April 2017

Topic: Presence of bla NMD 1 gene in urinary isolates of klebsiella species Aim : To detect the presence of bla NDM 1 gene for the production of MBL in urinary isolates of klebsiella species in tertiary care hospital. Objective: A sum total of 20 will be used to detect the presence of bla NDM 1 gene for the production of MBL in urinary isolates of klebsiella species in tertiary care hospital. Background: Recently the B BETA-lactamase NDM 1has become a source of serious concern. Initially isolated from klebsialla pneumonia and Eschirichia coli isolates recovered in Sweden from a patient who was initially admitted in India, NDM 1 producers have subsequently been identified in various other countries in UK and Pakistan and indentified in K pneumonia, Citrobacterfreundii, enterobacter cloacae. Reason: To study the presence boa NDM 1 gene in our isolates for antibiotic resistance and for better treatment procedures.

Aim: To determine the morphometric of pterion in south Indian skulls Materials and Methods: A total 40 dry human adult aged skull of unknown sex were studied. A 0-150 mm digital electronical calliper was used for Morphometrical measurements. Results: In the present study, four Types of pterion: sphenoparietal, frontotemporal, stellate and epipteric were observed in south Indian skulls. The dominant type of pterion was Sphenoparietal (83%). This was followed by stellate (6.0%), epipteric (6.0%) and the least was frontotemporal (5.0%) and their respective distances from frontozygomatic fissure and zygomatic arch were measured. Conclusion: Relationship between the middle meningeal artery and the pterion is of great importance in the field of surgery, anthropology and in forensic medicine. The relationship between the point of middle meningeal artery and the pterion is not only playing roles in approaching the anterior division of middle meningeal artery, it is also useful in approaching the Brocca’s area on the left side of brain and the lateral (Sylvian) cerebral fissure.

Aim: To asses the knowledge, attitude and awareness about infection control among dental students. Objective: To asses the knowledge about infection control of the dental student in order to evaluate the attitude and awareness about infection control among dental students using various parameters. Back Ground: Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to these organisms and the toxins they produce. Infection control is the discipline concerned with preventing nosocomial or healthcare-associated infection, a practical (rather than academic) sub-discipline of epidemiology. Hence infection control plays an important role in dental hospitals and awareness about it can access the quality of treatments given. Reason for the project: To evaluate the knowledge, attitude and awareness of dental students about infection control to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and to assure quality dental treatment.

The outcome of root canal treatment is based on efficient disinfection of the root canal system and prevention of reinfection. Enterococcus faecalis has been found to be one of the predominant bacteria in root canal failure teeth. The bacteria appear to be highly resistant to available medicaments. Irrigants have been traditionally delivered using a syringe and a needle. The problem with this irrigation technique is inadequate replacement of the irrigant throughout the root canal system. Therefore various new devices like Endoactivator have been introduced. This device enhances hydrodynamic phenomenon by means of the subsonic activation of a passive smooth polymer tip. Another recent method to combat pathogens is the use of lasers. This study was aimed at comparing the antimicrobial efficacy of 5% sodium hypochlorite, subsonic activated solution and diode laser in elimination of Enterococcus faecalis from the root canal.

Aim: To know the principles of resin infiltration technique. Background: Resin infiltration technique was first described in 1970s for conservative management of non cavitated smooth surface curious lesions. Caries infiltration is a micro-invasive treatment to arrest non-cavitated caries lesions. The method is based on the penetration of low-viscosity light-curing resins, so called infiltrants, into the pores within the enamel lesion. Reason: This technique is a minimally invasive technique to treat the non cavitated smooth surface caries.

Introduction: Placenta previa is an obstetric complication in which the placenta is inserted partially or wholly in the lower uterine segment. It is a leading cause of antepartum haemorrhage (vaginal bleeding). It affects approximately 0.4-0.5% of all labours. Women with placenta previa often present with painless, bright red vaginal bleeding. This commonly occurs around 32 weeks of gestation, but can be as early as late mid-trimester. Much debate has been given to the optimal timing of delivery in cases of placental abnormalities. Given these risks, numerous official organizations have been proponents of active medical management in cases of placenta previa, as well as placenta accreta, increta, and percreta. In particular a prophylactic, elective cesarean delivery prior to the onset of labor is theorized to reduce the rates of spontaneous hemorrhage, which increase proportionally with advancing gestational age. The optimal timing of delivery in placenta previa is an important issue that is understudied in the literature. After all, with the increasing rate of cesarean deliveries, an increase in the incidence of placenta previa is expected to be observed. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study, data files and the case notes was retrieved from the medical records department at Aswan university hospital from January 1/2013 to December 31/2013. in the form of data relating to the age, parity, gestational age, method of termination, perinatal outcomes, and related maternal complications. We sought to compare neonatal outcomes among pregnancies with placenta previa delivered at the late-preterm period, namely 35 and 36 weeks gestation, relative to the early-term period at 37 and 38 weeks gestation, taking 38 weeks gestation as reference. The data was entered in the computer for statistical analysis using one proprietary statistical package which is statistical packages for the social science (SPSS). Results: There were 4284 deliveries during the period under review of these 67 patients had placenta previa the age of the patients ranged from 20- 40 years with average 30 years .The gestational age at delivery ranged from 28 – 39 wksAs regard perinatal morbidity and mortality, 2 cases complicated by IUFD which represents (2.98%). Birth at 35, 36 and 37 weeks was associated with no greater odds of meconiumpassage, fetal distress, fetal anemia, neonatal seizures, increased ventilator needs, or infant death. However, APGAR scores<7 were more common at 35 and 36 weeks 4cases (33%) and 3cases (21%) respectively; as were NICU admission rates:3 cases(25%) and 2 cases(14%) Conclusion: Barringmaternal indications, early-term deliveryin placenta previa appears to be associated with fewerneonatal complications and no greater risk than late-pretermneonatal complications and no greater risk than late-pretermdelivery

Sepsis occurs when pathogenic infections become systemic, and the response itself leads to both morbidity and mortality. Here I propose, that the immune response is a “localized” response, evolved to isolate infections and to prevent them from spreading when our epithelium is damaged, that goes into overdrive when pathogens do break through the “barrier” and invade the body in a systemic manner. A multi-pronged “early” approach modulating the immune response is likely the best way to prevent sepsis from developing fully and to limit its damaging effects on the micro-vascular systems of the body’s organs.

Objective: The present study was undertaken to search out the status of antioxidant enzymes, apoptotic markers of sperm pellet and their molecular mechanism study in the diabetic patients under regular and irregular mode of different duration dependent treatment protocol within 25-40 years age group. Methods: Blood glycemic sensors, seminal catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), Bax, Bcl-2 protein, transcriptions of catalase, SOD, Bax and Bcl-2 genes in sperm were evaluated. Results: Levels of blood glycemic sensors, activities of antioxidative enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase and translation value of apoptatic markers like Bax protein, Bcl-2 protein, and transcriptions of catalse, SOD, Bax and Bcl-2 genes in sperm was corrected significantly after treatment of diabetic patients under regular mode for 4 to 5 years though not up to the control level. When the duration of the said treatment was extended beyond 4-5 years up to 15 years there are no significant recovery further in this line. In contrast, the levels of these sensors were shifted towards the pathological direction further along with the extension of the duration of the irregular treatment more in comparison to the irregular pattern treatment for 4-5 year of the diabetic patients.. Conclusion: So, it may conclude that regular mode of treatment is more effective for correction of spermiological sensors in diabetic patients in respect to irregular mode of treatment. Moreover, irregular mode of treatment with prolog duration may exert more adverse effect on spermiological sensors in diabetic patients.

The popularity of application of kinesio tape (KT) during the rehabilitation process, and the need for empirical evidence on the effect of kinesio tape are compelling reasons to perform further researches on KT. This study was conducted to explore the changes that may occur in the peak torque (PT) of ankle evertors and invertors as well as the ankle strength ratios (EVCON/INVECC and EVECC/INVCON) as a result of applying different taping modes. The examined taping modes were; No tape, athletic tape (AT) and kinesio tape (KT). The study was conducted on thirty healthy volunteers of both sexes. Isokinetic concentric and eccentric PT assessments have been done for both ankle evertors and invertors using the Biodex 3 isokinetic dynamometer. All subjects were tested with the different taping modes at 30º/sec and 120º/sec. Repeated measures MANOVA revealed significant increase in the concentric and eccentric evertor PT, the EVECC/INVCON strength ratio at both of the tested velocities (30º/sec and 120º/sec) and the eccentric invertor PT at 120º/sec (P ˂ 0.025) when using KT. It was concluded that, KT has an impact on PT of ankle evertors and invertors as well as ankle strength ratio.

Radiation therapy is used as a single modality in the curative treatment of early stage head and neck cancer or as a part of multimodality therapy in the curative treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancers. Adverse tissue reactions associated with the use of radiotherapy in the management of patients with head and neck cancer are painful and they diminish the quality of life, often discouraging the patient from taking treatment. RADIATION CARRIER works as a boon for these patients. It is an ancillary prosthesis used to administer radiations to the confirmed areas by the means of capsules, beads or needles of radiation emitting materials such as radium, iridium or cesium. Its function is to hold the radiation source securely in the same location during the entire period of treatment. Fabricating customized radiation carriers for inaccessible areas, such as the nasopharyngeal space, requires the patient to be under conscious sedation or general anaesthesia to allow impressions for indirect processing techniques. This article highlights on newer advancements and various types of radiation carriers.

Background and Objectives: Symptomatic gallstones are easy to treat, unfortunately however asymptomatic gallstones are as easy to treat. This creates a problem for health care planners in the form of the financial implications involved, since asymptomatic gallstones are even more common than gallstones associated with symptoms and require no surgical intervention, while the funds diverted towards dealing with them drains the health care establishment of much needed funds in an era of costly health care. In this review we attempt to clarify the fact that asymptomatic gallstones need no intervention in most cases, thereby saving the patient unnecessary surgery and the health care establishment costs, both in the financial form and in manpower. Materials and Methods: This study is based on 25(twenty-five) patients came at RIMS, Ranchi with Gallstone disease on the period of April 2015 to September 2016. Patients who can benefit from this treatment are those who have small gallstones may be less than 1.5cm in diameter and which have high cholesterol content. Results and Conclusion: My data confirm that UDCA can dissolve radiolucent gallstones even at 4 mg/kg, a dose which after 6 months of treatment induced stone reduction or disappearance in 33% of patients. The success rate improved at the higher doses, 50% of patients showing partial or complete dissolution with 8 mg/kg and 65%with 12 mg/kg. Therefore, I conclude that there is a relationship between the dose employed, over the range of 4-12 mg/kg, and the response in terms of stone dissolution at 6 months.

Background: Panoramic radiograph serves as an indispensible screening and diagnostic tool in oral and maxillofacial imaging. This study was designed to detect the frequency of occult pathologies using the panoramic radiograph. Aim and Objective: To estimate the occult pathologic findings in panoramic radiographs unrelated to the chief complaint and clinical diagnosis. Methodology: This study was conducted at the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology in a teaching dental hospital using 1032 panoramic radiographs retrieved from May 2015 to October 2015. The images were evaluated for the presence of occult pathologic findings which were unrelated to the chief complaint and clinical diagnosis. Statistics was calculated with simple percentage analysis was done. Result: Out of 1032 panoramic radiographs examined, occult lesions unrelated to the chief complaint and clinical diagnosis were observed in 165 (15.98%) panoramic radiographs. The percentage of the incidental findings in 165 panoramic radiographs were periapical pathologies (26.67%), periodontal pathologies (23.6%), tooth anomalies (4.84%), congenitally missing teeth (5.45%), supernumerary teeth (3.63%), generalized rarefractions (9.7%), carotid artery calcifications (1.81%), cysts and tumors (7.89%), TMJ pathologies (9.1%), and styloid process elongation (3%). The study reiterates on the diagnostic utility of panoramic radiograph in routine clinical situations, school health program and forensics.

Background: Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is an uncommon complication of pregnancy, worldwide the incidence varying between 0.5 & 0.8 cases per 1000 live births. β-hCG has been used as standard tool for monitoring the biological activity of trophoblastic diseases and as a tumour marker. The abundant vascular supply of the tumour makes Colour Doppler Ultrasound a potentially useful tool to study its clinical behaviour. Objective: To evaluate the role of uterine artery doppler in earlier prediction of resolution in post molar surveillance compared to serial β-hCG follow up. Methods: A longitudinal prospective cohort study was conducted in Government Rajaji Hospital, Madurai over a period of 12 months from August 2015 to August 2016.40 cases of vesicular molewere studied andassessed before and after suction evacuation by measuring serum β-hCG level and finding its relation with Uterine ArteryResistance Index (RI). Results: Out of the forty patients,36 patients showed resolution of mole characterised by fall in b-hcg values and rise in U/A RI while 4 patients showed progression to invasive mole characterised by plateauing or rise in b-hcg values and a fall in U/A RI in the post evacuation period compared to pre evacuation values.Based on these observations,patients were grouped as molar pregnancy resolution(↑UARI with ↓ẞHCG – 90.00%) and molar pregnancy progression(↓UARI with ↑ or plateau ẞHCG – 90.00% ) groups showing a statistically significant differencewith a p value of <0.05 implying that variation in UARI measurement in relation to ẞHCG levels correlate strongly, inversely and negatively. Conclusion: Finding such a significant correlation between serum β-hCG level and Doppler indices suggest that uterine artery Doppler may be used to predict the course of the disease much earlier than serial follow up with B-hcg.

Background: The rising problem of triple burden of diseases among the urban poor in the absence of affordable health care services is a big public health challenge in India. This paper explores the health care seeking behavior and utilization pattern among families residing in the slum areas of Mumbai, India. Methods: Simple random sampling was used to decide the sampling frame of six plots consisted of 1000 households. Data were collected from 15% of these households by choosing the household by systemic random sampling. Results: Apart from the proximate factors such as quality of health care services, distance from home, behavior of the staff; socio-economic factors such as educational status of individual, per capita income has an influence over health seeking behavior of individual. Conclusion: There is a need to focus beyond the factors that are more closely related to health, the distal factors; social determinants of health, which are more closely influencing the health care utilization behavior.

Background: This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of various cavity configurations on the tensile bond strength of hybrid and nanofilled composites. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study eighty extracted molars of the permanent dentition were divided into two main experimental and two control groups (Group I & Control I - Hybrid composite; Group II & Control II - Nanofilled composite). Cavity of 2mm depth and 3mm, 4mm and 6mm diameter was prepared for each experimental group. Accordingly, group I and II were divided into 3 subgroups (n = 10). The teeth were restored with self etch adhesive and Hybrid & Nanofilled composite as per the experimental groups. For the control group specimens, teeth were grounded to expose the dentin surface and the additional composite was placed on the flat surface. All restored teeth were sliced to produce 1mm thick sections which were then trimmed into an hour glass shape with the narrowest portion at the adhesive interface. The specimen was tested for tensile strength at a cross head speed of 1mm/min. Results: In both the groups 3mm diameter samples showed less strength as compared to the 4mm and 6mm diameter samples. Control groups showed significantly better strength as compared to the experimental groups. (p< 0.001) Conclusion: C-factor affects the tensile strength upto certain limit. Flat surface showed better tensile bond strength as opposed to the cavities. Nanofilled composite showed equal or higher tensile bond strength as compared to the hybrid composite.

Purpose: To measure and compare the display of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth during rest, speech and smiling and to determine the effect of age and gender on tooth visibility during the above mentioned expressions in a group of Indian population. Materials and methods: A digital videographic technique was used to record 120 subjects when they were smiling and speaking and at rest. Individual frames of interest were captured and the tooth visibility was measured with the help of software presentation tools. ANOVA, Tukey HSD and t tests were used to analyse the collected data and to f ind out age and sex correlations. (P<=0.05) Results: Mandibular anterior teeth were more visible during speech as compared to maxillary anterior teeth which were displayed more during smiling and at rest. As the age increased, the display of maxillary anterior teeth decreased during smiling, speech and rest while the display of mandibular anterior teeth increased during smiling only. In Females, maxillary anterior teeth were more visible during speech than males, who display more of mandibular anterior teeth. Females displayed more maxillary anterior teeth than males during smiling and at rest. Conclusion: This study offers guidelines for achieving an esthetic outcome taking into consideration the changes taking place in the visibility of anterior teeth with age and the differences in the two genders.

The anatomic complexities and variations are constant challenges for successful endodontic therapy. A unique morphology with double canal systems in each root was identified. The morphology was characterized by a single palatal root with two canals joining in the apical third, single mesiobuccal root with two mesiobuccal canals and single distobuccal root with two distobuccal canals with two separate orifice and two separate foramina. The present case report discusses the endodontic management of an unusual case of a maxillary first molar with three roots and six canals.

Access to safe water, proper refuse and sewage disposal, as well as good personal and environmental hygiene which affect the health of populations remains a challenge for many developing countries. Sanitation practices including water sanitation, solid waste management, sewage disposal and personal hygiene and the occurrence of fever and diarrhoea among respondents were assessed in this study. It was a cross- sectional study conducted in 3 settlements of Tudun Wada ward of Jos North LGA of Plateau State among 355 adult respondents selected by a multistage sampling technique. Data was collected using an interviewer administered questionnaire and a checklist and analyzed using SPSS version 20. The most common sources of drinking water were pipe-borne water and borehole. About 20% treated their water at home. Nearly 70% practiced insanitary refuse disposal methods. About 74% used the water closet that flushes into septic tank as toilet facility. Less than a quarter of respondents washed their hands after defecating and only 39.2% always washed their hands with soap. The prevalence of fever was 5.4% and that of diarrhea was 1.4% among the respondents. The study showed that most households generally practiced poor environmental sanitation and hygiene which affected their health status.

Impression making is a crucial step of complete denture construction. While many surveys have been conducted on this topic elsewhere, there are few such surveys in India with none in Goa. The purpose of this study was to survey dental practitioners across the state of Goa for complete denture impression materials and techniques. A questionnaire consisting of 27 questions regarding complete denture impression procedures was prepared which was distributed to 156 dental practitioners at Indian Dental Association Conference, Goa State Branch. Microsoft Excel was used to prepare graphs to show the percentage of responses. 107 responses were received, yielding a response rate of 69%. The following conclusions could be drawn from the results: Impression compound was the most frequently used material (45%) for preliminary impression. Selective pressure was the most predominant impression philosophy (60%). Most dentists performed final impressions in a border molded custom tray. The most common materials of choice for border molding and final impressions were modeling plastic impression compound (86%) and zinc oxide eugenol paste (51%) respectively.

Cysticercosis is a systemic parasitic disease caused by the larval form of cestode Taenia solium and it presents with variable clinical manifestations. The patient most commonly presents with subcutaneous and muscle involvement in the form of nodular lesions. However involvement of breast, as in this case, is a rare presentation. A perimenopausal female presented with swelling in the upper outer quadrant of right breast since 2 months. The Ultrasonography (USG) examination was performed and it suggested a well defined hypoechoic lesion. The patient was advised fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) for further evaluation and the smears prepared from the clear fluid aspirated showed fragments of larva with folded walls and refractile hooklets. A cytomorphological diagnosis of a parasitic infection of breast caused by Taenia solium (Cysticercus Cellulosae) was made. This case report emphasizes the usefulness of FNAC in diagnosis of Cysticercosis in unusual sites like breast and presents a rare cytological finding of hooklets. It once again establishes the importance of FNAC in investigating breast swellings.

Background and objectives: The prison population is a unique and challenging one, with many health problems, including poor oral health. Dental diseases can reach epidemic proportions in the prison setting. The aim of the study was to assess the oral health status and treatment needs of prisoners in district jail of Raichur city, Karnataka. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out on 102 prisoners (males were 98 and females were 04) in the district jail of Raichur. A specially designed questionnaire was used to assess the demographic variables and oral hygiene practices. A clinical examination was done according to WHO (World Health Organization) criteria 1997 and recorded using WHO Oral Health Assessment Form. Results: The mean age of the study subjects was 29.9(+ 9.74) years and the mean DT, MT, FT and DMFT was 1.59(+1.58), 0.52(+3.02), 0.05(+0.21) and 2.16 (+3.44) respectively. The prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease was 76.5% and 93.1% respectively. The oral hygiene status was poor in 33.7% of the study subjects. Conclusion: Poor oral hygiene, high prevalence of periodontal disease and dental caries are major public oral health problem among the prisoners, which require special attention and efforts from government and other organizations to meet their treatment needs.

The preferred approach for mandibular full arch prosthesis is placement of implants between and beyond the mental foramen for better stress distribution and elimination of cantilevers. The rigid framework over these implants is splitted to overcome the action of mandibular flexion. However, in situations of unavailability of bone in posterior mandible, the traditional branemark approach of placing 4 to 6 implants between mental foramen is used. In such cases, when a continuous rigid cobalt chrome or zirconia framework is used, the increased cantilever lengths and mandibular flexion causes stress at bone implant interface. To avoid this, the framework should be selected of a material which has modulus of elasticity close to that of bone. A new upcoming modified PEEK material, with combination of rigidity and elasticity close to human bone, is a more natural material for implant prosthesis.

Background: More than 50% of new cases of lung cancer are diagnosed in elderly patients. Does age is a factor for deciding the treatment options? The question remains unsolved even in present era as the median survival time of elderly patients was significantly lower compared with that of younger patients. Methods: We conducted a cross sectional study using data base of 175 patients of primary lung cancer with age 60 years and above diagnosed in indoor and outdoor of the Department of Radiotherapy at Regional Cancer Centre, RIMS, Manipur, India from January 2011 to December 2015. Results: The median age at diagnosis was 70years. There were 113 male (64.6%) patients and 62 female (35.4%) patients. The most common radiological presentation was mass (59.4%) followed by collapse-consolidation (22.8%) and pleural effusion (17.8%). Out of 175 patients, 51% of patients had squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma (33.7%), large cell carcinoma (9.1%) and undifferentiated carcinoma (6%). The median overall survival in patients underwent chemotherapy alone was found to be 17 months, in patients undergone concomitant chemo-radiation was 23 months , in patients underwent radiotherapy alone 16 months, patients underwent targeted therapy 14 months and patients who received best supportive care was 5 months. Conclusion: Our results allow us to conclude that elderly patients with good performance status are likely to benefit from radical treatments. Concurrent chemo-radiation seems to increase median survival even in elderly population with advanced stage disease.

Background: Diabetes Mellitus is one of the most common metabolic disorder and leading cause of death & disability in the world. It is due to absolute or relative insulin deficiency which leads to increased blood glucose level. Magnesium is a crucial co-factor for many enzymatic reactions involved in metabolic process. So Mg depletion has negative impact on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Magnesium deficiency also results in failure to inhibit entry of calcium into myocardial cells, failure to extrude Ca from the cells and failure of sarcoplasmic reticulum to sequester excess Ca. Mg deficiency is typical in chronic, stable mild type 2 DM and may be a strong predisposing factor for development of complications such as retinopathy, thrombosis and hypertension and also for the development of excess cardiovascular morbidity associated with diabetes. Objectives: Aim of this study was to compare the serum Magnesium concentration in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and non-diabetes controls to assess its impact on complications. Primary objective: To estimate the diabetic profiles - FBS, PPBS and HbA1C along with Magnesium and Calcium profiles in diabetes cases and non-diabetes controls. Method: The current study population included age matched 115 patientsi.e., 75 cases who attended the Diabetic clinic and 40 controls who attended the out- patient wing of General Medicine during the study period. After getting written consent, blood samples for estimation of different parameters were collected. Serum samples were used to estimate urea, creatinine, plasma concentration of glucose (both fasting as well as postprandial), serum Magnesium, serum calcium & concentration of HbA1c in EDTA blood samples were also estimated. Result: The mean serum Mg levels were lower in diabetic patients (1.59+/- 0.242 mg/dL).The age group 61-70 reported higher the number of low Mg levels. Diabetic females showed low levels of Mg than in diabetic males. According to duration of diabetes majority of low Mg levels were seen in patients who had diabetes for >7 years. The correlative studies of magnesium with age and duration of diabetes both showed a suggestive negative correlation with r = - 0.240, p = 0.001 and r = - 0.409, p = 0.001 respectively and a moderate negative significant correlation with r values - 0.733, - 0.706 and - 0.780 respectively were obtained between serum Mg with FBS, PPBS and HbA1C. A moderate positive significant correlation with r = + 0.647 and p = 0.001 was obtained between serum Mg with serum Ca. Conclusion: Low Mg in the diabetic patient were correlated with hypertension with predominant associated complications such as Diabetic Retinopathy, Diabetic Neuropathy and Cellutitis. In hypomagnesaemia diabetic patients higher levels of HbA1C indicate the risk of development of diabetic complications. Preventing hypomagnesaemia in Diabetes Mellitus by supplementing Mg is helpful in increasing insulin sensitivity and delaying the development of diabetic complications.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of internal layer of periosteum in a new bone formation in the dynamic periosteal distraction. Materials and methods: A custom-made dynamic periosteal distraction device consisted of titanium plate fixed to the lateral surface of the mandible in 10 adult rabbits. The plate was perforated in 5 rabbits (group1) and non-perforated in the others (group 2). Periosteal distraction was started 7days after placement of the periosteal distraction device. Then the device was activated at a rate of 0.25 mm every12 hours for 5 days. The animals were sacrificed after of 8 weeks of consolidation period. The specimens were then fixed, decalcified, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results: In group 1, Histological evaluation of control specimens showed a various amount of new bone formation with large spaces between bone trabeculae. On the other hand, a thin layer of a newly osteoid bone under the titanium mesh was detected in group 2 after 8 weeks. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that the internal layer of periosteum has important role in bone formation in the dynamic periosteal distraction.

Background and Objectives: Annually more than 1 million new cases of oral cancer are detected in the Indian subcontinent of which 92-95% are Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC).A wide spectrum of chromosomal, genetic and molecular alterations is associated with both pathogenesis and malignant transformation of OSMF and oral leukoplakia, yet majority remains unclear.A correlation of E-cadherin-160C/A with cancer susceptibility was described in a premalignant diseases.In this context this study aims at investigating the association between polymorphism in the CDH1-160 promoter region in patients with Oral leukoplakia and Oral sub-mucous fibrosis (OSMF) and in healthy control group of patients. Materials and Methods: The study comprised of 90 samples, of which 30 belonged to OSMF, 30 Leukoplakia and 30 controls with tobacco related habits but without any trace of oral potentially malignant disorders. A detailed history of the subjects was recorded following which clinical examination and histopathological confirmation was done. Genomic DNA isolation was done from saliva samples and PCR amplification were done to assess polymorphism of E-cadherin gene. Results: 14 and 3 patients from OSMF showed C/A and A/A polymorphism respectively. 9 and 4 patients showed C/A and A/A polymorphism in leukoplakia subjects. Notably 13 (43%) of habitual chewers also showed polymorphism. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study it can be concluded that there is a correlation of E-cadherin gene polymorphism with OSMF & leukoplakia.

Introduction Despite newer technological advances in dentistry in recent years, there still exist major challenges for the restoration of excessively flared endodontically treated teeth with extensive coronal tooth structure loss. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the fracture resistance of excessively flared endodontically treated teeth with extensive coronal tooth structure loss with different reinforcement techniques. Method: Standardized MOD cavities were prepared on single rooted premolars followed by root canal preparation. Samples were randomly divided into 3groups(n=10). Group I-Apically snugly fitting Fiber post was luted using Rely X. Group II-Both fiber post and Ribbond were placed in the post space. Group III-Fiber post along with accessory post were luted in the canal. Remaining access cavity was filled with packable composite in increments in all the groups. The specimens were subjected to thermocycling. Universal Testing Machine was used to evaluate the fracture resistance. Statistical analysis of data was done using ANOVA and Bonferroni’s test. Results: Highest mean fracture resistance was recorded in group II followed by group III, and Group I. There was no statistical significant difference between groups. Group II showed 100% favourable fracture pattern. Conclusion: Overly flared structurally compromised teeth restored with combination of fiber post and Ribbond showed higher mean fracture resistance with favourable fracture pattern.

Aim: To write a systematic review on the various treatment options in the management of bruxism. Material and method: A literature search was performed, to search on the related article on bruxism. Since the literature of bruxism is broad topic, this paper is focusing on treatment that available to treat bruxism patients. The article was searched via National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) in order to get accessed for Pub Med articles, by using the following query: 'treatment option for bruxism' or 'management of bruxism' or 'therapy of bruxism' or 'way to control bruxism'. All of the articles abstracts in english was reviewed and screened. Results: Based on the electronic search, there were about 16 publication in total, which suitable for analysis. Two articles involve combination of both occlusal splint and massage therapies, four study involve the usage of occlusal splint alone for treatment, one article involve in comparison of effectiveness of treatment in between the occlusal splint and cognitive behavior, occlusal splint with drugs as well as occlusal splint with biofeedback. There was also one article which used contingent electrical stimulant for the treatment and the rest through pharmalogical approaches. Conclusion: Bruxism is a common parafunctional habit which can happen either during sleep or awake. There is no exception for age, gender or even race. There are various treatment available to treat bruxism, but it not specifically to stop bruxism. Rather than stop the habit, this treatment help to reduce the adverse effect and control the habit

Background and objectives: Copper and Zinc are important trace elements that play a vital role in maintaining various functions of the body at cellular level. Copper and Zinc are involved in many of the anabolic and catabolic enzymatic reactions in the body which determine the cellular growth and differentiation. Copper is responsible for up-regulation of collagen synthesis by regulation of enzyme lysyl oxidase thus enhancing fibrosis in OSMF. Zinc is involved in maintaining cell membrane integrity that is disturbed in OSMF. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the changes in the serum Cu and Zn levels and to relate these alterations with the severity and progression of the disease. Materials and methods: In this hospital-based study, 20 clinically diagnosed cases of OSMF and 20 healthy age and sex matched controls were taken. The subjects were screened properly and an informed consent was obtained from all the patients and controls following which blood samples were collected. After serum separation, analysis for Cu and Zn was done. Results: Serum Cu was found to be increased in patients with OSMF and serum Zn was found to be depleted in patients when compared to the control group. Furthermore, a progressive trend was seen in the levels of serum Cu with the increasing grades of OSMF. No significant relation was observed in the levels of Zn with the disease progression. Conclusion: The above findings suggest a correlation of serum Cu and Zn levels to OSMF. Increasing levels of serum Cu in the progressive grades of OSMF can be used as a marker of disease progression and severity. Serum Zn can be considered as an early marker of the disease.

Background: Galvanism is having dissimilar metals in the teeth (e.g.-amalgam, or gold and mercury, or stainless steel and mercury) causes galvanic action, electrical currents, and much higher mercury vapour levels and levels in oral Mercury and other metals accumulate in the oral cavity in fibroblasts, macrophages, and multinuclear giant cells of connective tissue, in blood vessel walls. Such mercury including that in the commonly formed amalgam tattoos moves to other parts of the body over time in significant amounts. Such metals are documented to cause local and systemic lesions and health effects and also are dispersed to other parts of the body. The aim of this study is to emphasise the recent updates on galvanism in prosthodontics and to review on various literatures available for effects of galvanism on oral cavity and their clinical significance. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire based study consisting of 10 questions and was distributed among local population. The sample size was 50. The research was done among the dental final year students in Chennai. Result: From the survey we come to know that more than 90% dental students were aware of oral galvanism but nearly 70% of the students were not aware of adverse effects and some specific conditions in oral galvanism. Conclusion: It is necessary for a dental student to be aware of adverse effects of oral galvanism and some specific conditions so that they will be able to diagnose and treat patients with rare and idiopathic condition better.

Aim: To determine the knowledge and awareness of various topical anaesthetic agents used in dentistry among the dental practitioners. Background: Topical anaesthesia is a numbing gel it is used to numb your gums or other tissues before an injection so that u can't feel the needle glide in and to relieve the pain during procedures. These products contain drugs such as benzocaine, lidocaine or tetracaine. Materials and method: A questionnaire was made consisting of 10 questions. It was send to 50 dental practitioners working in Chennai and were asked to answer. Result: It was found that 53.2%of dental practitioners are not aware of adverse effect of topical anesthetics. 73% of patients dislike topical anesthesia due to its taste. Conclusion: It was found that all the participants who answered the survey had adequate awareness about topical anesthesia. The mode of administration of topical anesthetics should be improved. The taste of it should also be improved in the case where topical anesthetics are to be given for children.

Background: A lot of oral and nasopharyngeal microorganism are present on the dental cast. The amount of microorganisms that are found in the oral fluids ranges from 4 millions to 5 billions per 1 milliliter, and that in dental plaque ranges from 10 and 1000 billions per 1 gram. These microorganisms survive on the dental cast even after removing then from the impression material and cause threat to the health of dental practitioner and thus the patients. Though the dental casts does not have suitable environment for the multiplication of the inhabiting microorganisms, individual protective measures like wearing gloves and protective goggles should be put into practise in order to avoid contamination of dental impressions and casts with microbes and their transmission. Aim: The aim is to investigate the microbial content on the dental cast. Materials and Methods: The sample size of 10 was chosen and the sample were collected aseptically by rotating sterile cotton swabs moistened with peptone water over the dental cast that are used in the dental clinics. Conclusion: Various methods to prevent cross-contamination in dental clinics are used. Most significant methods of disinfecting impressions is using sodium hypochlorite which is a powerful disinfectant against bacteria and viruses and usage of glutaraldehyde.

Gallstones disease provides significant input to surgical opd and cause morbidity worldwide. Cholelithias is develops because of an imbalance in the chemical composition of bile inside the gallbladder and it is due to multifactorial etiology which include chronic alcoholism. Symptomatic patient's will undergo cholecystectomy. The important complications of long term gallstones are acute pancreatitis, cholecystitis, obstructive jaundice which alter the liver function and decrease the life expectancy. The present study was conducted in vinayaka mission medical college and hospital, karaikalto assess the biochemical markers as prognostic indicators in patients with cholelithiasisamong alcoholics. A total of 22 patients (case) in which 11 alcoholics and 11 non alcoholics who were age and sex matched with multiple stones in gall bladder, symptomatic and undergoing cholecystectomy were recruited for this study. 25 normal individuals as controls were recruited for this study. Serum total and direct bilirubin were estimated by DMSO method. Serum SGPT, SGOT, GGT, Lipase, Amylase and Serum alkaline phosphatase level were estimated .In the present study liver function biochemical parameters were found to increase in alcoholic gallstone disease individuals when compared to healthy individuals and also compared to gallstone disease nonalcoholic subjects. ALP and Direct billirubin were significantly elevated in alchoholic gallstone disease subjects (p=0.01,p=0.04) when compared to healthy individuals. Thus elevated biochemical parameter levels in blood could predict the presence of liver damage and also indicates the severity of gallstone disease and its complications among alcoholics.

Introduction: The most common emergency admissions to surgical ward are patients with acute abdominal pain, out of which spontaneous hollow viscus perforation is the commonest. The role of proton pump inhibitors in peptic ulcer disease treatment is tremendous for past two decades and significantly reduces the incident of peptic ulcer perforation and their surgical intervention as well. The appendicitis followed by its perforation is the commonest surgical emergency in young individuals. And ilea perforation due to typhoid is also not uncommon. Aims and Objectives: To identify the common fungal micro-organisms responsible for peritonitis in hollow viscus performation. To identify influence of fungal infection in determining the outcome following surgery. Materials and Methods: All patients in whom a diagnosis of hollow viscous perforation is made are included in this study. The study will be done after patients’ informed consent. In all these patients peritoneal fluid will be collected during surgery and sent for microbiological analysis. Microbiological analysis includes fungal culture. And will be taken for analysis. Post operatively, mortality and morbidity of the patient will be co-related with culture reports. Results: Duodenal perforation is the most common (40 cases), followed by ileal (18 ceases) and appendicular (14 cases) perforations. Gastric perforation is least common hollow viscus perforation in this study (7 cases).Gastric, duodenal and ileal perforations are common in males, where as appendicular perforation is common among females.

Maxillofacial infection may range from low-grade, well localized infections to severe life threatening facial space infection. Oral and maxillofacial space infections have several etiologies such as odontogenic cause, surgical treatment, upper respiratory tract infection, penetrating trauma, and malignancies. Neglect of odontogenic infections can have serious consequences. The authors report a case of rapid progressive temporal and occipital space infection that originated from dental caries, which is a medical emergency. Early recognition and prompt treatment direct to the underlying sources of infection are crucial. Surgical incision and drainage and broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality from this lethal condition. Management should be based on early diagnosis and immediate management with intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics and surgical intervention.

Introduction: unlike the last decade the field of periodontics has evolved in the recent years and has gained utmost importance in the field of dentistry. There has been a tremendous about of advancement in diagnostic aids and methods in relation to periodontics. Materials and methods: The present study was carried in the form of a survey among 100 dental practitioners in rural areas in Navi Mumbai (Uran, Turbhe, Kalamboli, Panvel) with a minimum of one year of active clinical practice. Interns, dental students, and especially periodontists were excluded from the survey. The questionnaire consisted of 11 questions. The questions ranged from chief periodontal complain of the patient to the level of satisfaction of private dentists after periodontal therapy. Results: the observations were that majority if the private practitioners used basic diagnostic aids, which were not sufficient to determine periodontal disease. Also majority of the practitioners do not refer the patient to a periodontist in the first visit or follow up with the patient after phase 1 therapy Conclusion: The lack of awareness and applications about periodontal healthcare in urban areas of Navi Mumbai practitioners in terms of diagnostic techniques, systemic disease relationships and reasons for referrals to periodontists. There is a need for patient motivation for disease prevention and guidance to general dentists for patient referrals to periodontists for enhancement to better treatment outcomes.

Aim: To assess the radiation risk in Orthodontic patients. Materials and Methods: 116 patient records were assessed . 94 patients were advised CBCT for non Orthodontic reasons while 22 Orthodontic patients were advised CBCT. These patients were assessed for the number of 2D radiographs taken before advising a CBCT. Results: It was observed that multiple radiation exposure was done for the orthodontic patient. Most of the 2D radiographs taken before advising CBCT was IOPAs and OPGs for Non Orthodontic patients while it was IOPAs, OPGs and LatCephs for Orthodontic patients. For the non Orthodontic patient the mean number of 2D radiographs advised before taking CBCT was 2.19 (SD 1.90) while for the Orthodontic patient the mean number of 2D radiographs taken were 4.73 (SD 1.83) The radiation exposure was however still quite low. The amount of radiation was also calculated using “radiationcalculator.com”. Conclusion: There is still a distinct possibility to reduce the radiation for the Orthodontic and Non Orthodontic patient.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different surface treatments and zirconia type (white or colored) on shear bond strength (SBS) between zirconia and resin cements. Two main groups were created according to zirconia color. After coloring, white and colored sintered zirconia was divided into four surface treatment groups: control, air abrasion, silica coating, and air abrasion + erbium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG) laser (n=20). After surface treatment, surface roughness and scanning electron microscopic analyses were conducted. Then, Panavia F 2.0 and RelyX Ultimate Clicker cements were each applied to 10 specimens from each subgroup. The specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h, and then subjected to 5,000 thermal cycles between 5°C and 55°C. SBS was measured using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. SBS values were compared using analysis of variance and Turkey’s honestly significant difference test (p < 0.05). Roughness values were analyzed using ordinary linear regression. SBS was significantly greater in the air abrasion + Er:YAG laser group (14,055 MPa), and the control group (5,678 MPa) had the lowest value; it did not differ between the air abrasion and silica coating groups. SBS of colored specimens (9, 33 MPa) was significantly lower than that of white specimens (10,45 MPa). Roughness was related significantly to bond strength. These results show that all tested surface treatments were suitable, but that air abrasion + Er:YAG laser treatment was most effective.

Oral cancer is the 6th most common cancer worldwide. However the incidence of oral cancer is increasing day by day. It may involve any anatomical site of the oral cavity. It is estimated around 43% of cancer death are due to usage of tobacco in any forms, unhealthy diet, alcohol consumption, change in lifestyle, and infections. It is known that over one-third of cancers are preventable and one-third are potentially curable provided they are diagnosed and treated in the early stage of the disease. This requires multidisciplinary approach to prevent and manage the disease.

To interpret the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics properties of a drug molecule, plasma protein binding plays a substantial factor. The present study has been done to investigate the interaction of Tramadol hydrochloride (TRD) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) under physiological condition (pH 7.40) using UV absorption and fluorescence spectrophotometry at different temperatures (298K and 308K). Spectral methods are the most robust techniques for scrutinising the reactivity of chemical agents and biological systems since it permits nonintrusive measurements of the sample molecule in low concentration under identical physiological conditions. Quenching of BSA was also observed in presence of TRD by the fluorescence method. Quenching constants were determined at different temperatures (298K and 308K) using the Stern-Volmer equation. The thermodynamic parameters namely, enthalpy change (∆H), entropy change (∆S), and Gibb’s free energy change (∆G) were analysed based on Van’t Hoff equation. It was found that with the increase of temperature, the value of Stern-Volmer constant increases in case of TRD. From this quenching mechanism, it was found that quenching of BSA-TRD system is static. Based on the thermodynamic parameters, hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding were found to be involved in the formulation of complexes in BSA-TRD system. As Gibb’s free energy change was negative, the interaction was a spontaneous process for the BSA-TRD system at both temperatures (298K and 308K). Binding constants (K) and the number of binding sites (n) were determined at different temperatures (298K and 308K). Based on the findings from the experiment regarding the interaction of BSA-TRD, the drug-protein binding mole ratio is 1:1 at temperatures 298K and 308K. The binding process is reversible and spontaneous.

Amelogenesis Imperfecta(AI) represents structural developmental defect of tooth enamel having complex inheritance pattern. It represents a group of heterogenous conditions. AI has several names such as hereditary enamel dysplasia, hereditary brown enamel, hereditary brown opalescent teeth. In this disorder, the enamel is hypoplastic, hypomineralized or both. It may show autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex-linked or sporadic pattern. Here, we report three cases among six children of the same family with Amologenesis imperfecta, analyse the clinical presentation, dignostic features and clinical complications of Amelogenesis imperfecta.

The main objective of this research paper is to utilize the waste carbide inserts in various machining operations by developing the index able boring bars, index able milling cutters which can be used for utilization of waste carbide inserts. The turning insert having size CNMG 120408 is used. In industry this carbide insert is used for turning processes. This is negative insert having 80 degree angle and rhombus geometry. Four edges are used and after using its edges this insert become wastage. To utilize the other edges the special size of boring bar 25mm diameter for turning operation and 63mm diameter milling cutter for gangue milling is developed and used for machining in this research. To evaluate the effects of these special tools the taguchi methodology is used. The output results such as material removal rate and surface roughness is analyzed by taguchi methodology. Various materials are used to optimize and observe the results.

The prevalence of obesity is increasing throughout the world and in Cameroon especially with the high rate of nutritional transition. Its etiology is dependent on modifiable risk factors such as nutrition knowledge, level of physical activity, eating practices, access to employment and others factors. Therefore, it is a call of concern for everybody, mostly future civil servant such as higher teacher training students to be equipped with nutritional knowledge for further adoption of appropriate healthy eating practices. This study aimed to assess both the prevalence of obesity and the attitudes related to obesity amongst students of the Higher Teacher Training College of Yaounde I-Cameroon. The study was conducted among two hundred and eleven students (92 men and 119 women) aged between 18 and 40 years. A questionnaire related to identification and attitude related to eating disorders was filled, anthropometric and clinical parameters were also measured during the Higher Teachers’ Training College open days of year 2015. The prevalence of obesity amongst students was 3.8%, significantly higher (p=0.002) among female (5.9%) than men (1.1%). The students’ attitudes about obesity were found not satisfactory, particularly in regard with the preference of sweet taste. In fact, the main practices eating disorders consisted of high consumption of soft drinks (67.8%), low consumption of fruits and vegetables (34.6%) and munching between meals (54%). Although the prevalence of obesity was low in this studied population, it is important to include nutrition courses in the training programs of this institution in order to give adequate nutrition knowledge to those future civil servants.

Justicia is a genus of about 420 species of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae native to tropical to warm temperate regions of the America with two species occurring north into cooler temperate regions. Justicia gendarussa is a traditional medicine used in treating ailments such as arthritis, paralysis, diaphoretic, diuretic, antispasmodic properties. The term Phytochemical means the chemicals found in plants. The phytochemical screening demonstrated the presence of different types of compounds like carbohydrates and flavonoids. Antibacterial activity reported against pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Stretomyces aureus. Pseudomonas showed that the plant extract can be used to treat diseases caused by these bacteria. Antioxidant activity was determined at ambient temperature by means of a 2,2-diphenyl-1-1-picrylhydryzyl (DDPH) colorimeter.

Aim: The aim is to find out the effective sterilisation method used for dental burs using Enterococcus Faecalis as an indicator. Methodology: The present study was performed on 40 detnal burs which is divided into four different groups containing 10 dental burs. Out of this group one group is kept as control and the other three groups were tested for the efficacy of sterilisation with different methods: autoclave, glutaraldehyde and glass bead sterilisation respectively. Background: Burs are the most widely used armamentarium in all most all branches of dentistry in which sterilisation of utmost importance as a preventive measure for cross-infection. This study is done to evaluate various sterilisation methods that can be used which is of short duration and effective. Results: In this study, we came to a conclusion that none of the sterilising methods were found to be efficacious in dental burs. However, among the three sterilisation methods autoclave and glutaraldehyde showed 60% sterility and glass bead sterilization showed 40%. Conclusion: Amongst the sterilisation methods used autoclave and glutaraldehyde showed highest decontamination followed by glass bead sterilisation.

Introduction: Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) is a severe bacterial infection that continues to be the main cause of morbidity and mortality. Compromised immune status due to micronutrient deficiency is one of the key factors predisposing to PTB infection. The aim of the present study was to assess the trace elements Copper and Zinc status in PTB patients and to evaluate the diagnostic role of Cerruloplasmin (Cp) and Cerruloplasmin Albumin ratio (Cp/Alb). Method: 120 Adult PTB patients (60 newly diagnosed and 60 relapse) attending the Institute of Respiratory Disease, SMS Medical College, Jaipur and 60 healthy non family members of patients / Controls were enrolled for the study. After informed consent, sputum examination and Routine Biochemical analysis along with Serum Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and Cerruloplasmin (Cp) were estimated in fasting sample for all subjects. Result and Discussion: Serum Protein, Albumin and Zinc were significantly reduced in PTB group as compared to controls due to increased catabolism, anorexia, pre-existing undernutrition and Acute Phase Response associated with PTB. Serum Cu and Cp were significantly high which may be due to increased hepatic synthesis of acute phase proteins. Cu correlated strongly only to Cu/Zn ratio but the later was found to have good correlation with all parameters estimated. Similarly, Cp/Alb ratio correlates well with Cp as well as Cu and Zinc. Conclusion: Trace elements alteration in PTB is significant and can be used in nutritional monitoring of patients. Early estimation of micronutrient status can help identify at risk individuals and prevent occurrence of relapse. This would also enhance survival and early recovery of patients. Cp/Alb ratio can be used as additional tool to assist diagnosis and Prognosis of PTB.

Present study revealed that agricultural manipulations brought about significant changes in the physico-chemical properties & floral composition but failed to cause significant differences in the abundance of microarthropod groups even though their number were less in the agricultural fields. Acari was the most common group in both cultivated and uncultivated sites. Oribatida comprised about 60% of the acarofauna in the uncultivated wasteland and constituted <50% of acari in the cultivated land. Oribatida outnumbered collembola in wasteland and fodder field but in sugarcane field trend was opposite.

SahacharanAyurvedic herb has primarily been used to cure all types of Arthritis.Janu means knee and Basti signifies retaining something inside or containing something. Thus JanuBasti is the Ayurvedic therapy where hot medicated oil is made to retain on the surface of the knee portion of body. At present, there is no cure for OA of Knee. The management of OA of Knee is broadly divided into non-pharmacological, pharmacological, and surgical treatments, which are highly symptomatic and commonly associated with troublesome side effects. These treatments are either expensive or not available for common people in developing countries. AcharyaSushrutahas explained Vayu entrapped in Snayu (muscles), Sandhi (joint) & Asthi (bone) which should be treated with Janubasti with SahacharTaila(BarleriaPrionitis). Hence the patient should be kept under Janubasti therapy. 50 pts.were selected from the Dept. of Panchakarma OPD BharatiVidyapeeth Ayurveda Hospital Pune. Sahachar Tail wasPurchased fromAgsati Pharmaceutical’s Pune . Janubasti with Sahachar Tail was done dailyonce for 30 minutes for 7 days and f/u were taken on 15th and 30th day. Janubasti reduces all signs and symptoms of OA of Knee i.e. pain, swelling, Tenderness, Pain during extension and flexion, tenderness, difficulty during walking without any treatment-emergent adverse effect. Janubasti with SahacharTailashown significant results (i.e. P value is <0.05) in cardinal signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis of Knee.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the colon. The disease is more prevalent in developed countries and an increase in IBD cases is observed in developing countries. In susceptible individuals, IBD occur due to an imbalance between genetic and environmental factors. Alteration in the gut microbiota can influence the development of immune repertoire of an individual, thereby playing a vital role in the development of IBD. The two main disease entities of IBD are Crohn’s disease (CD) and Ulcerative colitis (UC). This review focuses on various environmental factors involved in development of IBD. Such environmental factors comprise of hygiene, air pollution, smoking, oral contraceptives (OCPs), Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), stress and diet. Higher hygiene standards will lead to greater risk of development of IBD, due to lack of exposure to enteric pathogens. Air pollutants increase the risk of development of IBD. Smoking has a protective effect in UC and an opposite effect in CD. Prolong use of OCPs and NSAIDs has been associated with the risk of IBD. Intake of high protein diet increases the risk of IBD. On the other hand, fruits and vegetables have a protective effect in IBD. Stress and depression worsen the symptoms of IBD and increases the chance of relapse of IBD in patients. However, these environmental factors do not show a consistent result and further research is required for deciphering the role of these factors in the development of IBD.

This paper deals with the study of eco-physiological parameters of three lakes presented in khammam rural, Telangana, India. For this purpose both physico-chemical and biological parameters were analysed for a period of one year from April 2013 to March 2014. According to APHA standard methods the results of analysis point out the fact that all the parameters are under permissible limits. The result indicates that all the lakes are good and can be used for domestic and irrigation purpose.

Typhoid fever is an acute illness associated with fever that is most often caused by the Salmonella typhi bacteria. Once the bacteria is ingested it quickly multiplies within the stomach, liver or gall bladder and finally enters the blood stream causing symptoms like fever, headache etc. these cases as of 2010 caused about 190000 deaths up from 137000 in 1990 in whole world, India, Pakistan and Egypt are also known high risk area for developing this disease. A clinical study comprising of 15 patients of either sex attending OPD clinic of AMVH Hubli and presenting with clinical manifestation of Typhoid confirmed by Widal test were selected for observational study. All the patients were received Sanjivani vati 2 tab. bid with Kiratadisapta Kashaya (20 ml) twice daily after food. It was given for 21 days and follow up period was of 1 month with weekly visit. From the result obtained we can conclude that therapy with this Ayurvedic combination of drugs shown significant relief (p< 0.001) in symptoms after 21 days of treatment.

Different methods of Rhizobium inoculation were attempted and it was found that Rhizobium applied in the form of water suspension just below the seed gave maximum nodulation followed by lime pellecting. Groundnut seed often possess a problem of seed inoculation because of delicate seed coat. Rhizobium inoculation has significantly influenced all the nitrogen fixing traits which ultimately contributed to the dry pod yield of groundnut. Beneficial effects of inoculation of plant growth and yield have been frequently observed in groundnut Rhizobium interation

The present study aimed at determining the change in the leaf nutrient contents of different resistant and susceptible cultivars/varieties of greengram against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita infection. Four resistant cultivars, 24 ML-233, 7 GGG 10-14,17 IPM 9901-6 and 8 GM 04-02 and two susceptible cultivars 28 PM 10-12 and 29 PUSA 0672 were selected to assess for change in leaf. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of both infected and healthy plants. Maximum N₂ content of 196.61% was noted in variety 7 GGG 10-14 while minimum as 88.57% in variety 28 PM 10-12.Similarly P₂O₅ was maximum (46.49 %) noted in varieties 29 PUSA 0672 and minimum -52.26% in varieties 28 PM 10-12. The crude protein content was maximum (-4.10 %) in the varieties 8 GM 04-02.

In Ayurveda, Diabetes Mellitus can be interpreted under the broad clinical entity described as Prameha. Prameha is a multi systemic disease caused by the imbalance of Tridosha (biohumors), initially mediated through Kapha affect urinary system and manifest as polyuria. The primary focus of pathogenesis in prameha shows the role of increased abdominal adiposity in the susceptibility of DM. Different types of Prameha mentioned in Ayurvedic classics can be compared with various stages of diabetes. Symptoms of beta cell destruction in prodromal stage and vascular complications due to deformities in rasayani (channels of nutrition) are mentioned. Aetiopathology of Prameha in described in a unique way, which emphasize that management should be focused on correction of metabolism at multi systemic level, to prevent the complications. The paper gives an insight in to the aetiopathogenesis of Prameha in relation to that of Diabetes Mellitus.

This work is interested in the frequency study of the dielectric properties of BT ceramics. In this regard, we used two methods for measuring capacitance. In the first method the frequency was varied in the interval 100Hz – 1000 kHz and the measuring temperature was varied with a rise rate of 1°C/min, whereas in the second method the measurement temperature was first fixed and after its stabilization the capacitance measurement was started in a frequency range which varies between 1 kHz and 2 MHz by a step of 1 kHz. In particular, the results found show, that the values of the dielectric constant are higher and the transition temperature Tc lowered by 12 °C in the second method.

There are numerous ways of admitting students into the University system in Nigeria. These methods include admission through the Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME), part time programs, diploma programs and the pre-degree program. In recent times, applicants who seek admission into the University system through the pre-degree program but fail to meet the requirement of their preferred course of study are usually allocated an alternative course of study. This process is however usually done without considering the academic strength and ability of the applicant. Hence, the academic performance of the candidate in the alternative course of study is usually poor. This is because the candidate is usually not psychologically prepared for the alternative course of study. Consequently, this paper studies the existing process of admitting students into the University system in Nigeria through its pre-degree program. This is achieved by interviewing stakeholders in the admission process. This study considered ObafemiAwolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria as its case study. The study also designed a framework that carefully allocates students into an alternative course of study by considering their academic strength and ability. This is with a view to assisting stakeholders in making effective decisions on alternative course allocation.

In today's scenario, increase in growth of staffs and students population, leading to an insufficient transportation facilities. Staffs and students needs to take college bus as their transport source as they need to travel a long route. But the problem is, there is no easy way to know with how many people a college bus takes ride. This paper is to create a college bus transport management system where a travel faculty and students will get college bus information. The Static transport management system is done as a solution for the educational organization to over come problem like facing insufficient bus to travel, to identify students who have paid and unpaid bus fair. Data are maintained manually and it is hard to track and maintain. This paper is a sustainable mobility and way to maintain record of faculty and students of the college bus.

The outline of a new genetic algorithm (GA) is introduced to detect the location of license plate (LP) symbols. An adaptive threshold method is applied to overcome the dynamic changes of illumination conditions when it converts the image to binary. Connected Component Analysis Technique (CCAT) is used to detect candidate objects inside the unknown image. Two new crossover operators, which based on sorting, are introduced, which greatly upgrade the convergence speed of the system. Color (RGB) to Grayscale (GS) change is executed using the Filtering technique by eliminating the hue and saturation data while maintaining the luminance. Most of the CCAT problems, such as touching or broken bodies, edge-based techniques were also implemented to perceive the plate based on the high density of vertical edges inside it detecting license text and at the same time distinguishing it from similar patterns based on the geometrical connection between the symbols constituting the license numbers is the specific approach. These plates usually contain different colors written in different languages, and use different fonts.

A 3-(2-Hydroxylphenylimino) indolin-2-one [HPI2O] is use as a reagent for the extractive spectrophotometric determination of Cerium. The reagent HPI2O gave instantaneous and stable brown colour complex with Cerium at pH 5.0. The colour reaction in detail has been explored and the possibility of photometric determination of the micro amounts of Cerium is established with necessary conditions. A linear calibration graph over the concentration range 1 ppm to 12 ppm was obtained by applying the spectrophotometric method at wavelength 430 nm. The stoichiometry of the complex is established as 1:1 (M:L) by Job’s method of continuous variation and confirmed by mole ratio method. The Sandell’s Sensitivity is 0.0303 µg cm-2 with molar absorptivity 4623.92 L mol-1 cm -1. The results of the prescribed procedure applied for the determination of the micro amounts of Ce (IV) in various synthetic and standard steel samples are presented.

More than 50% of new cases of lung cancer are diagnosed in elderly patients. Does age is a factor for Are outdated traditional education, distance education, information technological infrastructure, partnerships and financial resources common problematic issues facing many of the educational institutions in our world today? With this into considerations, are these issues vital in order to stabilize the political and economic embroidery of an institution or organization, and its psychological and sociological awareness? What is it that is to be learned and thought in our institutions and, what really is lifelong education; and how is to be carried out in the society of ours? It is found that education may be the training of the mind to perform desire functions or to perpetuate the modality of obtaining an end or result. Actually, the accessibility of distance education by lifelong learners may be hindered by unavailability of enough technical and economical supports.

The study has been designed to analyze the Challenges of Internally Generated Funds and its contributions; evidence from Techiman North District Assembly. The purpose of the study was to acquire in-depth knowledge about the various sources of Internally Generated Funds (IGF) and to clarify our understanding of problems associated with the assembly’s revenue generation. A purposive sampling technique was used. Primary data was the main source of data for the study. The researchers administered questionnaires to assembly members, unit committee members and opinion leaders in the district. It was disclosed that Techiman North District Assembly had the following as its sources of internal generated funds; rates, lands, (excluding stool lands), fees and fines, licenses, rents, investments. It was also found out that mobilized revenue is used to construct roads, setting of social amenities, improving the agric sector and building schools. It was concluded that the awareness level of respondents on the taxes charged by the Techiman North District Assembly was low and generation of internally generated funds is faced with a lot of challenges which needs to be addressed immediately. It was recommended that there should be provision of appropriate logistics and incentives to revenue collectors who exceed their targets. There should be sanctions for tax payers who default.

The teacher training in India was first started in Vedic period. In that period the senior students among the Brahmins were given the chance to teach junior students and thus were trained in teaching. The modern teacher training in India was first started by European missionaries. In the beginning they trained the students in teaching different subjects but later on they also started to develop in the trainees some basic concepts regarding education and teaching. Teacher education system is an important vehicle to improve the quality of school education. The revitalization and strengthening of the teacher education system is a powerful means for the upliftment of educational standards in the country. There are many issues that need urgent attention for improving the quality of teacher education programme. One of them is the need of innovations in teacher education programme. Innovativeness means the ability to think beyond the boundaries and create something which is different from that which already exists. Without innovations, no progress is possible. Teachers have to be innovative and their grooming has to start from their training institutions. Innovations in teacher education include IT literacy, interactive teleconferencing etc. NPE (1986) stated “The existing system of teacher education needs to be overhauled or revamped.” Unfortunately, the secondary teacher education institutions in India are stated to be largely not innovative. There are some resisting factors in our education system which prevents the teacher education institution from being innovative such as lack of physical facilities and funds, lack of diffusion of innovations among teacher educators, rigid framework, lack of research orientation etc. This paper provides an overview of Assessment in teacher education in India. It traces the development of India’s assessment system in education and the legislative policies aimed at reform of examination focusing on the progressive changes in the policies for betterment of assessment/evaluation.

Education problem on streen children and illiteracy eradication are the world’s problem. This research is aimed to know and observe effectiveness of android media use to eradicate illiteracy for street children in Semanggi Area, Surakarta City. This research is a research which utilizes desctiptive method. The research method utilized are observation, interview, and document review of qualitative descriptive analysis. Result of the research which is resulted is that learning method of Android-based gradual functional literacy that can give effective learning activity to improve school residents’ understanding, enable instructors in providing and bringing media which can effectively improve school recidents’ interest towards learning media utilized in Functional Literacy Learning.

Emotional intelligence has been a source of concern and research towards the end of the 20thcentury. It refers to the capacity for recognizing our own feelings and those of others, for motivating ourselves and for managing emotions well in us and in our relationships. The objectives of the study were to assess the level on emotional intelligence among higher secondary school students and to associate the level on emotional intelligence of higher secondary school students with their demographic variables. The study was descriptive research design in nature which was carried in 100 students who were selected by non probability convenient sampling technique. The tool used for the study comprises of 2 sections, section A- Demographic Data (which includes age, gender, year of study, monthly income, education of father, education of the mother, type of family, religion, age at married, income, type of family, ) and section B- a structured questionnaire developed by the investigator which includes 15 questions to assess the level of emotional intelligence. Reliability of the tool was r= 0.07 .The pilot study was conducted on 10 higher secondary school students who met the inclusion criteria were selected by non probability convenient sampling technique. The findings revealed the feasibility, reliability and practicability of the tool for the main study. The major findings of the study reveals that among 100 students, None of them have inadequate emotional intelligence. 86 (86%) have moderate level of emotional intelligence, 14 (14%) students have adequate emotional intelligence. There is a significant association on the level of emotional intelligence among HSS students with their demographic variables such as education of mothers. There is no significant association with respect to other demographic variables. The Study concluded that a person`s emotional make-up largely determines his or her professional success. They believe that emotional intelligence is the most important determinant of the extent of professional and personal success in life

Buchanania lanzan plants suffer damage by biotic factors like grazing, hacking, repeated fire, indiscriminate harvesting (lopping and cutting), insect and diseases attack which adversely affect the growth and productivity. This economically important tree species were susceptible to damage several insect pests and diseases. Experiments on effect of chemicals on fruits yield of B. lanzan for control of insect pests and diseases were laid out in natural stand and during seed storage. The studies revealed that spraying of combination of chemicals- endosulfan 0.07% + bavistin 0.2% + alpha NAA 40 ppm were found to be most effective. But the endosulfan has now banned and therefore the second alternative treatment i.e. monocrotophos 0.04% + bavistin 0.2% + alpha NAA 40 ppm was also found to be most effective for the production of inflorescence / fruits and protection against sap suckers i.e. thrips, Rhipiphorothrips spp. and diseases of B. lanzan. Seed mycoflora Aspergillus spp. and Rhizopus nigricans (Ehn.) in storage were also studied. The protein, carbohydrate and oil percentages were comparatively less in infected seeds as compared with the healthy seeds. Fungicide, dithane M-45 0.1% superior control and exhibited 4.06% protein content and 47.58% oil content.

Plyometric is another type of body weight exercise that is taking on popularity among women. It is a form of exercise training designed to produce quick and powerful movements. It is a form of exercise training designed to produce quick and powerful movements. Plyometric training is a high intensity work out and only well conditioned athletes should use them as a training tool. Even then athletes should be under the supervision of a qualified coach or trainer. It is also suggested athletes check themselves for signs of injury and over training. Contractions are what cause muscles to move. The importance of plyometric revolves around the basic concept that a pre-stretched muscle is capable of generating more force. It is also proven that plyometric training mixed with strength training can result in greater gains in both. Plyometric training will bridge the gap between strength and speed. It will benefit athletes of all lone correctly. The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of plyometric exercise on vertical jump performance of inter collegiate players. To achieve this purpose of the study twenty five volleyball players and twenty five non volley ball inter collegiate players of Alagappa University College of Physical Education, Karaikudi were randomly selected as subject. The group was equated based on the initial test. The standing broad jump was used to equate the group. Each group fifteen players were selected for research. The age group of the subjects was between 22 years to 25 years. Experimental design, equated group design was used. Control group was not subjected to any treatment. Experimental group was subject to the experimental treatment At the end of six weeks of experiments, the vertical jump performance of the control and experimental groups were taken. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis. The‘t’ ratio was used. Conclusion: Based on the limitation, delimitation of the study it was concluded that plyometric exercise improves the vertical jump performance of the players.

Introduction: Crowdfunding is a way to raise finance from public / individuals to fund a project or venture. It is a form of gathering funds over the internet by (Campaign) advertising the purpose and need of the project or venture. People interested in the thought / idea tends to invest or send money (any amount) in the form of monetary donation or sometimes in exchange for a future product, service or reward. The term crowdfunding was first coined in a blog post by Michael Sullivan in 2006 and has its roots in charitable donations (Castelluccio, 2012). It was initially used to support projects as diverse as record albums, books, ecology trips, scientific research (Aitamurto, 2011, Gaggioli, 2013) Research Method: Sampling Method: The present research being an empirical in nature includes survey method and fact finding enquiries. The data collected would be processed with the help of statistical techniques such as frequency, standard deviation, cross tabulation, etc. to obtain the relevant results and fulfill the stated objectives. Data Collection: Primary data is collected firsthand by a researcher through experiments, surveys, questionnaires, focus groups, interviews and taking measurements, while the secondary data is readily available and is available to the public through publications, journals, magazines and newspapers. Data Analysis: Findings of study - Reward based crowdfunding model is much preferred by the fund raisers for their startups and business ventures. - Majority of the fund raisers are satisfied with donation based crowdfunding model of crowdfunding.

The objectives of this paper is study the Growth Rate of India’s Trade in Textile and Clothing with SAARC Countries from 1972 to 2011. Regional Trade Agreements have become increasingly prevalent since the early 1990s. India’s relations with SAARC countries are entrenched deeply. In addition to an overlapped cultural and religious heritage, the SAARC countries share a common vision on many regional and international affairs. Textile and clothing sector plays a major role in SAARC region for promoting regional trade; it is a major source of foreign exchange and largest industrial sector of SAARC region and contributes towards employment of skilled and unskilled labor in the region. The contribution of textile and clothing towards the GDP and international trade of SAARC countries is very high, and therefore, any problem in the textile and clothing sectors has macroeconomic national implications. In our study we found that the growth rate of India’s exports of textile and clothing items started improving after the establishment of SAARC in 1985, experienced high growth since 2002 after the implementation of SAPTA as well as many bilateral agreements between India and other SAARC nations. This increase, however, was not uniform for all the nations and the exports to Maldives and up to some extent Bhutan had lower growth compared to other nations. On the other hand, exports of textile and clothing to Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Pakistan experienced high growth,

Urban centers are heritage by themselves. Cultural heritages are non renewable and non replaceable. Once destroyed, it has gone for good and could not be revived, and replaced in its authentic form. Heritage need protection by laws. In the absence of protective laws, cities would be destroyed by regeneration. The article is aimed at exploring the status of Cultural Heritage in the city of Dire Dawa with particular emphasis on Kezira quarter. This is mainly because some of cultural heritage of Kezira has gone. The study revealed that Kezira’s landscape is under major menace of Local Development Project, which has already demolished some of its cultural heritage, hence in appalling condition to vanish its history and identity. The main driving force is the Local Development Project. The absence of strong and effective relevant legislation has given an impetus to LDP. The legal framework for Heritage Conservation of the city has gaps as shown from its failure stop the indiscriminate destruction of its heritage. Failure to address each other among various offices of the city, lack of awareness and lack of commitment are among the factors that contribute to the destruction of cultural heritage, thus vanishing history of Kezira. The article concluded that the condition is more serious that need immediate intervention. Kezira and its landscape deserve designation as cultural heritage of Ethiopia. It recommended the possible solutions for saving kezira’s heritage through Historic landscape strategy, thereby protecting the history of Dire Dawa. This article is a kind of a call to conserve the cultural heritage of Kezira and its history threatened by local development project.

This article deals with the cultural development and general perception of the concept of "intelligence" and "economic intelligence" in France. After the Cold War, finance and markets assumed a greater importance in determining the relations between countries; however, it took a long time for the French elite to be convinced of the existence of “economic warfare” and to define a culture of its own in the field of intelligence. Still, when all the international analyses were strongly related to the Cold War ideology and talking about economic warfare seemed like an abuse of language, C. Harbulot and P. Baumard urged the need to reconsider intelligence activities and to apply them in the national economy, overcoming the negative connotation that "renseignement" had. Researching, processing and spreading any piece of information that can be considered strategic is the only formula we can rely on in order to face the last challenges posed by globalization. Between 1992 and 1994, the expression “economic intelligence” officially entered the French public debate on national competiveness, together with the request for public intervention in the national economy. Harbulot and Baumard kept recommending the systematic search and interpretation of the information available to everyone, showing a new way to interpret the markets. The new approach is different from traditional intelligence by the nature of its field of application (open information); the nature of its actors (inserted in a collective information culture context), and its cultural specificities (each nation’s economy generates its own specific model of economic intelligence).

This study was designed to investigate the influence of socio-economic factors of parents’ educational background and marital status on the academic performance of students in Abakaliki Education zone, Ebonyi State. Two research questions were formulated to guide the study and two hypotheses were tested in the study. A structured questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection for the analysis for results of the study. The instrument was face validated and the reliability coefficient determined using the Cronbach Alpha Approach, which gave a coefficient index of 0.86. This figure is of high internal consistency indicating that the instrument was suitable for use for the study. A total of 150 senior secondary II students were used for the study. The data collected were subjected to analysis using mean and standard deviation for the research questions while t-test statistic was used to test the hypotheses. The results of the study showed that parents’ educational background and marital status have influences on students’ academic performance. Hypothesis 1 was not significant while hypothesis 2 was significant. The researchers recommended among other things that the parents should improve on their educational background to guide their children at home. Again, the home environment should be made peaceful environment and united while the school should have qualified teachers. Both the home and the school should work closely to enhance students’ academic performance at school. Based on the findings of the study educational implications, recommendations were made which if implemented would boost the academic performance of students tremendously.

Background: A cataract is a clouding of the normally clear lens of your eye. For people who have cataracts, seeing through cloudy lenses is a bit like looking through a frosty or fogged-up window. Intraocular lenses (IOLs) are medical devices that are implanted inside the eye to replace the eye's natural lens when it is removed during cataract surgery. IOLs also are used for a type of vision correction surgery called refractive lens exchange. Aim: To estimate the incidence of cataract and IOL replacements among general population. Objective: This survey is conducted to estimate the incidence of cataract and IOL Replacements among general populations. Materials and Methods: This is a clinical observational study. The data was collected for 300 patients from the Ophthalmologist to whom the aim of the study was first explained. The incidence of cataract and IOL Replacements were analysed. The results were represented in the form of graph, table and a pie chart. Results: The study was conducted for 300 patients. Out of which 42 subjects (14%) had cataract and 24 subjects (8%) were ready for IOL Replacements.

In the field of consumer behavior family is the central consuming unit and their behavior is a matter of research for marketers since long time. In the family, there are three components, like mother, father and children. Father is most crucial component of family in Indian culture and second role of mother because these two are most important factors of family which constitutes a family. In consumer decision making, one more very important factor is growing very rapidly, which is the role of child. Therefore, marketers are focusing on all the components of family, parents as well as children. In past research, the role of father and mother was considered for study and in some studies the role of children were also examined. In this study, a segment of children that is teenager was undertaken to study. Teenagers are the children of ager group between thirteen to nineteen years. This is the growing, choose, information getter, knowledgeable, internet savvy group in our country. A very scientific and systematic approach was applied to undertake this study. The study is based on a well organized literature review and then the objectives of study were determined. The data was collected through survey method to identify various products categories based on influence exerted by teenagers on their parents. This study is good for the academician to look into the family decision making process and the role of teenage child in family. Parents also can understand their children how they influence them to fulfill their demands. This study also very fruitful for the marketers, they can understand the role of each component of family because there is cut-throat competition in the market. So, they can develop their strategies to increase their market share and to compete with their counterparts.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to compare the dimensional stability of three different alginate impression materials at three different storage periods. Materials and Methods: A brass model representing maxillary edentulous ridge was used as a master model in this study. Three customised abutments A,B,C were CAD/CAM machined to simulate full veneer preparation. They were positioned on the master model one in the anterior region and two in the posterior region on either side of the ridge. The centre of the cross hair reference lines made on the occlusal surfaces of abutments was used for measuring linear dimensional changes. A total of 90 impressions of the master model was made by all three irreversible hydrocolloids and stored in three different storage period of 30 minutes, 12 hours and 24 hours. The casts were poured after three storage period with type IV gypsum product and the inter abutment distance between the abutments were measured with the electronic vernier caliper. Results: ANOVA analysis showed no significant differences (p< .05) at 30 minutes storage period between all three alginates and a very high significant difference (p< .001) at 12 and 24 hours storage periods. Conclusion: The dimensional accuracy of the improvised alginates Cavex CA37 and Neocolloid were greater than the conventional Algitex in delayed pouring of the cast.

Aim: To determine and compare the antifungal activity of ethanolic extracts of Neem twig and Banyan root against clinical isolates of Candida albicans. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 non repetitive clinical isolates of Candidaspecies were collected from different samples of immunocompromised individuals attending Saveetha Medical college, Thandalam. Characterized by carbohydrate fermentation and assimilation tests and confirmed further using HiChromagar. The ethanolic extracts of Neem and Banyan were prepared. The sensitivity of Candida to the extracts was tested. Results: Of the 20 clinical isolates of Candidaspp, 6/20 (30%) were from oral thrush, 5/20 (25%) from urine, 3/20 (15%) from sputum, 3/20 (15%) from vaginal swab, 2/20 (10%) from ear swab and one (5%) from wound swab. The banyan extract seemed to have greater antifungal effect than neem. Conclusion: Banyan was found to have greater effect than neem. Voriconazole as a standard has a greater sensitivity in comparison with the other two herbal extracts.

Siderosis oculi is recognized as a severe emanation of retained, iron made, intraocular foreign body. The injury quintessentially results while battering or pounding metal and most of the times presents in males. Outcome and clinical findings vary depending on time, course and anatomic site within the eye. The prognosis is related to size, position, chemical composition of foreign body. The presence of encapsulated foreign bodies and retention time of foreign bodies also predicts the development of complications.

Background: Oxidative stress is observed in gastric ulceras it contributes to the mucosal injury. Melatonin (Mel) has protective functions of the gastric mucosa. Theaim of this study is to examine the protective effect of Melon gastric mucosa in acute lesions induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced gastric lesions in rat model of ethanol-induced gastric ulcer. Methodology: This study was performed in male Sprague-Dawley rats (200–250 g) in 9 groups of equal size (n = 45): Intra-peritoneal (i.p.) injection of Mel (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/Kg) 30 min before H2O2treatment. Gastric ulcers were scored and ulcer index was calculated. Glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) activity was measured using spectrophotometry. Gastric thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) as an index of lipid peroxidation (LPO) was measured. Results: Gastric mucosal level of reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) activity were significantlydecreased by H2O2 administration, while melatonin pretreatment significantly increased both TBARS was increased after H2O2 administration and this increase was inhibited by melatonin. Melatonin was more protective, when compared with ranitidine and omeprazole. Mel gastro-protective effect was reduced by indomethacin and completely blocked by diethylmaleate. Conclusions: the results suggest that melatonin protects rat gastric mucosa against H2O2-induced damage possibly by scavenging reactive oxygen species via increases of GSH level, GSH-px activity and reduction of lipid peroxidation in the gastric mucosa. This suggests that Melmayprotect against alcohol induced peptic ulcer.

Lichen planus is an autoimmune muco-cutaneous condition affecting the skin and oral mucosa. The most common oral sites involved are buccal mucosa and tongue, gingiva being confined to only 10% of the oral presentation of the lesion. The purpose of this case report is to report a case of plaque type lichen planus in a 29 year old male patient with the chief complaint of whitish gum in the upper front tooth region since last 9 months. Histopathologic examination with hematoxylin and eosin stain confirmed the diagnosis of lichen planus on gingiva. Topical application of steroids and surgical excision of the lesion are the treatments of choice for such lesion.

Skull base tumors are a challenge to neurosurgeons. Starting from meningiomas, pituitary tumors to clival chordoma or acoustic schwannoma all demand a complex case planning and strategy (Koutourousiou et al., 2013). We present a skull base meningioma in a adult male treated in two stage surgery with complete tumor excision with no gross neurological deficit. Single stage exhausting prolonged surgery weighs inferior to staged surgery with good outcome with minimal complications.

Drug carrier can be defined as the administration of drug from natural or synthetic origin, in order to control in vivo availability of drug molecules for pharmacological effects. Rapid and efficient drainage and the relative impermeability of the cornea account for poor ocular bioavailability. To increase ocular bioavailability of drug, we need to increase ocular residence time of the drug. In situ gelling systems are viscous gelling solutions that posses phase transition on the eye due to change in certain physical and chemical properties. The purpose of the present work was to develop in situ gelling systems for fluroquinolone drugs viz. levofloxacin hemihydrate, ofloxacin (BCS Class I); and norfloxacin, equivalent to 0.5%, 0.3% and 0.3%w/v respectively by using three different mechanisms for phase transition viz. pH, ion and temperature. In situ gel forming abilities of the developed systems significantly controls precorneal drainage. Thus, increased residence time in eye would help to increase ocular bioavailability. Optimized thermosensitive in situ gelling medicated formulation containing levofloxacin hemihydrate, ofloxacin and norfloxacin was found to be well tolerated and nonirritant. The optimized systems of levofloxacin hemihydrates, ofloxacin and norfloxacin are in situ gelling and remain in the form of clear solution.

Objectives: To assess the risk of cardiovascular diseases associated with air pollution in Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) by summarizing the existing knowledge from previous studies in the region and to identify knowledge and research gaps to support further research efforts. Methods: Literature search between January 2000 and June 2016 using the combinations of keywords and hand search resulted in 366 articles published in the EMR. Of those, 13 studies met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Results: Thirteen studies from few countries in EMR have examined the effect of air pollution on cardiovascular disease and met the inclusion criteria. Most of studies were conducted in Iran. The most common study designs were ecological time series and cross-sectional studies. The reviewed articles showed that air pollution has a significant association with cardiovascular morbidity, especially in high risk groups, but not with mortality. For the majority of reviewed studies, limitations do exist in all studies even well conducted ones. The limitations and shortcomings that arise from inappropriate study designs, poor assessment of exposure and outcomes, questionable sources of data, lack of standardized methods, poor adjustment of confounders, limited geographical area studies, small sample sizes, poor statistical modeling, and not testing for possible interactions between exposures. Conclusion: Air pollution has a significant association with cardiovascular morbidity, especially in high risk groups, but not with mortality in the reviewed studies. However, the limited number of studies in few EMR countries makes it difficult to construct evidence on the effect of air pollution on cardiovascular diseases in the region. The reviewed studies did not sufficiently represent the different geographic locations and compositions of the countries.

We report a rare case of compound heterozygous condition of Hb-D/β-thalassemia (Hb-D/β+) in a Rajasthani family of Western India after analyzing four samples (3 blood + CVS) using DNA sequencing and Hb electrophoresis including phenotypic indices. This condition is identified in Rajasthan state only with Hb-D/β disease in two cases i.e. father and Chorionic villus sampling (CVS), though Hb-D Punjab traits are known. Hence, it is recommended that this condition may require blood transfusion on suggestion of clinician and phenotypic characters. Further six month old daughter suffered with β0/β0 mutations of homozygosity with blood transfusion too. Therefore it is rare and novel, is suggested to have prenatal screening for better management of families and to discourage marriages possessing such carriers in the society.

Background: Human periodontal disease comprises a heterogenous group of infectious diseases that lead to pathologic destruction of the periodontium. Periodontal diseases have varied aetiology i.e. bacterial, host response and clinical disease progression. The most important blood-typing system, the ABO blood group, is the determinant for transfusion reactions and organ transplantation. Here in this study we will be investigating the prevalence of chronic periodontitis in patients with different blood groups. Material and Methods: A total of 875 subjects in the age group of 25 yrs and 45 yrs and of both sexes with equal percentage of males and females were selected at random, belonging to Rishikesh, Uttarakhand. The study subjects were grouped into healthy/mild gingivitis, moderate/severe gingivitis, and periodontitis group, based on Loe and Silness index and clinical attachment loss as criteria. The study group was further categorized and graded using Ramfjord’s periodontal disease index. Further blood investigations were made to detect the blood group. Results: It was concluded that the blood groups B and A were associated with diseased periodontium. Conclusion: The prevalence of blood group A is more in this geographic location, followed by blood groups B and O, and the least prevalent was blood group AB. There was an increased prevalence of subjects with blood groups A and O with healthy periodontium, while blood groups B and A showed inclination toward diseased periodontium. This association can be due to various blood group antigens acting as receptors for the infectious agents associated with periodontal disease.

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma of gall bladder is a rare presentation with limited literature hence adjuvant treatment is still ill defined with under-powered studies showing controversial role of adjuvant treatment. Aims: To analyse prognostic factors affecting outcome, role of adjuvant treatment and outcome. Settings and Design: This was a retrospective analysis conducted from January 2010 to December 2013 in a tertiary care centre of North India. Materials and Methods: It analysed patients of squamous cell carcinoma of gall bladder for clinical presentation, treatment, prognostic factors and outcome. Results: Nine patients of pure squamous cell carcinoma were found. All patients had cholelithiasis and presented in locally advanced stage. Five patients were resectable while four were unresectable. Resectable patients underwent extended radical cholecystectomy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Margin status post surgery was an important prognostic marker on multivariate analysis. Unresectable patients underwent palliative chemotherapy based on their eastern cooperative oncology group performance status. Resectable patients had a median survival of 18 months, while unresectable patients had a median survival of five months. Conclusion: Surgery remains the main stay of treatment and adjuvant treatment has no proven benefit although there was a trend towards better survival in our cohort, especially in patients with positive margins.

Paraumbilical hernia is a common condition encountered by surgeons. Though PUH has a tendency to be associated with high morbidity and mortality in comparison with inguinal hernia because of the higher risk of incarceration and strangulation, there still appears to be a certain discrepancy between its importance and the attention it has received in the literature. Hence PUH needs to be studied further. Objectives of the study: • To study the different surgical Management of paraumbilical hernia. • Immediate Postoperative complications. Methods: This is a prospective study conducted in ESI Model Hospital attached to ESIC MC & PGIMSR from January 2015 to June 2016. Ninenty cases have been studied. Patients with umbilical port site hernia, with previous mesh implantation, pregnant women and those requiring emergency surgery have been excluded. Twenty four patients underwent Anatomical repair and 66 patients underwent Mesh repair. Follow up was done in 1week, 4 weeks, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. Results: Paraumbilical hernia was more common in middle-aged patients and in females. Commonest predisposing factors were multiparity and obesity. Postoperative complications like seroma, haematoma, infection were similar in both procedures (Anatomical repair and Mesh repair). There were no recurrence following Anatomical repair. There was one recurrence following Mesh repair. Conclusion: In our study, paraumbilical hernia was found more commonly between fourth and fifth decade of life with female: male ratio of 1.4:1. Most common presenting symptom was a soft bulge located adjacent to the umbilicus which is readily reducible. Multiparity was the most common precipitating factor in females and smoking was most common precipitating factor in males. Percentage of recurrence following Anatomical repair was 0% and following mesh repair was 0.015%.

This study was premeditated to study the interactional effect of emotional intelligence, dependence proneness and gender in empty nest syndrome among middle aged men and women. A sample of 480 middle age men and women (240 male and 240 female) were randomly drawn from twin city of Bhilai and Durg. A survey method through questionnaire was used for data collection .Empty Nest syndrome of subjects assessed with the help of self made questionnaire of empty nest syndrome which was standardised before survey, Emotional Intelligence Inventory (E.I.I by Bar On’s 1997) adopted by Mishra (2000) and Dependence Proneness scale constructed and standardized by Sinha, (1975) was used. After ensuring the homogeneity of variance the scores of empty nest syndrome was subjected to 2 x 2 factorial design of ANOVA treatment to work out the main effects of the three factors viz. gender, emotional intelligence and dependence proneness. The interactional effect of emotional intelligence and dependence proneness on empty nest scale empty (F=0.875) which is also found to be insignificant at 0.05 confidence interval (p<0.05) therefore our first two factor interactional hypothesis that the subjects with high emotional intelligence and low dependence proneness would score higher in empty nest scale than the subjects with low emotional intelligence and high dependence proneness has been rejected. The interactional effect of gender and emotional intelligence on empty nest scale (F=25.446**) which is significant at 0.01 confidence interval (**P>0.05) therefore our second main hypothesis that middle aged male with high emotional intelligence would score lower in empty nest scale than low emotional intelligence middle aged female has accepted. The interactional effect of emotional intelligence and dependence proneness on empty nest syndrome (F=0.057) which is found to be insignificant at 0.05 confidence interval (p>0.05) therefore our third interactional hypothesis that the middle aged male with high dependence proneness will score significantly lower in empty nest syndrome than the middle aged female with low dependence proneness has been rejected.

▪ The present study was conducted to understand the role of NIPPV in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD who are medically unresponsive. The sample size was 40. ▪ The mean age of the study population was 60.7± 7.2 yrs. ▪ Out of the 40 cases included in the study, 36 (90%) were males and 4 (10%) were females, sex ratio 9:1(male:female). ▪ A history of smoking was obtained in 90% of study population. ▪ The Borg dyspnoea score improved from 5 at baseline to 1.4 ± 0.07 at discharge. (p <0.0001) ▪ The mean respiratory rate dropped from 34.8 ± 4.4 before NIV to 13.82 ± 1.96 (p <0.0001) at discharge. Heart rate too decreased from 102.4 ± 10.9 to 77.1 ± 9.65(p <0.0001). ▪ The mean pH changed from 7.29± 0.02 at baseline to 7.4 ±0.03 at discharge (p <0.0001). ▪ There was also a marked improvement in mean PaCO2 and PaO2 which changed from, 67.3 ± 5.61, 54.6 ± 8.85 at baseline to 50.02 ± 4.08, 75.1 ± 9.71 at the time of discharge respectively (p<0.0001 for both parameters). ▪ Respiratory rate at baseline was significantly higher in the patients who failed to respond to NIV and there was a significant improvement in the clinical and blood gas parameters within the 1st of NIV in the successful group whereas no such improvement was observed in the failure group. ▪ In the present study NIPPV was successful in 34 patients (85%) and 6 patients (15%) failed to respond and required intubation. Of them, 2 patients did not consent and left against medical advice. 4 were intubated and all of them eventually expired. No mortality was observed in the patients improved and continued on NIPPV. ▪ The mean IPAP used in the present study was 16.5 ± 0.9 and mean EPAP used was 5.2±0.52. ▪ NIPPV was used for an average of 38.5±13 hrs. ▪ The incidence of complications in the present study was 10% which included aspiration pneumonia (2.5%), irritation of eyes (5%) and dryness of mouth (2.5%). ▪ The mean duration of hospital stay in the present study was 10.32±3.46 days. Our results strongly support and encourage the use of NIPPV as a first line ventilatory management in patients with respiratory failure due to acute exacerbations of COPD.

Background: Mental health (stress, anxiety, depression etc.) and obesity have become global concerns in recent years leading to many health concerns like metabolic syndrome. Sedentary lifestyle, over-nutrition (high caloric/fatty diet), substance abuse etc. can contribute to the above as "modifiable factors". The purpose of the present study is to determine if "non modifiable factors" like blood group can be an attributing factor for causation of these disorders and whether any particular blood group is more predisposed to them. This study was taken up to explore the differences in psychological heath and physical health among various blood groups in a group of normal healthy young individuals and to assess if blood group can be considered as a predictor of obesity and poor psychological health. Objectives: To explore the differences in BMI, perceived stress and psychological morbidity among different blood groups in young healthy adolescents. Materials and Methods: Two hundred healthy adolescents were included in the study after applying exclusion criteria and taking informed consent. Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and General Health Questionaire-12 were used to assess stress and psychological morbidity respectively. The height and weight of the subjects were measured and blood groups were assessed using agglutination reaction. Statistical Analysis: Data was entered in Microsoft excel (2011) and was analyzed using SPSS 16. The values have been represented as Mean± SD. The mean values have been compared among different blood groups using ANOVA and unpaired “t” test. Association has been found using Chi square test. p<0.05( two tailed) has been taken as statistically significant. Results: Out of 200 students (143 males, 57 females), 72 had O blood group (36%), followed by 68 having B (34%), 46 having A (23%) and 14 having AB blood group (7%). 189 were Rh positive (94.5%) whereas only 11 were Rh negative (5.5%). The results showed no significant differences between different blood groups with regards to BMI or psychological health (PSS and GHQ-12). However, PSS scores were significantly worse in females as compared to males (p<0.01).

Background: Nationally representative as well as comparative studies had never been done in three West African countries: Ivory Coast, Cameroon and Gabon. Hence, this study focuses on comparison of HIV/AIDS related knowledge and acceptance attitude towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) of female youth among the three highly prevalent West African countries. Methods: The study utilized nationally representative datasets from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of Ivory Coast 2011/12, Cameroon 2011, and Gabon 2012. IBM SPSS 22 was used to run multivariate logistic regression to find out the associates of HIV/AIDS related knowledge and attitudes as well as comparison among the countries. Results: There was lack of comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge and acceptance attitude towards people living with HIV/AIDS in the three countries. Age, residence (except Cameroon), educational level, religion (only in Ivory Coast), marital status and wealth index (except Ivory Coast) were significant associates of comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge. On the other hand, age (except Gabon), residence (only in Ivory Coast), educational level (except Gabon), religion (only in Cameroon), wealth index and comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge showed significant associations with acceptance attitude towards people living with HIV/AIDS. Higher comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge was detected among youth in Gabon (AOR=2.08, p<0.001) and Cameroon (AOR=2.06, p<0 .001) than in Ivory Coast. Results of acceptance attitude were in reverse manner to knowledge where less acceptance attitude was detected in Gabon (AOR=0.89, p=0.023) and Cameroon (AOR=0.86, p=0.003) than in Ivory Coast. However, comprehensive knowledge and acceptance attitude in Cameroon did not differ significantly from that of Gabon. Conclusion: Generally, very low comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge and acceptance attitude towards PLHA were observed in the three countries and specifically in Ivory Coast. At this instant, it is urgent to give emphasis on education to adolescents and rural residents. A need to convey information in a manner that is contextually appropriate, socio-culturally acceptable and gender-sensitive is suggested.

Coronary heart disease has been defined as “impairment of heart function due to inadequate blood flow to the heart compared to its needs, caused by obstructive changes in the coronary circulation to the heart”. Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death among women, regardless of race or ethnicity and causing the deaths of 1 in 3 women. Women with coronary artery disease present differently than men, have different pathophysiologies and risks profiles and are often significantly older and thus often have poorer outcomes the study was concluded at Government Coimbatore Medical College hospital, Coimbatore during September 2010 to June 2011. This study was done as a descriptive study. Hundred female patients admitted with clinical features and ECG changes and associated disease and Biochemical marks taken as cases. The following are conclusion that could be inferred from this study on clinical spectrum and risk factors among female patients. 1. The most common presentation is chest pain. 2. The most common cardiovascular sign is basal lung Crepitations. 3. Increased waist hip ratio is associated with increased risk of Myocardial Infarction in female population 4. Most of the patients with Myocardial Infarction have dyslipidaemia. 5. Diabetes Mellitus clearly related to Myocardial Infarction. 6. Hypertension also associated with Increased risk and Myocardial Infarction. 7. Sedentary habits also associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease. 8. Most common presentation is ST elevation MI. 9. Among STEMI most common type of MI is Antero septal MI. 10. OCP intake accounts for risk of obesity and MI.

Stress hyperglycemia is a heterogeneous entity with unique pathophysiological features. Present practice is to treat hyperglycemia irrespective of its cause. The optimum target glucose range in stress conditions is still undefined, and different targets should be compared on the basis of their risk-to-benefit ratios and individualized decision should be taken. Still large prospective studies with follow-up data comparing diabetes and stress hyperglycemia are needed.

Objectives: To compare LED phototherapy with the standard compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) phototherapy in the management of healthy term and late pre- term neonates with non-hemolytic jaundice and to see whether it is as effective as or more effective than the compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) phototherapy Methods: The protocol and study design were submitted & was approved by the institution research committee & ethics committee. New born infants born at 35 or more completed weeks of gestation who developed hyper bilirubinemia needing phototherapy within the first 7 days of life and willing for the study were enrolled after getting informed consent. Results: Out of 120 newborn babies in the study group, 60 babies were in LED group and 60 babies were in CFL group. Sexual ratio in LED (M:F) is 31:29 &CFL group is 34:26 .The mean birth weight in LED was 2.9kg and in CFL group was 3.1 kg. The mean age in hours at onset of phototherapy was 67.4hrs in LED & 70.1in CFL group and time of detection of hyperbilirubinemia was also comparable in both groups. Mean STB at beginning of phototherapy was 17.4 in LED & 17.8 in CFL and STB after 6hours were 14.7 & 15.1 in LED & CFL groups respectively. At the ends of phototherapy the STB values was 11.8 in LED and 13.4 in CFL groups and mean age of newborn at the end of phototherapy was 83 hrs and 86.1 hrs in LED & CFL groups and mean duration of phototherapy was 15hrs and 16 hrs in LED & CFL groups respectively. The failure rate of phototherapy in LED group was 3.3% while CFL group was 1.7%, which is not significant. The rate of decrease in STB at 6hrs and end of phototherapy in both groups were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Both CFL and LED phototherapy are equally effective in reducing serum total bilirubin although their properties like light intensity irradiance, zero decay of light intensity, area of body surface irradiated, which are determinants of effective phototherapy, are significantly different.

Aims and Objective: To correlate the mesio-distal width of base of the philtrum to the combined mesio-distal width of the maxillary central incisors in males and females. Materials and Methods: A total of 70 individuals who were native of Dakshina Kannada region with an age ranging from 19 - 23 years male and females were selected for this study. Two most prominent points were marked at base of philtrum. These points were marked by drawing a line along the vertical ridge of philtrum and marking a point where they meet the vermillion border of upper lip. The width between these two points were measured by vernier calipers to the fraction of 1/10th of a millimetre. After doing a brief oral examination, proper size perforated rim lock stock tray was selected. Alginate impression powder was mixed with water and maxillary and mandibular impressions were made and the casts were poured immediately. Base was made for the casts and the casts thus obtained were mounted at maximum intercuspation. Dial vernier caliper (with 0.01 mm accuracy) was used for the cast measurements. The measurements were obtained from the patient and also on the dentulous cast in mm, average value was tabulated and analyzed statistically. Results: There was highly significant correlation (p<0.001 & r= 0.831) between mean width of base of the philtrum and the combined width of maxillary central incisors in both the sexes. Conclusion: There is correlation between the mesio-distal width of base of the philtrum to the combined mesio-distal width of maxillary central incisors among males and females which can be used as a guide for selecting the width of artificial maxillary central incisors among Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka population.

Background: In the earlier research publications of the author he has identified the presence of nanoparticles (NPs) of the drug material in all the higher dilutions of homeopathic drugs; viz, Lycopodium and Ferrummetallicum. Method: The present study isdone with the help of HRTEM (High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope) and EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy). Result and Conclusion: 1. The analysis of homeopathic drug Aur met (Gold) shows the presence of nanoparticles of Gold in all the potencies studied, i.e. 6c, 30c, 200c, 1000c, 10000c, 50000c and 100000c 2. Nanoparticles of Aur met were found mostly in Quantum Dots scale in all the dilutions. 3. The study proves that homeopathy is really a material science and not merely an energy medicine or placebo therapy as considered earlier.

Aim: To evaluate and compare the marginal accuracy of multiple unit cast restorations fabricated by Conventional and Ringless casting technique. Method: A forty standardized wax patterns are fabricated on a type IV stone replica of a multiple unit stainless steel die with standardized pontic space. The wax patterns are divided into four groups. Group IA: Ringless casting with conventional wax elimination method. Group IB: Ringless casting with accelerated wax elimination method. Group IIA: Metal ring casting with conventional wax elimination method. Group IIB: Metal ring casting with accelerated wax elimination method. The vertical marginal gap was measured at six sites per sample, using a digital optical microscope at 6.25X magnification. Result: The mean vertical marginal gaps of castings fabricated using ringless groups IA and IB (274.9±131.6 µm) were significantly less (p < .004) than those castings fabricated using the ring casting groups IIA and IIB (379.9± 106.9 µm). The conventional wax elimination groups (IA, IIA) showed higher vertical marginal discrepancies (393.8±116.6 µm) than the accelerated wax-elimination groups (IB, IIB) (215.9±73.02 µm); however, the difference was not statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The ringless casting technique can produce accurate and acceptable multiple-unit restorations in fixed prosthodontics.

Aim: To study the fetal and maternal outcome in patients with eclampsia in central Indian population. Background: Eclampsia is associated with devastating maternal and fetal complications, so we decided to study pregnancy outcome in eclampsia patients. Methodology: A Retrospective study carried out in department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur. Fifty Cases of eclampsia from January 2015 to July 2016 were included in our study. Study deals regarding the association of eclampsia to age of women, parity, gestational age, number of convulsions, mode of delivery, complications and fetal outcome. Results: Study comprised of 50 pregnant women with eclampsia. We found that 1) Mean maternal age was 23.6 years. 70% were primigravidae. 16 patients (32%) had foetuses with intrauterine growth restriction 2) 50% patients had convulsions after 36 weeks of gestation and mean gestational age was 36.4 weeks 3) Significant association was present between the rising levels of liver enzymes (i.e. SGOT and SGPT) and the maternal complications like HELLP syndrome, DIC and postpartum haemorrhage with p value of <0.001 4) Rising levels of uric acid were not significantly associated with the risk of maternal complications.5)Four(8%) patients required ICU admission, out of which two (4%) had mortality.6) In our study 3 babies were stillborn and 7 died in early neonatal period. The perinatal mortality in our study was 20%. Conclusion: As in our study all except one were unbooked for antenatal care, the high incidence of eclampsia can be reduced by proper antenatal care, diagnosing, admitting and treating mild and severe preeclampsia cases. Timeliness in the management of these cases can reduce the perinatal mortality.

Material and Methods: Tissue sections were stained by the following stains to demonstrate different mucins: H&E, Periodic acid-Schiff's (PAS), PAS-D, PAS-Ph AB ph 2.5 and 1, AF, combined AB-PAS, and combined AB 2.5–AF. Results: In group 1 - Sulphomucins and neutral mucins concentration is more compared to sialomucins. In group 2 - Increase in sailo mucins concentration compared to sulpho mucins and neutral mucin. In group 3 - increase in sailomucins. In adults -more acidic mucin especially sulpho mucin compared to sialo and neutral mucin and in sinonasal carcinoma- increase in sialo mucins compared to neutral and sulpho mucins. Conclusions: Change in functional collaboration of the cell before change in structure and hence affect the formation of mucins. Hence early detection of mucinal changes may be the first step before structural changes occurring in many diseases.

Brown spot caused by Bipolaris oryzae is one of the destructive diseases of rice in the world and causes severe losses in grain quality and quantity. Use of resistant varieties is the sustainable and eco-friendly way of controlling brown spot disease in rice. In this concern, we evaluated 20 rice genotypes under glasshouse and field conditions during June, 2014-May, 2015 to determine the level of resistance against B. oryzae. Disease assessment was done by calculating disease severity, area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and AUDPC per day (AUDPC/day). Response of rice genotypes to brown spot disease was found similar under both the field and glasshouse conditions. The tested genotypes showed variable response to the level of resistance. Mean AUDPC value varied from 80.36 to 340.05. Sabitri appeared the most resistant with AUDPC value of (80.36) followed by Radha-4 (108.02), while Sankharika (340.05) was the most susceptible among the tested genotypes. Grain yield ranged from 2.76 to 4.76 t ha-1. Of the tested genotypes, Sabitri and Sankharika yielded the highest (4.76 t ha-1) and the lowest (2.76 t ha-1) grain yields, respectively. Grain yield was negatively correlated with AUDPC (r = -0.628**). Thus, the genotypes Sabitri and Radha-4 could be utilized as a source of resistance for breeding of rice for brown spot resistance.

The diagnostic study of Bambara Groundnut (BG) (Vigna subterranean (L.) Verdc) production, marketing, agronomic practices was conducted in four villages sampled from two districts of Missenyi and Muleba in Kagera region, Tanzania, East Africa. The resuts indicated that about 93.3% of the farmers involved in BG production were female and children of less than 20 years old. Male (6.7%) were involved in land preparation in so known as assisting their women during cultivation, that means male were indirectly participating in BG production. Age wise the majority (59.2%) had age between 41 to 50, followed by elderly (20.8%) of age >50 who were involved fully in Bambaranut production compared to (20%) of age <41. The results indicated that most BG farmers had attended at least primary education (94%). Bambara groundnut production was mainly in small holding (≤0.5ha) of about (88.3%). The 99% of BG farmers intercrop the bambaranut plants with other crops especially with cassava (Manihot esculentum) while (1%) sole plant the crop. Two planting system were identified in Kagera region; Farmers plant BG on ridges along and across the hills in Missenyi and Muleba districts respectively. The yield of BG generally was low (150-400kg ha-1) due to lack of improved seeds (89.2%), pests and diseases especially Fusarium wilt (35%), gender imbalance, land tenure system were mentioned as constraints of the production of BG. It was noted that high price of BG of approximately 1.6-2.0$ kg-1 compared to beans which costs approximately 0.75-8.00$ kg-1 in retail basis. Thus encourages few farmers continue growing BG in the region. However, the informal marketing system was ranked highest in the study areas. Scientific investigation of the formal marketing of BG in Kagera region and Africa in large might be necessary to ensure household income.

Aerva lanata is consists different kind of secondary metabolites such as steroids, alkaloids, flavanoids, saponind etc., that act as antimicrobial substance to control pathogens. The butanol extracts of Aerva lanata leaves was found all kinds of secondary metabolites. The butanol extract (150 µg/ml) of A.lanata was showed maximum inhibition 5.8 mm against Klebsiella Sp, 5.1 mm against Staphylococus aureus, 4.5 mm against Micrococcus Sp. and 2.6 mm against Pseudomonas Sp. Followed by butanol, hexane, ethanol, chloroform and water showed their antimicrobial activity against test pathogens. A. lanata may be useful to control different antibiotic resistant strains due to presence of active bioactive compounds.

One of the priorities of malaria elimination or at least reduction has been prevention methods. To apply these methods, understanding transmission influencing factors is crucial. The majority of driving factor of malaria transmission are environmental and climatic features. Plenty of regression analysis methods has been implemented to assess the relationship of malaria transmission and environmental and/or climatic features. Nonetheless, the majority of regression methods for the case lacked robustness. Recently circular regression analysis is gaining acceptance by many academicians to assess scenarios that have circularity in their nature. There are few circular regression models but their applicability and tractability are not fully assessed as for their linear counterpart. We assessed the applicability of these models on Malaria data collected for time series analysis titled “Association of climatic variability, vector population and malaria disease in the district of Visakhapatnam, India”: we used Fourier methods with ordinary linear regression. We applied different properties of circular distributions and assumptions. We transformed linear time in months to circular time and convert it to radian form since directional analysis is best suited to radian measures. We used malaria cases in months as a dependent linear variable and months in radian as acircular explanatory variable. We have assessed the correlation between these variables and found it right, so we apply circular regression on them and found avery sensible model with few drawbacks.

The present research was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Plumeriarubra products on bruchid beetles (Callosobruchusmaculatus (F)) during storage. A synthetic insecticide, Pirimiphos methyl and four Plumeriarubraproducts (leaf, stem bark, root bark and flower) powders were tested on cowpea (Vignaunguiculata) seeds infested with teneral adults of Callosobruchusmaculatus in a completely randomized design. Data were collected on mean number of eggs laid, mean eclosion, mean number of emerged adults, and mortality of insects at different treatments. The results obtained revealed significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences in the mean oviposition rate, mean eclosion and total developmental period of the insects treated with different products of Plumeriarubra. The highest number of eggs oviposited and ecloded were 85.4 and 81. 6 respectively, which were significantly different when compared with the values of 43.2 and 40.2 obtained when the root bark powder was applied. The total developmental period obtained for the cowpea weevils ranged from 16 – 23 days. No plant product matched the efficacy of Pirimiphos-methyl; however, the powder of Plumeriarubra flower showed good potential as insecticide for the control of cowpea weevil (Callosobruchusmaculatus) on cowpea (Vignaunguiculata) during storage.

Ethnozoology deals with the study of the relationships between human societies and animal resources around them and ethnoentomology deals with the study of the relationship between the human societies and insect resources around them. The present paper is an endeavour to study and document the relationships between the people and the different kinds of insects available around them vis-a-vis their use as food, medicine, bio-indicators, religious beliefs, etc. among the ethnic Meitei communities in Bishnupur District of Manipur, NE India. The present study reveals the use of 39 species of insects belonging to 39 genera and 28 families by the ethnic Meitei community of the District. The work was carried out during the period from May 2015 to August 2016. Information was collected from the ethnic local Meitei community, particularly the local elders and medicinal practitioners. Identification of insect specimen was done using collections from the markets. The high nutritive values and medicinal properties of insects are discussed.

Purified asparaginase that’s highly purified extracted from frozen plant seeds of Pisam sativum var J of. were used to determine the specificity of enzyme against different substrates. Enzyme specificity was 783.1, 28.1, 11.4, and 13.7 U/mg of L-aspargine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamine, and L-glutamic acid respectively. The cytotoxicity effect of purified asparaginase of frozen seeds of Pizum sativumvar J of. against L20B tumor cell line measured at wave length of 450, 492 and 620nm respectively, it showed that’s purified asparaginase has maximum inhibitory effect on tumor cell line reached to 33, 33, and 23% growth at 450, 492 and 620nm respectively. Cell survival and remaining activity of L20B tumor cell line after treatment with purified asparaginase reduced to 68, 65 and 77% respectively after incubation with purified asparaginase at concentration of 150 µg/ml, while the cell line remaining activity percentage reduced to 66.6, 67.7 and 76µg/ml respectively.

Analysis of plant leaves image so far been an important and difficult task, especially for leaves with complicated background where some interferents and overlapping phenomena may exist. To extract the plant leaf from complicated background is challenging since we need to remove the soil, residue and etc. In order to obtain the greeness of image, Excess Green Vegetation Index is obtained to ease the segmentation process. But, the problem raise when dealing with uneven illumination. This paper proposed Modified Excess Green Vegetation Index to overcome this problem. The conventional based-auto-threshold method (Otsu's thresholding), ExG (Excess Green Vegetation Index) was compared with Modified Excess Green Vegetation Index to evaluate the performance of them. Experimental results have showed that Modified Excess Green Vegetation Index has superior performance over ExG Otsu's threshold in term of is insensible to illuminant variations.

It is the responsibility of structural engineers to ensure the built environment that can withstand extreme dynamic actions, such as wind, traffic or earthquake. Structural engineers must understand how the built environment will respond to such dynamic actions. In essence an earthquake resistant structure has to resist the lateral inertial forces in a safe and reliable manner. A structure has to be designed to resist the lateral actions applied to it by the earthquake ground motion. The main objective of this study is to understand the requirement of reinforcements for static and dynamic loading on the structure. Here the analysis is carried out for two models with uniform column size for whole building height i.e 450X450mm and two models with varying column size from bottom to top storey i.e from 400X400mm to 300X300mm varying 50 mm per two stories. The analysis and design is carried out using the standard & convenient software package ETABS 2015 and manual designs are carried out to validate the reinforcement obtained from the software. It is observed that the reinforcement required for beam reinforcement required for dynamic behaviour is 5.3% more than that required for static loading of structure. It is also observed that the reinforcement required for columns for dynamic loading is 27.3% more than that required for static loading. In case of footings the reinforcements are 3% more for dynamic loading than static loading if structure is provided with varying column size from bottom to top storey and 5% more if structure is providing with uniform column size for entire structure.

A new real transform, named M-dimensional real transform is developed, which can help to represent signals using real additions without complex arithmetic, and which offers a different way of signal analysis. The MRT exhibits redundancy. All the implementation is build in FPGA using verilog.

This research paper is a comparative study of different clustering & classification algorithms. Clustering algorithms are compared on the basis of accuracy parameter, cluster distribution and time taken to build model. The six accuracy parameters for evaluating accuracy of classification algorithms are used. These parameters are TP rate, precision, recall, ROC area, f-measure and kappa statics. The four error measurement parameters for evaluating error rate of classification algorithms are considered i) RMSE (Root mean squared error) ii) MAE (Mean absolute error) iii) RRSE (Root relative squared error) iv) RAE(Relative absolute error).

Online Social Networking sites (OSNs) inspire the people to come close and increase communication easily. To make communication easily there are various online social sites that are available like Facebook, Twitter etc. which brought world closer. Social networking is one of the fastest media to spread the information. Users has a freedom to share their own emotions in terms of pictures, text etc. To do communication user have to create its account on respective web site then he/she may allow to perform various activities like adding friends, sharing videos and images. Social Networking Sites provides individual and separate space all users to post the status such a space is called Wall. But sometimes people post irrelative messages on a particulars wall which may cause a serious problem to user's reputation. To overcome this challenge some filtering criteria should be used. This paper has surveyed the details of existing filtering techniques.

Measurements were carried out to investigate the potentialities of gamma back-scattering technique in detection of hidden contrabands such as codeine (C18H21NO3) and cannabis (C21H30O2). This is done using an assembly consisting of 241Am gamma source, producing about 5×107 photon.s-1, in conjunction with a NaI(Tl) detector. The source-detector distance was optimized and the optimal configuration was selected. The results in terms of contrast ratios and Figure of Merit verified the feasibility of utilizing the proposed system in detection the targeted samples when sealed in a plastic cylindrical cane. The high contrast ratios achieved; 25% for codeine and 11% for cannabis verified the good distinction ability of the device.

In today’s Life everyone has to face challenges. Every software has risk which should be managed very carefully. Risk identification, risk estimation and risk evaluation is done in order to avoid, monitor and manage risks and its Impact. To achieve a quality product risk mitigation, monitoring, and management is performed.

There is great competition between the Java and .NET from many years. These two technologies are used to develop web application by adding new features. In this paper, we will compare the features of the two technologies which are J2EE and ASP.NET. We will discuss the similarities and differences which include: IDE, Databases, Market value, MVC, Low-level code safety. This paper is helpful to those who are not involved in web development or those who want to change the technology either to Java or .NET and want to increase their knowledge with a new platform.

This study investigates the influence of entrepreneurship education’s two independent teaching variables in promoting entrepreneurial intention among Nigeria tertiary students, examining the impacts of risk-taking propensity, pedagogical teaching method, and perceived importance of favourable business environment as moderator. Aim to expose the latest innovative trends and directions in entrepreneurship education training and development, via current scientific research. The respondent of 642 students, screened to 527 usabledatasets, all from Nigerian universities and polytechnics taking entrepreneurship studies in six tertiary institutions from three strata stratified adopted. Structured questionnaires and Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (3.2.4 version) are used for data collection and analysis. This study applauds Risk-Taking Propensity and entrepreneurial teaching variables. The study recommends that the institution given mandate to create job creators should constitute the goal and stakeholders should consciously embrace instilling risk taking propensity through dynamic pedagogical teaching methods that correlate with the real world business environment.

Adolescents are a heterogeneous group with diverse needs that vary depending on factors such as age, gender, marital status, place of residence and educational attainment. A healthy adolescence is the corridor to a healthy adulthood. Evidence suggests that adolescents continue to have a variety of unmet needs with reference to reproductive health. Objective: A descriptive, cross-sectional community based study was conducted among 22 adolescent girls situated in Chengalpattu. Knowledge related to puberty, menstruation & menstrual hygiene in the present study. Methods: Qualitative study was used to collect data. In depth interview and focus group discussion was conducted to collect the data. ID guides and FGD guides were used. Ten in depth interviews and two focus group discussion (6 respondents in each group) was conducted. Findings: Respondents were found to be in the age group between 13 yrs-18 yrs and the mean age was 15yrs. majority of the respondent associated menstrual cycle with impure blood, cleaning of body, unhygienic. None of the respondents were aware about the organ that was associated to menstrual bleeding and about the necessary for ovulation and neither were they using sanitary pads. All the respondents were aware of the physical changes that were associated with puberty. Majority (20) of the respondents expressed that their moments within and outside the house. They interaction with the male members of the house was also restricted. Majority of them had absented themselves from going to school due to the distance, lack of washroom and water facilities in the school. Conclusion: Knowledge on puberty, menstruation and menstrual hygiene is very essential for a healthy adulthood. This measure needs to be taken to impart knowledge and also to ensure that conducive environment is provided at school.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the relationship between the athletic identity perceptions of athletes, who were studying in a School of Physical Education and Sports, selected variables. A total of 288 athletes participated in this study. The participants were studying at the School of Physical Education and Sports at Istanbul Gelişim University, and they were selected from students agreed voluntarily to participate this research by the random sampling method who were individual athletes and team athletes. The research consisted of two stages. The first, “Personal Information Form”, which includes the branch of sport (individual or team), the years of playing sport and information about the number of competitions attended. The second stage is to determine the “Scale of Athletic Identity”, which was developed by Brewer and Cornelius (2001) is the sporting identity perceptions of athletes, and the Turkish adaptation of which was done by Öztürk and Koca (2013), was used in the second stage. The data acquired were recorded with the IBM SPSS 22 packaged software. Mann Whitney U, Kruskal Wallis Test Statistics was applied as the statistical process. In the findings, 62.8% of the volunteers participating in the study were 37.2% of the team athletes were individual athletes, 37.5% of the sports year were 1-5 years, 50.0% of the sportspeople were 6-10 years, 12.5% and over years. When the number of competitions are examined, it is determined that 20.5% of the participants are between 20 and 20%, 16.3% are between 21 and 40, 7.6% are between 41 and 60 and 55.6% are over 61.there is a meaningful difference according to the sports branches of the athlete identity of the participants. There are differences according to the sports years of athlete's identity perception of participants. There are also significant differences according to the number of competitions of the athlete's identity aegis of the participants. In conclusion, while no significant difference was determined between athletic identity perception and the sports branch, a statistically significant difference was determined between athletic identity perception and the years playing sport, and the number of competitions.

This study was carried out in the pastoral zone of Niger with the aim of validating outputs of the BIOMASAH model developed by the AGRHYMET Regional Centre (ARC) relative to real data collected over the 2001-2011 period by the Ministry Livestock and Animal Industries (MEIA) of Niger. We used parametric tests (t-tests) and nonparametric tests (Wilcoxon and sign tests) for mean comparisons. A correlation analysis was performed by calculating Pearson’s r, Spearman’s ρ, Kendall’s T and Hoeffding’s D correlation coefficients. The results showed that the BIOMASAH model generally overestimated biomass (983.17 vs. 591.17 kg/ha) with a highly significant difference relative to the field findings (P <.0001). Pearson’s r (0.15), Spearman’sρ (0.22) Kendall’s T (0.13) and Hoeffding’s D (0.1) correlation coefficients were low but highly significant (p <.0001). Grazing pressure and spatiotemporal variability of rainfall helped explain the noted differences.

The discourse on the existence of African philosophy is the Archimedean point to most Philosophers of the 20th century. There is for and against views on the existence of African philosophy among philosophers. However, in this article I try to develop an argument that illustrates the existence of African philosophy (African philosophy resulted due to western discourse on Africa and Africans reaction on it). Almost all African philosophers agree on the existence of African philosophy albeit there is disagreement on the issue of what constituted African philosophy. Western’s(many of them) argued that African’s don’t have philosophical texts, don’t come up in a common definitions of the subject and they are not doing philosophy. As a result, it is difficult to consider or assume African’s as doer of philosophy. However, in reaction to this thought of the western’s, African thinkers toiled day and night, investing their energy and resource to provide convincing evidence that African’s are really practicing philosophy and have accessible philosophical texts. In my point of view, African philosophy should be the appropriations of the African thoughts and non-African thoughts. Therefore, in this article I try to develop sound premises that prevails the existence of African philosophy even if it is at level of minimal.

The rapid urbanization is the matter of grave concern in contemporary time because it leads to urban sprawl. The numbers of changes have come in urban areas such as development of industry, service sector, employment and educational services. These changes have led to job opportunity and better way of life in urban areas. Consequently, the individuals are migrating from rural areas to urban areas and they are creating many problems in urban areas such as uncontrolled population, inner city neighbourhood, and heterogeneous environment. Social scientists, Geographers & Urban planners identify the pattern of urban sprawl, recognition of magnitude and direction of changing sprawl and its effect on land use/land cover change so they develop a plan to provide basic amenities such as water, sanitation, electricity, etc. Lucknow is also experienced a high rate of urbanization facing the problems of social, infrastructural, industrial and environmental. The pattern of urban sprawl, its magnitude and effects on Land use/Land cover (LULC) will be identified with the help of temporal data of primary and secondary (satellite images & ancillary data) and also field survey & ground truth. The collected data will be analyzed by using Remote Sensing & Geographical information system (GIS) techniques and statistical software. The study will provide a methodology for sustainable planning of land use and urban growth using various techniques. Remote Sensing & GIS and satellite images will be used in this study to provide spatial inputs and model for describing growth. This is useful for the urban planning in Developing Countries where land use data is not available regularly. GIS based study will help a lot for monitoring urban sprawl compared to Conventional technique.

Background: Health and Family Life Education (HFLE) is a life skill based program designed to be implemented in schools the Caribbean countries to enable children and young people develop skills that can improve their overall health and academics. Whereas the programme had begun in most of the Caribbean countries, many have undertaken some level of evaluation of their programmes. Trinidad has not done so. This is an attempt to begin as assessment of the implementation of the programme in Trinidad and Tobago. Design: A qualitative design was employed to explore the research issue utilizing the Active Implementation Frameworks (AIFs). Semi-structured face-to-face interviews were held with key informants; two focus sessions were conducted with primary and secondary school teachers and also four pertinent documents were reviewed. Results: Data gotten from these sources were analysed into themes and presented as statements. Two main themes emerged, implied need for the programme and diverse programme outlines. Discussion: The findings were discussed in relation to the AIFs and other literature. Conclusion: Result from the study suggests that implementation of the programme aligns with the tenets of the AIFs to an extent. Full adherence is however necessary to achieve the full benefits of this programme.

There has been an immense focus on the topic of Corporate Social responsibility (CSR) in the recent times. Last decade saw a paradigm shift in the manner in which business operations are undertaken. Big industrial families often engaged in philanthropic activities contributing huge amounts for social, educational and community purposes. However, such donations did not belong to the shareholders but were often from personal savings. The inclusion of section 135 in Companies Act 2013 made it mandatory for companies to spend 2% of their net profits on CSR activities. It also lays down that the companies must explain the reasons if they fail to fulfill this requirement. Thus, mere disclosure of reasons for not spending the profits on CSR activities would amount to compliance of the provisions of law. The paper examines the pattern of CSR spending of 30 companies constituting the S&P BSE SENSEX index on CSR activities for years 2014-15 and 2015-16 and tries to reveal how they fared in their CSR initiatives.