November 2014

Tremendous improvement in the neonatal care has led to the reduction in the mortality and morbidity of babies born below 30 weeks of gestation. Evidence based management, Expertise in the newborn care and the exponential growth of equipments have led are mark able role in the survival of tinysick babies. Most of NICUs depend upon urine output, capillary refilling time, blood gas analysis in judging baby hemodynamic ally, however sensitivity and specificity of these parameters are reasonably less. Hence longitudinal assessment of baby’s physiology is very crucial for the better acute and long term outcome. In this direction functional echocardiography has been evolved as an added entity to physical examination in the care of sick babies. Hence systematic serial studies in the NICU by f ECHO by neonatologist is very crucial and need of the hour.1

Giant cell glioblastoma is an infrequent, accounting for about 5% of all glioblastoma mean age of presentation is about 40 years old. This tumor characterized by a predominance of bizarre multinucleated giant cells. It has deserved a separate category in the World Health Organization classification of grade Ⅳtumor

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the success rate of PDL injection in primary maxillary molars anesthesia. Materials and Methods: This study was performed using a sequential double blind randomized trial design. In this study 82 children aged3–7years old who required pulpotomy, restoration, SSC and extraction on their primary maxillary molars were selected. The teeth of these children were anesthetized with periodontal injection and the dental treatments were performed on each patient. Signs of discomfort, including hand and body tension and eye movement, verbal complaint and crying (SEM scale), were evaluated by a dental assistant who was blinded to the treatment allocation of the patients. Results: Results of this study showed that during treatment 76.09% of child patients had verbal compliant, 4.87% of cases cried and no patient had body and eye movements. The success rate of PDL injection was 92.47%. Conclusion: Results showed that periodontal ligament injection can be used as an alternative to infiltration in maxillary primary molars.

Barbiturates are hypnotic (sleep-inducing) drugs and notable drugs of abuse. They are extremely useful in clinical practice and are commonly prescribed as treatment for a variety of conditions. Barbiturates are known hepatic enzyme inducers and have significant stimulatory effects on the cytochrome P450 enzyme family. This study was aimed at evaluating the degree of cytochrome P450 enzyme family stimulation in a standard prescribed treatment regimen with a view to ascertaining changes in hepatic mitochondrial protein as an indicator of the drug adverse effect. Parenteral formulation of the drug was administered to the experimental rats in a simple randomized study after 7days of adequate acclamatization. The control animals received placebo treatment. All the animals were sacrificed after completing treatment. Protein status of each animal was assayed in the mitochondrial fraction of the liver while the stimulatory capacity of the drug was assayed in the microsomal fraction. Results revealed that mean protein status of the experimental animals did not differ significantly compared with the control animals (p>0.05). However, there was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) on the activity of the cytochrome P450 enzyme family between the test and control animals. Hence, the need for a large scale study involving human subjects considering the widespread use of the drug in clinical medicine.

Study Design and Objective: this was a descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to estimate the prevalence of HIV infection among Sudanese pregnant women at Omdurman Military Hospital. Methods: the Immuno Chromatographic Test (ICT) and the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) were used to detect the specific HIV Antigens and antibodies in the serum of 100 asymptomatic pregnant women attended the hospital. Results: only one woman (1%) showed positive result of HIV on both ICT and ELISA. Conclusions: ELISA is more specific than ICT forconfirming the diagnosis of HIV.

Background: Left ventricular hypertrophy {LVH} has been repeatedly shown to be associated with a marked increase in cardiovascular risk. The ECG evidence of LVH is present only in 50% of patients with anatomic LVH. ECG may be entirely normal in around 15% patients with severe LVH. Echocardiography can show LVH in almost 100% of patients. Obective: The purpose of this study is to determine the sensitivity of ECG in diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy by its correlation with echocardiography studies of left ventricular mass in hypertensive patients. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on 130 patients attending the hospital with systemic hypertension diagnosed by JNC VII criteria and managed at B.L.D.E A’s Shri B.M Patil Medical College and Hospital. 12 lead ECG and Echo cardiograph examination for assessment of left ventricular function and mass was done using M mode and 2D echocardiography. Left ventricular mass was calculated in each case using the Devereux Formula. LV Mass=1.04 [{IVS (d)+ LVID (D)+ LVPWT (d)}3]- [LVID (d)]3- 13.6gms where 1.04 is the specific gravity of cardiac muscle. Comparison was done with a control group of 100 patients. The correlation of ECG data and echocardiograph findings in relation to LV mass was carried out is each case. Observations: In all the patients in study group ECG evidence of LVH was calculated by Sokolow-Lyon criteria and Romhilt-Estes scoring systems. LVH by Sokolow-Lyon criteria was present in 29 patients (22.31%), and LVH was absent in 101 patients (77.69%), but echocardiograph showed LVH in all 130 patients. Observed LVH by Rhomhilt-Estes scorings system was present in 38 patients (29.23%) and absent in 92 patients (70.77%). But echo cardiograph showed LVH in all 130 patients. The mean left ventricular mass calculated was 179.07+36.62gms in males and 103.78+15.84gms in females in study group. Control group had 112.84+ 5.88gms in males and 73.36+ 9.41gms in females. There was significant increase in the left ventricular mass in study group when compared to control group. The sensitivity of Sokolow-Lyon was 22.30% and the sensitivity of Romhilt Estes point scoring system was 29.23%. Sensitivity of echo in detecting LVH in hypertensive patients was 100%. Conclusion: It is concluded in our study that echocardiography is highly reliable and sensitive compared to electrocardiogram in the assessment of LVH in these patients.

Five Indian brands (coded as A, B, C, D, E) of 10 mg cetirizine hydrochloride (CTZ) tablets were evaluated for various in-vitro parameters, i.e. size and shape, uniformity of weight, hardness, friability, disintegration time and dissolution profile. The hardness of all the brands was found to be in the range of 4.2-4.4 kg, while friability was less than 1 %. The disintegration time of all brands were found to be in the range of 52 sec to 9 min 21 sec. All brands comply with the I.P weight variation tests while brands A, B, C, D and E comply with the I.P dissolution test. Formulation additives in the tablet, physical form of the drug used in the tablet and manufacturing process vary from manufacturer to manufacturer, responsible for the variation in the observed dissolution profiles. The main purpose of the study was to minimize health risk factors while maximizing the safety of the people of Lucknow to maintain and improve their health. The study is concerned to investigate and compare the physicochemical equivalence and efficacy of different brands of tablets containing Cetirizine prepared by various pharmaceutical industries under different trade names.

Aim: The present study is undertaken to see the distribution of various benign thyroid lesions by free hand guided FNAC in a study population in northern India and compare the same with ultrasound- guided FNAC. Introduction: Clinical examination, although very accurate in most cases of thyroid lesion, is inadequate in some areas especially, in staging and in detecting the multi-nodularity of the gland. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Postgraduate Department of Pathology of a teaching hospital for a period of 1 year. It was a prospective hospital based Study. In each case, a brief clinical history and physical examination along with evaluation of relevant investigation was carried out. Patient were explained about whole of the procedure & the consent for the procedure was taken in all patients. FNAC of thyroid gland was done ,by both Free hand guided and ultrasound guided and the results were correlated using SPSS 11.5 software. Observation: Out of the 139 patients, 87 shows non- neoplastic lesions . In free hand FNAC Colloid goitre was the most common accounting for 49 cases (54.44%), followed by Lymphocytic thyroiditis 12(13.33%), Hashimoto's thyroiditis 7(7.78%), Autoimmune thyroiditis 11 (12.22%) and Thyroglossal cyst 2 (2.2% ).On the other hand,ultrasound guided FNAC showed 87 non- neoplastic lesions, Colloid goitre was the most common accounting for 51 cases (67.61%), followed by Lymphocytic thyroiditis 13 (9.35%), Hashimato thyroiditis 8 (9.86%), Autoimmune thyroiditis 13(9.35%) and Thyroglossal cyst 2 (1.43%). Age of the patients ranged from 18-70yrs with maximum number 16 (31.37%) in the age group of 31-40. Majority of the patients of colloid goitre were female accounting for 12 out of 13 and only one case was male. Cytological diagnosis of Comparison of Non neoplastic lesions results both by USG guided FNAC and Free Hand FNAC shows difference of 3 cases in colloid goitre,1 case in lymphocytic thyroiditis,1 case in Hashimato’s Thyroiditis, 2 cases each of Thyroglossal cyst. Number of unsatisfactory smears were 9 and 3 in free and USG guided FNAC respectively. In USG guided FNAC, Sensitivity was 96.96%, Specificity was 93.3%. Positive predictive value was 96.96%, Negative predictive value was 93.33% and Diagnostic accuracy was 95%.In Free Hand FNAC, Sensitivity was90.0%, Specificity was 80.0%. Positive predictive value was 90.0 %, Negative predictive value was 80% and Diagnostic accuracy was 86.66 Conclusion: The statistical significance of USG-guided FNAC as: Sensitivity 96.96%, Specificity 93.3%, Positive predictive value 96.96%,negative predictive vale 93.33%,diagnostic accuracy 95%.The statistical significance of Free-guided FNAC as: Sensitivity 90%, specificity 80%, positive predictive value 90%, negative predictive vale 80%, diagnostic accuracy 86.66%. The statistical significance shows Ultrasound guided-FNAC had a significantly higher rate of diagnostic accuracy compared to palpable FNAC

Clostridia are uncommon causes of pleuropneumonia in wildlife In human and domestic animals, different Clostridia species may affect pulmonary structures causing a necrotizing and hemorrhagic pneumonia with involvement of the pleura. In livestock, most cases are associated with sudden changes of diet, iatrogenic lesionscaused by invasive procedures such as thoracentesis or thoracotomy, or traumatic percutaneous introduction of the microorganism. The clinical course of pleuropneumonia by clostridia infections may be very variable, although usually are associated with hyperacute or acute course and high mortality. The present report describes an uncommon case of necrotizing pneumonia and sepsis caused by Clostridium perfringens in Cervus timorensis with hyperacute fatal course, highlighting clinical, epidemiological, microbiological, and histopathological aspects.t

Introduction: Nutrition is an important factor contributing to health and functional ability. There is definite evidence that malnutrition is more common in geriatric population but it is underestimated in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Objective: The present study was carried out to assess nutritional status in elderly population aged ≥65 years. Material and Methods: It was a cross sectional study of 500 elderly subjects of age ≥65 years (63% subjects from urban and 37% subjects from rural area). Nutritional status assessment was done by using 18 items (30 points) Mini nutritional assessment (MNA) scale. Results: Present study revealed that 11.6% elderly were malnourished while 46% were at risk of malnutrition and only 42.4% were well nourished. Malnutrition and risk of malnutrition was more common in rural 104 (52.21%) , 47 (25.41%) than urban 126 (40%), 11 (3.49%) respectively. malnutrition according to literacy status as Illiterate, literature, primary, middle, secondary, college and professional was 26.03%, 8.47%, 0%,6.15%, 3.89%, 2.06% and 0% respectively. Prevalence of malnutrition according to financial status, self dependent and depend on others was 6.85% and 17.48% respectively. Prevalence of malnutrition in relation to BMI <19, 19-23, >23kg/m2 was 49 (47.11%), 9 (9.67%), 0 (0%) respectively. Conclusion: Nutritional status declines further as the age advances. Nutritional status of our urban elderly was better than nutritional status of rural elderly. Illiteracy depended on other by financial status and low BMI worsen the nutritional status significantly in elderly, Nutritional evaluation should be a part of clinical assessment of elderly.

Scrub typhus is being increasingly reported in India. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with acute febrile illness, including malaria, enteric and dengue fever. We report five cases of scrub typhus presenting as acute viral illness in month of September 2014 in our hospital. A thorough knowledge of the clinical features of scrub typhus including its complications and its varied presentations is important for providing early appropriate life saving empiric treatment for patients.

Lake Naivasha faces the challenge of nutrient enrichment and persistent floating aquatic macrophytes. The study aimed to determine seasonal changes in water quality and biomass of water hyacinth in Lake Naivasha. The changes in water hyacinth phytomass and values of physico-chemical parameters were measured fortnightly from September 2011 to January 2012 in three sites within the lake; Malewa River inlet, off wastewater treatment plant (WWT) - both with water hyacinth and an open water site. Sites with hyacinth mats had significantly low dissolved oxygen concentrations, low pH values, high concentration of total phosphorous (TP) and turbidity. TP increased seven fold while NH4-N and NO3-N increased at least thrice during the rainy season (November and December 2011) in Malewa and WWT sites. The highest hyacinth phytomass density (98 plants/m2) was recorded at the Malewa site in January. Live biomass of hyacinth changed form 13.2 tons/ha in September to 33.6 and 25 tons/ha at the WWT and Malewa sites respectively in January. Senesced biomass increased during the dry period (September and October 2011). In conclusion, increase in water hyacinth growth coincided with the period of significantly high nutrient concentrations in the lake during and soon after the rainy season.

The present work intended to study the potentiality of Azolla as a bio-fertilizer and as fish feed in a paddy cum fish culture unit. Results of three years study clearly showed in all replicatio and combination best performance was achieved in T3 (Azolla incorporation before and 50 days after transplanting). Puntius gonionotus (Thaiputi) and Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia) both obtained their highest values of average weight and length in case of T3. The highest value of absolute growth and relative growth were always found in T3. Highest yield of Thaiputi and Tilapia were recorded in T3. Maximum total yield 6533 kg/ha, 7774 kg/ha and 8213 kg/ha were obtained from T3 after 360 days in 1st, 2nd and 3rd year. Straw yield due to T2 and T3 were significantly higher than T1 treated plot (T1-5026.5, 5337.5, 6097.5 kg/ha) and the highest straw yield was obtained from T3 treated plot in 1st and 2nd year (T3- 7196.3, 6105 and 7622.5 kg/ha) and T2 in 3rd year (T2 –600.95, 548 and 885.75kg/ha). Grain yield of BR-2 variety significantly varied (T1-4462.5, 4745, 4510 and T2- 5120, 5600, 5882.5 kg/ha). The highest grain yield of BR-2 variety (5405 kg/ha, 5970 kg/ha, 6379 kg/ha) was obtained with the treatment of T3.

Lakkavalli range forest is dry deciduous forest comes under bhadra wild life sanctuary. Rhizosphere soil samples were collected from Sida acuta and Centella asiatica and analyzed for diversity. Fungal species were enumerated by serial dilution method. Thirty six fungal species belonging to twenty one genera were recorded. Among these, 36 fungal species belonging to 21 genera from Sida acuta and 29 fungal species belonging to 17 genera from Centella asiatica soils and two non sporulating fungi were recorded from both soils. Among these, Aspergillus was the dominant in both soils followed by Penicillium and Trichoderma species. Occurrence of soil fungal diversity also depends on the season due to fluctuation in climate. Maximum fungal isolate were isolated during Nov to Dec 2009 minimum in Feb 2010. Soil pH, soil moisture and acidic condition of soil and vegetation type also influence on the fungal diversity.

The present study was conducted to establish connectivity between marital adjustment and attitude towards women among married males of Kathua District. The sample comprised of 140 males (70 from joint families and 70 from nuclear families) in the age group of 30-40 years selected through random and purposive sampling technique. The objectives of the study were to assess level of marital adjustment of sample males; assess their attitude towards women; assess the interrelationship between the attitude held by the sample men towards women and their marital adjustment. The tools used for data collection were standardized Marital Adjustment Questionnaire and Attitude towards Women scale. Results reveal that majority of the sample males had ‘good’ to ‘very good’ marital adjustment. These men were usually satisfied with their marriage and had healthy relationship with their respective spouse. More husbands held moderate attitude towards women and usually acknowledged the role of women at home and outside. These men mostly favoured modern views towards women. There was no significant difference in the marital adjustment and attitude towards women among males of joint and nuclear families. Overall, for the sample males no significant correlation exists between their marital adjustment and attitude towards women. This trend of insignificant correlation between the two dimensions was found in joint families but in nuclear families and for men in 30-35 years age group this relationship was significant. Educational qualification of husbands is a significantly influencing factor for both Marital Adjustment as well as Attitude towards Women. Sex of the child / offspring is also a significant determining factor especially for Marital Adjustment of many sample males.

India is urbanizing at a very fast pace. The enhancement of urban green spaces or urban green forests is one of the ways, which has the potential to mitigate the adverse effects of urbanization economic or environmental costs. Tress provide various benefits associated with air, water quality, building energy conservation, cooler air temperatures, reductions in ultraviolet radiation and many other environmental and social benefits. Trees have played an important role in human settlements throughout history. Natural forests with their complete canopy cover, large leaf areas and permeable soils handle rain water effectively through interception and infiltration, returning water to ground water and the atmosphere and protecting water quality in surface waterways. In the present study five trees were selected from the college campus and the physical parameters of the tree canopy soil were analysed and compared with the soil profile.

Solids transport is a complex phenomenon; the intensity of this phenomenon varies greatly with the general environment: geology, degree of rock alteration, hydrology, vegetation, climate, etc. The extent of the phenomenon is out of proportion in semi-arid areas or areas with temperate climates. Algeria is one of the countries most affected by this phenomenon and its consequences. To enable a rapid response to demands from engineers for the quantification of bed load transport at the outlet of a catchment area, a simple tool easy to implement has been developed. The principle adopted is based on hydrometric data from gauging stations, seasonal and annual analyses have defined an appropriate method for estimating the sediment yield. This work presents a study of the sediment transport in the Wadi Ebda watershed. In order to understand the sedimentation dynamic in the watershed, an analysis is based on instantaneous flow data and the concentration of suspended sediments transported in the stream. The results obtained were quite satisfactory because the correlation coefficients of the model Qs= f (Ql) are between77% and 84%. This method once refined can be generalized to all the watersheds of northern Algeria. In addition, the results show that the annual average of specific degradation is about 809 t km-2 year-1. This value is comparable to those found in other regions with similar hydrologic regimes.

Trichoderma asperellum is a fungus belongs to the order Hypocreales and used as bio-control agent in the management of various microbial diseases affecting agriculture crops. The colonies of Trichoderma asperellum is commonly isolated from soil which forms its natural environment. T. asperelllum has versatile nutrient requirements and different carbon sources could be used for its growth. In the present study two tuber crop varieties belong to Dioscorea alata, a medicinal herb (Stevia rebaudiana) and cashew apple have been tested for their efficacy to support the growth of this fungus. It was found that the medium prepared out of Dioscorea alata (Yam Dextrose Agar- YDA-1) supports the growth of T. asperullum by 2.75±0.5x109 cfu/ml, YDA-2 which was prepared from another variety of yam provides the growth of T. asperellum by 4±1.63X109cfu/ml, Stevia medium gave 3.75±0.95x109 cfu/ml growth of T. asperellum and cashew apple supported the growth of T.asperellum by 3±0.18X109 cfu/ml. Commonly using culture medium for the production of Trichoderma is Potato Dextrose medium which provides 2±0.81x109cfu/ml. From these studies it is obvious that Stevia medium, Yam Dextrose medium and Cashew apple medium can be used as the food source for the growth of T. asperellum. Through this endeavor three new cost effective media were developed which can be used as nutrient provider for the mass multiplication of T. asperellum which leads to significant reduction in the cost of bio control product.

An attempt was made to study the meiobenthic community composition, density, richness, evenness and diversity of Manakudy estuary, south west coast of India, during February 2010 to January 2012. Thirty seven (37) species were identified in the present investigation. Foraminiferans are dominated group of all over the estuary and represented by Ammonia beccarii, Lagena semistriata, Rosalina globularis, Eponides repandus and Globigerinoides sp., The second dominated population group of nematodes was represented by Daptonema conicum, Desmoscolex sp., Halalaimus sp., Theristus sp. and Viscosia sp. Third dominated harpacticoids copepods population was represented by Euterpina acutifrons, Macrosetella sp. and Microsetella sp., Ostrocodes population was represented by Cypridina sp. and Cyprideis sp. Abundance of foraminiferans is concentrated at station I, II, III and IV. Organic pollution indicator Daptonema conicum fairly dominated at station I, II and III. The maximum abundance of meio benthic organisms recorded from station III and minimum at the station IV.

The code has two classes, the first one named Dynamic Programming.cs and the second named Cell. cs. I will discuss the details of Dynamic Programming.cs class in the following lines because it describes the main idea of my article. The first class contains three methods that describe the steps of dynamic programming algorithm. The first method is named Intialization_Step, this method prepares the matrix a(i,j) that holds the similarity between arbitrary prefixes of the two sequences. The algorithm starts with shorter prefixes and uses previously computed results to solve the problem for larger prefixes. The second method named Get_Maxcomputes the value of the cell (j,i) by the Equation 1. The third method is named Traceback_Step. This method will produce the alignment by traversing the cell matrix (N-1,M-1) back towards the initial entry of the cell matrix (1,1).

Foliar epidermal characters and petiole anatomy of four underutilized Annona species in Nigeria were studied to facilitate identification of this novel source of fruits and also to bring the awareness of Annona fruits to the populace. Annona species being multipurpose trees have high nutritional value as a food and are sources of medicinal and industrial products. Petiole anatomy of the Annona species was undertaken using Light Microscope (LM), the foliar micromorphological study of the species of Annona was undertaken using Light Microscope (LM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). More anatomical characters which are of taxonomic value include smooth cuticular membrane, epidermal cells polygonal and occasionally isodiametric, stomatal cells paracytic, stomatal cells hypostomatic, guard cell shape elliptic and presence of peristomatal rim in all the Annona species. The nature of the anticlinal wall, cuticular wax granules, stomatal pore visibility, petiole outline, type of vascular bundle and crystal type are the notable endomorphological characters that provided useful specific distinctions.

252 blood samples collected from patients of different localities of Allahabad region were found to be positive for typhoid fever when tested by Widal test. The causative agentSalmonella species were cultured from the blood samples and then were identified by using standard procedures. The isolates were identified as S. typhi, S. paratyphiA, S. typhimurium and S. bongori. Age, socio-economic status and seasonal variations were identified as significant risk factors associated with incidence of Salmonella infection. Blood samples were collected from both males and females belonging to the age groups from ˂1 to 50 years where the infection rate of typhoid fever was found to be higher among children. Socio-economic strata showed difference in incidence of Salmonella species with the low category showed highest number of isolates. Peak period of typhoid fever was found in June while a lower peak was noted in the month of November.

Cancer is a leading cause of deaths in developing as well as developed countries. Four most frequent serious cancers identified are lung, breast, colorectal and stomach. The currently available chemotherapy agents have drawbacks like sever side effect, poor solubility and non-specificity. In the present study, the anticancer activity of ethanol extracts of Anisochilus carnosus was checked against lung cancer A549 cell lines. The ethanol extract of Anisochilus carnosus showed dose dependent response against the human lung cancer A549 cells. Furthermore, the ethanol extract Anisochilus carnosus induced apoptotic cell death in the A549 lung cancer cells through generation of enhanced reactive oxygen species and altered mitochondrial membrane potential. Moreover, the isolated ethanol extract of Anisochilus carnosus steroid active compounds stigmasterol and β-sitosterol was docked with Bcl-2 protein. The steroid active compound stigmasterol and β-sitosterol displays high affinity to Bcl-2 protein. In conclusion, the ethanol extract of Anisochilus carnosus could be a novel anticancer agent.

The In vitro studies were carried out at 26+1oC and 65% to determine the optimum host-parasitoid ratio for the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella and its endolarval parasitoid Cotesia vestalis. A single female of C, vestalis has the potential to parasitise 100 larvae effectively with 80.0 to 86.0 % parasitism, during an average female longevity of 12.9 days. The mean adult emergence was 88.56%, Mass production of the parasitoid would therefore be more effective with a host parasitoid ratio of 100 larvae : 1 female parasitoid. Field evaluation of the ratio would determine the dosage for inundative releases of the parasitoid for effective suppression of Plutella xylostella.

Medicinal plants are associated with the local heritage all over the World. These plants are used as traditional medicines for human healthcare. This practice is very common among the local peoples of Bangaon Subdivision, North 24 Paraganas District of West Bengal. Ethno-botanical study as well as taxonomic documentation of medicinal plants now a days are very important tool for the protection of intellectual property right (IPR).In this field survey, information was collected from traditional practitioners of that area and documentation was made from this. It is found that 31 plants belonging to 26 families and their herbal preparation are used as potent medicine to treat various disease and disorders of common peoples.

The Fulton’s condition factor (K) and relative condition factor (Kn) of the cyprinid Amblypharyngodon mola collected from the culture ponds of Jorhat district, Assam was studied during July 2010 to June 2012. The study was carried out in relation to various length groups and different months of the year. The regression coefficient ‘b’ computed from the length-weight data of 260 females and 310 males was 2.846 for male and 3.286 for female. The values of ‘K’ fluctuated between a minimum of 0.824 and maximum of 1.039 for males, while for females, the values were between 0.879 to 1.184. On the other hand, the ‘Kn’ values showed variation between 1.315 to 1.943 in male and 1.642 to 3.473 in females. The high average ‘Kn’ values and ‘K’ values recorded for all the months indicated good condition of the fish.

The current research is to investigate the antioxidant activity of different doses of Garcina Indica against gamma irradiation oxidative damage in the liver tissue with caused single dose of 6Gy. The Malondialdehyde (MDA), Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD) and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) are currently considered to be basic markers of oxidative stress. MDA is one of the end-products of the peroxidation of membrane lipids, whereas enzymes Cu,Zn-SOD and GSH-Px belong to the natural antioxidants. The mice were divided into five group with twenty mice each, the group one was with 5mg/kg and group two with 10mg/kg of Garcina Indica extract, and the third group was injected with an isotonic Nacl solution, the fourth group was injected only with Garcina Indica and the fifth was observed as control. Following with a time span of 30 minutes, 6Gy total body irradiation was given to groups one to three in a single dose. The activities were measured in all groups for MDA, SOD and GSH-Px, total body irradiation results in increase in the liver tissue MDA levels and a decrease of SOD and GSH-Px activities and it shows that liver tissue MDA levels in irradiated mice that were pre treated with Garcina Indica were decreased significantly, where SOD and GSH-Px activities were significantly increased. Thus the reported result suggests that Garcina Indica administration prior to irradiation may prevent liver damage by irradiation.

Salicylic acid (SA) is a growth regulator that promotes growth of plants under stress and non stress conditions. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of foliar applications of salicylic acid (SA) on enzyme activity of Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper. SA was applied at five different concentrations (50ppm, 100ppm, 150ppm, 200ppm 250ppm) during the growth period of 15 days old Vigna seedling. Activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), nitrate reductase activity (NRA), peroxidase (POD) polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined in the fresh leaves obtained from 15days old seedlings. Foliar applied SA caused a significant increase in leaf SOD and POD activity. However, leaf CAT activity was decreased with all SA treated plants compare to control plants.

The experiments were conducted to study the morphological and biochemical responses of Salvinia molesta Mitchell to different concentrations of Chromium exposed for 12 days. The data on Morphological and Biochemical parameters were recorded at the interval of 4 days. Test plant showed visible symptoms such as chlorosis and withering of roots at higher concentrations of Chromium however, the normal growth was observed at lower concentration of 0.25 and 0.50 ppm. Total chlorophyll, carbohydrate and protein content increased at lower concentration and decreased at higher concentration compared to control. Proline accumulation in test plants and directly proportional to the concentration of Chromium which was due to the stress induced by Chromium. The toxicity of Chromium was found to be directly proportional to its concentration and duration of exposure.

Occurrence of pseudo-stalked barnacle in spinner dolphin and bottlenose dolphin from Chennai is reported here. Earlier report on the host bottlenose dolphin is revised in the light of present taxonomy. This is the first report of spinner dolphins as host in the Northern Indian Ocean and further studies are required to use them as natural biological tags for identifying wild cetaceans.

Cadmium oxide (CdO) thin films have been deposited on glass substrate at R.T (300 K) by thermal oxidation with exist air. All samples were exposed to Gamma –Ray (γ – rays) source type (Cs 137) with energy (0.611MeV) for different irradiation time (2, 4 and 6) hours. In this study determines the effect of irradiation by (γ – rays) at different time on the structural, optical properties of as deposited films. X-ray techniques were used to characterize structural properties which indicate the formation of polycrystalline cubic CdO phase with preferential orientation along (111) plane. However, intensity of all peaks increases after irradiation which indicates that the crystallinity increases with increasing irradiation time. The transmission and absorptions spectrum of the films as a function of wavelengths in the range (300-1100) nm were used to study the optical properties before and after irradiation. The optical constants such as absorption coefficient, refractive index, extinction coefficient, real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant and the electrical conductivity were investigated and calculated.

Pure and Cr2O3 –doped polyvinyl alcohol (Cr2O3 –PVA) composite films with different Cr2O3 concentrations were prepared by solution cast technique. FTIR spectra comparison shows that the Cr2O3 molecules are interstitially distributed among polyvinyl alcohol chains, i.e., there is no chemical bonding between the Cr2O3 and polymer at the specified conditions of the research. The optical properties (absorption, transmission, refraction index, extinction coefficient, real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant) for the samples are investigated at room temperature in wave length range of (190- 1100) nm. The optical band gap (Eg) for allowed direct transition decrease with increase the concentration of Cr2O3 from 5.53 eV for pure PVA to 4.72,2.62 and 2.38 eV for 5%,10%,and 15% respectively.

The main concentration of this paper is to suggestmodified exponential type unbiased ratio and product estimators using auxiliary attribute in simple random sampling. A comparative analysis of efficiency is carried out between suggested and existing estimators theoretically as well as numerically.

Seasonal variation in the physico chemical parameters, water quality assessment using WQI method, irrigation water quality assessment and heavy metal analysis was reported in the present paper by the authors. The work is carried out for the water samples collected from Denkada anicut of Vizianagaram district of Andhra Pradesh, India. The samples were collected and analyzed for eleven different seasons such as August 2010, December 2010, April 2011, August 2011, December 2011, April 2012, August 2012, December 2012, April 2013, August 2013 and December 2013. All the physico- chemical parameters analyzed were compared with IS: 10500 standards and found to be well within the values prescribed. It was found that the quality of the water samples was rated as excellent with respect to the water quality index (WQI) calculations. The parameters such as SAR, RSC, %Na and Mg hazard were also found to well within the prescribed standard values. Inferring that the water is suitable and rated as Good for irrigation and agricultural purpose. From the ICP analysis report it was found that except Si all other metals analyzed were below detection limits.

Sign Language Recognition System is one of the most growing researches today. Many new Techniques are having been developed recently in the field of Sign Language Recognition. This system becomes popular because it is only one of the efficient way through which the deaf and dumb people can convey their message to other people. The main aim of this paper is to present a survey of the various techniques used for image mining techniques for the Indian Sign Language Recognition given by different researchers.

The aim of the study was to explore how sports sponsorship impact on building company image. Benefits such as creating long lasting relationships with the stakeholders as well as the community and building company image are also discussed. Challenges of sports sponsoring are also considered such as inappropriate image conveyed by sports entities as well as ambush marketing. The last objective of the study assessed attitudes of spectators towards the sponsorship .In carrying out the study, the researcher used a descriptive research design with 150 respondents who were grouped as 70 management and 80 spectators chosen at a football match. Management were selected using judgmental sampling technique and spectators were selected using systematic sampling. Primary and secondary data were used. Conclusions were based on results from questionnaires and interviews. Findings of the research confirm that sponsorship objectives vary depending on the sponsored entity and these include enhancing brand image, increasing market share , sales growth and also to generate visibility and publicity. The results indicate that sports sponsorship can be used as a tool for building brand image of a company. The researcher recommends companies to use sports sponsorship as it has a positive impact on building company image as well as increasing sales and encouraging loyalty from customers thereby increasing purchasing intention. Companies are also recommended to select a sports entity that best suits their products and services.

Today the cities and towns of developing countries are experiencing a rapid population growth, In India, currently 31.18% of population (census of India, 2011) lives in urban centers, while in the next 15 years it is projected around 35%, and this indicates the alarming rate of population growth of urban centers. One of the important features of population growth in in urban area in India is dualism - urban population growth at macro level is decelerating but in class I cities it is growing. The alarming rate of population growth of urban centers when proceeds towards saturation, a population engulf took place towards its adjoining areas. Due to huge influx of rural to urban migration, unorganized urban sprawl has occurred around the cities and towns. The Present study an attempt to focus on spatio-temporal dynamics of population growth in Barddhaman Planing Area (BPA), under which class-I growing urban center Barddhaman is delineated. To address the 80 year change of population both in absolute and relative terms, absolute growth rate and system component growth of population has been analyzed. Finally this work concludes with future trends of population growth with suggestions for sustainable planning.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) has played a great role in the development of international trade in agriculture. Before its establishment, trade in agriculture has been distorted and not liberalized. Nonetheless, due to the effect of the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (AOA), trade in agriculture has been fully liberalized. However, despite its establishment, one could observe several drawbacks in fully realizing the benefits from being part of it. This is particularly seen with developing countries which have been caught between the need for developing their agricultural base on the one hand and unable to secure the benefits from their membership on the other hand. The main objective of this article is, therefore, to examine the implications of WTO for the agricultural sector of developing countries with reference to Nepal and Uganda. To reach the objective of this article, secondary data review has been carried out. The study has been analyzed based on the principles of agreement on agriculture under WTO such as market access, domestic support (subsidies) and export subsidies. When the WTO AOA was agreed by member states, it was widely assumed that trade liberalization in agriculture would contribute to growth, better income and economic development. However, the evidence from the experiences of Nepal and Uganda does not support this argument.

Ethiopian agriculture is characterized by traditional and subsistence peasant farming whose access to modern technology and basic education is very limited. However,aagricultural technology is a means through which agricultural efficiency, productivity and production improvement can be made to fight against hunger and poverty. It is also noted these agricultural technology can be dissiminatd through exxpandin agricultural extension program.Therefore, the objective of this is to identified the main factos that hindes households to partcipate in the agriculyural extension program in Sekota,Ethiopia. Three stages sampling were used in which both non-random sampling and random sampling procedures was followed to select 252 respondents. The major output of the study indicates that agricultural extension program partcipation of the household was significantly influenced by dependancy ratio,household heades age,education level, remitance income, media access, social institution partcipation, land holding, livestock holding, and tabia distance from the woreda market.

There is a need to create a strong competitive small and medium enterprise sector that is able to play a leading role in the development process. Business strategy is one of important components that lead to economic growth and competition. In order to design and implement successful business strategy, small and medium enterprises need to have proper accounting system to generate appropriate information. Therefore, the objective of this research is to assess views’ of authorized accountants towards accounting practices of small and medium enterprises in Regional state of Tigray, Ethiopia. There were 158 authorized accountants registered in the National Regional State of Tigray the Office of the Auditor General as of October, 2014. 50 authorized accountants were selected purposely based on their availability and self administered questionnaires were distributed to them, and 34 questionnaires were returned. Quantitative and qualitative data analysis methods were used to analyze the collected data from respondents. The study found that accounting practices of small and medium enterprises is at low level. Small and medium enterprises keep accounting record mainly for tax purpose and for support to access credit from banks.

Due to agro-climatic suitability of Tripura, a north-eastern state of India, rubber plantation is being promoted. Till 2012, 5.2 per cent of its geographical area has come under rubber monoculture. In spite of socio-economic positive impacts, there are controversies on growing expansion of rubber monoculture among the populace of Tripura, mainly from the perspective of ecology. Based on the available literature of the studies carried out in different places of the globe as well as in Tripura, these aspects have been reviewed in this paper.

Banks globally have experienced complex and enormous challenges related to their customer relationship since the economic crisis. How can banks create higher customer satisfaction and loyalty”? “Global banking survey- a new era of customer satisfaction” had a shocking finding. Indian customers’ are generally leaving their main banks because of poor services though in general there remains a high level of satisfaction with banks. Finding further says that 50% of the customers deciding to move their main banks did so because of general levels of service quality. The above finding became the stimuli for present study. The present study revolves around the Customer Relationship Management in banking industry and factors that may influence the CRM solutions & its implementation in banking industry. The findings & outcome of the present study will be beneficial for the banking industry in avoiding the CRM implementation failure. The purpose of this paper is to identify the independent variables & to investigate likely influence of these independent variables on the CRM in banking industry

The rate at which electronic media was growing in scope and purposes of its use, its levels, communication genres, types of spaces and impact on human relations was an area of interest to postmodern researchers in various disciplines. The study sought to investigate how various aspects of church life, identity and mission are being influenced by use of electronic media. Since it is a global shift in means, scope and control of content in communication, the church cannot ignore it. The selected churches in Kiambu County emerged out of need to investigate the church leaders’ opinions on the impact the use of electronic media had upon their churches. A total population of sixty eight (68) church leaders in an International leadership summit participated in the study. Regarding the use and misuse of electronic media on selected ministries and influence on traditional relationships, the participants scored 63% on negative use and 37% on positive use. The main recommendation was that the church leaders engage in lifelong scholarship on emerging media technologies regarding their use and misuse in order to guide their members on how to live godly in the emerging digital continent.

A sound and profitable banking sector is better able to withstand negative shocks and contributes to the stability of the financial system (Athanasoglou et al., 2005). The sound banking system enhances the growth of the economy and with stand the growth of the country. The present study aims to study about the performance efficiency of Indian public sector banks, among nineteen public sector banks twelve Indian public sector banks has been selected for the analysis it is based on the weight age of Input and Output weight of the banks. Different types of banks are efficiently differing from each other and they have the different efficiency level and to know where the banks stand will be identified in this paper. The result of the Data envelopment analysis and Cross efficiency result shows that Oriental bank of commerce is performed well in most of the years followed by united bank of Indian Bank and Indian Overseas bank. The results are based on the traditional cross efficiency matrix.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the relationship between hand grip strength with hand anthropometric measurements in university male handball players. One hundred and forty four (144) male handball players, selected from south west zone inter university handball tournament for the year 2010- 2011, organized by S.R.T.M. University, Nanded, Maharastra. In this study data was collected from teams who reached quarterfinals and Annamalai university team. These selected subjects, who practice handball regularly and take part in competition and their age range between 18 to 28 years. The variables selected in this study were hand anthropometric measurements (hand width, hand length, hand shape index) and hand grip strength. Vernier caliper, Gulick tape, measuring scale and Grip dynamometer was used for data collection. Pearson correlation coefficient test revealed that right hand grip strength showed significant relationship with weight, hand width, hand length and shape index. However left hand grip strength showed significant relationship with weight, hand width and hand length (p < 0.05). It is concluded that right hand grip strength showed positive correlation with hand anthropometric measurements than left.

During constant-load exercise of moderate intensity, pulmonary O2 uptake (VO2) is characterized by two temporal response components. The first occurs during the transit delay from the exercising limbs and is mediated predominantly by increased pulmonary blood flow. Thereafter, this response is supplemented by the influence of increased O2 extraction, causing VO2 to increase mono-exponentially to its steady state, with a time constant that does not vary appreciably with work rate, at this intensity. At work rates that engender a lactic acidosis, however, an additional slow phase of VO2 is superimposed upon the underlying kinetics: this is of delayed onset and prolongs the time to steady state over the range within which the increases in blood lactate and [H+] stabilize or ever decrease (heavy exercise). At higher work rates (severe exercise), a steady state is unattainable, with the VO2 trajectory resulting in VO2 max progressively earlier the higher the work rate: it is therefore a fundamental determinant of exercise tolerance. Although the kinetic features of this slow VO2 component (other than its delay) remain tobe determined, current evidence suggests that it is manifest predominantly in the exercising limbs, with the recruitment profile and metabolic features of fast-twitch fiber activation being the major contributor.

Mesenteric teratomas are very rare tumors arising from totipotent primordial cells which displays a mixture of tissues of tridermal or bidermal origin. Teratomas are usually found in saccrococcygeal area (47.2%), in the gonads (31.6), and less frequently in other sites like neck, mediastinum, retroperitonium, cranial cavity, nasopharynx and upper jaw.1Teratomas in GIT and associated organs like stomach and pancreas are very rare and there are only occasional case report on mesenteric teratoma.

Secondary school students in Kenyan schools experience many problems which they are unable to handle on their own and most of them are reluctant to seeek counselling. This necessitated this study’s whose title was ‘a comparative study of factors influencing guidance and counselling help-seeking behaviour among public secondary school students in Nyeri and Nairobi counties, Kenya’. Some of the factors influencing counselling help seeking behaviour among secondary school students are student’s attitudes towards counselling and students’ gender. The purpose of this study therefore was to find out if the same factors influence counselling help seeking behaviour, among public secondary school students in Nyeri and Nairobi counties and also if the identified factors differ in the two counties. The study employed ex-post-facto causal comparative research design. Stratified random sampling procedure was used to select schools and students who participated in the study. The respondents of the study were 387 students from 20 public secondary schools from the sampled schools selected using stratified sampling method. Data was collected through administration of a questionnaire for students in the sampled schools. In data analysis, the t-test was used in testing hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The study findings showed that, Nairobi County secondary school students had a more negative attitude towards guidance and counselling than those in Nyeri County. Further findings were that there was no significant gender difference in attitudes towards guidance and counselling help-seeking behaviour and students sought guidance and counselling from teacher counsellors. This study therefore recommends that, students to be enlightened on availability of guidance and counselling services in order to utilize them in prevention and solving problems before they go out of hand.

Many conservation measures aim the control of poaching and new threats to wildlife in India; but on the other hand, many infectious diseases and clinical problems taking upper hand in many of the wild animals are always given less significance than they actually deserve. Considering all these, in order to add more essence to the conservation biology, the present work may act as a tool for successful conservation in India. Water samples from Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Anamalai Wildlife Sanctuary and forest divisions of Sathyamangalam-Erode regions were collected in a 250 ml sterile, clear air tight container and sealed using parafilm and tests were carried out in the laboratory. Results obtained on 24 and 48 hours incubation at 37οc were compiled. The present research paper communicates the evidence of coliforms in the water samples collected from the Free-Raging Wildlife regions of Tamilnadu state during dry seasons of February- June, 2010.

Estimation of pharmacotherapeutic potential, possible molecular mechanism of action, toxic/side effects and interaction with drug-metabolizing enzymes was achieved by computational studies. Computer assisted drug designing involves all computational techniques to discover, design and optimize biologically active compounds with desired structure features for putative use as drug. The Molecular Docking studies of 2-substituted-6(4-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydropyridazin-3(2H)-ones and 3-substituted-6(4-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydropyridazin-3(2H)-ones and pyridazine substituted triazin was carried out using Molegro Virtual Docker for determination of anti-inflammatory activity using (PDB ID: 6COX) and analgesic activity using (PDB ID: 1CX2). The novel derivatives obtained were subjected to docking against the selected proteins and the potent derivatives of pyridazinone were finally selected on the basis of Mol Dock score values. The in-silico docking results showed that compound XIV i.e. N-(4-(2-imino, 3,4,8,9-tetrahydro-2H-pyridazin [1,6-α][1,3,5 triazin-7-yl)phenyl)-methanesulfonamide exhibited relatively comparable binding affinity with highest Mol Dock Score value of -125.066 and formed four H-Bonds comparable to standard compound having Mol Dock Score of -86.155 on docking with (PDB ID: 6COX) and possessed highest Anti-inflammatory activity. The compound XVII i.e. 2-(4-benzylphenyl)-3,4,7,8-tetrahydropyrimdo[1,6-b]pyridazine-6-imine exhibited highest binding affinity with Mol Dock Score value of -103.947 and formed four hydrogen bonds comparable to standard compound value having Mol Dock Score -119.837 with (PDB ID: 1CX2) and possessed highest Analgesic activity. Some other compounds which showed better results are compounds XII, XVI, XIII, VIII with anti-inflammatory activity and compounds XX, XXIII, XI, VIII with analgesic activity. The SAR studies shows that the compounds XIII and compounds VIII showed good mol dock score bearing pyridazinone as central /basic moiety having sulphate group substituttion on sixth position while the compounds II and III having pyridazinone as central moiety but having hydrazine hydrate substitution on fifth position having poor docking results for anti-inflammatory and analgesic. Thus, pyridazinone-based compounds represent potential lead compounds for further development of selective COX inhibitors.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) stands as one of the most important etiologies of chronic liver disease and is an emerging infection in the world. Egypt has the largest burden of HCV infection in the world. Aim: - To identify effect of an educational program on hepatitis C patients treated with interferon and their family caregivers. Materials and Method: A quazi experimental study design was used in this study. This study was carried out in the outpatient clinic at Al-Mahalla educational liver hospital. Purposive number of 50 HCV patients (numbers of cases in 6 months) and 50 of their family caregivers attending the previous setting were included in the study. Three tools were used in this study interview sheet, health profile sheet and SF36 HRQoL. Results: the result of this study showed that before implementation of the program the studied patients and their family caregivers' hade low scores of knowledge and practices furthermore, the studied patients also had poor life style behaviors and poor quality of life. After implementation of the program there was a significant improvement in the total knowledge and total practices score of the studied patients and their family caregiver's pre, immediate, and three months post program intervention. P (<0.001). There was a significant improvement in the dietary habits practices, activity of daily living and quality of life of the studied HCV patients. Conclusion: it can be concluded that the education program was effective and improved the level of HCV patients and their family care givers knowledge and practices toward management of HCV. And improve patient quality of life. Recommendation this study recommended that, an educational program should be planned and offered at regular basis to all patients and their caregivers to improve their knowledge, practices and quality of life.

Objective: Concession and endothelial defect caused skin flap failure by thrombus. Our study aimed to support flap survive by an anticoagulant agent. Materials and Methods: On this study was used 14 Wistar Albino female rats who are separated control (n=7) and ticagrelor (n=7) groups. Dorsal skin flaps were elevated and sutured same incision area. Ticagrelor was infused 20 mg/kg before 24 hour and 10 mg/kg after operation, each 12 hour, 10 days. % 0.9 NaCl infused for control group. After 10 days, flaps were evaluated topographicly and histochemicaly. Results: Flap survival rate on control group % 62,84(43,40-69,83) and on ticagrelor group % 66,77(57,88-72,68) evaluated. Histopathologycal flap necrosis determined 1/3 distal and proximal parts were same but, central 1/3 part of flap on ticagrelor group has less necrosis than control group. That difference was supported statistical (p<0.05). Conclusion: Conclusion of study; Ticagrelor would increase flap viability and we could use ticagrelor as an alternative drug for flap survive.

The consequences of aging involve the risk of osteoporosis, leading to an impaired quality of life in the elderly patient, especially post menopausal women. Osteoporosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in postmenopausal women. Aim of this study was to see mandibular bone changes in post menopausal osteoporotic patient after treatment with Zoledronic acid. 150 postmenopausal osteoporotic patients were selected and divided into two groups: first group was freshly diagnosed osteoporotic patients and second group one year after treatment with Zoledronic acid. All patients were evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), orthopantomograph (OPG) and radiovesiograph (RVG). Significant improvement of mandibular alveolar bone occurred in treated group measured by RVG. 83% and 84% of mandibular cortical index were eroded (C2&C3) in osteoporosis and treated osteoporosis respectively. Horizontal bone resorptions of mandibular alveolar bone were less in treated group vs non-treated group (88% and 97 %). The vertical bone resorptions were not significantly different in treated and non treated group (12% and 3%). In post menupousal osteoporotic patients, treatment with Zoledronic acid (Bisphosphonate) significantly improved mandibular alveolar bone in parameter of pixel intensity determines by RVG and cortical index by OPG. Post menopausal osteoporosis patient had eroded mandibular cortex.

This study was conducted to indicate the association among blood potassium types and level,and with white blood cells count and hemoglobin percentage.Group of animal consist of 200 Awassi sheep, 40 Arabi sheep and 59 karrdi sheep, were typed for blood potassium concentration. The results revealed the fallowing :- 1- Potassium level of Awassi, Arabi and Karadi sheep blood showed a bimodal distribution, the low potassium (LK) and the high potassium (HK). 2- Awassi sheep (HK) had significantly higher WBCs count,5133, than that in LK Awassi sheep, 4814/ml. 3-No significant differences was conducted in WBCs count among the three breed of sheep. 4- Haemoglobin percentage showed significantly differences in Awassi and Karadi (HK) sheep (10.97 and 10.34%) compared with LK sheep (10.24 and 7.6%) respectively. 5- Significant differences were shown in haemoglobin percentages among Awassi, Arabi and Karadi sheep these values were 10.84, 9.28 and 10.15% respectively.

Introduction: Enteric fever is an important public health problem in developing countries like India. Antibiotics are still the main stay in the treatment of enteric fever, but enteric fever Salmonellae have developed drug resistance and this has further hampered the process of reducing the mortality and morbidity associated with this disease. Materials and Methods: Phenotypically and serologically confirmed enteric fever Salmonellae were subjected for antimicrobial susceptibility testing by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion testing. Results: 8.77% of samples received for blood culture yielded the growth of enteric fever Salmonellae, 31 S.Paratyphi A and 25 S.Typhi were isolated. S.Paratyphi A isolates are on the rise. Male to female ratio was 3:1, more commonly isolated in the first 3 decades. Seasonal variation was observed with majority of them isolated between July to September. Mean time for positive blood culture was 3-5 days.83.3% of the isolates were resistant to Nalidixic acid. Conclusion: Enteric fever continues to be a major public health problem around Mysore. During monsoon months the number of Enteric fever cases increases. Young adults are more commonly susceptible. The Enteric fever Salmonellae in this region have regained susceptibility to Ampicillin, Trimethoprim/Sulfmethoxazole and Chloramphenicol indicating the disappearance of MDR cases. Ciprofloxacin resistance is not very common in this region. Nalidixic acid is not a good screening test for detection of quinolone resistance.

Thirteen important species of mealy bugs occurring in India. It has been proved that some mealy bugs are important plant disease vectors. Management of mealy bugs using chemical pesticides is often difficult, but these pests can be managed well by biological control using predatory coccinellids like. Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Scymnus coccivora and Brumoides suturalis have been proved as a effective mealy bug predators. Besides these, others like Nephus regularis, Brumoides lineatus, Chilomenes sexmaculata, Coccinella septempunctata, Hyperaspis maindroni are kown to feed o mealybugs. Role of other predatory insects like the chrysopids Chrysoperla carnea and Mallada boninensis, anthocorids Anthocoris muraleedharani and Blaptostethus pallescens lycaenid predator, Spalgis epius and cecidomyiids, Diadiplosis koebelei and Triommata coccidivora have also been described. It has been reported that, apart from predators, thirteen species of parasitoids also play important role in suppressing the mealy bug population. The role of entomopathogenic fungi like Metarrhizium anisopliae, Verticillium lecanii, Beauveria bassiana and Fusarium pallidoroseum and entomopathogenic nematodes like Heterorhabditis indica, Heterorhabditis baujardi, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Heterorhabditis zealandica, Steinernema abbasi and Steinernema yirgalemense in suppressing the mealy bugs population has to studied further for their effective use in IPM programme.

Lamprogrammus exutus (legless cuskeel) is a deep sea fish and analyzed the proximate composition of fish meat, protein concentrate and silage. Our studies reveals that the Legless cuskeel meat consists variety of nutrients such as 9 essential and 5 non-essential amino acids, 7 saturated and 21 unsaturated fatty acids, sodium, potassium, calcium ions etc. Both fish protein concentrate and fish silage are also containing 8 essential and 5 non-essential amino acids. So this deep sea fish is completely useful. On the basis of the analysis of nutrient profile, Meat and fish protein concentrate is better for human beings. And silage is good as an animal feed.

A Case-control study was carried out to determine the frequency of Helicobacter Pylori (H. pylori) infection by H. pylori stool Ag test in malnourished children and it's relation to some selected variables. Sixty seven malnourished infants and children who have been admitted to nutritional rehabilitation center (NRC) in Basra General Hospital were regarded as cases and one hundred thirty nine healthy children who have visited primary health center, were regarded as control, their age ranged from 2 – 36 months over the period from the first of February till the end of September 2012. A special questionnaire was designed for the purpose of the study, information included: age, sex, presenting symptoms, past history, feeding history, and history of treatment with antibiotics. Measurements of weight and length by standard procedure done for all infants and children recruited in the study. Anthropometric data (weight and length) are applied to appropriate charts according to CDC/WHO charts. The study revealed a significantly higher percentage of positive H. pylori stool Ag in malnourished patients than control group (35.8%, 10.8%) respectively, p < 0.0001. In addition higher frequency of positive H. pylori stool Ag was found in patients with severe malnutrition than moderate malnutrition (54.2%, 45.8%) respectively but statistically not significant result p > 0.05. Regarding the sex of studied children although females have higher percentage of positive H. pylori stool Ag in both malnourished and healthy children (66.7%, 60%) respectively, but the difference statistically in not significant p>0.05. Positive H. pylori stool were found in higher frequency in malnourished patients older than 12 months (54.2%) compared to infants (45.8%) but in the control group there is a higher frequency of positive H. pylori stool in infants younger than 12 months (60%) compare to children older than 12 months (40%) and statistically not significant p > 0.05. Malnourished and control group who were not breast fed have higher frequency of positive H. pylori stool (70.8%, 73.3%) respectively than those with history of breast feeding (29.2%, 26.7%) respectively and statistically not significant p > 0.05. But absence of breast feeding is significantly associated with H. pylori infection in malnourished patients and control p < 0.05. Gastrointestinal symptoms were common presenting symptoms in malnourished patients 67.2%, with significant association with positive H. pylori stool Ag p > 0.05.as well as more than (56%) of malnourished patients with history of recurrent diarrhea have positive H. pylori stool Ag. Diarrhea is significantly associated with H. pylori infection in malnourished children. So detection of H. pylori infection by simple H. pylori stool Ag test allows early diagnosis and treatment to counteract its effect on growth of infants and children.

The present study was done to assess the relationship between parental information seeking and adolescent disclosure about peers. The sample for the study comprised of 60 adolescents, 30 boys and 30 girls, in the age group of 15-18 years and either of their parents. The tool used for data collection was ‘Right to know Inventory’ by B.B. Brown and M.J.Lohr (2005) which was used for both adolescents and their parents. Results showed no significant sex differences among adolescents on ‘Right to know Inventory’ whereas t-scores indicated significant sex difference among parents on the aspect of ‘Activity with Friends’. Results of ‘Right to Know Inventory’ show that there is no significant sex difference in perception of adolescents about their peer relations in aspects of ‘Activity with friends’, ‘Features of relationship’, Negative peer characteristics’ and ‘Positive peer characteristics’. Regarding peer relations significant sex difference were found among parents on the aspect of ‘Activities with friends’ whereas other indicators did not show any statistical differences about peer relations of their adolescents. A positive relationship was found between parents’ information seeking about peer interactions and adolescents’ disclosure of this information in Jammu From the present study it can be concluded that there is no difference of opinion among parents and adolescents regarding peer relations.

The paper provides an outlook on the development of the contributory workers’ retirement pension scheme in Nigeria. Insights were presented into the emergence of pay-as-you-earn retirement benefits scheme, a condition in which final entitlements were based on length of service and terminal emoluments. The payment of pension and gratuities to retiring workforce financed by the government at the outset becomes a burden because there were no fiscal considerations consequent on inadequate management and administration of pension funds for both public and private employees. The new contributory pension scheme tends to uplift pension fund management in Nigeria with obvious benefits for employers, employees, government and the society. The Pension Reform Act 2004 mitigates those risks which can hinder the pension industry's operations as stipulated in the Act for smooth operations of the Pension Fund Administrators.

Rajmash (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) commonly known as frenchbean is mainly the crop of hilly region and grown in northern states of India, its introduction to plain will improvised the socioeconomic condition of the farmers, as it is rich source of protein, calcium and phosphorous, also this crop has good commercial and as well as export value. In the present study Rajmash variety ‘HUR-137’ was sown at seed rate of 120 kg ha-1 for two consecutive year in rabi season under the treatment dose of 0 and 5 t ha-1 Farm yard manure (FYM) to evaluate its effect on seed yield and seed attributes by following randomized block design (factorial) and replicated thrice. 5 t FYM ha-1 shown significant increase in seed yield 1067 kg ha-1 as compared to 834 kg ha-1 along with increased number of pods plant-1 , number of seeds plant,-1 number of seeds pod-1 , pod weight plant-1, seed weight plant-1, 100-seed weight (g), seed setting index, stover yield (kg ha-1) against the 0 t FYM ha-1. The productivity rating index of 5t FYM ha-1 remained statistically superior to 0 t FYM ha.-1

An woody lianas- Bauhinia vahlii, collected from 3 localities during rainy season was studied for screening of endophytic fungal diversity. Aerial tissues (leaf, petiole and stem) were selected for endophytic isolation. A total of 150 tissue segments out of 225 were infested with fungi and 153endophytic fungi were isolated. Average colonization frequency (CF%) was 66.66% and petioles of the climber were colonized by a great number of endophytic fungi i.e. 82.66%. CF% is maximum in the plant collected from Belpahari, it is 78.66% and minimum in the plant of Godapiasal, it was 54.66%. A total of 10 fungal genera with few unknown genera and few sterile fungi were isolated. Highest Shannon-Wiener index (2.067) was shown in the plant of Godapiasaland with highest Simpson’s diversity (0.85). It indicates great species specificity. Fungi of Dothidiomycetes were maximum (38.81%).

Commiphora wightii is an endangered medicinal plant which has been collected from North Gujarat. Callus and different plant parts have been screened for secondary metabolites like phenol, tannin, flavanoid and saponin during the growth seasons in the month of Oct- Nov and March-April.

A holistic approach aimed at unraveling and exploring the possible eco-sustainable utilities of limnetic ecosystems has been suggested. Practices that are in various levels of applicability cum experimentation in the developed countries are envisioned, some being highly successful in promoting the socio-economic status of the local population. India with ample potential perennial limentic ecosystems and massive demand driven dependence of its human population on natural resources can adopt such methods with suitable modulations to derive benefits from such ecosystems.

This report presents differential potentialities of pod broth of Indigofera linifolia in fabricating silver and gold nanoparticles. The biomolecules present in the pod broth induced the reduction of silver and gold ions from silver nitrate and gold chloride respectively, which resulted in the formation of very stable respective nanoparticles. The UV- Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopic analysis reveals that the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) vibrations have λ max at 455 and 535nm. These λ max values correspond to the formation of silver and gold nanoparticles respectively. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic analysis explains that biomolecules in the pod broth are responsible as capping agents for the synthesis and stabilization of silver and gold nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows the particle nature and size. Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirm the significant presence of elemental silver and gold nanoparticles in respective reaction media.

Five different white rot fungi were isolated and screened for laccase production. The white rot fungus LCJ262 was found to exhibit high activity of laccase and was identified as Agaricus sp. according to the morphological characteristics. The culture parameters influencing the production of laccase by Agaricus sp. LCJ262 were optimized using one factor at a time method. Initially, five different basal media were tested and one best medium was selected for laccase production. Sucrose (20 g/L) and yeast extract (20 g/L) were the best carbon and nitrogen source, respectively for laccase production. Additional supplementation of 0.6 mM of copper sulphate and 0.2 mM of ferulic acid proved to be the best inducers for laccase production. An improved laccase production was also obtained with the addition of 0.2 g/L of powdered paddy straw (natural inducer) in the medium. An initial medium pH of 6.0, inoculum size of 5 g/L and shaking condition also augmented laccase production in Agaricus sp LCJ262. Isoenzyme determination of extracellular laccase from Agaricus sp. LCJ262 showed single laccase isoform.

Piriformospora indica is an axenically cultivable fungus that colonizes with the roots of mono and dicotyledonous plants. Colonized plants in response show enhancement in growth, yield and value addition. The fungus is normally grown on large variety of complex and synthetic media. As the readily available synthetic media are expensive, there is a need to find an alternative medium for mass production of P. indica. The need arises as a cheaper and cost effective medium will bring down the production cost and make it commercially competitive. In the present study, we examined the impact of cheaply available local material “Jaggery” on the growth of fungus and also checked its viability towards economically important plants. The data presented here suggests that maximum fungal biomass, radial growth and spore yield were recorded on Jaggery medium as compared with commonly used Hill-Kaefer medium that was used as control. Plants inoculated with biomass of fungus grown on Jaggery medium showed increase in shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight, photosynthetic pigments and phosphorus content. Our findings thus suggest that cheap locally available Jaggery can be used as an alternative media in place of Hill-Kaefer for the commercial production of P. indica.

Protease production by Penicillium citrinum LCJ222 was studied using the six different basal media. Among them, Medium 6 proved to be the best for protease production. Nutritional factors such as carbon, nitrogen, chemical and natural inducer sources were optimized using the selected medium. The protease production was high when lactose was used as a carbon source and yeast extract as the nitrogen source. Among the inducers, natural inducers enhanced maximum protease production when compared to the chemical inducers. Maximum protease activity was observed with black gram husk followed by red gram husk as natural inducers. In the case of chemical inducers, casein served as the best inducer while other chemical inducers inhibited the growth and protease activity. The culture medium with a pH of 9 maximized the production of protease.

Ornamentantal fish culture is an important small scale industry of any country which depends on the fresh water available at that area. Dumping of organic and inorganic waste into the ecosystem affects the water bodies and the ground water extensively to a considerable level. This study outlines the effect of zinc sulphate on the muscle biochemical constituents of Poecilia sphenops resulting in weight loss. Results are discussed with the available literature.

The Green Chemistry revolution is providing an enormous number of challenges to those who practice chemistry in industry, education and research. With these challenges however, there are an equal number of opportunities to discover and apply new chemistry, to improve the economics of chemical manufacturing. Green chemistry is a philosophy and study of the design of products or substances that will not involve materials harmful to the environment. It is a modern science of chemistry that deals with the application of environmentally friendly chemical compounds in the various areas of our life such as industrial uses and many others. This area of chemistry had been developed by the need to avoid chemical hazards that organic and inorganic compounds had on the body of humans and animals. Chemistry plays a pivotal role in determining the quality of modern life. The chemicals industry and other related industries supply us with a huge variety of essential products, from plastics to pharmaceuticals. However, these industries have the potential to seriously damage our environment. Green chemistry therefore serves to promote the design and efficient use of environmentally benign chemicals and chemical processes. All these will be discussed in this article.

This work presentsgas transport properties through inorganic ceramic membrane. The characterization of the pore size distribution and the specific surface area of the porous ceramic membrane were carried out using Liquid Nitrogen adsorption at the temperatureof 77K.Both modified and unmodified inorganic porous ceramic membranes were used for the analysis for the purpose of comparison. The surface area of the unmodified and modified membrane was determined using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) isotherm, whereas the pore diameter of both membranes was determined using Barrette-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) curve. The adsorption/desorption curve for the modified membrane showed a type IV/V isotherm, characteristic of a mesoporous structure whereas the specific area of the unmodified ceramic membrane represents a type III isotherm indicating a microporous structure. The examination of the surface morphology of the silica membrane was also analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Single gases used for the analysis include: Argon (Ar), helium (He), nitrogen (N2) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The gas permeance decreases with respect to gauge pressure (bar) at 393 K in the order of the gas molecular weight i.e CO2>Ar>N2>He indicating Knudsen mechanism.

The study reported in this review involved a detailed survey about the chemistry of 1,3-cyclohexandione and its derivatives, which considered versatile reagents for synthesis of different derivatives. Due to its active dicarbonyl groups and the methylene moiety at C2 possesses a high activity. The hydroxyl groups (enol form) react prior to the methylene at C2 with electrophilic reagents and that favorite synthesis of different heterocyclic products.

In this work,NiO thin films at different molarities (0.05M, 0.1M, 0.15M and 0.2M)have been successfully deposited on glass substrates by chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP) technique at substrate temperature of (400 oC) and thickness of about 300 nm. The structural and optical properties of these films have been investigated using XRD, AFM, and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The XRD results showed that all films are polycrystalline in nature with cubic structure and preferred orientation along (111) plane. The crystallite size was calculated using Scherrer formula and it is found that the molarity 0.1M has maximum crystallite size (51.16nm). AFM images showed homogenous and smooth NiO thin films and the average grain size estimated from the AFM granularity report confirms the XRD results. The absorbance and transmittance spectra have been recorded in the wavelength range of (300-900) nm in order to study the optical properties.The optical energy gap for allowed direct electronic transition was calculated using Tauc equation. It is found that the band gap decreases when the molarity increases and the band gap values range between 3.71 eV and 3.59 eV for the preparedNiO thin films at different molarities. The Urbach energy increases as the molarity increases and the Urbach energy values range between 299 meV and 343 meV.The optical constants including (absorption coefficient, real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant) were also calculated as a function of photon energy. Refractive index and extinction coefficient for NiO thin films were estimated as a function of wavelength.

This work involves study the effect of cigarettes smoking yields on the corrosion behavior of amalgam in artificial saliva at pH = 6.2 and 37oC using potentiodynamic measurements at scan rate 3 mV.sec-1 by saturation the saliva with smoking yields of 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 cigarettes. The corrosion parameters indicate than corrosion potential value shifts to active direction with increasing the saturation of cigarettes smoking yields. Corrosion current density became higher after saturated with 3, 6, and 9 cigarettes yields, i.e. increases in corrosion rate due to increasing of heat and decreasing of pH to 5.51, while after continuously saturated with 12 and 15 cigarettes yields the corrosion current density decreases due to adsorption of some molecules from composition of cigarettes smoking such as poly aromatic hydrocarbons and amines on amalgam surface leading to behave as inhibitor to make a barrier between amalgam and saliva as shown from FTIR spectra of cigarette compositions and for adsorption film on amalgam surface. While the microstructure investigation indicate that the corrosion will increase after remove the formed film by cleaning the teeth or by eating and drinking, e.i. the smoking increase the corrosion of amalgam even after long period time of exposure to smoking yields.

Zinc Ferrite (ZnFe2O4) thin films have been deposited by chemical spray pyrolysis method on glass substrates at temperature of (400 ºC) using Zinc Nitrate and Ferric Nitrate as Zinc and Iron sources respectively. The effect of thickness change (200, 300, 400 and 500) nm on the optical properties for all prepared films was studied. The optical properties for all the films were studied by recording the transmittance and absorbance spectrum in the range of (300-900) nm. The results showed that the energy band gap for allowed direct electronic transition varies from 3.10 to 2.60 eV with the increasing of films thickness. The optical constants (absorption coefficient, refractive index, extinction coefficient, real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant and optical conductivity) as a function of photon energy, for all prepared films were calculated.

Despite decades of studies and researches, morphologists have no good ideas to propose a theoretical model explaining anisotropy andbilateral symmetryof Metazoa development: the main problem consists in the transition from a linear (1D) genetic code to spatial (3D)cells and tissuesorganization. Here,a simple metazoan developing systemis attentively reviewed, sea urchin pluteus skeleton formation. During this process chemical gradients (morphogens) do not show the geometrical propertiesfor programming and controlling anisotropy, bilateral symmetry and 3D orientation necessary to solve the topological problems of developing tissues in Metazoa: it is possible to conclude that, by a topological point of view, without an intrinsic cellular spherical (3D) reference system (the centrosome, with its orthogonal enantiomorphouscentrioles) capable of driving the orientation and positioning of receptors, junctions, cell division planes and extracellular matrix fibers, developmental programs cannot be performed.

Nutritional values of MOCORIN (Modification Of Bisi 2 Variety Yellow Corn (Zea Mays L.) - Rice Bran Flour) are studied based on the used mass, i.e. carbohydrate and protein. Optimal protein in MOCORIN is studied due to the observed carbohydate and mass from 5 types of data which are mixtures of yellow corn and rice bran. There are 5 types proportion used in the observation. The proportions of rice bran are 0% (only yellow corn), 12.5%,25%,37.5%, 50% respectively . The purpose of the research is to determine best proportion with maximum protein leading to optimization problem. By assuming protein follows a biharmonic function, the function is possible to be convex or concave. Therefore one cannot have only maximum value of protein. Hessian matrix and convexity properties are used and the result shows that 37.5% of rice bran is the best proportion.

Performance measurement is defined as the process of quantifying efficiency and effectiveness. Effectiveness is compliance with customer requirements, and efficiency is how the organization’s resources are used to achieve customers’ satisfaction levels. Financial performance deals with measuring the results of the firm’s policies and operations in monetary terms. These results are reflected in the firm's return on investment, return on assets, value added, etc. The main purpose of this research is to study the financial performance of Multi-Purpose cooperative unions in Tigray Region. Eight unions are selected based on continuous auditing of the targeted unions’. The study considered three years’ auditing report with regard to quantitative data analysis using financial analysis tools, such as liquidity ratios, leverage, profitability ratio, trend analysis of balance sheet and income statement for the period of 2008 to 2011. The result of financial performance analysis illustrated that the financial position of the unions has not maintained satisfactory level of performance. The study results indicate that the borrowing power of the unions and the profitability of the unions are lower than the average. The Asset utilization of the unions is not satisfactory and the unions have to sale additional share capital and unproductive fixed asset to increase their own capital. To improve their efficiency and in order to gain enough profit the unions must decrease administrative and operating expenses.

Consumers’ buying behaviour and the resulting purchase decision are strongly influenced by cultural, social, personal and psychological characteristics. An understanding of the influence of these factors is essential for marketers in order to develop suitable marketing mixes to appeal to the target customer. One of the indicators of the strength of a brand in the hearts and minds of customers is brand preference. Brand preference represents which brands are preferred under assumptions of equality in price and availability. Buying Behaviour is the decision process and acts of people involved in buying and using products. The article examines the influence of socio economic variables on Consumers’ buyer behavior and on their brand preference towards home appliances.

Despite urban refugees constituting more than half of the world’s refugees, not so much attention has been paid to their mental wellbeing. Refugees face many challenges in their country, during flight and settlement as asylum seekers. In spite of facing such difficulties many refugee people demonstrate enormous strength and resilience that facilitates their mental wellbeing as they process the trauma experienced. The purpose of this study was to investigate aspects of resilience amongst Congolese urban refugee women in Kenya. The study applied ex-post facto correlational research design. The sample comprised of 64 Congolese refugee women in Kitengela and Rongai urban setups. Data was collected using a resilience scale, social support scale and self appraisal scale. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows Version 17. The study found that majority of the refugee women had high resilience and this had an effect in dealing with their traumatic experiences. Additionally, internal resources (self efficacy and self esteem), and social support has had a positive effect on refugee’s resilience.

Venture capital investment is an important component of financial capital. The geographic concentration by both venture capital firms and venture capital financed companies in six top cities- Bangalore, Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad and Gurgaon. The reason is based on the success rate of venture capital backed investments in an area, concentration on high-technology industry, industrial specialization, technological competencies, and product specialization. The object of this paper is to study the geographical concentration of venture capital investments in India. The data is collected from Venture Intelligence for the period 1998 to 2012 and also analyzed for the period of 15 years by using the tools and techniques of descriptive statistics and ANOVA. The result shows that the amount and number of investments of venture capitalist are different across the metros due to location decision. Geographical location is also significant related to venture capital investment. With the analysis of the data is shows that alternative hypothesis is accepted that is both number of investments and amount of investments are not same across the metros.

An important aspect of demography in the world is the uneven pattern of distribution within a system. The concept of population change or population growth is often used to predict the change in number of inhabitants in a particular territory within a particular time. Almost each and every developing country has experienced this change of population and this is very true in case of India also. Being a part of the developing world, West Bengal one of the most populous states of India, is no exception in this regard. The declining trend of mortality, fertility, and also the 1971 partition has added to the agony of population growth. In addition, the process of industrialization and urbanization in different pockets of West Bengal shows the changing attitude of demographic expression and this changing attitude would help to widen the view point of the geographers to establish the fact of decentralization. So, the present investigations try to unfold the spatial distribution of population and also spot the light on the changing nature of demographic pattern by recognizing the spot height of demographic relief in the geographical territory of the Haora district.

The study focused on assessment of Christian devotional practices and economic development in Kapsabet Division, Nandi County. The objectives were to investigate the effect of the Christian Devotional practices, examine the contribution of Christian Devotional practices and establish the level of awareness of economic values that the Christians have on the members of different denominations on economic development in Kapsabet Division, Nandi County. The study employed descriptive survey design. It targeted 300 participants and the sampling size was 30% of the targeted population which makes it 90 participants. The main research instruments were the questionnaires and interview schedule. The research findings was analysed and presented inform of tables. From the findings: Christian devotional practices have improved economic development. It has led to nurturing of talents leading to acquisition of goods and services, selling of recorded Christian music have facilitated distribution and consumption of goods and services. It has also led to moulding of leaders who become supervisors in economic activities and led to acting in Christian Movies hence earning income. The level of awareness of the economic values that the Christians have on the members of different denominations in Kapsabet Division is: Christian teachings enable members to engage in business activities despite denominational barriers. Through conferences and crusades held anywhere and door to door evangelism, co-existence amongst citizens is enhanced which is beneficial for economic growth. Bible study leads to the bible study materials printed and sold. Many bibles are also sold, leading to economic development

The present study aims to isolation, identification and characterization of heavy metal resistant bacteria from six rivers in Basra governorate-Iraq, during October and November, 2013. Three species of Bacillus (B. licheniformis, B. badius and B. megaterium) were isolated on the basis of morphological and biochemical tests and selected based on high levels of heavy metal (lead, copper, cadmium and nickel) resistance. The concentrations of dissolved heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd and Ni) in rivers were determined. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of isolates against Pb, Cu, Cd and Ni, was determined in solid media after 72 h incubation. All isolates were resistant to Pb (2000-2800 mg L-), Cu (200-550 mg L-), Cd (200-400 mg L-) and Ni (300-400 mg L-). In this work we have used living biomass of B. licheniformis, B. badius and B. megaterium to removal of heavy metal ions at different concentrations (25, 50,100) mg L- from aqueous metal solutions. The best concentration to removal was 25 mg L-after 72 h at 120 rpm. % removal efficiency of B. licheniformis was 33.6 for Cd, for B.megateriumwas 28.14 for Pb and for B. badius was 53.1%, 34.46% for CU and Ni respectively.

Performance has always been a decisive element to construe an employee’s worth in an organization. Researchers have given varied stand points as to how to extract the best performance from the individual employees up keeping the organizational objectives. However, most of the researchers focused on the organizations appraisal system in order to affect efficient performance. The responsibility to generate desired performance is shouldered by none. As employees have their own set of excuses of dependency on organizational resources and management find itself entangled in the cob-web of organizational complexities. An extensive study was done surfing through various research articles, which revealed that either the leader of the organization or the recruitment procedure is put forth on trial whenever an organization experiences a mismatch of desired and actual performance. In this research article, the middle level manager is viewed to shoulder the responsibility for generating appropriate performance keeping in mind the available organizational resources, skills, knowledge and organizational objectives. Secondly, an Operative model “Manager Accelerator Model” is devised by me enabling the manager to set the right flow of the work process, making right decision and thus ensuring efficient performance. Further the article gives an overview as to why and how the performance of the individual employees is affected.