Table of Contents: Volume 15; Issue 03; March 2023

Religious scholars date creation at 4,003BC implying that modern human to have been on earth for 6,025 years while according to research scientists the modern human is about 40,000 years old. Science finds that the universe is 14billion years old, and the earth was formed 4.55 billion years ago. Life has existed on earth for about 600 million years with the human being arising just 6 million years ago. Majority of the authors reviewed, agree that “modern humans” evolved in Africa, from the homo erectus, in a process that took over 1.9million years, and was concluded 45,000 to 35,000years ago. The “modern humans” then migrated to all parts of the world reaching other continents at various times and arriving in the Americas about 15,000 years ago. The first civilizations were established between 4000 and 3000BC in Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Ancient India and Ancient China forming the Old World. Since the modern humans started implementing social, economic and strategic security projects, some of the projects have had significant impacts on the ecosystems and the environment of the areas in which they were implemented and beyond. Environmental degradation was first recognized and made legally actionable in 1750BC in Mesopotamia (Old Babylon) by King Hammurabi who was the 6thKing of the Babylonian dynasty which ruled from 1894BC to 1595 B.C. and enacted 382 laws which were the first in history after the 10 commandments given to Moses by God at about 1378BC or 3400 years ago. This paper explores the history of the earth and major environmental impacts and projects the probable cause(s) of extinction of life which include activities on man.

Some Cough Syrups contain narcotics which include opium, morphine, heroin, chloroform, alcohol and cannabis, while others contain unacceptable amounts of diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol, whose ingredients proved having dangerous side effects if maladministered. Such ingredients suspectedly act on the Central Nervous System in different ways, and apart from interrupting pain signal transmissions, they also act on brainstem to supress the urge to cough which is not yet proven or known as to how exactly the mechanism works in the brain or body. Its widely used by parents as a sleep-inducing mechanism to their children coercively pressed me to critically investigate the misuse of cough syrups, since the nascent form of behaviour is of common practice by some parents where children are dosed with cough syrups to make them sleep. The purpose of the paper is to critically investigate the learning and behavioural problem as well as mismanagement of emotions and development of social skills due to the maladministration of cough syrups by care-givers who intentionally give children some dosages of cough syrups with an aim of inducing sleep instantly while the child is no longer prepared to sleep. The paper further try to observe the continuous impact of cough syrups as sleep-inducing mechanism in the child’s early cognitive development and the child’s achievement in class. Over-the-counter medication proved to be having significant side effect even if correctly administered, and since children metabolize medicine differently, this can cause some dangerous side effects even though correctly given. As a result of such overlapping ingredients, unmonitored consumption can accidentally overdosed even if correct dosage instructions were followed, which raised the question of negative and dangerous side effects through a child cognitive development. The study was viewed within the scope of attachment theory which concerned with the role of the primary carer in providing a child with a sense of safety as a secure base from which to thrive and flourish. The attachment theory has a deeper explanation in the way of the relationship between the primary carer (normally the mother) and the child in creating the structure and process of the child’s mind. The research paper has been viewed within the internments of the child-learning behaviour as its paradigm, focusing on the relationship between the participants in a way where a fair understanding of vital viewpoints should be created within child-rearing fundamentals. For data generation, the research design and methodology was adorned by narratives, discussions and observations in a purposeful sampled social engagements where critical participatory action research was used in a qualitative form of approach. The study is underpinned by critical discourse analysis since generated data sought to provide an extended inquiry into the (in)-human logic of deliberate, and ambiguous pinnacle where a child maximal potential might be suppressed through unconscious ideas that besmirch the child’s pedagogical intellect, defying the democratic fundamentals, and immersing in immoderate behavioural pattern in the child-rearing discourse.

Introduction: Pain is a common and disagreeable sensation for children and adult. Every child has his or her own perception of pain. Routine immunizations are the most frequent painful medical procedure during childhood. Health care professionals trying to provide vaccine to the infants with a less painful experience at their level of comfort, skin tapping (Helfer skin technique) is one of the methods which keeps the muscles relaxed and thus reduce pain while administering IM injection. Aim: The aim of the study to assess the effectiveness of helfer skin tap technique on pain during intramuscular injection among infants in selected hospital at Mysuru. Methodology: True Experimental, Post-test only Control group design was adopted for the study. Systematic random sampling technique was used to select the study subjects, 30 each in experimental and control group. Helfer skin tapping was administered only to infants in experimental group. Pain scores were assessed by FLACC pain scale at 0 minute. Results: The analysis of the findings high lights that there was a significant difference between the post-test pain scores of infants during IM injection at 0 minute in control and experimental group which was statistically tested using independent‘t’ test (t(58)= 5.74; p<0.05) was found to be significant at 0.05 level of significance. The results of the study also highlighted that pain scores of infants during IM injection at 0 minute with Helfer skin tap technique had no significant association with their selected personal variables. Conclusion: The study concluded that Helfer skin tap technique was effective in reducing the vaccination pain among infants.

Periodontal and cardiovascular diseases are both major health issues. Poor oral health has long been associated with the development of systemic diseases. Through the years, the association of periodontal disease and the development of cardiovascular disease has been brought to attention. Many studies, including systematic reviews and meta-analyses, suggest an important association between periodontal disease and coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral artery disease. Among the proposed mechanisms of this relationship, systemic inflammation appears to play a major role. Evidence suggests that periodontal inflammation triggers a systemic inflammatory state that appears to promote atheroma plaque development and progression. There are other studies that show a clear relationship between periodontal disease severity, elevations of inflammatory markers, and the presence of atherosclerosis. Here, we give a review of the available evidence supporting this association, and the possible mechanisms involved.

Understanding systemic disorders and their oral symptoms has shown to be beneficial in improving patient outcomes. Dental and medical practitioners may enhance patient outcomes and general health by working together to identify, diagnose, and manage systemic disorders at an earlier stage once the connection between the two is understood. My research endeavors focus on the many common and complicated instances of systemic disorders that have developed distinctive oral manifestations in recent years. The research looks into Sjogren's Syndrome, Lupus, Diabetes, Celiac Disease, Behçet's Disease, Oral Lichen Planus and Crohn's Disease. This research relies heavily on information from reliable medical sources that cover the conditions discussed. In addition to textual descriptions, the study provides helpful graphical and statistical portrayals of the various medical conditions. I also looked at ways of preventing the infections in the first place, as well as treatments for the systemic diseases they may cause. This study contributes to the reader's understanding of the clinical significance of the relationship between systemic disorders and their oral manifestations, a subject that has generated a number of studies in recent years. Any statistical claims made have been backed up by reputable sources that have been verified by experts in the medical field.

Introduction: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a problem getting or keeping an erection hard enough for satisfactory sexual performance. The global prevalence of ED is 3–76.5%. ED constitutes a large burden on society given its high prevalence and impact on quality of life. Diabetes is a common cause of organic ED. The pathophysiology of diabetes-induced erectile dysfunction is multifactorial. Prevalence of ED in diabetes rate range from 35 % to 85% depending on the study, versus 26% in general population. ED occurs 10-15 years earlier in men with diabetes than it does in sex-matched counterparts without diabetes. Material and methods: Study was conducted in male diabetic patients attending medical OPD and endocrinology OPD and those admitted in these wards of MB Hospital Udaipur from Jun 2021 to Jun 2022. It was a hospital based cross sectional study. ED was diagnosed by asking patients to complete International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)-5 questionnaires. Then according to score patients were divided into 4 categories: Mild ED means score is between 17-21, mild to moderate ED if score is between 12-16, moderate ED if score is between 8-11 and severe ED if score is between 1-7. Now presence of ED and its severity was correlated with age, residence, duration of diabetes, glycemic status, lipid profile, complications, BMI, etc. Results: Prevalence of ED in male diabetic patients was found to be 67%. Among 100 cases with erectile dysfunction, 9 had mild ED (13.4%), 16 cases had mild to moderate (23.8%), 15 cases had moderate ED (22.3%) and 27 had severe ED (40.2%). Prevalence of ED was found to be proportional to age. Majority of cases in ED group are those with long standing diabetes. Correlation of ED with complication of diabetes like nephropathy and neuropathy was significant whereas not for retinopathy. Significant correlation was found between BMI and ED. Conclusion: ED prevalence was high among the diabetic men and it increased with age and duration of the disease. Presence of diabetic complications was significantly associated with ED. BMI was significantly associated with development of ED therefore lifestyle modification should be recommended to all patients.

Background of the study: United nation international children fund state that children are not only divine gifts, but also the mirror of a nation and hope of the world. Health of the children is a key factor in school entry as well as continued participation and achievement in school. The child spends most of the time in the school between the ages 6 and 15 years. Children are the more powerful channel for reaching out the public health information. It gives a more opportunity to prepare themselves.Child to child approach is a means of promoting health education through children. Aim and objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of child to child approach programme on knowledge of children regarding dental hygiene among children in a selected rural government school in Mysuru district Karnataka. Methods: A Pre-experimental One group pretest posttest design was used and 60 children were selected at Hommaragali Govt school Mysuru district using non probability convenience sampling technique. Data were collected using Selected personal variable and structured knowledge questionnaire to assess the knowledge regarding dental hygiene. A child-to-child approach was conducted for children studying 5th 6th and 7th standard students. The data were collected and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The results of the study revealed that the significant difference between the mean pretest and post test knowledge scores was statistically tested using paired ‘t’ test and was found to be significant at 0.05 level of significance t(58)= 14.3 and The results also depicted that knowledge of children regarding dental hygiene had no association with their selected personal variables. Conclusion: The study has revealedthat the child-to-child approach was effective in increasing the knowledge of children regarding dental hygiene among children. Therefore the study recommends that, it is essential to organize health campaigns and child-to-child approach to enhance the knowledge regarding dental hygiene among children.

Leukoplakia is the most potentially malignant disorder. Genetic mutations often produce early phenotypic changes that may present as clinically apparent, recognizable lesions. The study was undertaken with a view to assess p53 mutation in oral leukoplakia, OSCC and risk of progression from pre-cancer to cancer. A total number of 15 OL and/or OSCC patient studied. Clinical diagnosis, histopathological analysis and sanger sequencing are done. Among them 6 SNPs were detected in 5 OSCC & 3 OL patients. Two TP53 somatic mutation detected in patient sample.

Background and Objectives: Attachments with sufficient bond strengths and a low failure rate are required for a fixed orthodontic appliance to be successful. For bonding brackets to enamel surfaces, a variety of adhesives have been employed and optimal color and shade match of composite resins and teeth, make identification of adhesive–tooth interface difficult and complete removal of adhesive remnants may not be easily achieved. Color-change light-cured composites were recently introduced to the orthodontic market to enhance differentiation of adhesive and enamel. The objective of this study is to compare the shear bond strength, adhesive remnant index and enamel loss while debonding between two color changing adhesive with a conventional orthodontic adhesive. Methods: 120 human maxillary teeth freshly extracted was collected and stored. Then specimen was randomly divided into three groups and bonded accordingly. Among 40 samples prepared in each group, 20 samples were taken for shear bond test. Remaining 20 samples was debonded manually by using a debonding plier. The debonded tooth surfaces of 20 samples were examined under stereomicroscope of 10x magnification to assess residual adhesive on tooth surface and site of bond failure using Adhesive remnant index. The debonded bracket base of 20 samples was examined under Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy to detect calcium and phosphorus. Result and Discussion: There was no statistically significant difference between the shear bond strength of Grengloo and Transbond Plus color changing adhesives. Energy dispersive X ray spectroscopy analysis showed a significantly high amount of elemental Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorous (P) on Transbond Plus. There were significant differences found in enamel loss by color changing adhesives. Significant result was found between shear bond strength of color changing adhesive and Transbond XT conventional adhesive. Conclusion: Metal brackets bonded with color changing adhesives have shown good shear bond strength with minimal enamel loss with Grengloo. Transbond plus showed significantly high amount of elemental Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorous (P).

In this chapter have been briefly analyzed the impact of the Arya Samaj on the Condition of Women in Society. The Arya Samaj create a challenge to the process of Westernization, it was also deeply influenced by the ideology of the rulers, have been written about the efforts made by Arya Samaj in the Emancipation of Women. The period of later half of 19th century was an age of definition and redefinition

In contrast to traditional marketing methods such as print media, in-person events, television and radio advertisements, digital marketing (also known as online marketing, internet marketing, or web marketing) refers to all marketing activity done online. The Internet's widespread use and the efficiency of digital marketing channels in generating sales and brand awareness are the main causes of the industry's explosive expansion. Digital marketing provides accurate targeting, reasonable costs (essential for small- and medium-sized firms and start-ups), and great reporting when compared to traditional advertising tactics. In India, digital marketing is growing quickly. Digital marketing is being used by many Indian businesses to generate competitive leads. Internet plays the largest and most important function in digital marketing. The widespread usage of the internet for both personal and professional purposes has led to the creation of numerous new channels for advertising and marketing activity. This article is primarily concerned with the development of digital marketing in the current environment. The purpose of the study is to identify the phenomenon connected to the trend in digital marketing. As a result, three parties—the Corporation, the Third Party Agency, and the Consumers—were included in the dispute. The survey's findings show that everyone is in agreement that internet literacy is a requirement for the expansion of digital marketing in this study.

The total quality of an individual’s behavior as it is revealed in his habits of thought and expression, his attitude and interests, his manner of acting and his personal philosophy of life. Personality traits are any particular characteristic of an individual which change and develop according to the experience, surroundings and time.

Fake news, misinformation and disinformation are an ingrained disease in the information world. In the Gujarat assembly elections held in December 2022, information was also polluted with the help of fake news. In Gujarat, three parties—the Bharatiya Janata Party, the Congress, and the Aam Aadmi Party—fought against each other. In this election, the digital armies of all the parties tried to defame each other. Fake news, misinformation, and disinformation were widely used. Spreading fake news created confusion among the voters. Old videos and photos were tampered with in an attempt to send the wrong message. There was also an attempt to endanger the religious unity of India. In fact, political mudslinging and the worst kind of influence on the voting process were also done. Social media was widely misused during the election period. There was a deliberate attempt to spread false information, the wrong message, and misleading content on all platforms, like text, audio, video, photo, digital board, posters, and pamphlets. Social media platforms like WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, etc. were used to spread fake news. Furthermore, fake news was purposefully spread using the logos of major mainstream media in order to confuse voters.