September 2025

Background: Arteriovenous fistulas are common form of chronic haemodialysis access. Pain during areteriovenous fistulacannulation remains a common problem in haemodialysis patients. The aim of the study is to assess the level of pain after application of cold gel pack during arteriovenous fistula cannulation among haemodialysis patients. Methodology: The research adopted for the study was quantitative research approach using quasi-experimental research design under post-test research design.A convenient sampling technique was used for selecting sample of 60 patients (30 each in experimental and control groups) who were undergoing haemodialysis by using arteriovenous fistula cannulation at IKDRC-ITS hospital, Ahmedabad.A modified numerical pain scale (Mc Caffery and Beebe, 1989) was developed to assess the effectiveness of cold gel pack application and pain related responses during AVF puncture. Descriptive and inferential statistics was used to analyse the data. Results: Majority 20 (66.67%)in experimental group and 20 (66.67%)in control group ofsamples were male belongs to the age group of 28-50 years. The mean score in experimental group was 4.2 and control group was 5.76 with mean difference was 1.56. The calculated “t” value in experimental group and control group was 4.43 and tabulated “t” value was 2.05 at 0.05 level of significance. Conclusion: The mean control group pain score was significantly higher than mean experimental group pain scores.Therefore, the null hypothesis H0 was rejected and research hypothesis H1was accepted and it revealed that the cold gel pack application was effective in terms of pain management among the patients.

Society refers to a group of people having their own way of living, culture, tradition, convention, norms and the like. Now the question is how such society has emerged. With the advent of Neolithic Revolution and the rise of agriculture leading to a food surplus, private property, inequality and the emergence of class distinction a transition from a primitive classless society to a slave society occurred. Subjugation of some people by others created a society where the control of a dominant class over a labouring class became the primary mode of production. The economy in a slave society was characterised by large scale production of agricultural output using unpaid labour of enslaved people. The feudal mode of production was characterised by a small class of landlords owning land and extracting surplus labour and crops from peasants in exchange for protection and use of small plots of land. A hierarchical social structure of lords and serfs had been created and lords used political and legal power to exploit peasants. The capitalist mode of production relied on commodity production for market exchange with private ownership of the means of production by a small class of capitalists who hired wage labourers to generate profit and accumulate capital. Instead of being ruined by its own crises capitalism has now revived through the introduction of democracy. A tendency has been developed to make some benefits available to targeted group of people who are selected not on the basis of their need but on the basis of the need of the patrons of capitalism. Here arises the capitalist-ruler nexus feeding each other and finding the way to revitalise capitalism. Democracy acts as a crucial instrument in this regard. In a nutshell democracy has become a weapon to keep capitalism out of crises and in the process capitalist-ruler nexus is quite visible and they feed each other in their operations. We the common people of the society have turned into helpless silent spectators of capitalist exploitation surrendering our voice to created obligations or becoming helpless shading tears. Mass upheaval through proper education is the only way out. This present paper seeks to analyse the process and make some concluding observations.

The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) represents a significant step towards reducing carbon emissions and fostering sustainable mobility in India. This paper analyzes the challenges and opportunities associated with implementing EVs in the Indian market. While government initiatives, such as the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME) scheme, provide subsidies and policy support, multiple obstacles remain, including high initial costs, limited charging infrastructure, and a dependency on imported battery materials. Additionally, India’s electricity grid faces potential strains with increased EV adoption, further complicating the infrastructure requirements for widespread use. This paper summaries the both sides of the EV implementation landscape in India, providing a comprehensive view of the pathways for overcoming challenges and capitalizing on emerging opportunities. Key recommendations include strengthening policy support, accelerating infrastructure development, and investing in local manufacturing and research. By addressing these factors, India can establish a robust EV market, contributing to its climate goals and economic growth.

Objective: Transverse acetabular fractures (TAFs) account for roughly 25–30% of acetabular injuries and may occur either with or without associated posterior wall (PW) involvement. Achieving anatomical reduction is essential for optimal outcomes, yet recent efforts aim to minimize surgical invasiveness. Emerging studies have suggested that posterior column fixation (PCF) via a single approach may be sufficient. This investigationaims to compare the radiological and clinical outcomes of single-column versus double-column fixation (DCF) in TAFs, with particular focus on residual displacement, maintenance of reduction, and complication rates. Methods: This prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted over a two-year period at Ainshams University Hospitals. Thirty adult cases presenting with transverse or transverse–posterior wall fractures (TPWF) were randomly stratifiedinto two groups: Group A (n=15) received single-column posterior plating, while Group B (n=15) underwent DCF through combined posterior and anterior approaches. Clinical outcomes were assessed at two years using the modified Merle d’Aubigné and Postel (MDP) score, and radiographic reduction was evaluated according to the Matta criteria. Results: At 2-year follow-up, no statistically significant differences were found between groups in clinical scores (p=0.699) or radiological reduction outcomes (p=0.710). Immediate postoperative imaging likewise showed no meaningful variation (p=0.516). By contrast, Group B required significantly longer operative time and sustained greater blood loss (both p<0.001). Complication rates remained similar (33.4% vs. 40%; p=0.705). Conclusion: Single- and double-column fixation yield comparable clinical and radiological outcomes in TAFs. Nevertheless, PCF alone offers the advantages of shorter operative time and reduced blood loss, making it a viable option when adequate indirect anterior column reduction can be obtained.

A man in his mid-40s presented with a painful, gradually growing right sided scrotal swelling for five months. There was no history of fever, trauma, or significant medical conditions. Examination revealed a firm, ovoid swelling measuring 2.5 cm × 2 cm, separate from the right testis, with no inguinal lymphadenopathy. Ultrasonography showed a well defined soft tissue lesion in the scrotal wall, measuring 21.7 mm × 16.7 mm, suggestive of a hemangioma, while both testes appeared normal. The patient underwent excisional biopsy with a transverse incision, revealing a well-encapsulated, yellow swelling. Complete excision was achieved without complications. Histopathological analysis identified the specimen as cutaneous dermatofibroma or schwannoma, with immunohistochemistry confirming schwannoma positivity for S100. The postoperative period was uneventful, with advice to monitor for any new swellings or abnormalities.

Background: Rubella, also known as German Measles or three-day measles, is an infection caused by a RNA virus, belonging to Togaviridae family.According to a study done by WHO in developing countries;10 to 25% women tested seronegative(2) Up to 50% of maternal infections are subclinical in spite of viremia that may cause spontaneous abortion or devastating fetal infection.Up to 90% of pregnant women with rubella and rash during first 12 weeks of gestation have an affected fetus. Objectives: To estimate the seroprevalence of rubella immunity in reproductive age women To administer vaccine to seronegative women.Method: This study was conducted in department of obstetrics and gynecology in collaboration with department of microbiology at M L N medical college, Prayagraj, UP among patients attending to gynecology OPD. in collaboration with the microbiology department. After obtaining written informed consent, a questionnaire form was filled ELISA kit Rubella IgG and IgM purchased from BIOGENIX, Inc., were used for serological testing Results: Out of 530 Healthy pregnant women of reproductive age group enrolled in study, 517 (97.5%) were immune to rubella and 13 women (2.45%) were susceptible to rubella whereas no women were found to have active or acute rubella infection during the course of study. Conclusion: IgG seroprevalence can be used as an indicator of rubella elimination in the country.Screening for rubella susceptibility by serology for all women of childbearing age at their first preconception counselling is still relevant. The need for intensification of awareness programmes regarding government immunization strategies should also be considered.

Background: Non-compaction cardiomyopathy is a rare and potentially serious form of primary cardiomyopathy characterized by prominent myocardial trabeculations and deep recesses resulting from a defect in embryonic myocardial compaction. Clinically, it can manifest with heart failure, potentially lethal arrhythmias, and thromboembolic events. It is frequently underdiagnosed, thus posing a high risk during anesthetic procedures. Objective: The objective of this mini narrative review is to highlight the importance of preoperative recognition of non-compaction cardiomyopathy by the anesthesiologist, highlighting its clinical implications in the perioperative period and the available anesthetic management strategies. Conclusion: Preoperative identification of non-compaction cardiomyopathy allows the anesthesiologist to adopt specific and individualized strategies, such as detailed cardiological evaluation, advanced hemodynamic monitoring, and careful choice of anesthetic agents that minimize changes in myocardial contractility. Cases with ventricular dysfunction or arrhythmias require additional care, including inotropic support, availability of defibrillation, and thromboembolic prophylaxis. The use of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography has been useful in more complex procedures. Knowledge of non-compaction cardiomyopathy is essential for safe anesthetic practice, and consequently, appropriate management can significantly reduce the risk of intraoperative and postoperative complications, improving the prognosis for these patients.

This article analyses the concept of mythic masculinities in M. T. Vasudevan Nair’s Randamoozham (translated as Bhima: Lone Warrior), a retelling of the Mahabharata from Bhima’s perspective. While traditional epics such as Vyasa’s Mahabharata celebrate the hegemonic, warrior-oriented masculinity tied to caste and power hierarchies, Nair reimagines Bhima as a deeply human figure negotiating between strength and vulnerability. This study primarily explores Bhima’s embodiment of hegemonic and complicit masculinities through body, language, actions, and emotionality, using R. W. Connell’s framework of multiple masculinities—hegemonic, complicit, subordinated, and marginalized. It also focuses on John Beynon’s phases of warrior masculinity to emphasize how Bhima oscillates between conformity to and resistance against epic ideals. By stripping away Bhima’s divine aura, Nair highlights the internal crises and contradictions of masculinity, showing it as fluid, relational, and historically contingent. This reinterpretation challenges the rigid mythic framework that has long confined masculinity in the Indian context to a singular warrior model, and instead situates Bhima as a site where gender norms are both upheld and problematized. Through qualitative content analysis and textual interpretation in this study, Bhima’s traits and actions are categorised into hegemonic and complicit masculinities, while foregrounding the narrative strategies that humanise his character. Thus, the article contributes to the underexplored field of masculinity studies in Eastern literary traditions, foregrounding how mythic retellings can reframe the politics of gender and power in contemporary discourse.

MoyaMoya disease was discovered in 1957 by Japanese surgeon (Takeuchi and shimizu). It is a rare progressive cerebrovascular disorder that affects the brain blood vessels and the internal carotid arteries become narrowed or blocked. Its most commonly occur in paediatrics and adults, It is a ideopathic vascular disorder of intracranial arteries, the cause is unknown and sometimes it may be due to DNA mutation, the incidence of this disease is high in East Asia and more common in female at birth as compared to male at birth ,in children’s usually occurs between the age group of 5to10 years while in adults occur between the age of 30 to 50 years and with the symptoms of facial asymmetry,seizure, involuntarymovement and also experience with the symptoms of ischemic attack and intracranial bleeding. Most common symptoms in paediatric are weakness of extremities, sensory disturbance and headache. It can be diagnosed by MRI, Cerebral angiogram,CT,Tran’s cranial Doppler ultrasound and it can be managed with the Revascularization surgery, vasodilator, antiplatelet, antifibrolytic and anticonvulsants drugs.

Pineapple belongs to the Family Bromeliaceae, Genus Ananas and Species Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Selection of crops to combine with pineapple cultivation can occur in the form of crop rotation or inter row cropping. This practice has been adopted recently in some parts of the world because it permits use of resources more efficiently during the long production cycle of pineapple and in addition reduces the dependency on one crop and spreads income along the cultivation cycle. The pineapple crop also offers protection against heavy rain and winds to the intercropped species. In turn growth of the pineapple crop is healthier due to frequent weeding, fertilizer and pesticide application to the inter row crops. Pineapple cultivation is carried out routinely as a monocrop; as a result the crop is susceptible to many fungal diseases. Recent reports recommend crop rotation in pineapple farms as a means of controlling fungal diseases. The original plant is called the ‘plant crop’ while the fruit developed from the lateral, axillary branch attached to the axis of the plant crop is called the ‘first ratoon’. A healthy root system is necessary to produce successful ratoon crops. Ratoon crops are fertilized, irrigated, forced, ripened and harvested in a way similar to the plant crop. The amount of fertilizer used however is reduced. Ananas comosus belongs to the Bromeliaceae family, which is widely distributed in the Neotropics, Mexico, Brazil, and the Amazons, from Guayanas to northern Argentina, as well as in Africa and Asia. This fruit is consumed fresh and canned, but also in the form of juice, yogurt, ice cream, and jam. Vinegar and refreshing beverages such as garapiña and tepache are produced from its juice. Tepache and garapiña are alcoholic beverages. Garapiña is made from pineapple pulp and peel while tepache is usually made from pineapple peel only, but it can also be made from other fruits such as apple, orange, guava, and tamarind. Both beverages have been consumed since pre-Hispanic times and the etymology of the name is unclear. Some authors report that the name derives from the indigenous Nahuatl language: ʻtépiatl’ or ʻtepiatzin’ means water or beverage from maize, a variety named ʻtépitl’. Tepache and garapiña have a low alcohol concentration and are consumed principally in Mexico City; however, variants can be found and consumed in the Mexican states of Hidalgo, Puebla, Morelos, San Luis Potosí, Oaxaca, Jalisco, and Nayaritm. The pineapple is a tropical plant with an edible fruit; it is the most economically significant plant in the family Bromeliaceae. The pineapple is indigenous to South America, where it has been cultivated for many centuries. The introduction of the pineapple plant to Europe in the 17th century made it a significant cultural icon of luxury. Since the 1820s, pineapple has been commercially grown in greenhouses and many tropical plantations. Pineapples grow as a small shrub; the individual flowers of the unpollinated plant fuse to form a multiple fruit. The plant normally propagates from the offset produced at the top of the fruit or from a side shoot, and typically matures within a year. Some Ananas species are grown as ornamentals for color, novel fruit size, and other aesthetic qualities. Some Ananas species are grown as ornamentals for color, novel fruit size, and other aesthetic qualities Some Ananas species are grown as ornamentals for color, novel fruit size, and other aesthetic qualities. In the US, in 1986, the Pineapple Research Institute was dissolved and its assets divided between Del Monte and Maui Land and Pineapple. Del Monte took cultivar '73–114', dubbed 'MD-2', to its plantations in Costa Rica, found it to be well-suited to growing there, and launched it publicly in 1996 as 'Gold Extra Sweet', while Del Monte also began marketing '73–50', dubbed 'CO-2', as 'Del Monte Gold'. The Maui Pineapple Company began growing variety 73-50 in 1988 and named it Maui Gold.

The Rubiaceae family's Richardia scabra, often known as Florida Pusley, is known locally in Bangladesh as "Riim-raaz." Because of its wide spectrum of pharmacological actions, the herb Richardia scabra, which has long been utilized in folk medicine, has attracted increasing scientific attention. Strong antibacterial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and neuropharmacological properties, particularly in its petroleum ether and methanol extracts, have been shown in recent studies to support its traditional applications. The MTT assay was used to investigate the cytotoxicity of the R. scabra compound on HeLa cells. The compound's IC₅₀ of 46.09 µg/mL indicated that it was cytotoxic in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, it frequently stopped the cell cycle, primarily in the G0/G1 and S phases, which is encouraging for its potential application as a lead chemical in the treatment of cancer. Carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice demonstrated R. scabra anti-inflammatory properties. Methanolic extract (MRS) demonstrated its safety and effectiveness by dramatically reducing inflammation (116.00±3.67 inhibition) at 200 mg/kg, with no toxicity even at 4000 mg/kg. Methanolic (MRS) and petroleum ether (PRS) extracts both show CNS depressive, anxiolytic, and antidepressant effects in terms of neuropharmacological action.