August 2015

The study was conducted using descriptive survey design. The research variable was knowledge regarding prevention of motor vehicle accidents among male students of selected degree college, while the demographic variables were Age, Education status of the student, Sources of information, Years of experience in riding motorized two-wheeler, Education status of the Father, Education status of the Mother and Family income. The study was conducted on 100 male degree students of Krapanidi Degree College, Chikkabellandur, Bangalore; using Purposive Sampling Technique. The instruments used for data collection was structured knowledge questionnaire. The data obtained was tabulated and analyzed in terms of objectives of the study using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings on assessment of knowledge regarding shows that the maximum mean knowledge score obtained by the subjects was 19.02 with a mean percentage of 59.44% (S.D-3.266) in the aspect of prevention of motor vehicle accidents where as the minimum mean knowledge score obtained by subjects was 1.72 with a mean percentage of 57.33% (S.D- 0.668) in the aspect of effects of motor vehicle accidents. Obesity & its consequences showed that 69 (57.5%) adolescent had average knowledge and 30 (25%) had poor knowledge.

Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of Self instructional Module on selected aspects of Universal precautions among registered nurses in selected hospital, Trichy. Methods and Materials: A preexperimental with one group pretest post test design was used for this study. The study was conducted in Dr. G.Viswanathan hospital, Trichy. Samples of 60 registered nurses were selected on the basis of inclusion criteria by using convenience sampling technique. Selected registered nurses knowledge level was assessed by structured questionnaire and practice was assessed by observational check list. After the pretest, Self Instructional Module regarding selected aspects of Universal Precautions was given to the selected samples. Post test was done after 7 days. Data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The study result reveals that Self Instructional Module had significant effectiveness (at P < 0.05) on improving the nurse’s knowledge and practice regarding selected aspects of Universal Precautions. This result also shows that there was no significant association between the post test knowledge and practice with selected demographic variables. Conclusion: The result from this study concluded that Self Instructional Module was effective on improving knowledge and practice regarding selected aspects of Universal Precautions among registered nurses. So Universal Precaution can be practiced in hospitals, to help Health workers and Para medical workers to cope with the strange environment and to promote healthy life.

Nursing is an art and science that develop competency for practicing the profession, Attitude is hypothetical construct that represent the degree of like and dislike for an individual. Attitude plays a principal role in guiding human behavior toward achieving goals, awareness of its consequences and effective processing of complex information about living environment. This study aimed to assess the attitude of nursing students towards patient care. Approach was Both Quantitative & Qualitative research; the sampling was done through simple random sampling which was done lottery method and the data collection done through a modified 2 point likert scale in form of questionnaire. The total subject participants was 60 [N=60]. The data for the study is collected in the Himalayan College of Nursing, SRHU. Results shows that Out of 60 subject participant 85% [51] were given their favorability answer towards agree and 15% [9] were given disagree in the area of personal likings. Out of 60 subject participant 95% [57] were given their favorability answer towards agree and 5% [3] were given disagree in the area of professional activity. Out of 60 subject participant 93% [56] were given their favorability answer towards agree and 7% [4] were given disagree in the area of working environment physical/emotional. Over all out of 60 subject participants 91% [55] were given their favorability answer towards agree and 9% [5] were given their favorability answer towards disagree study concluded that there are three areas that is personal likings, professional activity, and working environment physical/emotional, determines the attitude of the nursing students regarding Patient care, shows that the most of nursing students have positive Attitude and very few students had less positive attitude towards Patient care. It means that our future scenario of patient care is bright and hopeful in care.

A minimally invasive procedure has many advantages for the patients, health care system and society. Over the past 50 years, many techniques, technologies and guidelines have been introduced to eliminate the risks associated with laparoscopic entry. The laparoscopic entry techniques and technologies reviewed include the classic pneumoperitoneum (Veress/trocar), the open technique (Hasson), the direct trocar insertion, the use of disposable shielded trocars, radially expanding trocars and visual entry systems. It is an evidence based fact that minimal access surgery is superior to conventional open surgery. No single technique or instrument has been proved to eliminate laparoscopic entry associated injury. Proper evaluation, supported by surgical skills and good knowledge of the technology and instrumentation is the keystone to safe access and prevention of complications during laparoscopic surgery. We are reviewing the complications associated with laparoscopic surgery.

Aim: To compare the efficacy of Sharkara Yukt Narikel Jala Nasya and Goghrit Nasya in Ardhavbhedak Objective: 1. To study the efficacy of Sharkara Yukt Narikel Jala Nasya in Ardhavbhedak. 2. To study the efficacy of Goghrit Nasya in Ardhavbhedak. 3. To compare the efficacy of Sharkara Yukt Narikel Jala Nasya and Goghrit Nasya in Ardhavbhedak. 4. To assess the disease according to etiological factors as per Ayurveda and modern text. 5. To assess the efficacy of these two drugs in view of symptoms of patient Methods: Comparative Study After complete examination all the patients was randomly divided into two groups I. Group A In this group 30 patients were treated with Sharkara Yukt Narikel Jala Nasya. II. Group B In this group 30 patients were treated with Goghrit Nasya. Assessment Criteria: Subjective Parameters: 1. Ardh Shirovedana (Unilateral Headache) Distribution of pain in Ardhavbhedak. 5 sites where pain is present are mentioned in Ayurvedic text. They are manya, bhru, shankha, akshi and lalat. The presence of pain in each site will be given a particular score and thus total score before treatment will be noted. Similarly, after treatment depending upon presence of pain in number of sites, total score will be calculated. 2. Prakashasahatva (photophobia) 3. Bhrama (vertigo) 4. Shiropatateev (Lightheadness) 5. Phonophobia 6. Nausea 2) Objective Parameters: 1. Severity of headache, 2. Frequency of headache, 3. Duration of headache Duration: Total 28 days. Nasya was given for 7 days followed by a gap of 7 days. Two such sitting was given to all the patients. Results: Comparing all the symptoms before and after treatment Goghrita Nasya is better than the Efficacy of Sharkara Yukt Narikel Jala Nasya in the treatment of Ardhavbhedak Statistical Analysis: The Statistical Analysis reveals that In Ardhavbhedak the percentage wise efficacy of treatment with Goghrit Nasya is better than the efficacy of treatment with Sharkara Yukt Narikel Jala Nasya. Conclusion: Final conclusion is the percentage wise efficacy of Goghrit Nasya in Ardhavbhedak is better than that of efficacy of Sharkara Yukt Narikel Jala Nasya and its proven very much beneficial to reduce the intensity of symptoms on the statistical analysis

Objective: Hypertension is a disease which has a lot of complication as end organ damage, left ventricular hypertrophy and retinal damage so it is very important to diagnose it early and treat it to minimize its complication. Data Summary: Data Sources: medical text books, medical journals, medical websites which have updated research Study selection: Systematic reviews that addressed Hypertension & studies that addressed impact of it on different organs and role of physician in prevention and management. Data Extraction: Special search was done at midline with key words (Hypertension) in the title of papers; extraction was made, including assessment of etiology and factors affecting and importance of early treatment to prevent complication Data synthesis: The main result of the review. Each study was reviewed independently , obtained data is rebuilt in new language according to the need of the researcher and arranged in topics through the article. Conclusions: Hypertension is a significant global health issue and a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, leading to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Common etiology in any age group is reno vascular and renal parenchmal diseases, It is essential that education and counseling must then be provided to the family and not just the child so as to enhance motivation and compliance with the proposed treatment strategy.

Diarrhoea is a major public health problem in the developing countries of Latin America, Africa, Asia, and parts of the Middle East, included Thailand. Prevention and control are need required. Therefore, this cross-sectional study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding diarrhoeal disease among rural villagers in Nonghuawaen village, Kham Thale So district, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. The 113 samples were purposive selected included head or represent of household, during January and April 2015. A predesigned KAP questionnaire was utilized to collect the data from them included socio-demographic characteristics, KAP. The results revealed that most of the represents, they were 26-35 years old, female, primary school, and agriculture. The self-reported prevalence of diarrhea was 16.8% during the last year prior to the survey. 67.30% of represents had received information regarding diarrhoeal disease. Of 44.2% represents had a fair level of knowledge regarding diarrhoeal disease, causes of disease, sign and symptom, and prevention and control (xˉ=10.1, S.D.=6.24). Of represents, 75.2% had a moderate attitude regarding diarrhoeal prevention and control (xˉ=2.21, S.D.=0.45). Of represents, 61.9% had a good practice regarding diarrhoeal prevention and control (xˉ=2.61, S.D.=0.49). Chi-square testing indicated that gender (female; X2=1.02), age group (26-35 and 36-45 year old; X2=1.01), education (Senior high school; X2=1.24, High vocational certificate; X2=1.22) and occupation (Government officer; X2=1.31), were significantly associated with diarrhoeal disease (p-value<0.05). This finding shows a moderate knowledge, and fair attitude on diarrhoeal disease, therefore, health education is need required in this areas.

Introduction: Ocular dominance may be especially important in sports which require aim, such as archery, darts or shooting and it is an important consideration in predicting patient satisfaction with monovision correction in cataract surgery, refractive surgery and contact lens wear. The present study was therefore conducted to determine the ocular dominance. Materials and Methods: 41 normal healthy subjects, 17 male and 24 female were participated in this study. All were aged between 17 to 21 .Subjects with corneal opacity, squint, color blindness, those on miotic and mydriatic drugs and those with other neuromuscular disorders were excluded. Ocular dominance was first tested by Miles test and then to confirm the eye dominance VEPs (Visual Evoked Potential) were performed by checker board pattern reversal stimuli system. Results: In this study Miles test revealed that, out of the 17males, 15 were right eye dominant and 2 were left eye dominant. Out of the 24 females, 15 were right eye dominant and 9 were left eye dominant, and the results were confirmed by VEP analysis. It was found that P100 Latency obtained by stimulating the dominant eye was significantly shorter with a P value of 0.0017 and Amplitude greater with a significant P value of 0.0001 compared to the non dominant eye. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that eye dominance occurs in individuals. It may be beneficial in monovision correction of certain ophthalmic surgeries like, cataract surgery, refractive surgery and in contact lens wear and also useful in sports which require aim, such as archery, darts or shooting.

A comparative interventional study was conducted over a four month period in 2 urban and 2 rural secondary schools in Akwa Ibom State. Multistage sampling method was used to select 600 girls. Data was analyzed using the SPSS version 20.0. Chi – Square test and Multiple Logistic regression were used to analyze the data and level of significance was set at p<0.05. Results revealed that the mean age for attainment of menarche among urban respondents was 12.7 ± 1.15 years, with the mean age for attainment of menarche being 13 ± 1.24 years among the rural adolescents [t = 2.9; p= 0.002]. It was also observed that a sizeable proportion, (21.6%) of girls in the rural areas stayed away from school due to menstrual pains while 15.7% did so in the urban areas and more respondent indulged in self- medication (51.6% rural and 47.2% urban) rather than seeing a doctor for menstrual health problems (3.3% rural and 8% urban). Experience at the health clinic was found to be significantly associated with health seeking behaviour in the urban (OR = 0.09, C.I = 0.028-0.0279, p<0.001) while proximity showed a statistically significant association with the health seeking behaviour among the rural school girls(OR = 0.34, C.I = 0.116-0.992, p<0.001).

Cognitive assessment is a formal assessment of a child’s abilities in a range of areas, such as verbal and non-verbal skills, memory and speed of processing. A Child may be assessed for concerns about their school performance or for any specific disorders. Birth weight is associated with cognition and educational attainment across the full birth weight range in the normal population. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of birth weight on cognition, as well as the effect of catch up growth on cognition among term born small for gestational age (SGA) children at 5 to 6 years of age. Seventy one healthy children, of whom forty four appropriate for gestational age (AGA), twenty one SGA and six large for gestational age (LGA) born, were selected from different private schools. Data on birth weight, obstetric history and parental demographic factors were obtained from parents of the children. NIMHANS neuropsychological battery for children was used to assess motor speed, attention, memory, speech and visuospatial function. Children born LGA performed poorer in tests of attention, and memory where the difference was statistically significant (P=0.002), while those born SGA scored lower in tests for speech when compared to children born AGA (P=0.002). Among term born SGA children, those who did not have a catch up growth, had significantly lower scores for motor speed of left hand (P=0.037), speech (P=0.038), and memory i.e reverse digit span (0.004) and picture recall (0.042). This study showed that children born LGA performed poor in tests of memory and attention while those born SGA scored low in tests of speech.

Background: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children are a major public health concern internationally. Recognition of overweight and obesity status is an important step to prevent unhealthy weight. This study was designed to assess the prevalence and to explore the perceptions of children and their parents towards overweight and obesity in children. Methods: A cross-sectional study approach was utilized surveying 635 children aged 11 to 14 years (males and females) in 12 randomly selected public schools in Kuwait. Trained nurses performed measurements of children’s height and weight to determine their Body Mass Index.Valid questionnaire were used to assess children and their parent perception of child’s weight. Results: One quarter of the surveyed children 25.5% (N = 162) were overweight. Over one third of the participants 36.5% (N = 232) were classified as obese. The nurses’ measurements did not coincide with the children’s perceptions but were better aligned with parents’ perceptions of overweight and obesity. Conclusion: The results indicated that there is high prevalence of overweight and obesity among Kuwaiti children. Furthermore, both the children and their parents underestimate the child weight status. Health education programs are highly recommended.

Internal hernia may be either congenital or acquired. Its incidence has been reported to be 1-2%. Herniation may be persistent or intermittent. Internal hernia is a rare cause of small bowel obstruction with a reported incidence of 0.2-0.9%. The most common type is paraduodenal. Less common types include mesocolic hernia, which occurs following abdominal surgery. We report a case of mesocolic hernia in a young patient, which presented as intestinal obstruction leading to perforation without any prior abdominal surgeries.

Background: Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) is an extremely common infection in women of all strata of society. In order to colonize, infect and evade host defense mechanisms, Candida possesses a repertoir of virulence attributes which includes adhesion factors, phenotypic switching and extra cellular lipolytic and proteolytic activity. VVC can be caused by both Candidia albicans and nonalbicans Candida (NAC). However identification is laborious and intricate by traditional methods in rural laboratories. Aim: Study was performed to evaluate the performance of a chromogenic medium for identification of Candida and also to study their virulence properties like phospholipase, proteinase, hemolysin and biofilm production. Methods: A total of 40 Candida isolates from VVC was processed by both conventional and CHROM agar. These isolates were further tested for virulence factors such as phospholipase, proteinase, haemolysin and biofilm. Results: There was 100% agreement in identification of isolates by conventional and chromogenic medium. The isolates demonstrated phospholipase activity in 52.5%, caseinase in 50%, haemolysin in 25% and biofilm in 100%. Conclusion: Data suggested CHROM agar could be used in rural settings. Our study showed that capacity of all Candida spp to fabricate biofilm reveals the pathogenic potential of the isolates.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder of the women in reproductive age group. Accumulating evidences from the recent studies indicate that vitamin D receptor (VDR) genetic variants may influence the development of insulin resistance and so related to the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome. The aim of the present study was to determine the VDR BsmI gene variant in intron 8 (A/G) (rs1544410) in normal controls, obese PCOS women and non obese PCOS women in India. A total of 225 women aged between 19-36 years participated in the study. The subjects were divided into three groups as obese PCOS women, non obese PCOS women and healthy controls and each group consists of 75 participants. Genotypes of VDR gene in intron 8 (A/G) with BsmI restriction enzyme were determined using the PCR-RFLP method. There was no statistical difference in genotype of AA, GA and GG between PCOS women and control women (p value >0.05). Our study suggests that there was no significant association of BsmI genotypes with both obese and non obese PCOS women.

Introduction: The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) in modifying patient’s symptom profile and to also confirm that FESS is the modality of treatment in patients with refractory CRS. Design: Prospective study. Methodology: 50 patients with symptoms of CRS were included in the study and subjected to FESS. Patients were assessed for CRS symptoms preoperatively and postoperatively using grading symptoms. Results: Leading symptom of CRS was nasal obstruction followed by headache, facial pressure and postnasal drip and other minor symptoms. After a postoperative follow up of 6 months there was improvement in the symptoms. All minor symptoms had 100% improvement. Nasal obstruction responded best, next followed by facial pain and headaches and PND (All symptoms P-value <0.001). An overall improvement of 86.66% was recorded. Conclusion: The restriction of quality of life in patients with CRS is mainly caused by these symptoms, which can be improved in excellent fashion by FESS in majority of the patients.

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The study was carried out with the objective to develop an Instant Soup Mix from banana peel and ascertain it’s quality and shelf life. Physical characteristics, Sensory qualities of product, Nutrient profile, Chemical composition and shelf life were investigated. When sensory qualities among different formulations were evaluated S1 got significantly higher values for appearance, colour and taste. It comprised of banana peel flour, corn flour, onion powder, capsicum powder, coriander leaves powder, white pepper powder, ginger powder, garlic powder, citric acid and salt. Among the physical qualities bulk density was found to be 0.81g/ml and moisture content was observed to be 6.4%.Instant soup mix found to be rich in calories (284 kcal),carbohydrate (48.6g) and minerals (potassium-62.8 mg,calcium-40.7mg and sodium-18.5 mg).The product did not reveal any pathogenic organism when stored for three months in laminated pouches.

Background: Recent progress has linked Dermatoglyphics with the Psycho-physiologic aspects of mental dimensions, thus being able to compare intellectual capacities of distinct groups. The current study expounded this linkage between the Dermatoglyphic parameters, handedness, and multiple intelligence scores. Materials & Methods: The study followed a cross-sectional, random, and stratified cluster sampling procedure to select 100 sex matched students from each of the major colleges at the university. Multiple intelligences were based on Howard Gardner’s model, while handedness assessment was based on the Waterloo Handedness Inventory. Results: The current analysis has revealed that intelligence and fingerprint patterns are correlated, especially with patterns on the right middle fingers, left thumbs, left middle, and left ring fingers. In particular, linguistic intelligence was associated with loop patterns, musical intelligence with whorls, spatial/visual intelligence with arches, interpersonal intelligence with whorls, and total multiple intelligence with whorl patterns. Further studies involving higher sample sizes are recommended in order to come to more conclusive deductions.

Type II diabetes mellitus is considered a major cause of mortality and a large percentage of diabetics live without being diagnosed. (International Diabetes Federation, 2014) Diabetes is known to affect salivary composition and function. (Panchbai et al., 2010) This study was done to examine correlation between salivary and blood glucose in type II diabetics and healthy adults. Salivary and blood glucose levels were estimated and compared in both groups. Eighty adults in age group of 30 - 50 years were included in our study and divided into 2 groups - diabetics and healthy adults. Blood and saliva samples were obtained from subjects after an overnight fast and 2 hours postprandial. Blood samples were analysed with hexokinase enzyme using an automated analyser and saliva samples with glucose oxidase enzyme using a colorimeter. Difference in salivary glucose levels between groups was determined by unpaired t test and correlation between blood and salivary glucose levels by correlation test. Salivary glucose levels were higher in diabetics (9.77 ± 5.34 mg/dl) when compared to controls (5.77 ± 2.01 mg/dl) in the fasting state and the difference (p<0.001) was significant. Postprandial salivary glucose levels were significantly different between the two groups (13.65 ± 5.92 vs 10.57 ± 3.07mg/dl, P<0.001). Correlation between blood and salivary glucose levels was not seen in both groups. Salivary glucose levels are significantly higher in diabetics in fasting and postprandial states in our study. Hence, estimation of salivary glucose levels can be used as a mass screening method for diabetes in large populations.

From April to December 2014 Four hundred and ninty mid stream urin specimens were collected from patients suffering from urinary tract infections and from urinary catheterized patients in Baquba Teaching Hospital and Al -Betul Hospital, and Baghdad Teaching Hospital. Out of 14 Providencia isolates, 9 isolates were diagnosed as Providencia rettgeri. This identification was confirmed by biochemical tests, Api 20 E system and vitek 2 compact system. The results of susceptibility of isolates to antibiotics were tested, using disc diffusion method showed the bacterial isolates have complete resistance for Ampicillin, Tetracyclin,Vancomycin with a percentage of 100%, the results indicate that the antibiotics Amikacin and imipeneme were found to be the most effective drugs against the strains under the study i.e. the resistance to these antibiotics were 0%. All strains of P. rettgeri isolates were tested to ability to biofilm production, by two methods TCP and CRA , out of nine isolates only 4(44.5%) and 1(11.2%) were found tobe strong biofilm producer by CRA and TCP, respectively. The histological section of mice (kidney and bladder) injected ineraperitonial with two groups of P. rettgeri isolates, group (A) injected mice with P. rettgeri P9 isolate (strong biofilm producer and multi drug resistant especially beta – lactam) and group (B) injected mice with P.rettgeri P7 isolate(weak or non biofilm producer and sensitive to different antibiotics especially beta-lactam) , results showed Several pathological changes have been caused by P.rettgeri isolates in mice represented by sever inflammatory cell infiltration with congestion and degeneration with necrosis of epithelial mucosal layer in urinary bladder, while the Kidney suffered from sever inflammatory cells infiltration of PMN into Glomerulus and deposition of red fibrinoid material within glomerulus capillaries with necrosis of epithelial renal tubules. It was clear that the strong producer isolate P. rettgeri P9 was more virulent than the weak(non producer producing isolate P.rettgeri P7.

Fish can be of two types according to habitat, i.e. river and sea fish. The content of this study was the comparison of macronutrients between rohu and pomfret. The carbohydrate and protein contents of rohu were higher than pomfret but the fat content was more in pomfret as compared to rohu in the raw condition. These fish were both subjected to conventional cooking methods like open pan dry roasting, boiling, shallow frying and deep frying. The nutrient contents had changed due to the application of cooking methods. Losses of nutrients had taken place in both fish. The carbohydrate and protein contents became higher in pomfret than in rohu after cooking whereas the fat content was higher in cooked rohu rather than in cooked pomfret. The study significantly showed that cooked pomfret was beneficial due to adequate protein and carbohydrate restoration whereas rohu was useful for fat restoration.

The research deals with the biological specifics of the development of the male gametophyte in Feijoa sellowiana Berg. 1% agar-agar solution and solutions of sucrose of three different concentrations (20%, 30%, 40%) were used for the investigation. We germinated pollen gains in the Moist Chamber van Tieghem (hanging drop); to paint the pollen grains, the acetocarmine method was applied. Based on the results of the research the low fertility of the Feijoa pollen grains has been defined. 12 hours after having the seeds sowed in all cases only 1-2% of the pollen grains were germinated, whereas 34-47% was germinated after 24 hour period. In this case 40% sucrose solution appeared to be optimal. In case of sucrose solution of 20 and 30% the amount of the germinated pollen grains mounted 13-24% within 24 hours after being sowed. The shape and size of the pollen grains change less in accordance with being depended on the forms of Feijoa. In 98% cases the pollen grains have a triangular form. We also come across with roundish, elliptic and oval pollen grain forms. Their sizes range between 221- 262 mcm2.

During the past decade the knowledge of dietary influence on health and wellbeing has amply been increased and often related to some food components. To ameliorate specific nutritional disorders, designer foods have been ad vented way back in 1980.Designer foods are the processed or fortified foods with potential health promoting food ingredients, which are normal foods consumed daily. The designer food approach is one of the best and low-cost strategies to reduce micronutrient deficiencies among people, because it can deliver recommended allowances of nutrients regularly. These foods are developed by the process of fortification or bio-fortification. The demand, regulatory status and the potential health benefits in alleviating life style and chronic disorders with designercrop-based foods are reviewed in this communication. In developed and developing countries, the designer foods played a major role in improving the diet and eliminating life style and chronic disorders and nutrient deficiencies among people. Designer oils fortified with omega 3-n long chain PUFA are produced by bio-technological methods like transgenic plants have health value. Designer rape seed oil and sunflower oil can alleviate lipid profiles in hyper tension and obesity patients. Designer vegetables like broccoli sprouts and cereals like fermented rice with monascus have reported to have antioxidant and immune- modulator activity in diabetes and hyper cholesterol patients. Cereals like rice, maize, wheat etc are fortified with beta carotene (Golden rice), iron, zinc, lysine and tryptophan as fortified foods are developed and available now in the market. Polyphenol fortified rich foods like tea are proved to have potential health benefits. As of now, designer foods are completely safe but fortification or bio-fortification should be done rationally at less than one third of the total recommended daily allowances of nutrients and they should be strictly regulated with stringent quality control measures to ensure safety and acceptance before releasing into the market. Ultimate success of designer foods depends on creating adequate awareness among people about their health benefits through national and international programs as well.

Seafood is an excellence of sea commodities, it content a great compound of protein, minerals and unsaturated fatty acids, that carachterize by the very high biological value so it is good for health. This excellence can be used to diversify the variety of processed products both for food and non-food products such as cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Optimizing the marine products utilization as a raw material of various healthy products can impact on the increase of income and living standards of the fishermen and communities along the of sore. The aim of this study was to inventory the potency of marine products in Southeast Maluku district in order to know the opportunity of seafood processed development. Research method used in this research was descriptive or exploratory, by survey approaches, field observation and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Southeast Maluku have an ecological dynamics, so it enabled to arise a wide variety of ecosystems with a distingtive diversity and character, however, there were no the balance of fishing, aquaculture production compared to processed product. It was not any attention of the government to the fishing and farmers communities in mentoring them on how to manufacture the processed product from the catches or aquaculture. While the potency of the seafood commodities in Southeast Maluku district is abundant both the types and the numbers (fish and non-fish including endemic species), in fact, the processing aspect of the product is still very low. The total of fiheries production in Southeast Maluku District recorded in 2011 were 82,233.00 tons consist of catch fisheries and aquaculture production 39,010.00 and 38,350.00 tons respectivelly. Meanwhile, the processed product were still very low at around 4,873.00 tons. Development opportunities of seafood processing is still promising, considering a plenty of raw materials available and the competition of processed product in the market is still low.

In the present study the bacteria are isolate from soil samples. On screening of the samples for agar-degrading, were found to contain agarolytic bacteria. In each sample, various patterns of agar degradation were seen indicating different bacteria present in the sample. Different isolates were found all are gram negative they were checked for reproducibility of the agarolytic activity by culturing on the capex dox media. They were identified to be rod shaped. The strain was susceptible to penicillin, kanamycin and reactive to cloistin. An enzyme, agarase has purified appears to release oligosaccharide units, but not free galactose, from agar. Therefore, it is evident that the agarase specifically cleaves β- I, 4 linkages between D-galactose and 3, 6-anhydro-lactose of the agarose structure. The enzyme had a specific agarase activity with 1% agar and 0.1% galactose. The enzyme activity of 0.1 % galactose gradually increases as purification step and the enzyme activity of 1 % agar gradually decreases as purification step.

The seeds of Cucurbita maxima (pumpkin seeds) have been generally considered as agro-wastes and discarded inspite of having its high nutritional value as well as medicinal benefits. Pumpkin seeds contain high amount of protein, fatty acids, considerable amount of micronutrients like P, K, Mg, Mn and Ca. It is a good source of choline, an essential component for brain development. Pumpkin seed extracts and oils have been found useful in the treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), parasite infestation, acrodermatitis enteropathica, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, depression to name a few. The observed benefits can attributed to the presence of bioactive components like phytosterols (eg, beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol), tocopherols, selenium (antioxidant), cucurbitin, squalene, lignan, and cardioprotective unsaturated fatty acids. Recent research has shone a light on the ever growing list of benefits of pumpkin seeds as a valuable food.

A study was conducted to evaluate the quality of drinking water samples from the four different drinking water sources namely open wells, Bore wells, can water and tap water from 37 wards of Kavali Municipality, SPSR Nellore district, A.P. The microbiological parameters such as total viable count of bacteria, total conidial spores were carried out. The physico chemical parameters are using standard method. It was found that the open well water was contaminated in almost all the wards of the municipality. The microbiological contamination of drinking water is in this order. Open well water > Municipal tap water > Bore water > Can water. The results shows that the total viable count of the Open well water is highest (95 × 104 bacteria / mL) and lowest in can water. The total conidial spores are also high in open well waters (10.75 × 104 spores / cm). Total plate and coliform count revealed that 82.6 % and 92.4 % of drinking water samples found to cross the WHO guideline value for drinking water. Total viable count was by pour plate technique while Most Probable Number (MPN) counts were by the multiple tube fermentation technique. The pH (at 25oC) ranged from 6.1 to 8.33 for the untreated raw water samples while temperature ranged from 28 to 30oC while the turbidity of the water and waste water samples ranges from 0.08 to 1.00. The total viable counts for all the water samples were generally high exceeding the limit of 1.0 × 102 cfu/mL for water. The MPN count ranges from 9.3 to 44 MPN/100 mL. The fecal coliform counts on EMB agar plate ranged between 5 and 48 cells, also exceeding the standard limit for water. The Isolated organisms were identified to be organisms namely Escheichia coli, Pseudomonas aerugixnosa and Proteus vulgaris species.

Plants play critical role in keeping the atmosphere clean. Plants are used in monitoring programme as indicators of air pollution. The response of plants towards air pollution was assessed by Modified Air Pollution Tolerance Index, as plants are primary receptors. The present study was aimed to calculate Modified Air Pollution Tolerance Index (Modified APTI) by adding Free Amino Acids and Tot. Carbohydrates in 15 plants at IDA Nacharam and their ability to tolerate pollution a common stress factor prevailing in the environment to know their tolerance, sensitivity. It was observed that twelve plants were Tolerant, two - Intermediate and 1 was Sensitive. These twelve Tolerant Plants can be used for Green Belt Development.

The phytohormone, ABA plays a vital role in the growth and development of plants. The hormone is generally associated with seed dormancy and it is reported to be involved in desiccation tolerance in orthodox seeds. There is no conclusive information about the role of ABA in recalcitrant species. The present investigation was aimed at understanding the changes in ABA level during the desiccation of recalcitrant embryos of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. and Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. A significant positive correlation has been established between moisture content and ABA level in the local cultivars of Artocarpus heterophyllus (viz., varikka and koozha). A comparatively high level of ABA could be observed in the mature embryos of both cultivars of Artocarpus heterophyllus. Vivipary has been observed in these cultivars even under elevated levels of ABA. The ABA level drastically decreased during desiccation of embryos. However, the embryos could tolerate mild desiccation even under low level of ABA. A different trend in ABA could be observed in Artocarpus hirsutus in which the embryos maintained extremely low level of ABA and could tolerate desiccation better than Artocarpus heterophyllus. No significant correlation has been established between moisture content and ABA level in this species. Vivipary could not be observed in Artocarpus hirsute seven under low levels of ABA. Results suggest that vivipary cannot be attributed to the low level of ABA and it is not the sole factor in providing desiccation tolerance in orthodox seeds.

In the present study the organoleptic quality and shelf life of guava fruits treated with Naphthalene acetic acid (100 and 200 ppm), Gibberellic acid (150 and 300 ppm) and Benzyl adenine (25 and 50 ppm) were evaluated. Guava fruits were harvested at mature green (maximum growth of fruits is attained and skin colour changes from dark green to light green) and colour turning (skin colour turns slightly yellow from light green) stages to determine the appropriate stage of maturity during storage at 10±1ºC and 90±5% RH. TSS, reducing and total sugars increased gradually and reached their peaks on days coinciding with ripe stage followed by a gradual decline towards the end of storage. Titratable acidity and ascorbic acid contents however decreased with the advancement of storage period. Organoleptic parameters such as fruit appearance and colour, flavour, taste and overall acceptance gradually increased till ripe stage while fruit texture declined continuously. Results revealed that mature green stage fruits exhibited longer shelf life and better fruit quality with all the treatments studied. Among the growth regulators, 50ppm BA exhibited longer shelf life with highest TSS, sugars and ascorbic acid content and highly acceptable fruit quality during cold storage.

Large population of human beings in developing countries is mainly reliant on a staple diet of cereals, such as rice, wheat, maize and sorghum etc. Unfortunately all of our major cereal food crops lack certain essential vitamins and minerals, as milled cereal grains are poor sources of lysine, vitamin A, folic acid, iron, zinc and selenium, which are essential for normal growth and metabolism of human beings. This review paper aims to enrichment of micronutrient in major food grains have been considered as a sustainable strategy for immediate solution to tackle the problems of micronutrient deficiencies in human beings. Agronomic biofortification is a potential cost-effective and sustainable agronomic way to enrich the micronutrient content of food grains. It is an upcoming strategy for dealing the deficiencies of micronutrients in the developing world.

In the present investigation, a pot culture experiment was conducted to estimate the ameliorating effect of triazoles such as triadimefon (TDM), tebuconazole (TBZ) and propiconazole (PCZ) on drought stressed maize. From 30 days after sowing (DAS), the plants were subjected to 4 days interval drought (DID) stress and drought with TDM at 15mg l-1, TBZ at 10mg l-1 and PCZ 15 mg l-1 alone and one day interval irrigation was kept as control. The plants were separated into root, stem and leaf for estimating the growth and biochemical. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized block design (CRBD) with seven replicates for each treatment. Individual and combined drought stress and triazole treatments decreased growth parameters like shoot length, total leaf area, whole plants fresh weight and whole plant dry weight but root length increased when compared to control. The biochemical compounds like sugar and sucrose contents increased, whereas starch content decreased under drought stressed plants.

This study was designed to assess total contents of 6 toxic metals viz., Fe, Hg, Pb, Cr, Cd and As in the fine sediment soil samples collected from industrial zone of Karur, Tiruchirappalli and Thanjavur districts of Tamil Nadu, India during April 2015. Heavy metals were analyzed by using standard methods. Heavy metal concentration in ground water was in following order Fe > Cr > As > Hg > Cd > Pb (ppm). In the present investigation, the high level of heavy metal (Iron) was recorded from Kundur fine sediment samples and low level of heavy metal (Lead) was recorded in Patteswaram and Mathur areas of fine sediment soil samples.

Two hundred progenies of four crosses of rice were evaluated to study the genetic variability in segregating generations for yield and bran oil content. The data was recorded on five randomly selected plants for ten quantitative and four grain quality characters. The analysis of variance showed significant differences for 14 characters studied, indicating the presence of high genetic variability among the progenies. The estimates of GCV were lower than the respective PCV, indicating the influence of environmental factors on the expression of the traits studied. Plant height (98.3%) showed the highest value of heritability and number of filled grains per panicle showed high genetic advance. However, high heritability coupled with low genetic advance was observed for number of productive tillers per plant, panicle length, kernel length, 1000-grain weight and bran oil content indicating that predominance of non additive gene effects in controlling the character. Hence, the improvement in these characters is not possible through simple selection and requires recurrent selection or heterosis breeding for improvement.

Treatments evaluated for the management of YSB, Fipronil 40 WG @ 1 g/l registered its superiority over botonicles. All insecticides are found on par in the order of their efficacy viz, Fipronil 0.3 G @ 0.075kg a.i./ha, Car tap hydrochloride 50 SP @ 300 g a.i./ha, Cartap hydrochloride 4 G @ 750 g a.i./ha, Carbofuran 3 G @ 1kg a.i/ha and Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2.5ml/l. Among the botanicals evaluated neem oil commercial formulation @ 5ml/l was found superior followed by NSKE @5%, Jatropha Nut Seed Kernal extract @5%,Vitexnegundo Leaf extract @ 5%,GnidiaglaucaLeaf extracts @ 5%, Acoruscalamus rhizome/powder extract @ 5% and Eupotorium leaf extract @ 5%.

Breast cancer is a malignant disease most commonly occurring in women. Mortality is high due to the fact that breast cancer in later stages metastases to other parts of the body causing multiple carcinoma and death. Many therapeutic targets have been identified for breast cancer of whichCDK9 is emerging as target for cancerous cells due to its role in cell proliferation. CDK9 is a component of multiprotien complex P-TEFb which plays a vital role as an elongation factor for RNA pol2 mediated transcription. Down regulation of CDK9 leads to disruption of P-TEFb complex thereby inducing apoptosis. Flavopiridol is a semisynthetic compound based on an extract from an Indian tree. Flavopiridol is a nonspecific inhibitor of CDK’s showing higher selectivity towards CDK9. Flavopiridol acts by competing for ATP binding site thereby disrupting CDK9/Cyclin t complex. In addition, flavopiridol is found to work synergistically with several other compounds which act on other targets like HER2 receptor, Androgen receptor, Oestrogen receptor, etc., which are extensively studied for their role in breast cancer. In this study we focus on the molecular interactions of flavopiridol and its analogues using Insilco docking methods. The results provide convincing proof to establish that using flavopiridol and its analogues might prove beneficial in treatment of breast cancer whether as a sole drug or in combination with other drugs to work synergistically.

Myrtle, Myrtus communis L., is an herb widely used throughout the world. It is one of the most popular plants in Morocco. For the purpose of examining the factors affecting extraction of this plant’s essential oil by hydrodistillation, a screening study by Hadamard matrix type Placket and Burman was conducted. After an appropriate choice of seven variables, sixteen experiments lead to a mathematical model of first degree linking the response function (yield) to factors. After the experiment’s realization and data analysis, we concluded that five factors have a significant effect on the hydrodistillation process, namely: the extracting time, the individuality effect, the harvest period, the material/water ratio and the heating temperature with the coefficients: 0.041, 0.025, - 0.021, 0.018, -0.015 respectively. Moreover, the plant material’s drying and cutting present a statistically negligible effect.

This study examines the Vigidesastres program, which carries out environmental health surveillance in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, focusing on the region formed by the municipalities of Nova Iguaçu, Belford Roxo, Nilópolis, Mesquita and São João de Meriti. This region, also known as Baixada Fluminense, besides being located in a lowlands area that is prone to flooding, also has precarious basic sanitation infrastructure, factors that can lead to disasters. Interviews were conducted with the managers of the program to obtain data on the situation of each municipality studied. This information is analyzed and discussed from the standpoints of organizational capacity, structure and techniques of environmental health surveillance of each municipality (identified with letters “A” through “E” to preserve the respondents’ anonymity). The results indicate that, in terms of management capacity of the Vigidesastres program, municipality B has the best general conditions, while E has the worst.

Recently the synthesis of 4-dimethylaminobenzoinhydrazone were carried out by the condensation of 4-dimethylaminobenzoin with hydrazine hydrate in presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide in Dioxane-water (80%) medium respectively. Similarly 4,4'-dimethoxy benzoin hydrazone were synthesized by the interaction of 4,4'-dimethoxy benzoin with hydrazine hydrate in presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide in dioxane-water (80%) medium respectively. The synthesis of 4-dimethylaminobenzoin and 4,4'-dimethoxybenzoin were carried out by the known literature method. The structure of all the synthesized compounds were justified on the basis of chemical characteristics, elemental and I.R. and NMR spectral analysis.

The biquadratic Diophantine equation with five unknowns represented by is analysed for finding its non-zero distinct integral solutions. Introducing the linear transformations and employing the method of factorization different patterns of non zero distinct integer solutions of the equation under the above equation are obtained. A few interesting relations between the integral solutions are exhibited.

Coffee processing involves large volume of water and wastewater. Coffee grown in many regions is processed using the wet method in order to be commercialized as green coffee. The coffee pulping wastewater from source-1 was characterised by low pH which varying between 3.92 to 4.99 and high COD between 8,320 mg/L to 10,400 mg/L, BOD 160 mg/L, total solids concentration was 5,000 mg/L, phosphorus varying between 60 mg/L to 94 mg/L, nitrate nitrogen varying between 32 mg/L to 52 mg/L, and ammonia nitrogen concentration was in the range of 50 mg/L to 84 mg/L. For wastewater to be easily treated in biological reactor the BOD5 / COD should be 0.5 or greater i.e., the waste is considered to be easily treatable by biological treatment. Since the BOD5 / COD ratio of coffee pulping wastewater was considerably less than 0.5 electrochemical treatment was tried to improve the BOD5 / COD ratio using aluminium electrode. The studies done for treating the raw coffee pulping wastewater by electrochemical method resulted in 93 %, 83 % and 90 % removal efficiency of COD, phosphorus and nitrate nitrogen respectively.

To prevent adverse health effect related to fluoride overdoses in drinking water, a comprehensive study is presented in this work for determining the optimal fluoride concentration range in drinking water. In fact, the optimal concentration range is bordered by two thresholds. For the hyper sensitive age groups (infant and children) the optimal concentration of 0.5mg.L-1 is required. This optimal concentration is known as the down threshold. However, for less sensitive age groups (adult), the optimal concentration of 1mg.L-1 is taken as the upper threshold. This study proposes also a numerical model to describe the daily fluoride exposure depending on the subject age via drinking tap water. In order to minimize the error between reference values (safety limit) and calculated values;the model is calibrated by means of an algebraic adjustment with introduce a correction factor.

A study of the physico-chemical parameters on surface water of Nawabganj Lake was conducted from summer and winter. Surface water was collected from twenty different stations along the Lake. Water samples were collected and analysed for physico-chemical variables. The average value of surface water on winter-summer the pH was 7-7.042105; EC (Electrical Conductivity) 524.8-492.5µs/cm, Tub. (Turbidity) 4.9-5.5NTU, DO (Dissolve Oxygen) 6.65-6.61Mg/L, BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) 3.55-3.3Mg/L, TDS (Total Dissolve Solids) 322.95-300.7Mg/L, TS (Total Solids) 459.95-422.3Mg/L, Cl (Chloride) 50.9-43.15Mg/L, SO4 (Sulphate) 25.5-26.25Mg/L, N (Nitrate) 5.95-5.35Mg/L, Na (Sodium) 30.25-29.85Mg/L, K (Potassium) 3.835-3.76Mg/L, Mg (Magnesium Hardness) 73.7-72.25Mg/L, PO4 (Total Phosphorus) 0.134-0.124Mg/L, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) 12.3-13.1Mg/L, T.C.(Total Coliform) 376-347.5MPN/100ml, F.C.(Feacal Coliform) 191.5-142.95MPN/100ml, F (Fluoride) 0.595-0.645Mg/L, Fe (Iron) 0.3545-0.3345Mg/L, Zn (Zinc) 0.0975-0.07Mg/L. The databases obtained were subjected to Pearson correlation matrix. Correlation coefficients revealed positive and significant correlations between the pairs of parameters and metals in surface water. The major variations are related to anthropogenic activities (irrigation agricultural, construction activities, clearing of land, and domestic waste disposal). The present study, however, makes several is believed to serve as a baseline data for further studies. Future research should therefore noteworthy contributions to the existing knowledge on the spatial variations of surface water quality and concentrate on the investigation of temporal variations of water quality in the lake. The lake is gradually tending towards eutrophication.

Globalization increases rapidly over the years along with the technology. But the Economic growth of the countries lies in its transportation capabilities. Transportation plays a vital role in today’s world. It may through air, water or surface mediums. But the most essential one and reliable one is surface transportation. Whenever the surface transport comes into picture it comprise of various vehicles like bike to a bullet trains. Here comes the factor called safety. The safety of a vehicle depends upon its own Braking system. Breaking is the most deciding element in the design of vehicle in automobile industry. Over the years many breaks like Disc brakes, Drum Brakes, hydraulic Brakes, Vacuum brakes are introduced but a new era has begun to develop more advanced braking systems like Anti- lock braking systems which ensure more safety and stability of a vehicle. Here we discuss about the advanced systems like ABS in detail.

The economic prosperity of nations like Japan, China, etc. springs ample evidence that there exists positive relationship between educational development and economic development of a nation. To achieve the much emphasized objective of technological self-reliance since independence, Indian economy witnessed a massive growth of institutions providing technical education. Among the various streams of technical education, the growth of institutions providing engineering education is extremely applauded. As a consequence, the enrolment in the institutions of engineering education has increased over the years. In this respect, examining the female participation in Indian Engineering Education with special reference to Punjab is the thrust area of this study.

The present study aims at comparing the quality of life and quality of working life in SAPCO participants and non-participants in sporting activities (public sports). In so doing, the checklist of individual characteristics, quality of life questionnaire developed by Vaez Mousavi (2000), and Walton's (1973) quality of working life questionnaire were distributed among 302 people including 162 athlete staffs and 162 non-athlete ones. As the first phase of the study, coordinating with the Supplying Automative Parts Company (SAPCO), affiliated with Iran Khodro Industrial Group, the researcher obtained the letter of permission as well as the reference letter. Then, 350 questionnaires were distributed among participants who filled out them on the spot. 302 questionnaires have been filled out properly, which were later analyzed. time The questionnaires were distributed and subsequently collected in May, 2014. For data analysis, descriptive statistics (in the format of tables and graphs), Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, dependent T-test, and Two-way ANOVA using SPSS 16 (at the level of significance: 0.05) were applied. The study yielded the result that there is a significant difference between active and inactive people in terms of quality of life, individual well-being, social relations, altruistic behavior, and job satisfaction.

Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States (1861-1865) and over a century and a half after his assassination, there remains a sleuth of opinions and oftentimes contradictory interpretations of his actions while in office. While some historians of note regarded him as the Great Emancipator whose singular action freed more than three million slaves and marked a major turning point in the historical evolution of the United States. Conversely, others saws him as just another product of his age – a racist politician who believed in the impossibility of “bringing about in anyway the social and political equality of the white and black races – that I am not nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people . . .” Lincoln was hailed as the believer in the equality of the races while at the same time he believed “that there is a physical difference between the white and black races which I believe will forever forbid the two races living together on terms of social and political equality.” This essay is therefore an attempt to critically appraise the position of noted authorities and their writings on this American statesman

Quantum density functional theory (DFT) calculations for benzannulatedlutidine bisstannylene-tin(II) monoxide molecule is carried out. To explore the proper functional for our molecule, we perform DFT calculations with different hybrid functional. The results show that B3LYP is the best among the others. We calculated the theoretical IR for benzannulatedbisstannylene-tin(II) monoxide Molecule using B3LYP/SDD with scaling factor 0.961 which confirms the lutidine moiety is perpendicular to Sn- group. The HOMO-LUMO energy gap is very low of 80.46 meV. The Sn NMR spectrum showed that Sn3located at downfield in comparison to Sn1 and Sn2.

Education in India has a golden past, present and future. The aim of the paper is to make the English language learning by adult learners, more active and interesting. The focus for us all, however, is the learner. Innovation should not be ‘just for its own sake’ but always directed to improve the quality of learning. It is the learner who do the learning, and our work as teachers is for the learners. Active learning has superseded passive learning in recent times because people today seek all-round development of the students. Active learning gives a different perspective to education. It not only helps the students to learn better but also gives the teachers an impetus to teach better. At this present scenario, an English teacher for adult learners should prepare herself/himself to cater for all types of intelligences and learning styles in order to create an enthusiastic learning environment. The paper highlights about some of the interesting language activities that can be tried out for adult students to improve the language skills.

Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) is a precious timber plant which has been serving the world’s population since human civilization. Its valuation depends on the quantity of oil and santalol contents of the heartwood. Normally, heartwood formation starts after 12-15 years of plant age. It depends on the soil characteristics and other climatic factors. Some other factors viz. host plant association, mycorrhizal association etc. can play important role for the survival of the sandalwood plants. Keeping all these views in mind, a venture was undertaken to quantify the produce and to assess the oil quality of the heartwood. The role of host plant association in different gardens of the forest division and oil & alcohol contents (α- and β - santalol) were measured.

The study generally aimed at integrating geographic information system (GIS) and statistical models in predicting landslide prone areas in Wahig-Inabanga Watershed, Bohol, Philippines. Logistic regression (LR) and bivariate statistical analysis (BSA) were employed to determine landslide prone areas using eleven significant landslide-related instability factors such as elevation, slope, aspect, lithology, soil order, soil type, fault line proximity, river proximity, road proximity, rainfall and land cover. The satisfactory results of model evaluation justified the application of the LR model for landslide hazard assessment. Out of eleven instability factors, only soil order and soil type were determined not significant. The first three most important instability factors based on the values of regression coefficients are elevation, slope, and lithology. Landslide hazard assessment revealed around 7,063 ha or 11.33% of the total area of the watershed has high to very high landslide hazard ratings. The study showed that GIS, in tandem with useful models, provides pertinent results which could be used as scientific basis for watershed management and land use planning in relation to landslide disaster risk reduction and management.

India’s relations with the World Bank can be traced back to the latter’s origin. India was one of the 17 countries, prepared the agenda for the Bretton Woods Conference (June 1944). It was also one of the 44 countries which signed the final agreement for the establishment of the Bank. The name “International Bank for Reconstruction and Development” was first suggested by India to the drafting committee. Since then the two have been established a close relationship with each other from framing the policies of economic development in India to financing the implementation of these policies. The article examines concept of financial assistance for development purposes, the establishment, objectives and organizational structure of World Bank along with its subscriptions. It emphasizes on India’s role and association with World Bank. The article also looks into the role played by World Bank in India’s economic development.

The quantitative measure of crop distribution is an important analysis to understand the cropping pattern of an area. The multifaceted agriculture practices, bring different crops in fields. The concept of agricultural regionalization is not dividing a land into different fragments but also a method of understanding the agricultural patterns. The existing patterns will strongly show the combinations of physical and socio-economic balance of an area. To map the cropping pattern the following analysis were required they include crop combination, cropping intensity, crop diversification and crop combination. In the present study analysis the above mention analysis, the results suggest that there are fourteen crops widely occupies in the study area. Among the fourteen crops oilseeds, Tapioca, paddy and maize were the top five crops. Cropping intensity result reveals that the highest cropping intensity found in Tharamangalam, Veerapandi, Panamarathupatty. The moderate cropping intensity found in Thalaivasal, Ayothiyapattinam, Yercaud, Omalur, Kadayampatty, Mecheri and Kolathur. The crop diversification indicates that Yercaud, Gangavalli and Thalaivasal shows lower crop diversification, other blocks in the study area have the index value more than 0.7 which indicates that the blocks have high diversification. The crop combination analysis also sight that oils seeds, Maize, Tapioca as fist ranking crop in several blocks, similarly oil seeds, paddy, Tapioca founds as second ranking crop and paddy is found as third ranking crop in the study area. The cropping pattern analysis will provide the agricultural and agro-climatologist to suggest better land use planning of an area.

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) that colonize plant roots and promote plant growth and development. The plant growth is being enhanced by wide variety of mechanisms adapted by rhizobacteria. Hence the use of PGPR is steadily increasing in the field of agriculture. Six indigenous PGPR strains were isolated from tea soils and different environment and characterized for the enhancement of plant growth and to improve soil health. To investigate the growth inducing ability of PGPR in tea plants. A nursery trial was conducted using three popular clones namely CR-6017, UPASI-9 and graft CR-6017/UPASI-9. The plants were uprooted after 6 months of treatment implementation and studied their biometric parameters. During observation, the morphometric parameters viz., leaf count, shoot height, root length, biomass of shoot, root and secondary roots were monitored and found significantly higher in clones CR-6017 and Graft CR-6017/UPASI-9 treated with 50% NPK + VC + BF followed by 50% NPK+ BF. UPASI- 9 treated with either 50% NPK+ BF or 50% NPK + VC + BF registered significantly higher values of biometric parameters. While studying the NPK content in all three clones and graft combination, significantly higher nitrogen content was noticed in the plants treated with BF alone. In the case of phosphorous and potassium, higher values were recorded in the plants treated with 50% NPK + VC + BF. CR-6017 showed higher values of chlorophyll in BF alone treated plants, when Graft CR-6017/UPASI-9 and UPASI- 9 had recorded higher chlorophyll in 50% NPK+ BF. Integrated Nutrient Management practice by exploiting indigenous beneficial microorganisms with partial withdrawal of synthetic fertilizers will definitely provide sustainable yield and productivity in tea and the tea planters will be immensely benefited.

Advertisement is the predominant Promotional Mix Variable which is being used in every industry to get noticed by their prospective customer, and thereby turning them into life time consumers. These advertisements are also playing their part in shaping the lifestyle of the individuals at large, whether elders, teenagers or children. Especially, these advertisements are influencing the lifestyle of the children in much greater fashion, both in righteous and unrighteous direction. The main objective of this study is to find out, how children are influenced by the television advertisements. The focus of the study is on effect of television advertisements on children with reference to different chocolate brands and their advertisements, to measure the impact of advertisement of chocolate on children, to study the reasons of preference of chocolate. An attempt has been made to know the children's awareness about chocolate brands and preference to buy. On random basis 100 children, in the age group of 5 - 10, and 50 parents are interviewed with the help of interview schedule and data thus collected is presented in the form of pie charts. Interpretations are also derived according to objective of the study.

The aim of our work is the characterization of the chemical composition and evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the essential oil and methanol extract of Thymus satureioides growing wild in the eastern High Atlas of Morocco. The extraction of the essential oil of the aerial parts of the plant was carried out by steam distillation. The yield of essential oil is 2,74%. The methanolic extract is obtained by maceration with methanol at 80%, and the yield is of the order of 11,66%.The results of the chromatographic analysis GC-MS of the Thymus satureioides Essential oils have allowed to identify around 35 constituents. The major ones are Carvacrol (30,47%); Borneol (18,15 %); β -cymene (12,69 %); Camphene (6,19%); α-pinene (3,77%) and γ-terpinene (3,66%). The antibacterial activity of the essential oils and that of the methanolic extract of Thymus satureioides has been studied with the help of the amatograms method through five pathogene bacterial strains for people: Klebsiellapneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, wild Escherichia coli and acquired Escherichia coli penicillinase. The obtained results showed that the essential oils of Thymus satureioides represent excellent activities vis-à-visall tested strains with MICs ranging from 0, 68mg / ml and 21,73mg/ml.Thisstrong antibacterial activity is attributed to the major constituents, especially ʽcarvacrol’ known by these important antibacterial properties.However,this oil is more active than Imipenem and Amoxicillin used as a reference antibiotics. As for the methanol extract of this species, it represents a low activity vis-à-vis the same strains. The strong antibacterial activity of this species justifies its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of many infectious diseases.

Blood stream infections (BSI) caused by Candida species are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Although Candida albicans has been the most common Candida species isolated from BSI’s, there is an increasing trend of isolation of non-albicans Candida from BSI. With the shift to non-albicans Candida species, antifungal resistance has become a major cause of concern in the management of candidemia. In the present study, a total of 100 patients who were admitted in ICU’s of different departments of Victoria hospital, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute who developed signs and symptoms of nosocomial BSI were screened. Two blood samples were collected and inoculated onto BHI broth, incubated and subcultured onto blood agar and MacConkey agar after 24 hrs incubation. Growth was subjected to Gram’s stain and subcultured onto Sabouraud’s dextrose agar. Speciation and drug susceptipility pattern of candida isolates was determined by BD Phoenix TM Automated Microbiology System. Out of 100 samples, only 2 were positive for Candida. Both were Candida krusei species and found resistant to fluconazole. Increased use of fluconazole has been implicated in shift to non albicans Candida causing BSI and this study confirms it. This study illustrates the importance of Candida in causing BSI and change in species distribution from albicans to non-albicans Candida and their resistance pattern which helps in formulating antibiotic policy of the hospital.

Introduction: Ageing and urbanization are closely related. There are many possible ways in which the urban environment may influence the health and well-being of older residents. Indeed, older people may be particularly vulnerable to the influence of urban characteristics many aspects of urban living that affect the quality of life of older persons go beyond municipal boundaries. Objectives: 1. To assess and compare the quality of life of the study groups. 2. To suggest appropriate measures for promotion of health of elderly in urban & urban slum area. Material and Methods: A house to house interview was conducted among all randomly selected urban and urban slum area persons of age 60 yrs and above residing at least last six months with Pretested proform a containing details of health check-ups, Assessment Quality of Life Questionnaire (a tool for measurement of HR-QoL) and socio-demographic factors and standardized clinical materials. Observations: Total 153 from urban & 135 from urban slum were enrolled for the study. There was significant difference found in the ranking HR-QoL with sex, marital status and type of family distribution in both the areas. Conclusion: Ageing has profound effect on the individual status in the family, the work force, goals and organization of health, social services, policies and practices of the government. Age, gender, marital status, type of family and relationship dimension affects the Quality of life of elderly. Health is vital to maintain well being and Quality of Life of Aged population.

Background: Human T- cell Lymphotropic virus, Hepatitis B and C viruses have a common disease they cause “Cancer” apart from other diseases they are known to cause. Although the sites affected differ from one virus to the other. HBV and HCV cause cancer of the liver while HTLV cause cancer of the blood called “Adult T- cell Leukaemia/Lymphoma (ATLL)”. All the viruses also have a similar route of transmission with HIV which helps to facilitate their disease manifestations. Therefore, the study was carried out to detect these viral agents among the HIV positive individuals and to determine their coinfections. Materials and Methods: The research involved 180 subjects who individually completed a questionnaire each and donated blood sample for tests with ELISA and rapid screening methods for HTLV and Hepatitis B and C viruses respectively. Results: The prevalences of HTLV, HBV and HCV among the HIV positive Subjects were 0.6%, 8.3% and 5.5% respectively. Ages from 16-45 years had the highest infection rate with HBV (P ˂ 0.05); while those aged from 46-60 years were highest in HCV infection (P ˂ 0.05). However, HTLV had the lowest infection rate (0.6%) among the subjects. Conclusion: HIV infected individuals have higher risk of infection with viruses that share similar mode of transmission.

Objective: To evaluate the serum lipids and blood pressure in patients with and without diabetic retinopathy. Subjects and Methods: A total of 200 subjects of both gender and age ranging 35 – 65 years, were recruited and divided into three groups. Group A include 100 healthy subjects as controls, group B include 50 diabetic subjects with no retinopathy and group C consists of 50 diabetic patients with retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) was graded clinically by dilated Opthalmoscopic examination by a qualified ophthalmologist. In all study participants, we measured systolic and diastolic blood pressures along with serum lipid profile. Statistical analysis was performed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: There significantly increased levels of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C and VLDL among three groups (p<0.01) while HDL-C levels showed significant difference when compared to healthy control (p<0.05). Similarly, both systolic and diastolic blood pressures showed statistically significant higher values in DR and without DR groups as compared to control group (p< 0.01). Conclusion: We found significantly elevated blood pressure and dyslipidemia in diabetic retinopathy group. It is suggested that strict blood pressure monitoring along with glycemic and lipid control would be helpful in delaying the onset of complications.

Aim: to find the relationship between Magnesium levels and patients who are digoxin therapy and correlated with those who developed digitoxicity. Methods: Eighty-one hospital patients receiving digoxin were separated into groups with and without digitoxicity (digoxin toxicity) using clinical criteria. Serum digoxin, sodium, potassium, calcium, creatinine, magnesium and monocyte magnesium concentrations were compared. Subjects with digoxin toxicity had impaired colour vision (P < 0.0001, Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test) and increased digoxin levels (1.89 (1.56-2.21) vs 1.34 (1.20- 1.47) nmol I-1, P < 0.01) (mean (95% confidence limits)), though there was considerable overlap between the two groups. Results: Subjects with digoxin toxicity had lower levels of serum magnesium (0.80 (0.76-0.84) vs 0.88 (0.85-0.91) mmol 1-1, P < 0.01) and monocyte magnesium (6.40 (5.65-7.16) vs 8.76 (7.81-9.71) mg g-1 DNA, P < 0.01), but there were no significant differences in other biochemical parameters. A greater proportion of toxic subjects were receiving. concomitant diuretic therapy (20/21 vs 37/60, P < 0.05). Conclusion: Magnesium deficiency was the most frequently identified significant electrolyte disturbance in relation to digoxin toxicity. (Young et al., 1991) In the presence of magnesium deficiency digoxin toxicity developed at relatively low serum digoxin concentrations.

Background: Patients with anxiety prior to coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), have increased levels of anxiety which can have negative physical, physiological and psychological consequences. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching on anxiety and procedure compliance in patients undergoing coronary angiography in a selected cardiac hospital. Methods: Pre procedure anxiety score was assessed using the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory (SAI).For the experimental group (n=48), structured teaching was administered by the principal researcher for the control group (n=48) no structured teaching was given, the usual hospital routine of informing the patients verbally by the staff was followed. The compliance of the patients to the procedure was assessed using a self constructed tool comprising five essential steps to be followed by the patients during the procedure. Results: The mean scores of anxiety before intervention in the experimental and control group was 64.19 and 61.96 respectively. The mean anxiety level in the control group had increased from 61.96 to 63.04 post conventional teaching, however there was a considerable reduction in the mean anxiety level of patients in the experimental group from 64.19 to 32.27, who received the structured teaching (p<0.0001). The mean procedure compliance scores in the experimental group who received the structured teaching before coronary angiography was 4.77 0.47 and in the control group who received the conventional method of teaching was 2.65 0.60. (p <0.0001). Conclusions: Many patients have moderate to severe anxiety before coronary angiography and PCI; which is the most common and gold mark diagnostic test used today for coronary artery diseases. Therefore, routine assessment and management of anxiety are justified. The findings of this study strongly emphasize the importance of providing structured teaching to patients undergoing coronary angiography.

Objective: To determine the hemodynamic changes in primigravida with pre-eclampsia. Study design: Prospective cross-sectional study. Methodology: Forty-four primigravida women with pre-eclampsia and 44 normal pregnant (NP) woman matched for gestational age were recruited. Cross-sectional array echocardiographic Doppler system were used to obtain the hemodynamic measurements. The height, weight and blood pressure too were recorded. Results are expressed as the mean and standard error (SE) of the mean. Students ‘t’ test, Pearson’s correlation and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. A probability of < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The women in the pre-eclampsia and NP group had comparable clinical characteristics with respect to age (27.2 [0.83] / 26.7 [0.71] years), weight and height at the respective values in the NP were 120/75 (1.9/0.71), 81 (1.4), 21.38 (0.34) and 3.93 (0.07). The stroke volume (SV) was significantly lower (77.57 (2.61) ml) in pre-eclampsia than in NP (84.26 [1.92/ml]. The cardiac output in subjects with pre-eclampsia too (6.04 [0.23] l /min] was lower than in NP (6.79 [0.16] l / min). The mean total peripheral vascular resistance (TPVR) in the pre-eclampsia was 1625 (88.9) and in the NP was 1003 (26.6). In pre-eclampsia, TPVR showed a significant negative correlation with cardiac output (-0.83), SV (-0.56) and AD (-0.64). However, no significant correlation was observed with flow velocity integral (-0.17). Comments: It is important to know the correct hemodynamic state of a pre-eclampsia patients because it may have important therapeutic implications. The untreated pre-eclampsia is characterized by a reduced circulation volume, low cardiac output and high peripheral resistance.

Rationale: The authors report a case of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) as an extra hepatic manifestation in a hepatitis C virus (HCV)-carrier man with normal liver function tests. Presenting concern: A 42 year old male visited Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital on 21/6/15 in the medicine OPD. He had complaints of Fever for two days and rashes on both the forearms and also complaints of passing black colored stools. Diagnosis: The physical and laboratory examinations showed results within normal range except for very Low platelet counts and positive for HCV antibody (third generation).These findings suggested chronic infection with HCV, but there seemed to be no involvement of liver disease. Intervention: Patient was admitted and treatment was primarily aimed at improving platelet counts. Anti-viral therapy was prescribed. Interferon (IFN) and ribavirin to render HCV-PCR copies negative. Outcome: After 9 days of inpatient treatment the platelet counts were normalized and the patient discharged. Lesson learnt from this case: There are numerous papers reporting that HCV causes ITP as an extrahepatic manifestation, but a case report of ITP caused by chronic HCV infection without liver disease has not been found. The present case report discusses the specificity of HCV infection on extrahepatic manifestation, and the treatment of ITP caused by chronic HCV infection.

Aims & Objectives: To determine the perinatal outcome in meconium stained amniotic fluid. Material & Methods: This prospective study was conducted from January 2013 to March 2014 on patients admitted to Labour ward, of RMC, Ajmer. Out of 16546 deliveries 2295 cases, 200 patients who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled in our study. Results: In current study incidence of meconium staining of amniotic fluid (MSAF) is 13.87% In thin MSAF 37.5% and thick MSAF 52.5%, PMR 5.5 % and morbidity 20.5% in which 4.5% and 16.5% respectively in thick and thin. Conclusion: Immediate airway management, need for suction and incubation should be guided by state of newborn rather than presence of meconium timely diagnosis and management MSAF may improve fetal outcome from our study conclude that MSAF adversely affect fetal outcome mostly by thick meconium.

Aim: To assess the level of knowledge on biomedical waste management among staff nurses in selected tertiary hospital, Kanchipuram district, Tamilnadu. Methods and Materials: A descriptive approach was used for the present study. The participants were about 60 in number and purposive sampling technique was used. Data was collected by administering a structured questionnaire. Results: The study result shows that majority (90%) of staffs belongs to 21-30 Age group. A majority (87%) of the staffs were female and 60% of the staffs were belongs B.sc nursing. Majority (60%) of staff were underwent continuous nursing education programme on biomedical waste management. The study result reveals that 60% of staff nurse had moderate knowledge, 33% had adequate knowledge and 7% had inadequate knowledge. The result shows that the age (x2=6.666) had significant association with the level of knowledge at 0.05 levels and also the CNE programme attended (x2=13.262) had significant association with the level of knowledge. Conclusion: This result insists the importance of continuing education through skill based training programme and updating current changes in bio medical waste management for staff nurses.

We have seen that the Web environment supported by the data warehouse a variety of ways, the link or surface to transfer data from the Web to the data warehouse is somewhat simple. Web data is contained in the records, the records manager nourish software information on flow, so the software is director of the amendments and summarize the data and re-organized. And pass the data manager software to the data warehouse. The surface or interface to transfer data from the data warehouse to the Web where a little complicated, that the data transmitted from the data warehouse to be operational data store (ODS) in the portfolio recording the ODS. If the ODS becomes the only point of contact between the Web and data warehouse environment for the purposes of the flow of data from the data warehouse to the Web. The reason for this is simple: that the ODS is able to ensure that operations at the Internet address system and quickly, and that are essential to the efficient processing Web. In addition, the data warehouse is a secure place for the huge amounts of data that can be downloaded from the Web environment and stored. Data Warehouse also provides a central point so that the company can integrate data and integrate with data coming from one or more of the Web sites to a single common source.

Background: Cataract is the leading cause of visual impairment in most parts of the developing world, including India. Cataract surgery is a cost-effective intervention in eye care. Poor outcome of cataract surgery is a major problem in developing countries. The aim of this study was to assess the visual outcomes of cataract surgery and to identify factors associated with it among people aged 50 years and above residing in urban slums of Raipur city, Chhattisgarh, India. Materials and Methods: A community based, cross-sectional study was conducted in 30 randomly selected clusters (urban slums) of Raipur city during June 2010 to March 2011. People aged 50 years and above were interviewed, tested for visual acuity and their eyes examined by house to house visits. In cataract operated persons, information about details of cataract surgery were collected using a pre-designed and pre-tested proforma. Results: A total of 895 persons examined, of whom 210 (23.5%) persons had cataract surgery in one or both eyes. Of the 342 cataract-operated eyes, 90.5% had received intra-ocular lens (IOL) implantation. Post-operative visual outcome was good in 84.5% of eyes, borderline in12.3%, and poor in 3.2% with available correction. A better visual outcome were significantly associated with surgeries at younger age, literacy, IOL surgery, and Private hospital / Charitable or NGO hospital and in recent surgeries but sex of operated person was not important. Conclusions: Outcome of cataract surgery was excellent with 84.5% of operated eyes had achieved a good visual outcome, in study area. However, it can be further improved by adequate post-operative follow-up care and appropriate refractive correction.

Background: There was still a controversial effect of coffee, whether coffee could increase or decrease the blood uric acid level. Study about the influence of coffee on the blood uric acid level has never been conducted in Indonesia. Objective: To prove that coffee could decrease uric acid level in the hyperuricemia blood serum of rat. Method: A pre and post test design has been done on 24 wistar strain rats that were divided randomly into 4 groups. On the 1st and 2nd week all groups were fed high purin diet. On the 2nd week all group were given coffee, too. Group 1 were given 0.36 ml coffee solution/ day, the other group were given 0.72 ml/ day; 1.14 ml/ day and 2.16 ml/ day. Blood were drawn at the beginning before high purin diet were given, before and after coffee treatment. The blood uric level were examined using spectrophotometry. Data were analyzed using Pair- t test and One Way Anova. Results: There were decreased blood uric acid level in the group receiving 0,72 ml /day and 2,16 ml coffee solution/day. Conclusions: Coffee is able to reduce blood uric acid level in experimental rats.

The aim of this prospective study is to determine the association of coffee and tea incidence as a factor for cleft lip and palate in Karnataka and Kerala population. This study took into account of mothers of 1000 non-syndromic oro-facial cleft subjects. They were questioned about their consumption of coffee –tea during first trimester and its frequency. Multiple logistic Regression for maternal coffee consumption during pregnancy shows that the odds ratio for mothers who consumed more than 3 cups was 1.84 ,1.31 and 1.23 with the confidence interval for the odds ratio was 1.46 to 1.99, 1.19 to 1.84, 1.06 to 1.45 in cleft lip, Cleft lip and palate and cleft palate group respectively. Whereas the odds ratio for tea is 1.65, 1.56, 1.33 with the confidence interval for the odds ratio being 1.28 to 1.93, 1.24 to 1.78 and 1.17 to 1.54 in CL, CLP, CP group respectively. Results from our study showed a dose dependent association between coffee and tea consumption during pregnancy and increased risk of oral cleft in their children.

Background: Anemia of chronic renal disease related to the failure of renal excretory functicn, and to the renal endocrine function, failure of the excretory function leads to an increased demand for red blood cells because of shortening of the red blood cells life span, failure of renal endocrine function leads to decreased erythorpoietic response because of imparid production of erythropoietin.(Krysiak et al., 2015a, Krysiak et al., 2015b) Hepcidinis a major hormonal regulater of iron homeostasis; (Carvalho et al., 2011, Atkinson et al., 2015) Made in the liver, it inhibits iron release from macrophages. (Tesfay et al., 2015) and could be serve as an indicator of functional iron deficiency in portion with renal failure (Lemos Ados et al., 2010) Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the serum hepcidin level in Sudanese patients with anemia of chronic renal failue. Materials and methods: A total 42 patinets diagnosed with anemia of chronic renal failue enrolled in this study, serum was separated from participants for ELISA, to estimate hepcidin level. Results: A total 42 patients diagnosed with ACRF in Sudan, their ages ranged between (13-79) years (mean SD 45 20, the mean value of hepcidin level (13.6) both male 24 (12.7%) and female 18 (14.6%) from different age groups, The hepcidin level showed correlate with duration of disease and with gender (p.value<0.05) the relation of hepicdin level and age the p.value showed that more than 0.05 insignificant, no association with age. Conclusion: In summary we conclude that it has significant correlation of serum hepcidin level with gender and duration of disease, but no association with RBcs parameters and age.

Native strains of Beauveria spp. were evaluated against Spodoptera litura using leaf spray method. Twelve native and one reference strain of B. bassiana were assayed at 1×1010 spores ml-1 to determine LT50 by probit analysis. The least LT50 values of 135.84 and 179.96 hours were recorded in native strains of SGb and MKb followed by Hb, Kb and Bb i.e. LT50 value of 195.49, 201.20 and 235.30. The highest LT50 values of 500.88 and 336.90 hours were recorded in RARST-b and NBAII-b strains. Five effective and promising B. bassiana strains (SGb, MKb, Kb, Bb and Hb) were characterized using rDNA-ITS sequences. All the five strains of B. bassiana showed 100% homology with already submitted B. bassiana strain in NCBI GenBank. Phylogenic dendrogram exhibited B. bassiana strains Bb and Kb as distinct cluster compared to others, where as B. bassiana strains SGb, MKb and Hb formed one cluster, however SGb grouped into same clade with AB 027382 (IFO 4848) and FJ 755242 (CZ 590) which were isolated from China and Japan, respectively. Gene sequences of five native strains were deposited in NCBI Gene Bank, Bethesda, USA with the accession numbers: JX173280.1 (SGb, Bb1), JX313063.1 (MKb, Bb2), JX313064.1 (Kb, Bb3), JX313065.1 (Bb, Bb4) and JX313066.1 (Hb, Bb5).

The conventional urea treatment of cereal straw process is a laborious, tedious and time-consuming task. It is essential to facilitate or eliminate some of these operations by using machine. For this purpose, the small rectangular baler model 349-T was selected for optimizing and setting up the mechanical urea treatment systems. Based on the calculation, the required mechanisms were made and installed. The machine performance was evaluated in the farm condition by treating the straw mechanically. The nutritional value of treated straw was measured and compared with the straw that treated in conventional method. The experiments showed that there is no significant difference between two methods of treatment. Machine capacity is about 2 ton/hr and the usual (medium) tractors can be used for this purpose.

Hundred isolates of white-rot fungi were tested for their efficiency of wood degradation based on guaiacol-oxidation, lignin peroxidase, laccase and manganese peroxidase activities. The purpose of the test was to select the best isolates that show high efficiency of producing lignolytic enzymes. Among these isolate BR-1 (Pycnoporus cinnabarinus) was identified as the most good and highest activity for lignin degradation. Further its identification was confirmed in molecular level carried by the internal transcribed spacer ‘ITS’ regions of the ribosomal DNA (28S rDNA) sequencing. The D2 region of LSU (Large subunit 28S rDNA) gene sequence was used to carry out BLAST with the database of NCBI gene bank database.

A survey of dung beetles biodiversity, abundance and composition were studied from cattle grazing lands of Phaltan Tahesil, Satara, Maharashtra during June 2010 to March 2013. Seven sites were selected from Phaltan Tahesil. The beetles were collected from the dung pad and under soil by handpicking method. Dung beetles were then segregated as per species, sampling sites. The present study of dung beetle diversity of Phaltan Tahesil reveals 43 species of beetles belongs to 15 (Fifteen) Genera. The data also shows that the subfamily Coprinae was the dominant subfamily in terms of species richness (32 species) and abundance followed by Aphodiinae (7 species), Scarabaeinae (3 species) and Geotrupidae (1 species). During the study period it was observed that three to four days old dung pads shown richest dung beetle diversity. The predominant genera in this region is Onthophagus (11 species) followed by Aphodius (7 species), Gymnopleurus (6species), Onitis (5 species), Catharsius (3 species), Heliocarpis (2 species) and single species form each genera.

The present investigations were undertaken on laboratory studies of Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii) during the year 2013-2014 in the Bio-control laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Dapoli (Maharashtra).The results of effect of different hosts on parasitisation potential of T. chilonis revealed that the per cent parasitisation and per cent adult emergence of T. chilonis was found maximum on S. litura eggs followed by C. cephalonica and H. armigera eggs.

Although a national vitamin A prophylaxis programme has been in operation for more than three decades, vitamin A deficiency (VAD) continues to be a major nutritional problem of public health significance in India. The present study was carried out with the aim of assessing the prevalence of clinical VAD among school going children 8-10 years in Tirupati. A study was carried out in area of Tirupati during 2008-2009. A total of 776 school children were examined for the presence of signs and symptoms of VAD. The total sample (776) of them was used to estimate blood vitamin A levels. The intakes β-carotene containing foods of plant origin such as GLV were also found to be lower than the RDA. Thus, the quality and quantity of foods consumed is reflected in the low biochemical levels of vit-A resulting in a high prevalence of deficiency. It is observed that about 56 percent of school age children of the present study had mean serum vit-A levels <30 μg/dl indicating borderline VAD state. Further categorization of participants into different degrees of VAD reveal that about 38 percent were having levels of vit-A in the high risk range of 20-30 μg/dl and about 22 percent were deficient with levels < 20 μg/dl. A high percent of girls (20.1) were severely deficient when compared to boys (13.7). Combining the different levels of deficient states, boys and girls showed a high prevalence of VAD (53.8 and 56.7 respectively), with a little difference between them. As age increased the severe deficiency is decreased. Increased vitamin A supplementation, health and nutrition education and consumption of vitamin A rich foods are essential to prevent VAD.

An investigation was carried out at College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala, to evaluate the keeping quality shelf life and nutrient content of organic liquid manures. The results of the study revealed that the shelf life of promising organic liquid manure could be improved by bringing the pH to slightly acidic condition (6-6.5) by the addition of lime. Autoclaving helped to remove the foul smell of liquid manures without causing any reduction in nutrient content.

In the study on different sites the economics of paddy-fish farming system was conducted in the block of Moyna under East Midnapore district of West Bengal. The study was carried out among 100 farmers. Paddy alternate fish culture at Moyna Block utilizes a range of production systems and practices, but all contribute to eco friendly environmental benefits and sustainable development. Many factors have contributed to these developments, but equally and still, there are challenges that need to be addressed for up-scaling these production systems and practices. The production rate of fish is much higher than in other traditional system of culture. We have seen fish production at culture area in between 4200 Kg – 4900 Kg/hectare within six month. The growth rate of culture fishes at paddy alternate fish culture is higher than paddy with fish culture. The study revealed that farmers of this Moyna block followed paddy alternate fish farming by simultaneous and rotation techniques. About 47% farmers were under the age group of 31 to 40 and their education level was below matriculation. The study also pointed out the surplus labours of the local area had better employment opportunity through this farming system. Besides in this system the farmers get production of paddy from the same field at the rate of 5000 kg to 5200 kg per hectare, after fish culture the expenditure of paddy production at the culture areas is less. So, it clearly establishes the superiority of this system of fish alternate paddy cultivation. The study reveal that expenditure of winter paddy cultivation is less on culture sites because during fish culture the soil fertility is higher due to application of inorganic and organic manure. The result of this investigation exhibit the sustainability of this culture system as this system does not pollute the water and soil by use of fertilizers and pesticides to an alarming level. The investigation also brings to light clearly that this system is a very good instrument for socio-economic development of the fish farmers in a better way than any other system of culture. It is evident from the economics of this system for the fishermen.

Marker assisted backcross breeding (MABB) is a promising strategy for improvement of elite crop varieties for one or more agronomical traits with minimal linkage drag. Akshayadhan is a high-yielding medium duration variety (135 days), whose yield is significantly limited by bacterial blight (BB) and blast diseases. In the present study, we attempted to improve Akshayadhan for resistance against BB and blast through marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB). A breeding line in the genetic background of Samba Mahsuri, FBR1-15 possessing the bacterial blight resistance gene, Xa33 and C101A51 possessing the blast resistance gene, Pi2 served as donors and two sets of backcrosses were carried out to combine Xa33 and Pi2 into Akshayadhan separately. Backcrossing was continued till BC2 generation, and gene-specific markers for the two resistance genes were used for marker-assisted selection at each stage of backcrossing in addition to phenotype-based selection for identification of plants closely resembling Akshayadhan. A single BC2F2 plant from each backcross possessing either Xa33 or Pi2 in homozygous condition and closely resembling Akshayadhan were intercrossed to generate inter-cross F1s (ICF1s) to combine the two traits. ‘True’ICF1s were identified using the gene-specific marker(s) and selfed to generate ICF2s, which were then subjected for marker-assisted selection to identify plants which are homozygous for both Xa33 and Pi2. Homozygous ICF2 plants were advanced further by pedigree method for further evaluation. At ICF4 selected lines were subjected for screening against BB and blast pathogens and all of them were observed to be resistant against the two diseases. Further, the selected lines also were observed to closely resemble Akshayadhan with respect to agromorphological traits and possessed long-slender grains.

Recently a novel series of 2-substitutedimino-4-substitutedimino-6-(4- pyridineimino)amino-1,3,5-dithiazines (VIIIa1-a10) have been synthesized by refluxing 1-(4-pyridine)imino-5-substituted dithiobiuretes (Va-h) with various isocyanodichlorides (VIIa-c) in acetone-ethanol medium in 1:1 molar proportion for 2 hours. The structures of all the synthesized compounds were justified on the basis of chemical characteristics, elemental analysis and IR and NMR spectral analysis.

Traditionally, the Barite (Specific Gravity of about 4.2-4.7) has been using as the weighting agent in conventional drilling fluid. But, the drilling of oil and gas wells from surface to the pay-zone with conventional drilling fluids may damage the producing interval. The formation plugging by drilling fluid’s compositional solids, drilled cuttings and polymers’ particles;hydration of clay envelop around pay zone particles by filtrate; formation of scales due to chemical reaction between formation fluid and mud filtrate are the most common damage mechanisms attributed to drilling fluid. So,to counter the damage, an ideal mud should not use of non-degradable compositional fine solids; must have minimum drilled fine solids; should reduce the filtration loss; and should generate inhibitive filtrate.Effective field development needs high quality drilling fluid to minimize formation damage and maximize productivity. This paper discusses the development of least damaging drilling fluid basically for development wells in the Upper Assam Basin of India. The idea behind the development of drilling fluid was to avoid fines and polymer plugging by optimizing the Particle Size Distribution (PSD) of fine and medium sized particles of calcium carbonate. The laboratory results have shown the effectiveness of sized particles of CaCo3 in Non Damaging Drilling Fluid (NDDF) to bridge the pore throat on the formation surface to build an external filter cake which is much easier to be removed than an internal filter cake based on the Particle Size Distribution of CaCo3 and Pore-throat diameter study of the sandstone reservoirs of some oilfields of Upper Assam Basin. CaCo3(Specific Gravity of about 2.7-2.8)is also used as the weighting agent in NDDF which is acid soluble and can be removed easily later on. The optimum composition of CaCo3also designed based on the interpretation of the mud properties of laboratory formulated NDDF and required mud properties for successful drilling and completion in the study areas.

Queuing problems are most common features not only in our daily-life situations such as bank counters, post offices, ticket booking centers, public transportation systems, but also in more technical environments such as in manufacturing, computer networking and telecommunications. The main observable performance characteristics for any queueing system are length and waiting time. Control chart is a graphical technique used to monitor changes in process over time and signifies to evolve methods to control. To deal with practical situations the control chart with fuzzy parameters are much more realistic than that of assumed classical crisp parameters. In this paper for M/M/s queueing model control limits are established for the mean waiting time of customers both in queue and in the system under fuzzy environment. Numerical illustrations are given to highlight its applications.

The present study is an attempt to understand the awareness about Hb E among the affected people and their family members of Tura town. The study reveal that ignorance and unawareness about the prevalent hereditary haemolytic disorders in these vulnerable communities of Meghalaya, which is affecting the normal life of these tribes. The defenceless peoples are not aware about its health implications, their mode of transmission and available testing facilities.

De-noising an image is major area of research in the field of image processing. Many techniques has been proposed so far for removing the noise from image in more optimistic manner. However no method is best for high density of noise and for preserving the edges. This paper has proposed a new technique that preserves edges and also removes the noise from image. This new technique will use decision tree structure to replace the noisy pixel in given window. The proposed technique is to be effective as it will replace the noisy pixel with its best suitable alternative which is evaluated using negative selection based algorithm. The comparative analysis has clearly shown that the proposed technique outperforms over the available techniques.

Education is a fundamental means to bring any desired change in society, which is an accepted fact throughout the world. Education helps to continue communication with known and unknown persons through technology and mass media. Further it helps to discriminate between wrong and right. Any attempt to deal with the issues of women’s education like access or enrolment, wastage and co-education etc is likely to be unrewarding unless the issues are viewed in their social context or we can say that neither the goals of women’s education, nor the issues relating to it can be properly understood except within the societal context. Women education in India has been a major preoccupation of both the government and civil society as educated women can play a very important role in the development of the country. Education of a woman is the most powerful tool of change of position in society. It also brings a reduction in inequalities and functions as a means of improving their status within the family. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to trace the changes in the education of women during the pre-independent and post independent era in India.

This study examines the effect of internal audit unit independence and staff adequacy on the effectiveness of internal control system of tertiary educational institutions in Adamawa state Nigeria. This study employs survey research design. Data were collected using the questionnaires from the eight (8) TEIs were by 140 respondents were analyzed as a sample using Descriptive statistics and Chi-square technique. The main findings of this study are that internal audit unit of tertiary educational institutions in Adamawa State are not effective because they lack independence and are short of adequate staff, more so, they are not timely in their internal audit reporting. This phenomenon has contributed to the ineffectiveness of internal control system of the institutions. The study recommends that internal audit unit should be established as a separate department/unit to serve as custodian of internal control system, sufficient and competent staff should be recruited for the unit.

The study on socio-economic determinants of exclusive breastfeeding on working mothers in AMAC was carried out to find out if variables like mothers level of knowledge, attitude and other socioeconomic variable affect the practice of exclusive breastfeeding practice. The respondents were selected through simple random sampling. In all a total of 324 were sample for the study. Questionnaires, indebth-oral interview and focus group discussion were the instruments used for data collection. Data was collected randomly from various immunization clinics in AMAC, and analyzed using simple percentages and chi-square, testing methods. The findings showed that the variables like mothers level of knowledge, mother's attitude towards exclusive breastfeeding, mothers, level of education among others were all significant to their practice of exclusive o breastfeeding, while spouse support and cultural beliefs are not associated with exclusive breastfeeding practice. In conclusion, the study recommended for better practice of exclusive breastfeeding. More education for mother's and the general public on the benefits and need for exclusive breastfeeding. Also the extension of maternity leave to enable other's have enough time to practice exclusive breastfeeding, and provision of creches in all offices to enable working mothers breastfeed their babies properly and teaching of mothers ways of expressing of o breast milk and storage of expressed breast milk so as to improve the rate of exclusive breastfeeding practice by working mothers and the society at large.

This paper is an attempt to find the prevalence of different types of Smokeless Tobacco (ST) products use among male and female, in their age at start consumption and which factors are associated with smokeless tobacco users in EAG states. This study is based on the data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey India (GATS India). GATS India was carried out in all 29 states and the two union territories of Chandigarh and Pondicherry, covering about 99.9 percent of the total population of India. Findings reveal that prevalence of ST among male is very high comparatively female in EAG States. In Urban male and female differentials in the prevalence of ST among male is considerably higher, in rural areas the use of ST is very common which is almost 46 percent among male and 26 percent among female, whereas in urban area 35 percent among male and 16 percent among female. In the male age group 15-24 years addicted to ST 44 percent when their age at <15 years and 33 percent of age between 15-18 years, the study depicts 77 percent of young males addicted to ST their early age of before 18 years. Hence greater concentration is essential to strengthen the use of evidence based policies for control of Smokeless Tobacco (ST) use, which could include having tobacco industries disclose the contents of ST products and more research is necessary in order to develop country-specific ST intervention programs and to explore the best ways to make these interventions accessible to ST (Smokeless Tobacco) users.

The term problem child is generally used to describe children whose behaviour or personality shows serious deviation from the normal/ typical (Panda, 2009). Understanding the psychology of problem children is necessary to distinguish it from normal behaviors. Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) is a condition in children which may lead to problem behaviours. Some of the problem behaviours exhibited by the children with ADHD are, not paying attention, making hundred different noises, not following directions, not turning in homework assignments and losing personal belongings. The children with ADHD often act immaturely and have difficulty learning how to control their impulsiveness and hyperactivity. In addition to this, a cluster of associated characteristic may include disorganization, poor peer/ sibling relations, aggressive behaviour, poor self-concept/self esteem, day dreaming, poor co-ordination, memory problem, persistent obsessive thinking and inconsistency. A child’s academic success is often dependent on his or her ability to attend to tasks and teacher and classroom expectation with minimal distraction. It is now known that symptoms of the disorders may diminish as a child ages, however many children with ADHD do not grow out of it. Fortunately there are now innovative interventions to cope up with ADHD behaviors. The present paper focuses on behaviors strategies to deal with ADHD.

The study was a survey aimed at analysing teachers’ competencies in the utilization of the e-learning technologies in tertiary institutions for service delivery in Borno state, Nigeria. Three hundred and fifty (350) lecturers were randomly selected from seven tertiary institutions in Borno State for the study. Out of the 350 questionnaire distributed, 324 were retrieved for analysis. The study revealed among other things that the available e-learning facilities in the tertiary institutions are well utilized and lecturers’ level of competency is considerably okay. The findings also indicated that lecturers rarely: give assignments online, receive feedbacks via e-mail, chat online with students and/or fellow teachers, post students’ results online, and they are not competent with delivering online lecture to students. It is therefore recommended that: Lecturers should undergo computer trainings periodically to update their knowledge and skills needed for e-learning applications. Every department in the institutions should create a blog where every student can access and leave comments to serve as feedback to colleagues and lecturers; this enables the interactivity of the learning process. Every department in the institutions should ensure that lecturers structure their courses into modular format that could be taught through e-learning. Some lecturers may not always be available so, pre-recorded course content can be given to students for studies while they are away. Institutions should introduce the online continuous assessment system and set out a period for online test for students to login, answer the questions, submit and get instant results.

This study was conducted in Wonago Destrict, Southern Ethiopia with the objective of assessing the response and challenges of smallholder farmers towards soil and water conservation structures. Multi-stage sampling procedure was followed to select the kebeles1 and the households for the study. The data was collected from 120 randomly selected sample households from three selected rural kebeles using probability proportional to size sampling techniques. Structured interview schedule was developed, pre-tested and used for collecting the essential data. Focus group discussions and key informant interviews were also conducted to generate qualitative data. In addition, secondary data were collected from relevant sources to substantiate the data collected by questioner. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the nature of data by indicating the significance of the relationship between dependent variable and independent variable. Ordered logit model was used to determine the relative influence of independent variables on the dependent variable. The result of descriptive statistics revealed that out of the total sample respondents 55% were adopters and 45% of them were non-adopters. It also indicated that in the study area, livestock holding, education, sex, participation in training of physical soil and water, non-farm activity, distance of farm land from residence and slope were found to be significantly affecting adoption of physical soil and water conservation technology by farmers. The model result revealed that sex of headed household, education of headed household, participation on training of physical soil and water conservation and livestock holding were found positively and significantly affect adoption of physical soil and water conservation structures. While the distance of farm plot from residence and non-farm activity were negatively and significantly related with adoption conservation structures. Thus, consideration of those variables would help to improve adoption of physical soil and water conservation technology among farm households. 1Kebele- The lower administration unit in the Ethiopian government structure