an incredibly significant role in detection of the purity and quality of crude drugs. Medicinal plants which were originated on earth have notorious medicinal consequence and their usage is growing day by day in our daily life. The present efforts embody the investigation conceded out to establish methods for quality control of herb as per WHO guidelines. Entire botanical valuation which comprises macroscopic, microscopic, phytochemical assessment and physicochemical parameters like extractive value, moisture content, dry weight and ash value have been studied. The shade dried powder and various solvent extracts (viz., methanol, ethanol, aqueous, chloroform and acetone) have been analyzed for their phytoconstituents and fluorescence characters. The occurrence of alkaloid, phenol, steroid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, and some other chemical constituents were recorded. Exploring the natural products has proved to be the most successful strategy for the discovery of new drugs. The present study has made an attempt to get referential information for the correct identification of the crude drug.

The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance is an alarming concern in clinical practice. This would lead to the development of new antibacterial agents from natural and inorganic substances. In the current scenario, one of the most promising and novel therapeutic agents are the nanoparticles. Hence the present study has been made an attempt to find out the potential metal nanoparticles for the management of human bacterial diseases. Metal nanoparticles (MeNPs) were synthesized by simple, cost effective, chemical reduction method. The synthesized particles were further characterized by X-ray Diffractogram (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) techniques to analyze size, morphology of the nanoparticles, and quantitative information of elemental metals respectively. Average crystalline size of the particle ranged from 17.85 to 44.87 nm. Bactericidal effect of metal nanoparticles was examined by agar well diffusion technique. Metal nanoparticles showed excellent activity against selected bacterial pathogens. Different classes of bacteria exhibited different susceptibilities to nanoparticles. All the experimental strains depicted highest sensitivity to silver nanoparticles compared to other metal based nanoparticles. Our results suggest that chemically mediated metal nanoparticles could act as an effective alternative for the development of new antibacterial agent to combat resistant problems.

Urethral diverticulum is a condition that must be kept in mind in differential diagnosis of chronic pelvic pain. It is among the late complications developing after particularly vaginal and urologic operations. A detailed anamnesis and a careful vaginal examination are essential. Diagnosis can be made with transvaginal ultrasonography (TV-USG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in presence of a vaginal mass. The patient who was admitted with chronic pelvic pain and dysparunia was diagnosed as urethral diverticulum after examinations and imaging techniques. No postoperative complications was developed in the patient who underwent a successful complete urehral resection via vaginal route and the patient recovered.

Male and female gametes are normal and functional, but can only produce offspring when correct parents are mated; etc. self-incompatibility, cross-incompatibility. Male sterility is the failure of plants to produce functional anthers, pollen, or male gametes. Phenotypic (structural male sterility, sporogenous male sterility, functional male sterility) and genotypic (genetic, cytoplasmic, cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility). Genetic male sterility system in which sterility expression is conditional by environmental factors. In environmental sensitive genic male sterility, a particular range or concentration of environmental factor at sensitive stage of the crop, which occurs during panicle development, result in complete male sterility i.e. photoperiod sensitive genic male sterility (PGMS), thermo sensitive genic male sterility (TGMS), photo-thermo sensitive genic male sterility (PTGMS), micronutrient sensitive genic male sterility (MGMS). Male sterility is also use in crop improvement for production of hybrids.

At the heart of the success of any school improvement process is teachers' willingness to change and improve their knowledge, attitudes and practices.The role of school leadership is crutial in combining professional and accountability measures for effective collaboration of teachers in this regard. To guide the study, four research questions were raised. The multi-stage sampling technique was used to collect data from tree hundred teachers as respondents. A validated questionnaire titled: Students Academic perfomance in physics correlates the qulity of teachers with the used of simple frequency counts and percentage for analysis. From the data analysis it was revealed that: the role of professionally qualified/trained teachers is an important teacher quality which enhances students’ academic achievement in physics, teaching methods adopted by the teachers significantly influence achievement of the behavior objectives. Several schools in the population of the study lacked modern instructional materials without which effective teaching and learning cannot be utilized and teachers’ experience significantly influence students academic performance; capacity building programes a major aspect of teachers’ experience that is yet to be given adequate attention. Its importance cannot be over emphasized in view of senior secondary school student’s poor performance in both internal and external examinations. Based on these findings, appropriate recommendations were made.

The study purpose of the study was to investigate factors influencing remuneration policy of the HR managers in the Kenyan banking sector. The specific objectives of the study were; to investigate how talent management, financial results,technological development,market surveys and company advisers influencedremuneration policy ofthe HR managers in the Kenyan banking sector. The target population of the study was the HR Managers in the 47 registered banking institutions in Kenya. The study adopted a census and questionnaires were used to collect data from the respondents. The data collected was analyzed using Excel package and the results presented using tables and charts. The findings of the study revealed that despite improvement in remuneration packages, salaries earned scored low an indication that HR managers think that they can be paid more. Further there are other HR related issues such as careerdevelopment and work related issues such as job design that plays an important part in employee productivity and retention. Employees are more satisfied and deliver more if their career progression is guaranteed and that the company they work for has a reputation for quality service/products.Following these findings the study recommends apart from concentrating on remuneration policy, banks should invest in work processes that guarantee quality of services/ products and aspects of HRM such as career progression among others that affect employees’ performance.

The study investigates the removal of direct red 80 dye from its aqueous solution by using Tapioca peel activated carbon . The effects of condition such as adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, pH and contact time were studied. The adsorption capacity was demonstrated as a function of time for direct red 80 from aqueous solution by the prepared activated carbon. The results showed that as the amount of the adsorbent was increased, the percentage of dye removal increased accordingly. Higher adsorption percentages were observed at lower concentrations of direct red 80 dye. Silver nitrate treated Tapioca peel showed a better performance compared to Sulphuric acid treated and raw carbons, thus making it an interesting option for dye removal textile effluent.

Fine needle aspiration cytology has become the preliminary diagnostic tool in the evaluation of clinically palpable breast lumps. This study was taken up to evaluate the role of FNAC in diagnosing malignant breast lesions. In this two year study 70 cases of malignant breast lesions diagnosed on cytology were followed up for histopathological correlation. Sensitivity was 94.3% and specificity was 100%. Sub typing of epithelial malignancies need a careful examination and an experienced cytopathologist.

Transformation of land is relatively a rapid process determined by the local users through the policies to be proved more beneficial in economic terms which sometimes do not consider such transformation on holistic basis. In riverine plain areas, there is a close inter relationships between agriculture, settlements, natural channels and wetlands. In recent times the degradation and loss of wetlands is more rapid than the past. The determinants of wetland ecosystem degradation include construction of infrastructural facilities, conversion of land, eutrophication and pollution, and excessive water harvesting from surface and subsurface sources to meet the increasing human needs. Transformation of natural land to agricultural land and agricultural to commercial or industrial land has a direct impact on the wetlands which is very crucial in terms of both economic and ecological values. Chinsurah-Magra, Singur and Serampur-Uttarpara Blocks of Hugly District of West Bengal are endowed with fertile agricultural lands, industrial complexes and wetlands rich in biodiversity which are facing adverse effects of short run development policies related to land transformation particularly for the wetlands. This paper is an attempt to explain the degradation and loss of wetland ecosystem, essence of change in the strategies in policies of land transformation and development and reclamation of wetlands with necessary primary and secondary information and their analysis and interpretation.

Osteoporosis is a common problem that causes bones to become abnormally thin, weakened, and easily broken (fractured). Women are at a higher risk for osteoporosis after menopause due to lower levels of estrogen, a female hormone that helps to maintain bone mass. Fortunately, preventive treatments are available that can help to maintain or increase bone density. Prolonged therapy with and/or high doses of certain medications can increase bone loss. The use of these medications should be monitored by a healthcare provider and decreased or discontinued when possible. For those already affected by osteoporosis, prompt diagnosis of bone loss and assessment of fracture risk are essential because therapies are available that can slow further loss of bone or increase bone density. The aim of all drug treatments is to lower your risk of future fractures and there are a range of effective medications that do just that. Medicines are used to both prevent and treat osteoporosis. Some medicines slow the rate of bone loss or increase bone thickness. Even small amounts of new bone growth can reduce your risk of broken bones. If you take medicine for osteoporosis, you will also need to get enough calcium and vitamin D, eat a healthy diet, and exercise regularly. A large part of treating or reducing the effects of osteoporosis is getting enough calcium and vitamin D. Exercise, which not only improves your bone health, but increases muscle strength, coordination and balance. Safety issues to prevent falls that may result in fractures, such as removing loose rugs around your house. In addition, our orthopedic surgeon may prescribe a medication to slow or stop bone loss, increase bone density, and reduce your risk of fracture which will be discussed in detail in this Review.

The present study is aimed to investigate identification of microbes in water samples in different sites. The places are; Kovalam, Kanathur, Injambakkam, Besant Nagar, Pattinapakkam – Foreshore estate, Santhome, Marina beach, Vailankanni. A total of 78 strains were isolated from nine different samples collected from the intertidal zone of the east coast road (ECR), India. The antibacterial effect for the strains AMET 6303, AMET 6308, AMET 6349, AMET 6361 and AMET 6374 were screened against the bacterial and yeast pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus sp., Escherichiacoli and Candida sp.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of sesamol on blood pressure, and renal function markers on uninephrectomized deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats. Hypertension was induced in surgically single-kidney-removed (left), adult male albino Wistar rats, weighing 180-200 g, by injecting DOCA (25 mg/kg BW) subcutaneously, twice a week for six weeks, with saline instead of tap water for drinking. Every week, the blood pressure was measured and documented up to six weeks for all the animals. DOCA-salt hypertensive rats showed considerably increased blood pressure, heart rate, proteinuria, renal function markers (urea, uric acid and creatinine) in plasma and sodium levels in urine. In addition, hypertensive rats showed a decreased body weight and potassium excretion. Oral administration of sesamol (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg BW) brought back all the above parameters to near normal level. The effect at a dose of 50 mg/kg BW of sesamol was more pronounced than that of the other two doses. These findings indicate that sesamol exhibits strong antihypertensive and renoprotective effects in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats.

Objective: To determine the cytotoxicity of Aegle marmelos leaf extracts using the brine shrimp test (BST) method for antitumour study. Methods: Test tubes containing different concentrations of leaf extracts were introduced with ten brine shrimp larvae (10 nauplii) and were maintained at room temperature for 24 hours. The numbers of surviving and dead shrimps were counted. Percentage mortality was determined. LC50 was calculated using graph and Finney Method. Results: Among the three leaf extracts tested, aqueous extract showed significant toxicity to brine shrimps in a dose-dependent manner with low LC50 value of 15.28 μg/mL. Conclusion: From the results it can be concluded that the significant lethality of aquoues extract of Aegle marmelos leaves to brine shrimp is indicative of the presence in this plant of a potent cytotoxic component which warrants further investigation.

Environmental pollutants pose a huge menace to all living organisms either directly or indirectly. Pesticide contaminations in the aquatic ecosystem affect the fishes at large leading to severe physiological and morphological stress response. Fishes in turn to counter the stress factors, ought to synthesize a group of novel proteins called stress proteins which play an important role in the stress-resistance of cells against the toxic chemicals. In the present study, the ornamental fish Carassius auratus (var.,) auratus was exposed to different concentrations of the organophosphorous pesticide, chlorpyrifos in various exposure periods and the type of stress proteins synthesized were investigated.

Nanotechnology has the potential to impact many aspects food and agricultural systems. Food security disease treatment delivery methods new tools for molecular and cellular biology new material for pathogen detection and protection of the environment are examples of the important links of nano technology to the science and engineering of agriculture’s and food systems. In the present study, the red and white color paper flower ethanolic extracts doped with MgS (Magnesium Sulphate) nanoparticles were used to determine their antibacterial activity. Both paper flower ethanolic extracts doped with MgS nanoparticles are having potential antibacterial activity when compared with standard antibiotic erythromycin. The white colored flower extracts doped MgS nanoparticles are having more antibacterial activity than the red colored flower extracts doped MgS nanoparticles. The white flowers may contain active antibacterial component. The combination of Bougainvillea glabra flower extracts and MgS nanoparticle may be suggested as a antibiotic agent because of their active potential to inhibit the bacterial growth.

This paper takes a keen look in network security and network security goals, why computers are insecure and type Of attack, how to improve network security . Securing your network and practical's what is Quota.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether selected physical fitness components (coordinative ability, speed, strength, cardiovascular endurance and flexibility) can be utilized as prediction factors of long jump performance. Measurements were observed from 50 selected long jumpers sampled from Indira Gandhi Institute of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Delhi. Test included shuttle run, 50m dash, standing broad jump, 12 minutes walk/ run (cooper test) and sit and reach. Analysis was done using t-test and product moment correlation at 0.05 level of significance. Findings showed that a significant relationship between running broad jump and cardiovascular endurance (r = 0.41), coordinative ability (r= -0.50), explosive leg strength (r= 0.43) and speed (r= -0.48) and no significant differences in arm and shoulder endurance (r= 0.17). It was conclude that performance in cardiovascular endurance, coordinative ability, explosive leg strength, speed and flexibility are related to running broad jump performance. The study recommends that training programs for long jumpers need to be systematic and scientific in developing physical fitness components.

A study was conducted to assess the magnitude of heterosis for grain yield and its components over mid parent (MP), Better parent (BP) and standard heterosis (SH) in rice hybrids (Oryza sativa L.) through line x tester analysis. The present study comprised of three lines and ten testers. The resultant thirty hybrids along with their thirteen parents were evaluated during 2009 to 2010 in a randomized block design with three replications at Plant Breeding Farm, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Annamalai University, Chidambaram. The analysis of variance indicated significant amount of variability among the genotypes for all the seven traits studied. The cross combinations IR 58025A x ASD 19, IR 62829A x ASD 16, PUSA 3A x IR 42 were found to be promising for seed yield as they had high percentage of standard heterosis.

Service quality has got increased considerable attention within the education sector. Efforts to understand and assess the service quality in higher education have been undertaken in the recent years. The conceptualization of service quality, its relationship to the satisfaction, value constructs and methods of evaluation have become a central theme of education sector. Numerous studies have done in this area with adopting generic service quality models, but little work has been concentrated on exploring the dimensions to measure service quality in higher education in the standpoint of total environment as experienced by students being the primary customers. The paper focuses on recent studies (models) developed to measure service quality in higher education and discussed various factors should be considered while developing a model for measuring the same with provided a conceptual framework.

This study is an analytical descriptive research study to assess the attainment of peak performance of the Co-operative College of Kenya. The study aimed to achieve the degree of effectiveness of the interventions in ensuring that the organization works towards the employee profiles in the areas of commitment, confidence, competence, working conditions and communication and to determine the behavioral changes among the leadership and the employees after conducting the interventions to improve the overall performance of the Co-operative College of Kenya. The theoretical framework of this study is based on Kurt Lewin’s Field Theory as expounded by Dessler (1980). The pre and post intervention instrument is a questionnaire which is an adaptation of the tool developed by Ken Hultman (2003). Fifty eight employees of Co-operative College were asked to rate themselves through the pre-intervention survey, on how well they performed on fifteen categories of the areas of commitment, confidence, competence, working conditions and communication. The results formed the basis for conducting planned interventions in June 2008. During the period May to December 2008, the researcher worked with the staff of the College on various team building and other group activities to ensure consistency in addressing the issues that emerged during the pre-intervention survey. In December 2008, a post intervention survey instrument was given again to the employees (using the same survey instrument as the pre intervention). The data from the pre intervention assessment and the post intervention evaluation were statistically treated using the means. The t-test was used for comparison of the pre and post intervention data for improvements significant at 0.05 levels. The results of the survey showed significant improvements in the obtained t-value from the difference of the pre and post assessment, which means that the intervention offered were successful. The analysis of the pre intervention assessment and post test intervention evaluation data were statically significant therefore the organization development interventions were successful in improving the workers’ performance of the Co-operative College of Kenya. The results recommend that further intervention activities will be conducted to sustain the continued improved performance of the workers to attain optimal (peak) performance.

The present study deals with the macroscopic analysis of medicinal plants specifically betel leaf by using the techniques of Image Processing and Neural Networks. Any disturbance between the elements of human body leads to disease and the therapy lies in restoring the balance through the use of medicines of natural origin such as herbs and minerals. India is endowed with a rich variety of medicinal plants. Not only in India, but also from other parts of the world, there is a great demand for Betel Leaf which is not only used in all auspicious occasions but also has wonderful medicinal values. The results of the present research work include the macroscopic structure of Veins, Areole characteristics and Area characteristics. The results are presented and discussed.

Physico-chemical properties and bacteriological examination of spring water was done from from Markanday region of Hamirpur District in Himachal Pradesh. Physico-chemical properties such as Total Dissolved solids (TDS), Dissolved oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Alkalinity, Hardness, Chloride and pH were determined and compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standard. Bacteriological examination was done by isolation of microorganism from water and identification by serotyping. It was found that water was potable and free of pathogenic strain.

Field experiments were conducted to study the interaction of phosphorus, sulfur and zinc on growth and yield of rice in neutral and alkali soils. The treatments consisted of two levels of P2O5 (25, 50 kg/ha), two levels of S (20, 40 kg/ha) and four levels of Zn( 0,5,10, 15 kg/ha) besides an absolute control, thus totaling seventeen treatments. The results revealed significant interactions among P,S and Zn on growth and yield of rice. The growth and yield of rice was less when P, Zn and S were applied at lower rates, but improved with increasing levels of nutrients. However, the highest grain (5216, 4678 kg/ha) and straw yields (6123, 5642 kg/ha) was noticed with application of 50 kg P2O5, 20 kg S and 10 kg Zn /ha in neutral and alkali soils respectively. This was comparable with 50 kg P2O5, 40 kg S and 10 kg Zn /ha. Similar effect was noticed with respect to growth and yield attributes. It is clearly exhibited that in the absence of zinc application, growth and yield of rice is reduced in spite of addition of adequate amounts of P and S. Further, for a given level of P and S, addition of highest amount of Zn (15 kg/ha) reduced the growth and yield of rice.

In this study, the effect of framed chain sawing system with optimized chain on timber size uniformity and surface roughness was analyzed and compared with the freehand chainsaw system and band saw as control. The surface roughness of sawn timber from three commonly sawn timber species (Eucalyptus saligna, Grevillea robusta and Prosopis juliflora) was determined by stylus tracer approach. Freehand chainsaw produced timber with significantly the highest size deviation and surface roughness, while framed chainsaw using an optimized felling chain produced timber with more uniform sizes and smoother surfaces which did not significantly differ from that produced by a band saw. The findings of this study concluded that, the use of the frame on the chainsaw effectively control the chain to saw timber around the pre-set size thus producing timber with more uniform sizes. Modification of the cutters on the chain help in stabilizing the sawing speed, reducing the erratic behaviour of chainsaw, thus producing timber with smooth surface close to timber sawn using band saws. These parameters make framed chainsaw a choice eco-efficient small-scale timber sawing system, appropriate for timber sawyers operating on the farms, where trees are few, scattered and small in diameter.

Heavy metals pollution to water and soils due to anthropogenic activities are threats to living organisms which needs to be tackled with a new emerging technology, referred as phytoremidiation, offers a cost-effective and environmental friendly way for clean up of contaminated areas with exploitation of green plants, which either accumulates or converts it to non toxic forms, but that incurred serious physiological and metabolic constraints in plants. This review is focused on promising aspects of physiological, biochemical and molecular level to know the mechanism of plant response towards heavy metal stress.

The present investigation was attempted to focus on studies of allelopathic effect of some dominant, invasive weed species like Alternanthera tenella Colla., Croton bonplandianum Baill and Xanthium indicum Koen. from Baramati Tahsil, Dist. Pune, Maharashtra, India, on seed germination and seedling growth in mung bean. The allelopathic effects of leaf extracts of weeds not only affect the seed germination, but it also influences seedling growth in terms of root and shoot length, vigour index. The results on mung bean seed germination studies indicated that the lower concentration (10%) treatments of Alternanthera and Xanthium leaf and root extract were highly stimulatory for mung bean seed germination as well as root and shoot length. However, the treatments of Croton root and leaf extracts were highly inhibitory. The effects of leaf extract were more significant than root extract. The positive and negative influence of root and leaf extracts of selected weeds on root and shoot length might be due to specific action of secondary metabolites (allelochemicals) in them.

Jawadhu Hills are a range of hills. One of the largest in the Eastern Ghats in Thiruvannamalai District, in the northern part of the state of Tamil Nadu. About 80 Km wide and 32 Km long and they are bisected into Eastern and Western sections by the Cheyyar and Agaram rivers tributaries of the palar. Several medicinal plants are rich in Jawadhu hills. The herital medicines to cure a disease used by various tribes are tribal medicines. These medicines are safe, eco-friendly and bio-friendly plants based products for various diseases of tribals. The results of present study revealed that there is a wide usage of plants by tribes of jawadhu hills. The tribal knowledge of medicinal use of plant is still an unexploited area. At present tribal depend more on trained doctors of town which give them immediate relief from pain. Tribals have no ideas about the active principles of their drugs. Many medicinal plants are no longer used because of the knowledge had been passed to the present generation through the words of mouth. The role of tribals in the plant conservation is must for preserving plants for future generation.

Some metals inputs within the solid waste dump were studied through the Pollution Load Index (PLI). High levels in cadmium (4.00±0.62 mg.kg-1), lead (138.43±51.5 mg.kg-1) and zinc (266.63±42.83 mg.kg-1) and low levels in copper (40.77±11.98 mg.kg-1) were measured within the soils at five sites against a control. The total concentrations in metals were measured in soil samples collected from the surface to 1.5 m depth. The measurements showed in total metal concentration decrease from surface to depth in lead, zinc and copper. Cadmium was measured to be constant with the depth of study. The values of Pollution Load Index pointed out strong contaminations in metals of the soils surface layers at overall area of study. PLI decreased from 5.13 to 1.33 with respect to the increase in depth in that landfill. The soils clay contents were showed to be the major factor for controlling the metals distribution within those soils.

Milk was analyzed for several parameters like pH, acidity, fat, protein, solids-not-fat, total solids and moisture content. The values obtained were found to be satisfactory in comparison to composition of normal cow milk. Cream was separated from milk using hand-operating cream separator. Analysis of cream showed satisfactory results in comparison to cream obtained by cream separation process. The cream was divided into three parts of which first was directly made ghee without culturing, second was cultured with dahi culture and third with yoghurt culture. Chemical analysis of all ghee samples gave satisfactory results in comparison to normal ghee composition. Sensory evaluation of the three samples were performed taking attributes like flavor, acidity, color, texture, absence of impurities and overall. Ghee prepared from dahi cultured cream showed the highest. Again, dahi cultured cream was treated to different pH (4.5, 4.0 and 3.6). Ghee was prepared and subjected to sensory evaluation. The cream cultured to pH 3.6 showed the highest score. This finding indicates that flavor is produced in ghee in greater extent by dahi cultured cream in respect to yoghurt cultured and non-cultured cream and greater the extent of culturing, more is the flavor yielding diacetyl produced.

X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used, to characterize tropical ayous (triplochyton scleroxylon) and fraké (terminalia superba) sanded wood surface prior to gluing. As expected, O1s and C1s were the predominant species in the spectra of the two woods. C1s peak have been decomposed into several components. Earlier study reveled tree classes of carbon for frake. Unlike these result the two woods characterized in this work exhibit carbon atoms in classes C1 (carbon atoms bonded by a C-C or a C-H bond), C2 (carbon atoms bonded by C-O bond), C3 (carbon atoms bonded by C=O or by a O-C-O bond), C4 (carbon atoms bonded by O-C=O bond), C0 (carbon attributed to inhomogeous charges, and à non attributed carbon at 285,6 eV. The four principal classes were confirmed by FTIR. The oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratio of wood was determined. The deviation of the O/C ratios from theoretical values was interpreted as indicative of surface rich in lignin, surface hydrocarbon impurities or extractives and wood density.