June 2017

This research aims to shed light on the issue of the employment of digital resources for the benefit of the learner in Morocco from the perspective of teachers and managers, focusing on the diagnosis of the barriers that interfere with the use of the information and communication technology’s infrastructure in the institutions of public secondary education. The conducted field research aimed at finding out the perspectives of the professors and directors of these institutions. To this end, we selected a special sample of staff having a great deal of information and communication technology facilities. I mean a multimedia room equipped with the horizon of knowledge of the level of efficiency of the actors and stand on the reasons for the imbalance. Is it attributed to the work of the leadership in the formulation of strategies that are built away from the involvement of teachers in the field, or that flaw refers to professors and managers who tend towards waiting for solutions and lack of initiative private act? The research concluded that among the most important outcomes, we find the professors and directors lacking the ways to manage digital resources and make use of it. This is due to ways that measure the digital resources in education and employment due to the poor institutional qualification and the quality limitations.

Human behavior is complex and every individual is different from another, the challenge of an effective organization is in successfully matching the task, the manager and the subordinate. Under ideal situation, a manager would first analyze the task, then determine the required skills and assemble a team that complement each other skills; thereby creating an enriching &conflict free team. In reality, a manager has to use the existing resources for a given task, and must have the ability to understand the differences in individual behaviors and use themappropriately to increase the synergy. In order to understand individual behavior and personalities, it is important to understand the basics of human cognition.

Land cover changes and the direct or indirect interaction of these changes have drawn much consideration in recent years. Thus in this study, "spatio-temporal analysis of land use/land cover shift in Jabalpur City, Madhya Pradesh” analyzed to reveal the nature, extent and rate of changes. Multi-temporal landsat imagery (LS 5 Oct. 2009 and LS Oct. 2016) were obtained in this study. Arc GIS 10.2 had used for band combination (LS 5 band 4,3,2 and LS 8 band 5,4,3 combined for FCC). Erdas imagine 2013 had used for land cover classification. Land cover classified and four land cover classes were developed; built- up area, vegetation (include agriculture and forest area), water bodies and open space. Land cover maps were generated and change detection analysis was performed. Jabalpur city is located at 2303’ to 23016’ North latitude and 79051' to 8006’ East longitude, at an altitude of 393 m. above mean sea level (MSL). Total area of the city is 276.36 km2. The temporal land use/land cover changes revealed that the built up surfaces had been increasing significantly. For example, in 2009 built up areas were 85.9 km2 which increased gradually to 99.06 km2 in 2016, signifying +13.16% growths within 7 years intervals. Figures 3.3 portrayed the temporal change of trends of land use/land cover change during 2009-2016. This figure signified the remarkable land cover change on the category of built up surface exerting an unbelievable pressure on non-built up surfaces, in particular open spaces, water bodies and Vegetation. Further analysis also showed the extent and rate. It is found the built up area was on continuous increase and vegetation, water bodies and open space were continuous decrease throughout the study period.

Global trade and commerce have brought great economic prosperity for nations as well as serious labour challenges, environmental degradation, pollution, grave economic inequalities and concerns of climate change.1 Business leaders, governments and civil societies, realise the imperative of addressing these challenges in a collaborative and structured way especially as government alone cannot address these socio-economic problems. Thus, companies can undertake philanthropic activities towards the development of society in various facets of endeavour like education, health care provision, poverty alleviation, women empowerment, the environment etc. and still return handsome dividends to shareholders.2 Undoubtedly, corporations need to make profits to innovate, grow, reward investors, attract and retain high skills and plough back etc. Some of the critical questions which managements consider are what is the level of profit required to ensure long-term business continuity and success? Cancompanies improve their performance economically and financially by undertaking their core business in a manner that considers its impact on the broader society? Put differently, can new models of CSR influence profit? Does excessive focus on profits decrease capability of the firm to influence and even manage stakeholders? To what extent does current corporate philanthropy conform with the mandate of companies to operate in the 21st Century? To what extent can courts look at what the states have agreed to do in multilateral and bilateral agreements in connection with national constitutions? This paper attempts to address these questions in a general way and to profer new insights into the international trends of CSR legal framework. Essentially, this paper illustrates how companies have adapted capitalist precepts of pursuit of profit-maximisation to accept inclusive capitalism the latter of which considers the poor in the production processes not just as consumers but as producers and also other stakeholders like the environment and women.

The category of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in reality is an indicator of Indonesia's economic resilience. Sidoarjo is a city of support for Surabaya and has a very vital economic function. Even with the establishment of several major industries here, Sidoarjo is already part of a nationwide industry. If looking at the data about Sidoarjo, precisely this city is proclaimed as "City of SMEs Indonesia". How not in the district of 591.59 square kilometers divided into 18 districts, there are 171,264 businesses that are divided into large businesses 16,000 businesses, 154,891 micro and small and medium enterprises. The purpose of this research is to know the role of innovation orientation as the variation variable of entrepreneurship orientation and market orientation toward market performance of SMEs.

This thesis was concerned to assess the practice of English language teaching through skills integration in Yirgacheffe town at four primary schools that could be selected using comprehensive sampling technique. The study incorporated the objectives that assessed how English language teachers integrated the language skills, the frequency how often the teachers integrated the skills and the perception of the teachers towards language skills integration. For this study, all 26 English language teachers from sample schools were the subject of the study. To collect the necessary data, questionnaire and interview were provided for teachers. In addition, three consecutive classroom observations were done in 8 sections to know how often the classroom teachers implemented skills integration in their English language pedagogy. Then, the data were analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The study indicated that majority of teachers did not implement the skills integration using communicative language teaching methods. The finding further revealed that most of the teachers did not use tasks, topics and contents to teach the language through skill integration. In addition to this, they hardly play the role of teachers in terms of motivating the students, organizing students in groups and giving enough time for students developing independent learning. Likewise, the teachers were interested in teaching the grammar part alone and a single skill without integration. On the other hand, large number of teachers thought that teaching language through integration perceived to be waste of time. Even though few teachers had a positive perception towards skills integration, majority of the teachers had a negative perceptions towards skill integration. Finally, the researcher recommended possible avenues for further works.

Background: Memory demands for students are much more than they are for working adults. One of the most commonly described problem of students is the inability to retain large volume of academic content. Therefore, it is imperative for all students to have good memory for better academic achievement. The present study attempts to assess the efficacy of mnemonics, chunking and mind-mapping in enhancing memory based on the preferred learning styles of the first year undergraduate nursing students. Aim: The main aim of the study is to assess the learning style of the students and to assess the efficacy of mnemonics, chunking and mind-mapping in enhancing memory of the first year undergraduate nursing students. Design: A descriptive and a pre-experimental one group pre-test and post-test research design was adopted for this study. Sample: A simple random sampling technique was used to fetch a sample of 100. Materials: A Modified Honey-Mumford 40 item learning style questionnaire was used to identify the learning style preferred by the students and a Structured Knowledge Questionnaire was used for assessing the memory of the students. The reliability of Modified Honey-Mumford LSQ was found to be .86 by using Cohen’s kappa Coefficient test and that of Structured Knowledge questionnaire was found to be .96 by using Karl Pearson’s formula. Results: Out of 100 subjects, 30% of the first year undergraduate nursing students preferred activist style, 26% of them preferred the pragmatist style, 23% of them preferred the reflector style and 21% of them preferred the theorist style. In pretest, 25% of the first year undergraduate nursing students had poor memory (score 0-10), 68% of them had average memory (score 11-20) and 7% of them had good memory (Score 21-30). In posttest, 20% of them had average memory (score 11-20) and 80% of them had good memory (Score 21-30). This indicates that the memory of the first year undergraduate nursing students improved remarkably after using mnemonics, chunking and mind-mapping study techniques. Conclusion: This study concludes that mnemonics, chunking and mind-mapping are effective in enhancing the memory of all students irrespective of their learning styles.

This paper is concerned with the ruin probability of two sided jump renewal problems under phase type claim/arrival distribution. We propose a class of finite dimensional phase type distributions as models for claim distribution .Different forms of phase type distributions are also discussed .Lindley distribution is approximated for claim distribution and a modified inter arrival claim distribution is also presented. A kind of ruin components is also given in the process.

Accessible transport means to make transport services easier for all groups of people. Removing features that create barriers for a particular group of people is the precondition of ensuring accessible transportation system. Mobility handicapped people constitute about 12% of the total population in Bangladesh. Problems with transport are the major reasons why they cannot access education, healthcare and employment opportunities. This inability leads them and their families to poverty. Incorporating these people in mass transportation system is a prime requisite to ensure an independent and poverty free life for them. This research work focuses on explaining the access difficulties faced by mobility-disabled people. It summarizes some instances of good access practice followed throughout the world for improving accessibility of disabled people. Considering costs & all other constraints, some recommendations are given here for improving access in Bangladesh.

Carbon (C) is a main building block of all Living organisms. Carbon is present in the atmosphere in the atmosphere in large quantities as well as in Biosphere and geosphere in different compositions. If an organism absorbs more Carbon-di-Oxide (CO2) than he liberates than this is known as Carbon Sink i.e. Plants and the vice-versa is known as Carbon Source i.e. Human Beings (Dalal, 2010). The balancing of carbon is very essential as the formations of complexes from carbon are huge in number. In Year 1980 ambient Carbon-Di-Oxide in atmosphere is 339 PPM (Parts per Million) which increase to 370 PPM in Year 2000 and increased to 410 PPM in Year 2017 which increases the global temperature by about 33.8 °F impacting the Ecology, Climate, Sociology and Culture of the Earth.

In last few decades there has been a rapid increase in research work in the field of wearable devices for the physically challenged people. However the research work being carried out is still in the preliminary stage and the wearable devices are just coming into existence and beginning to display some future potential. Hence there are not many wearable devices available which can substantially benefit the physically challenged person in improving the lifestyle. In this study we have attempted to propose a design of a wearable travelling aid for a person who is blind as well as deaf. The wearable is an electronic device in which Infrared sensors (IR) are deployed to detect obstacles which are in close proximity to the user. Furthermore, on detecting the obstacle, the wearable device warns the user with the help of haptic sensor. The wearable device is hands-free and easy to operate and with the use of the IR sensor it is easy to detect the obstacle as it is a sharp detector and also covers the significant range of distance.

Landslide is typically defined by a wide range of ground movement, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes, and shallow debris flows. Landslide hazard results in great loss of life and property. These damages can be avoided if the cause and effect relationships of the events are known. Landslides are frequent and annually recurring phenomenon in the Nilgiri district. High intensity rainfall triggered most of the landslides in the Nilgiri district. As long as landslides occur in remote, unpopulated regions, they are treated as just another denudation process sculpting the landscape, but when occur in populated regions; they become subjects of serious study. The study area Kadanadu is a part of the Nilgiris District located between 11°35 N and 11°58N latitude and between 76° 74 E and 77° E longitude. The study area falls in the Survey of India Toposheets 58A/11, 58A/14, 58A/15, 58E/2, 58E/3 in 1:50,000 scale. It covers an area 398.483sq.km.The present work is an attempt towards application of GIS for landslide vulnerability mapping. Different thematic layers have been prepared such as geomorphology, lineament density, drainage density, slope, soil depth, and land use. The numerical weights of the categories of the factors have been determined using subject knowledge

The pressure control valve is an important part of the antilock braking system (ABS). The functioning of ABS depends upon the response of this valve and mainly upon the diaphragms used in this valve. There are three diaphragms in the valve which deform due to the air pressure at different stages of the valve operation. Thus, it is required to simulate the exact operating conditions of the valve using modern simulation techniques and try to optimize the performance of the valve. Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI), one of the modern simulation techniques is used in the ANSYS software to replicate the exact operating conditions of the valve and find the exact deformation of the diaphragms. The type of simulation currently used for the valve does not take into account the interaction between the air and the diaphragm. In this paper, different turbulent models are used for the steady state simulation and mesh independent study is presented. From the results, Shear State Transport model and a fine mesh with 5.7 million elements have been selected and steady state analysis is carried out. The one way FSI method which is a steady state technique has been used to find the deformation of the diaphragm. The difference between the simulation of the valve using FSI and without using FSI is presented. The deformation of the diaphragm is 3.42 mm. The change in deformation with the change in mass flow rate is also presented.

This paper investigated the impact of plantation agricultural practices on housing development in Awi, Akamkpa Local Government Area of Cross River State–Nigeria. A total of 200(two hundred) questionnaires were distributed to the indigenes of Awi to capture information such as the type of agricultural practices in Awi, the impact of plantation agricultural practice and the analysis of land use in Awi. Both random and systematic sampling techniques were adopted in the study. Findings revealed that over 85% of agricultural practices in the study area is plantation estates of forest made up of gmelina owned by the Cross River State Government and oil palm estate. It has also shown that these plantation estates occupied over 90% of the total land area of Awi resulting to shortage of land for building development. The paper also showed in its land use analysis that over 60% of the land has been consumed by plantation agriculture and which has limited housing development. The paper finally recommended the introduction of site and service scheme and public private partnership (PPP) in housing development among others.

This work is set to investigate the micro-morphological characteristics and phytochemical constituents of Termina liacatappa and Terminalia ivorensis, members of the family Combretaceae. Teriminalia catappa has two varieties: the red fruit and the yellow fruit varieties. The epidermal study revealed amphistomatic with anomocytic stomatal type in all three types investigated. These Terminalia species have relatively same phytochemical composition, however Termina liacatappa (yellow fruit variety) has the highest flavonoid concentration on the stem bark, hence a good source of anti-oxidant for therapeutic purpose in tradomedicine.

This article presents the results of research at selected lakes located on the border of northern Siberia beyond the Polar Circle conducted during the summer of 2016, and covers physical, chemical, and biological methods. This article also highlights the differences between glacial lakes in that part of Siberia and those of Europe and North America. These differences affect not only water quality, but more importantly the age of the lakes, their exact origin, and their hydrogeological conditions. In the water of the studied lakes, physical and biological properties match oligotrophic and mesotrophic class, while chemical parameters classify them mainly as eutrophic and hypertrophic lakes with no anthropogenic sources of contamination.

Congenital Nanoparticles are found to be reactive because of their small sizes leading to a high volume surface ratio which in turn leads to a lot of binding sites for metals and other compounds. The toxicity of nanoparticles depends on the shape, size, structure of the particle and aggregation. The aggregation, in turn depend on different types of factor in the aquatic environment such as pH, organic matter, ionic strength and composition. Bioassay studies (Acute and sublethal toxicity) were identified in fish Cyprinus carpio and the changes were observed. The lethal concentration LC50 for freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio were found to 0.1ppm. Silver nanoparticles were exposed for 24 and 96h and the values were noted as 1.0 and 0.5ppm. During the toxicant exposure various changes were observed like increase of mucus secretion, neurobehavioral changes, DNA gets damaged, the heart rate were increased, the liver cells, the stem cells and the swim bladder were affected. The growth and reproduction were stopped and the sterility were existed in fish Cyprinus carpio due to the exposure of Silver nanoparticles.

A comprehensive macroinvertebrate study was conducted on Anchar lake situated in Kashmir valley 12 kms to the northwest of the state summer capital Srinagar with main objective to trace out the rich wealth of macroinvertebrate fauna harboring the lake.Sampling was done on monthly basis for a period of one year from March 2016 to Feberuarary 2017.Benthic and suface invertebrates macroinvertebrates were collected by Ekman,s dredge and D-Frame net respectively. During the investigation a total of 31macroinvertebrate species were recorded which belong to 5 classes, 15 orders and 22 families of which 14 families belonging to Arthropoda, 4 to Annelids and 4 to Mollusca. During the survey the total population density of macroinvertebrate fauna was found to be 44516 ind/m2.Molluscs were found to be most prevalent (23145 ind/m2) with the most dominant one being Lymnaea stagnalis species (4976 ind/m2) followed by Arthropods (13958 ind/m2) and Annelids (7413 ind/m2) with most dominant ones being Chironomous species (5385 ind/m2) among Arthropoda and Lymnodrillus hoffmeisteri (3504 ind/m2) among Annelida. The population desity of macroinvertebrate fauna was found to be greatly influenced by certain factors like macrophytes, depth, and nature of bottom sediment.

In India, mungbean is the 3rd major pulse crop cultivated for best source of proteins, carbohydrates and minerals. Seed germination and germination physiology play an important role in crop production. Ornamental plant Delonix regia is planted as shade tree in farm competes with neighboring plant species. Phytotoxins released by dry, dropped leaves of Delonix may have adverse effects on neighboring crop plants. Hence a study was carried out to evaluate the effect of aqueous leachates of leaves of D. regia on germination and some metabolic facets of seedlings of mungbean. In petriplate bioassay root length (74.62%, 17.20%, and 47.31%) and shoot length (76.43%, 16.98% and 46.70%) were reduced due to 20%, 0.2%, and 0.1% respectively. In soil bioassay, decrease in root length (16.09%, 13.73%, 1.02%) was observed. In petriplate bioassay a decrease in starch content (14.55%, 10.97%, 36.42%), reducing sugar (60.94%, 67.45%, 17.45%), total sugar (43.50%, 57.62%, 18.25%) and increase in protein content (54.26%, 13.42%, 42.61%) was observed due to treatment of leaf leachates. In soil bioassay, there was increase in starch (42.24%, 1071.12%, 859.66 %) and total sugar content (20.06%, 63.78%, 23.81%) and decrease in reducing sugar content (32.93%, 3.44%, 15.17%) and soluble protein content (3.64%, 0.298%) in seedlings of mung bean. Leaf leachate showed considerable amount of polyphenols and number of phytochemicals. Inhibition of seed germination, seedling growth and alteration in metabolism of mungbean seedlings may be due to the synergistic effect of appreciable amount of polyphenols and phytochemicals present in the leaf leachates.

Rhynocoris albopilosus (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) is a commun predator in West Africa agroecosystems. In preparation of its settlement as biological agent in that environment, it is important to know its natural enemies and it sprey. The observations carried on field showed that R. albopilosus has a wide range of prey, belonging to eightinsectorders. Moreover, the main naturels enemie sare spiders Peucetia (Arachnida: Oxyopidae: Araneae) and the eggs parasitoids belonging to the genus Gryon (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Parasitism rate is very variable and not correlated with the number of eggs per batch.

For mass multiplication of healthy planting materials, shoot and root were successfully induced by macro-propagation technique from eight commercial banana varieties grown in West Bengal, viz., Grand Naine (AAA), Robusta (AAA), Martaman (AAB), Champa (AAB), Kanthali clone-1 (ABB), Bagda Kanthali (ABB), Baish Chhara (ABB) and Behula (ABB). Corms prepared by decapitation and pairing of healthy suckers (4-5 months old) were planted in growth media bed (containing 2 kg sawdust + 30g Trichoderma viride/Bacillus subtilis + 30g VAM per corm) and treated weekly with 25 ppm 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) solution. However, each variety was significantly different from others with respect to induction time and number of primary, secondary and tertiary shoots induced and the number and length of primary and secondary roots induced. The time required for induction of primary shoot varied from 19.75 days in Grand Naine to 28.25 days in Bagda variety. The number of induced primary shoot was recorded higher (3.23 to 3.40/corm) in varieties under AAA group, compared to the AAB (2.70-2.90 shoots/corm) and ABB groups (2.20-2.50 shoots/corm). Similar trends were also recorded for induction of secondary and tertiary shoots. The number of tertiary shoots produced per corm was maximum (24.23) in Grand Naine and minimum (9.61) in Kanthali variety. The tertiary shoots were separated from corms at 2-3 leaves stage and planted in sterile sand bed by basal treatment with rooting hormone (IBA) @ 5 ppm. Two weeks after treatment, primary roots were induced, which was higher (2.20-2.65/plantlet) in the varieties under AAA group, compared with 1.23 to 2.29/plantlet in AAB and ABB groups. These plants were planted in polythene packets containing hardening mixture and hardened for 60 days under shade net house. After hardening, the number of primary and secondary roots were recorded maximum (10.80 and 35.50/plant, respectively) in Grand Nain and minimum (9.20 and 31.60/plant, respectively) in Baish Chhara variety.

Fusarium wilt is a serious disease of chickpea in India and other 32 countries. It is soil borne disease. Observation of symptomatology was record. This pathogen was isolated on culture media and natural host, purified and its pathogenicity was proven in pot culture and on potato-dextrose-agar. Pathogenicity of the fungus carried out on a chickpea variety Radhey, which exhibited wilting after 25 days of inoculation. Out of 75 seeds, 68 germinated in infected condition. Symptom appearances were in 20 plants at seedling stage, 14 plants in adult stage, 34 not show any symptom of wilting. Seeds harvested from wilted plants were lighter and duller than those from healthy plants (Haware and Nene, 1980). Further, on the basis of morphological, cultural characteristics of the pathogen and symptomatology, we have confirmed that fungal pathogen, as Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri.

Airborne microbial analysis revealed in 50 components of fungal spore types of which 2 belongs to Zygomycotina; 3 belongs to Basidiomycotina; 17 belongs to Ascomycotina, 28 belong to Deuteromycotina, and three of other types in 2009 and 2010. Among all these type of spore groups, Deuteromycotina contributed highest percentage and lowest percentage contribution was found to be that of Zygomycotina to the total airspora. The order of dominance of airborne microbial groups was Deuteromycotina contributed (61.02% and 60.84%) followed by Ascomycotina (23.27% and 24.92%), Basidiomycotina (9.44% and 7.74%), Zygomycotina (0.66% and 0.80%) and other types (5.62% and 5.69%) in 2009 and 2010 respectively. Throughout the period of investigation the concentration of Cladosporium (6.98 &7.31 %), Alternaria (3.79 & 2.88 %), Helminthosporium (3.81& 3.96 %), Nigrospora (3.26 & 3.3 %) & Cercospora was found to be more as compare to other types of spores and concentration of Meliola (0.20 & 0.24 %), Cunninghamella (0.21 & 0.25 %) was found to be minimum as compare to other types of spores. During the investigation it was found that the fungal spores occurred were mostly parasitic on paddy crop, which lead to disease formations. Eventually pathogenic types like Curvularia, Helminthosporium, Alternaria, Nigrospora and phoma species were recorded. The weather parameters like daily minimum and maximum temperature, minimum and maximum Relative humidity, rain fall and wind speed were compared. It has clearly brought out the correlation between the spore concentration in the atmosphere, meteorological data and disease incidence in paddy crop.

In the present study “Determining the change in fatty acid profile of unsaturated cooking oils after repeated heating” an approach is made to determine fatty acid profile of the selected cooking oils for change in the same after repeated heating. A total number of 6 samples were selected for the study, including mustard, soybean and olive oil. Out of these 3 different oils were heated for one time and remaining 3 of the same type for five times each, the prepared samples were sent for laboratory testing which was done using the spectrophotometer method. Further the comparison was done to note the difference between one times heated and five times heated edible oils. The results revealed that among all the oils tested, mustard oil when heated five times, showed increase in total fat and MUFA by 0.10gm and 4.95gm respectively as compared to one time heated. Similarly, each cooking oil showed variation in fatty acid profile after reheating.

Coal mines are site specific and they are located in the ecologically sensitive areas where forests are rich in Biodiversity. Coal mining is not a curse in the state, as mining had a positive effect in the state of Meghalaya. It is one of the most important sources of energy in the state. The mining activity in Jaintia hills haveadverse effect on land use and socio-economic activities. The study revealed that rat-hole mining activity had initiated environmental degradation in the region due to deforestation, biodiversity loss, pressure on local resources and soil erosion. The damage caused to the local eco-system is permanent. Unsystematic shallow mining is one of the most important factors affecting the water body due to waste dumps. Coal in the state of Meghalaya possesses high degree of sulphur. Rat hole mining is technically simpler done by the tribals of Meghalaya. The National Green Tribunal banned rat hole mining in Jaintia Hills from April 2014.

Five lines, three testers and their 15 F1s were grown under late sown conditions. The line × tester analysis of Kempthorne (1957) was employed to estimate additive genetic variance (σ2A), dominance genetic variance (σ2D), degree of dominance ([σ2D/σ2A]1/2), heritability in narrow sense (H(ns)) and standard heterosis (diii) over standard variety ‘Padmini’ for plant height (cm), number of primary branches per plant, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule,1000-seed weight (g) and seed yield per plant (g). All the characters were controlled by a preponderance of non-additive gene action. Low estimates of H(ns) were observed for all the characters except number of primary branches per plant and number of seeds per capsule which had negative heritability. OL 1-3×Kiran, OL 2-3×Padmini, OL 18-4×Padmini and OL 22-1×Padmini had significantly high diii for number of capsules per plant and low diii for 1000-seed weight as well as high diii for seed yield per plant. The hybrids having significant positive standard heterosis (diii) can be effectively used for isolating transgressive segregants which will increase the frequency of desirable genes for seed yield component traits

Missed appointments are a major cause of inefficacy in healthcare delivery, leading to delays in diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Patient reminders help reducing missed appointments. Mobile phone messaging, has shown to be a effective reminder in reducing non-attendance. Mobile phone text messaging, a telecommunication technology, offers an alternative strategy to the conventional reminder systems. Studies have also shown that using text messaging reminders was more cost-effective than telephone reminders. Text messaging potentially improves patient care by specifically targeting a population that would benefit most from attending. Aim: To determine effectiveness of mobile phone text messaging in improving the attendance of the patients reporting to the Department of Periodontology. Material and Methods: A total of 300 subjects reporting to the Department of Periodontology from December 2015 to February 2016 were included in the study and were randomized into two groups: text messaging reminder and no reminder. Inclusion criteria-age group 25 to 50 years Test group- 150 Subjects receiving mobile phone message reminder for the appointment. Control group- 150 Subjects not receiving any reminder. The participants returning for the appointments from both group, were included in Compliant groups and who didn’t return for the appointment were included in Non-Compliant. Result: Test group – 118 patients out of total of 150 returned for the appointment. Control group – 84 patients out of total of 150 returned for the appointment. Conclusion: The SMS reminders to the patient improved the attendance along with the compliance.

Keratoconus is a non – inflammatory ectatic condition of cornea that usually manifest during puberty. There is a progressive thinning of cornea leading to conical protrusion which induces irregular astigmatism resulting in visual impairment. Acute corneal hydrops is the development of marked corneal edema due to tear in the descemet’s membrane followed by leakage of aqueous into the stroma. ACH is a well-known complication occurring in approximately 3% of patients in keratoconus. Hormonal changes during pregnancy may have a negative impact on corneal biomechanics therefore indicating the pregnancy may be previously recognised risk factor for keratoconus. A high number of reports from eye clinics show pregnancy induced exacerbation of keratoconus. We present a case of 27 yrs. female with bilateral keratoconus. She presented to us with acute corneal hydrops in left eye and early keratoconus in the right eye at 34 th week of gestation.

Introduction: Babies with the birth weight of less than 2500gm, irrespective of the period of their gestation are classified as low birth weight babies. About 25 to 30 % of babies in India are low birth weight babies. According to the census provided by the WHO in the year 2010, approximately 6 to 8 million low birth weight infants are born in India annually; it is not possible to offer special care to all low birth weight babies. Skin to skin contact (Kangaroo Mother Care) with the mother’s bosom provides biologically controlled heat source. Apart from provision of warmth it enhances infant-mother bonding and promotes breast feeding. If normalize infant physiology improves weight gain and provide sense of security to the baby. It has been demonstrated that Kangaroo Mother Care is associated with increased survival and reduced hospital stay. Objectives of the study were to assess the knowledge on Kangaroo Mother Care among the mothers of low birth weight babies at JIPMER and to associate the knowledge regarding Kangaroo Mother Care among the mothers of low birth weight babies with selected demographic variables at JIPMER. Methodology: The cross sectional descriptive research study was conducted among 100 mothers of low birth weight babies in the nursery, pediatric medicine wards, and pediatric surgery wards, pediatric OPD, Neonatal ICU, pediatric ICU, Clean Labor Room and Septic Labor Room of JIPMER Hospital. The subjects were selected by convenient sampling technique. The structured questionnaires were distributed to the Mothers of selected Low birth weight babies to assess their level of knowledge regarding Kangaroo Mother Care after obtaining an informed consent. Self-evaluation technique was used for most of the samples and interview method was used for some samples that were not able to read. Results: This study included majority of Mothers from age group 24 – 27 years of age (50%). The study revealed, majority of the Mothers (57%) had moderately adequate knowledge when compared to mothers who had inadequate knowledge (40%) and who had adequate knowledge (3%) regarding Kangaroo Mother Care. Conclusion: This study concluded that Mothers of Low birth weight babies have a moderately adequate knowledge regarding Kangaroo Mother Care. Analysis also proved that there is no relation between the knowledge and the demographic variables. Health education is an important aspect of nursing practice. Health education can have significant in improving knowledge and practice regarding Kangaroo Mother Care among all the Mothers. A nurse should create awareness among the mass and improve the knowledge regarding Kangaroo Mother Care.

Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) is usually observed in neonates because of respiratory distress and may occasionally be observed in older children or adults with recurrent infection 1. This malformation consists of adenomatoid proliferation of bronchioles that form cysts instead of normal alveoli. We report a case of a 11 days old neonate who presented with complaints of severe and persistent respiratory distress. Complete blood investigations, sequential chest radiographs and HRCT thorax of the neonate were performed. This study highlights the role of HRCT in reaching the diagnosis and further guiding the treatment.

One of the most frequent motives of shoulder pain is rotator cuff disease. It is the third most efficacious musculoskeletal malady after low back and neck pain. Shoulder pain is usually due to one of several reasons: subacromial impingement and bursopathy, tendinopathy, a tendon tear, a frozen shoulder, ligamentous instability, and osteoarthritis. Shoulder ultrasonography is approved as the examination of choice for rotator cuff abnormality in many centers around the world since it is an inexpensive and safe tool for investigation of rotator cuff abnormalities. The goal of this study was to determine the ultrasound findings in patients with acute shoulder joint pain, and to compare the ultrasound diagnostic performance to that of MRI.

Intramuscular myxomas are benign mesenchymal tumours. They are commonly found in the atrial muscle. A search of the literature reveals a small scattering of reported cases in the gluteal region. However gluteal myxoma presenting as sciatica like symptoms are very rarely reported. We present a case of a hypothyroid middle aged female who had complaints of sciatica with a noticeable left buttock mass and was treated successfully with surgical excision.

Metastasis and angiogenesis are two of the major obstacles that hinder the successful treatment of human cancers. C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), an important regulator of cancer metastasis and angiogenesis, is predominantly expressed in many metastatic cancers. We evaluated the antimetastasis and antiangiogenesis effects DV1, our recently developed potent CXCR4 antagonist, both in vitro and in vivo. DV1, a mimetic of the essential molecular moieties of a naturally existing CXCR4 ligand, consists of all D amino acids. At low nanomolar concentrations, DV1 strongly inhibited the in vitro tubule formation activity of HUVECs, the transwell migration of CXCR4+ cancer cells, and in vivo cancer metastasis and growth. These results support the continued development of this compound as a potential CXCR4 antagonist and a therapeutic drug that targets angiogenesis and cancer metastasis.

Introduction: Acute Appendicitis is one of the most common surgical emergency encountered in hospitals making up 10% of all emergency abdominal surgeries. Early diagnosis and timely intervention is essential in preventing complications associated with Acute Appendicitis. Methods: 100 patients of Acute Appendicitis were included in our study. A complete pre-operative workup was done in all patients. ALVARADO and RIPASA scoring was calculated and compared in terms of Intraoperative findings ,Sensitivity, specificity, Positive predictive value (PPV), Negative predictive value(NPV), diagnostic accuracy and negative appendectomy rates with respect to histopathology, as gold standard for diagnostic confirmation. Results: 88 patients were having ALVARADO score>7 and 96 patients with RIPASA score >7.5, While as 12 patients had Alvarado score< 7 and 4 patients with RIPASA SCORE <7.5. Out of the100 patients operated, 93 patients were reported as having AA whereas 7 patients were reported as having normal Appendix. Among 88 patients who were having ALVARADO score of >7, 86 were having Appendicitis on Histopathological report and the remaining 2 were reported having normal APPENDIX. 12 patients who were having ALVARADO score <7, 7 were having. Appendicitis and 5 were having no appendicitis. out of 96 patients who were having RIPASA score>7.5, 92 were having Appendicitis where as other 4 patients didn’t have AA. Patients with RIPASA score of<7, 1 patient had AA whereas 3 patients had no appendicitis on histipathological examination. On comparing both the scoring system in all the100patients, we found that sensitivity of RIPASA scoring is greater than ALVARADO scoring system 98.92 and 92.47 respectively, specificity of RIPASA scoring system is less than ALVARADO scoring system 42.85and71.42respectively.Positive predictive value of RIPASA scoring system is less than ALVARADO scoring system 95.83and 97.72 respectively. Negative predictive value of RIPASA scoring system greater than ALVARADO scoring system 75 and 41.66 respectively. Accuracy of RIPASA scoring system is greater than ALVARADO scoring system 95 and 91 respectively. Conclusion: RIPASA scoring system is more sensitive(98.92%) as compared to Alvarado scoring system (92.47%). However Alvarado scoring system is more specific (71.72%) as compared to RIPASA scoring system (42.85%)

An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is an injury caused by taking a medication. ADR’s may occur following a single dose or prolonged administration of a drug or result from the combination of two or more drugs. The aim of the present study was to monitor, assess and report the suspected adverse drug reaction at a tertiary care hospital. Prospective observational study was conducted for a period of six months and hospitalized patients were recruited in various wards based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Each adverse drug reactions were assessed for its causality and severity based on “Naranjo’s causality assessment scale” and “Modified Hartwig and Siegel scale”. “Schumock and Thornton scale” was applied to assess preventability of adverse drug reactions. A total of 137 ADR’s were identified from 112 patients during the study period. Patient demographic data revealed that 36% of ADRs were reported from the age group of 31- 45 years, 52% of ADR’s were documented from General Medicine ward, 25% from surgical ward, and 16 % from paediatric. ADR monitoring need to be done in hospital setting continuously so that untoward effect caused by different medicines can be identified and documented. Strategies such as arranging educational programme for health care professionals related to importance of ADR’s reporting would substantially reduce ADR’s occurrence in hospital ward and remaining from other wards.

Three-dimensional reconstruction (3D) and rapid prototyping (RPT), starting from computed tomographic (CT) examinations, is a promising technology in traumatology. It facilitates the planning and surgical results of complex fractures. Here, we used it ina complex bilateral acetabulum fracture for the assessment of the injury type and for improving knowledge of the fracture fragments. The patient was a forty-five year old male, with no accompanying fractures. The solid model allowed an accurate preoperative and intraoperative planning. The 3D printed model improved the understanding of anatomy of the fractures, in order to facilitate the surgical approach and the creation of dedicated pre-shaped plates. The useof the 3D model reduced surgical time, intraoperative soft tissues damage and blood loss as well as the risk of infections. Fluoroscoping imaging was also minimized. This case highlights the importance of 3D model in the management of complex fractures.

Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancer in India especially in women. Chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy or hormonal therapy following surgery is the most important treatment modality. This study explored clinical & hormonal profile of the patients along with their treatment outcomes. Materials and Methods: Socio-demographic and clinical profile as well as treatment outcome of the study subjects were obtained from the records. They were analyzed and results are mentioned with the help of tables and diagrams. Results: Most of the breast cancer patients were of the age 40-60 years. Most of the patients had locally advanced carcinoma. Most of the patients received chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy or hormonal therapy following surgery. External beam radiotherapy was the most commonly used. More than 90% of the patients received chemotherapy. Most of the patients completed their treatment. Discussion: Most of our results were in concordance with other international findings. Thus most of breast cancer patients are middle-aged female with locally advanced carcinoma receiving chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy/hormonal therapy following surgery.

Background: Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired communication, reciprocal social interaction and restricted repetitive or stereotyped behavior. Autism cases have been increased these days before previous, due to better and broadened diagnostic criteria’s with increased awareness. There are recent research articles in the literature stating about the importance of early identification of the condition with long term outcomes avoiding psychological complications. There are various treatment modalities available in the present and past literature which is often confusing and contradictory leaving the patient in the state of confusion for the best treatment modalities. Out of all, Pediatric primary health care clinicians play a very vital role for both its early detection and the continuing management of children with autism. There for it is very essential for the clinicians to update and upgrade the knowledge about the condition so to cater best of the treatment at right time. This review article will discuss and emphasize more on the topic of updating and upgrading the Autism disorder.

Introduction: Teleportation is the process of moving objects from one place to another instantaneously. In medicine it has been little studied. The theory of relativity shows that when an object moves with velocity "v" in relation to an observer, its length X is contracted in the same direction of movement, while its time is dilated. According to this theory the dimensions Y and Z perpendicular to that direction of movement are not altered. Methods: a theoretical model has been employed, in which a human organ is inside a moving train. A near observer will determine the relative lengths and times of that organ, as it approaches or moves away. Results: the lengths Y and Z of a human organ, perpendicular to the axis of its motion, are dilated by a factor K=1/√(〖〖1-v〗^2/c〗^2 ) as it approaches the observer and they are contracted by a factor K= √(〖〖1-v〗^2/c〗^2 ) when it moves away. On the other hand, the times ty y tz of that organ, perpendicular of the axis of motion are contracted by the factor K= √(〖〖1-v〗^2/c〗^2 ) as it approaches the observer and they are dilated by a factor K=1/√(〖〖1-v〗^2/c〗^2 ) when it moves away. Conclusion: to teleport human organs, they must travel perpendicular to the line of displacement until a certain point of approximation, so that the times are contracted, while the lengths are dilated. This could be used to modify biological processes, such as cancer, acting on its time and development size.

Supernumerary teeth which are located between the two central incisors are termed as mesiodens. The occurrence of which in multiples are referred to as mesiodentes. We present a case report of an asymptomatic, non-syndromic fifteen year old male patient with fully erupted double mesiodens leading to unaesthetic appearance.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of denture induced stomatitis (DIS) in denture wearers in this part of India and to analyse the shift in epidemiology from Candida albicans to non albicans Candida (NAC) species and their antifungal resistance. Materials and Methods: Our study included 30 patients who were subjected to multiple choice questionnaire followed by clinical evaluation. The denture hygiene was assessed using a disclosing agent which was applied on fitting surface of maxillary dentures to assess the quantity of plaque. Based on Budtz- Jorgensen’s index, dentures were rated as: Excellent, Fair, Poor. The observations were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis (chi- squared test). Oral candida colonization was assessed with concentrated oral rinse technique. The mouth rinse was collected and sent for further processing and sensitivity tests to widely used antifungal agents like voriconazole and fluconazole. Results: A significant correlation between DIS and poor denture hygiene (85%) and emerging resistance to common antifungal drugs was established. Conclusion: Our study indicated that the predisposing factors to DIS are associated with the method of denture hygiene and use of dentures while sleeping. Also, a shift in epidemiology towards antifungal resistant NAC is a worrying trend in context of their tendency to cause fungaemia.

Introduction: Medication non-adherence is common among elderly suffering from chronic diseases. This in turn leads to unwelcome health, social and economic consequences. (Marengoni et al., 2008; Balkrishnan, 1998; Hughes, 2004) One reason for non-adherence to medication could be poor social support. Social support is critical for those elderly who rely on family, friends, or organizations to assist them with daily activities, provide companionship, and care for their well-being. (Wu et al., 2008) Greater social support has been shown to be associated with improved health outcomes and healthier behaviour. (Wu et al., 2008; Stroebe, 2000) Objectives: To study the association between social support and medication adherence, and the risk factors for medication non- adherence among elderly (>60years) suffering from select chronic diseases like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, osteoarthritis and COPD who seek care at the Taluk Hospital at Anekal. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted with the study population being elderly aged >60 years with select chronic disease who seek care at asecondary level of care hospital at Anekal. Data was collected using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire and standard tools namely the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and Morisky’s Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS). Consecutive method of sampling was used. The estimated sample size was 138. Results: Of the 138 elderly subjects, 64(46%) were males, 74(54%) were females. 74 (54%) elderly reported low social support and poor medication adherence was seen among 38(27%) of the elderly. Practical social support (p<0.05) and physical activity of <2 times a week (p≤0.05) were significantly associated with good medication adherence. Conclusion: Active involvement of family members in healthcare of elderly people would greatly improve medication adherence.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive disorder of β-cell dysfunction until majority of patients with a longer duration of diabetes remain poorly controlled with oral agents, and use of insulin, which could improve glycemic control .Guidelines from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes recommend that insulin secretagogues such as sulfonylureas be discontinued at the time of insulin initiation to reduce the risk of hypoglycemia, and that treatment be intensified if HbA1c levels remain above-target 3 months after insulin initiation. Study design and methods: It was a prospective study and patients diagnosed with T2DM initiating insulin and no prior insulin use. The study duration was six months (December 2016 to May 2017) among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at Karuna Medical College and Hospital, Diabetic centre, Quality clinic-Palakkad. Result and Discussion: Out of total 308 study populations, 226(73.37%) were taking Human insulin, 82(26.62%) were taking Insulin analogues. Conclusion: Human insulin dominate the prescribing pattern, but there was a shifting trend towards the use of insulin analogue preparations in the management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. In achieving optimal glycemic control, intensification of current insulin treatment as well as planning multiple drug interventions with lifestyle modification is necessary.

The present paper reports three case studies of children with learning disabilities introducing a combined mode of intervention on pattern recognition along with behaviour therapy. The present intervention plan gave special emphasis on visual recognition training on letters, numbers and words. The module has been applied to three different individuals having different features of learning disability problem. The associated problem of emotional disturbances and low motivation was controlled by behavior modification. The intervention was given through 10 sessions (1 hour each). The data is analyzed by comparing the pre- post data quantitatively as well as qualitatively. The overall result shows that the present holistic approach of SLD intervention in computerized and paper pencil modes along with behavioural therapy is effective to improve the pattern recognition skill and reducing learning difficulty. Additionally, the module was helpful for management of emotional disturbances, motivation and self esteem.

Objectives: This study was conducted with an objective to determine the prevalence and characteristics of pneumatization of articular eminence (PAT) using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) imaging. Material and Methods: A retrospective observational study was carried out in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, which included CBCT images of 62 patients in which TMJ region was completely visualized. The demographic details of the patient viz. age, gender were retrieved from their records. These scans were evaluated in sagittal, coronal and axial section using Kodak dental imaging software. Tyndall and Matteson criteria were used for diagnosis and characterization of PAT. Evaluation of both right and left side was done and the frequency and characteristics of PAT were recorded. Frequencies/percentages and chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Of the 62 patients included in the study 40.3% showed presence of PAT. Of these pneumatization, 38% were unilocular whereas 26% were multilocular in characteristic. Presence of peumatization was correlated with unilocular and multilocular variety of PAT was statistically significant (p< 0.05) for both. Conclusion: To avoid serious complications that may arise due to pneumatization, all surgeries related to TMJ should be carried out after evaluation with CBCT. CBCT is a good tool for imaging TMJ and related structures with the added advantage of low radiation dose compared to CT.

Haratala, Manahshila and Somala are important arsenic compounds which are used in Ayurveda. Haratala is most popular among them. Haratala is commonly used in treating the diseases like Sleshmaroga, Raktapitta, Vatarakta, Kustha etc. Haratala is called orpiment of yellow arsenic with two molecules of Arsenic and three molecules of Sulphur (AS2S3). Haratala consumed without proper Shodhana shortens the life span, causes diseases of Kapha and Vata, Prameha, Santapa, Spotha, Snayu Sankocha. Hence Shodhana of Haratala is essential. Shodhana is the process of removal of physical, chemical impurities and potentiating of the drugs. Generally Shuddha Haratala is not given alone. It is administered along with herbal drugs or in the form of Rasamanikya or also as a main ingredient in most of the popular formulations like Samirapannaga Rasa, Vatagajankusha Rasa, Kasturibhairava Rasa, Talakeshwara Rasa etc. There are various Shodhana procedures explained for Haratala in Rasa Granthas like Rasa Ratna Samuchaya, Ayurveda Prakasha and Rasa Tarangini.

Aim: To demonstrate two cases in which mini-implant supported orthodontic molar intrusion has been performed to regain ideal crown height space for implant prosthesis. Background: Tooth loss is associated with esthetic, functional and psychological consequences on an individual. Replacement of missing teeth by dental implants has gained significant importance due to promising advantages of implants over conventional prosthesis. Edentulism often results in supra-eruption of antagonistic teeth into the edentulous site resulting in reduced vertical dimension for tooth replacement, posing a restorative challenge for clinicians. Hence, it is necessary to regain the lost vertical dimension prior to the implant prosthesis, either conventionally by endodontic and prosthetic intervention or by orthodontic intrusion with the aid of Temporary Anchorage Devices (TADs). Mini-implants are a category of TADs that provide a minimally invasive technique for molar intrusion. Case description: Two patients with missing mandibular molars, desiring tooth replacement presented with supra-eruption of antagonist teeth, posing a difficulty during prosthetic treatment. Orthodontic intrusion using mini-implants was performed to regain the lost vertical space simultaneously along with dental implant placement followed by prosthetic rehabilitation. Conclusion: The present twin case report demonstrates the successful role of mini-implants in orthodontic molar intrusion for establishing an ideal crown height space for implant prosthesis to re-establish masticatory function. Clinical significance: The twin case report demonstrates mini-implant supported orthodontic molar intrusion as a replacement for conventional gross tooth reduction, for regaining the lost vertical space in cases of supra-eruption of maxillary molar associated with edentulism.

Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the incidence and causes of ARF in obstetrics as well as to see the management and outcome of ARF in obstetrics. Methodology: Prospective observational study. We included women with ARF during pregnancy due to obstetric complications such as severe pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, antepartum hemorrhage, IUFD, sepsis etc. women developing ARF during postpartum period due to post-partum hemorrhage, puerperal sepsis, anaesthetic complications during caesarean section as well as those developing ARF after septic abortion. In all women thorough history taking and physical examination were done. A detail analysis of all investigations and management were recorded. Patients were followed thoroughly till discharge or death. Parameters Studied included clinical parameters (history taking), general survey, abdominal examination, pelvic examination, speculum examination and per vaginal examination Results: Out of 9270 deliveries (May 2012-April 2013) 79 women developed, Pregnancy related ARF (PRARF) showing an incidence of 0.87%. The age of the patients ranged between 17 to 40years with a mean of 23.23±5.05 years. 40.5% from cases were below 20 years of age. Majority of them (92.44%) were poor socio-economic status. 68 out of 79 patients were illiterate. Most of the patients were presenting ARF in their first pregnancy. PRARF was mostly found in (84.81%) referred cases. The most common causative factor for PRARF in the present study was sepsis 32 (40.51%) mainly due to puerperal sepsis, followed by PIH 20(25.32%) and postpartum hemorrhage17 (21.53%). 41 patients did not require haemodialysis, they were treated conservatively. On the other hand 2(2.53%) required dialysis more than 10 times. Most patients recovered completely. 59(74.68%), 13 (16.46%) patients died and 7(8.86%) patients left against medical advice. The case fatality rate was 16.46%. Conclusion: Pregnancy related acute renal failure is a rare but serious complication occurring during pregnancy. It was most commonly found in illiterate, poor, young, and primi-mothers. It was mostly seen in referred cases. Sepsis was the leading cause of pregnancy related acute renal failure followed by pregnancy induced hypertension and postpartum hemorrhage. Almost half of the patients needed hemodialysis. Case fatality rate is high.

Background: Hyperuricemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) could increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is necessary to emphasize the need to identify patients with hyperuricemia and CKD for early prevention with reducing the levels of high serum uric acid (SUA). The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the type of cardiovascular diseases among patients with hyperuricemia in pre-dialysis CKD stages and on dialysis treatment. Methods: We performed a retrospective study in two centers on 58 adult patients – 36 in pre-dialysis stage and 22 on chronic dialysis treatment with hyperuricemia and CVD. The pre-dialysis patients were with chronic kidney disease from second to the fourth stage. Chi-square test, independent samples T-test, and nonparametric Mann-Whitney U Test were used. Results: We observed that atrial fibrillation (AF) was the most common finding in the two groups and it was established in 29 (80,56%) pre-dialysis and in 17 (77,27%) dialysis patients. Ischemic heart disease (IHD) was found significantly more often in a pre-dialysis group, but the dialysis patients had higher cerebrovascular disease incidence. The incidence of IHD was higher in pre-dialysis female patients, while heart blocks were with a higher rate in dialysis females. Cerebrovascular disease and heart blocks were more often in male patients on dialysis treatment. Intragroup analysis of CVD in the pre-dialysis patients according to the genders suggested a higher rate of IHD and heart blocks in males. The same analysis in hemodialysis patients indicated that the women have a higher rate of cerebrovascular disease and AF, while men were more often with IHD and heart blocks. Conclusions: We supposed that patients with Hu, independently of the stage of CKD were with the highest incidence of AF, but there were differences in the type of CVD between the pre-dialysis and dialysis patients that were also gender specific.

The truncus arteriosus or common arterial trunk, is a form of congenital cyanotic heart disease where only one artery arises from the heart, being responsible for the systemic, pulmonary and coronary circulation. It occurs in 1.5% of cases of congenital heart defects in newborns, presenting variations in their presentation as to the origin of the pulmonary trunk. We present a case of 6 month old male boy who presented with complains of fast breathing and respiratory distress. On examination, there was no cyanosis and clubbing. A systolic murmur was heard at mitral area. Chest radiography showed B/L non homogenous opacity with cardiomegaly. Hence a clinical diagnosis of Acyanotic heart disease most probably VSD with congestive cardiac failure with pneumonia was made. But ECHO Cardiography showed Truncus arteriosus Type 1. Here we want to emphasize that truncus arteriosus, though classified as a cyanotic heart disease may present without cyanosis in late infancy.

It was became clear that during last 4 billion years, owing to the bioevolution link existed between the two basic electron, proton dependent metabolic reaction systems of obtaining of ATP had been formed the various capacity of ATP based regulation of expansion in the number of genes in the case of the human gene and also in the case of Archea genome and Bacteria genome. We are developing the idea that the evolution based difficulty as the limitation of expansion in the number of genes because of slow developed systems of ADP + Pi + H+ + nH + memb.space, and the unsifficient of membrane redox potentials three - state line system in case of prokaryotes had been solved by appearance of powerful energy delivering systems as “Donators + membrane redox potentials three - state line system + O2 + ADP + Pi + H+ + nH + memb. space = (ATP + heat energy) + H2O + nH + matrix + CO2” (Ambaga and Tumen-Ulzii, 2015), conditioning the high capacity of ATP based increase of Genome Size . It can be say that during evolution development of living cells the shift from one cell to multicells had been accompanied with their metabolic system improvement as first slow developed system as ADP + Pi + H+ + nH + memb.space had converted to second powerful energy delivering system as “Donators + membrane redox potentials three - state line system + O2 + ADP + Pi + H+ + nH + memb.space = (ATP + heat energy ) + H2O + nH + matrix + CO2” (Ambaga and Tumen-Ulzii, 2015), which led to appearance of high capacity of ATP based increase of Genome Size. In such way the appearance of second more powerful energy accumulating systems as “Donators (glucose, aminoacids, fatty acids) + membrane redox potentials three - state line system + acceptor as O2 + ADP + Pi + H+ + nH + memb.space = (ATP + heat energy) + H2O + nH + matrix + CO2” had conditioned the increase the gene size, number of genes, linear gene structures in Human organism in comparision to Archea genome and Bacteria genome.

Food safety and good hygiene practices are salient in preventing the risks and hazards that cause food borne diseases, thereby protecting public health. This research examined some issues of food safety and hygiene in one of the main breweries in Lesotho, the Maluti Mountain Brewery. The pH values for tested beer samples ranged from 4.31–4.33 and the pH values for tested soft drink samples ranged from 2.79 – 2.82. The dissolved oxygen values for beer ranged from 0.23 mg/L to 0.25 mg/L (table 1), while the dissolved oxygen values ranged from 0.21mg/L to 0.23mg/L for soft drinks. The packaged beverages are stored at 14C. The hygiene practices were also generally acceptable. All parameters analysed were within acceptable ranges, except storage temperature that seemed high and requiring an adjustment.

Diabetes mellitus is a disease associated with both micro and macro-vascular angiopathy. The classical example is the manifestation seen in the retinal vessels. Diabetes is also associated with loss of capillaries and macro-vessel dilatation in the conjunctiva, similar to well-known vessel changes in the retina. The studies conducted on the conjunctival vessel in diabetic patients clearly demonstrate macrovesseldilation associated with diabetes may result in vessel engorgement and straightening, especially among those with longer duration of disease. Increased tortuosity associated with diabetes among conjunctival capillaries mirrors established vessel changes observed in the retina. Evaluation of conjunctivalangiopathy associated with diabetes may help in detecting changes in the retina more easily, maybe earlier even by para-clinical workers

This article is in response to the claims of Government of Jammu & Kashmir where they have congratulated and felicitated the State health machinery for leading in reducing the IMR from 34 to 26 per 1000 live births in a single year and registering decline of 8 points in IMR which has been highlighted as the highest among all the states of the country. We are extremely happy for this historic achievement but have some reservations.

Excessive noise causes if that exceeds the noise standard at compliance point set either by regulation, an environmental authorization or an approval. Mounting scientific evidences suggests potential serious mental and physical harms are created by the following major sources such as: Aircraft noise; Traffic noise; Noise from portable loud speakers; Construction noise; and Industrial noise. Excessive noise exposure on a regular basis will develop many indirect and direct health problems that will affect everyone (infants, children and adult) resulting various medical conditions. More damaging ones are: annoyance, sleep deprivation leading to insomnia; pregnancy and birth related problems; high blood pressure leading to cardiovascular diseases; and eventually it will cause mortality. Rampant use of Hydraulic horns on a daily basis at Dhaka city is leading Dhaka dwellers towards permanent deafness particularly the children, an unacceptable consequence therefore urgent measures are needed to ban hydraulic horns altogether. Strategies that will reduce noise generation effectively to maintain healthy living will include: Raising Community Awareness; Noise Inclusion in Academic Curriculum; Raising Media Participation; Government Sponsored Incentives; Sustainability Improvement and Of course Strict Enforcement of Smoke Regulation. In Sydney and in the western countries awareness is raising and overall noise trend is slowly declining but the accelerated traffic noise in the western world are the biggest causes of concern. It is reported that in Europe alone there are more than 50,000 deaths are taking place. European countries are increasingly adapting complete modal shift from private transport to public transport aimed to bring dual benefits - in one hand it will reduce acoustic contamination and on the other hand it will improve the environment by reducing air pollution. But in Dhaka the noise level is getting worse with the increasing number of Vehicles, Buses and big Lorries in the street 24 hours a day with increasing use of hydraulic horns in addition with increasing sound levels in every sector as country is going through economic boom. It is reported by UN that Bangladesh is on track to enter top 30 economies by 2030. While regulation and hefty fines is the best weapon to curb noise problem and there are many good regulations are in place but they still have limitations and loopholes which needs to be rectified including strict enforcement of the compliance of full forces of regulations. In addition community engagement through consultation and participation, encouragement and incentives and accompanied by effective structural changes are required to effectively reduce noise level to a healthy level amid development activities. In Bangladesh lack of education and ignorance is the main enemy. Introduction of traffic rules and the impact of noise on human health should be a mandatory part of schools and college education. Understanding of consequences of excessive noise by the drivers will definitely bring positive results.

For the last 15 years in periodic literature there has appeared a series of scientific publications that has laid the foundation of a new scientific direction on creation of piecewise-linear economic-mathematical models at uncertainty conditions in finite dimensional vector space. Representation of economic processes in finite-dimensional vector space, in particular in Euclidean space, at uncertainty conditions in the form of mathematical models in connected with complexity of complete account of such important issues as: spatial in homogeneity of occurring economic processes, incomplete macro, micro and social-political information; time changeability of multifactor economic indices, their duration and their change rate. The above-listed one in mathematical plan reduces the solution of the given problem to creation of very complicated economic-mathematical models of nonlinear type. In this connection, it was established in these works that all possible economic processes considered with regard to uncertainty factor in finite-dimensional vector space should be explicitly determined in spatial-time aspect. Owing only to the stated principle of spatial-time certainty of economic process at uncertainty conditions in finite dimensional vector space it is possible to reveal systematically the dynamics and structure of the occurring process. In addition, imposing a series of softened additional conditions on the occurring economic process, it is possible to classify it in finite-dimensional vector space and also to suggest a new science-based method of multivariant prediction of economic process and its control in finite-dimensional vector space at uncertainty conditions, in particular, with regard to unaccounted factors influence.

This research work focused on the effect of working capital management on the corporate profitability of manufacturing firms using Dangote Cement Plc. as a case study. Two hypotheses were formulated and tested using annual reports sourced from Dangote Cement Plc. web database spanning from 2007 to 2016. Ordinary least squares regression method was employed using a multiple regression model and results showed that efficient working capital management has positive significant influence on return on assets and that efficient working capital management has positive significant influence on net profit margin. It was however recommended that firms should improve their working capital policies in order to enhance corporate profitability and that there should be periodical appraisal of investments in working capital using capital investment models, determining ahead the viability of such investments.

The objectives of this study is to find the information whether there is relationship between students’ knowledge about eco-labelling and personality with students’ counterproductive behavior in consuming non-eco-friendly products. Research method used was survey by involving 87senior high school students in Jakarta. There were three instruments have been developed in measuring students’ knowledge, personality and students’ counterproductive behavior. Data have been analyzed by applying regression and correlation which then be verified by t-test and F-test. Research results revealed that: there is a positive and significant correlation found between students’ knowledge and personality with students counterproductive behavior, even it has been analyzed by using first-order correlation, the results are still significant. Therefore, it could be concluded that students counterproductive behavior positively be predicted by students’ knowledge about eco-labelling and their personality, that is why it could not be neglected when students counterproductive behavior in consuming non-eco-friendly products need to be improved.

This research aims to define the Engineer Standard of Care in Green Buildings as it is an emerging issue. Standard of care shall define Engineer's liability in case of green building dispute. Thus, it discusses the traditional standard of care, the green slandered of care, the modification by expansion or limitation of such standard. This is in light of the Jordanian bylaws. It concludes that the nature of green building requires special standard of care and the engineer must be aware of all conditions that may expand or limit his liability.

Menstruation is common process after the attainment of puberty among girls. Up to 80% of women report having some symptoms prior to menstruation. Common signs and symptoms include acne, tender breasts, bloating, feeling tired, irritability, and mood changes. These may interfere with normal life, therefore qualifying as premenstrual syndrome, in 20 to 30% of women. In 3 to 8%, symptoms are severe. If menstrual hygiene is practiced during the time of mensus, it will result in good reproductive health and good mental health too Objective: 1. To assess the practices of menstrual hygiene among the respondents. 2. To know the restrictions which were practiced during Menstruation? Methodology: The type of research design used is Descriptive. The Population size is 600 and the sample size is 60(Female Students). The sampling technique used for the study is simple random Sampling technique from probability sampling technique. The field of study is (insert ur college name and remove the brackets). Finding: Least number of respondents (5%) changes the pads once in a day, whereas the remaining members change more than once in a day. One third of the respondents (33%) mentioned that they are not allowed to do their house hold works during menstruation.

This research focuses on the Brazilian experience of the Science without Borders (Ciências sem Fronteiras - CsF) Program, launched in 2011 and terminated in 2017 after strong criticism from different sectors of society. The Program’s objective was to promote scientific and technological development through the funding of an international exchange program for undergraduate and graduate students. The international academic qualification is discussed in this context as public policy and individual strategy of acquisition of competences and differentiation in the labor market. This article aims to discuss how the students evaluate their experience while participating in the program and the influence that CsF had in those youths’ career projects. Once Brazilian economy relies on agricultural products and their exportation, the agricultural sciences were included in the program. Thus, given the importance of agriculture in the country’s economy and the program, this study concentrated on students from agricultural sciences graduation courses. The data collection was conducted through literature and document research and a survey. The survey was performed through the application of a questionnaire to a sample of 31 students from the agricultural sciences graduation courses of the Federal University of Viçosa, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The results points to a positive evaluation of the international experience provided by the program considering personal and subjective aspects, language learning, and scientific and technological capacitation. However, the students highlighted the differences between Brazil and the other countries in terms of social valorization of rural producers and other professionals that work in the agriculture and farming sector. From the students’ point-of-view, the economic, social and political crisis, and the lack of public policies focused on the sustainable rural development in Brazil are the obstacles to a professional fulfillment project and consequently reduce the intention of remaining in the country.

Equity Mutual Funds are one of the important means of pooling risk capital from small investors. In order to encourage such investment culture, the Govt. of India in the year 1992 introduced the Equity Linked Savings Scheme (ELSS) mutual funds. Investments into the scheme qualify for tax benefit. The tax benefit comes with certain regulatory provisions. These regulatory provisions make the ELSS funds distinct from Diversified Equity Funds. Tax Saving Mutual Fund is one of the financial instruments in capital market, here the study is based upon the ELSS of public sector and private sector Mutual Funds, main purpose of the study is to compare the ELSS scheme of public sector and private sector and analyse the market timing abilities of fund managers of ELSS. A mutual fund is a financial intermediary that pools the savings of small investors for collective investment in a diversified portfolio of securities. Indian mutual fund industry is playing a significant role in the development of capital market and in the growth of Indian economy. Mutual fund investment is quite popular among small investors for seeking tax incentives. Tax-saving mutual fund schemes or the equity-linked savings schemes (ELSS) offers tax deduction benefits to investors. Thus, this study is carried out to fulfill the objectives of the investors.

Handicraft is creative features of human life. Through the ancient time, handicraft has been related to generation to generation. This lifestyle gives to man occupation, employment, money and heritage of a place. Among the crafts, clay doll making industry of Krishanagar has a rich history and heritage. During the late 18th Century, the making of conventional clay dolls, clad in the provincial attire, gained momentum by the patronage of Maharaja Krishnachandra. Krishnanagar clay - dolls are unique in their reality and the quality of their fabrication. The handicraft creations of these artists are exhibited in most of the museums of the world. Exhibitions of Krishnagar dolls have been held in London, Paris and Boston. Ghurni (Ward no-2) is a very important center for the production of clay dolls and idols which are popularly known as Krishnagar clay dolls. Ghurni clay - models have won medals and certificates at international level. It spreads over the area of Kalipur, Bhatjangla, Pal Para, Halder Para, Sandhya Para and the surroundings. The Jalangi River, local ponds, wells, tube wells etc. act as important water resource while the raw material alluvial soil is available from the riverside. But in spite of so many advantages the scenario is becoming disheartening for so many reasons. Gone are the days of Jamindari patronage. So problems have arisen in the infrastructure, transport and marketing facilities. The flourishing market abroad of fiberglass models, have forced some artisans to change the base material of their products. The government should be taken some good policy for survival famous clay doll industry of Krishanagar.

In recent time, Purulia district of the West Bengal faces a problem of occurrence of fluoride in groundwater and it gradually the scenario become serious. People of the many villages in Purulia-I and Purulia-II blocks have been marked with fluorosis after consuming fluoride contaminated water. Geologically, this study area is underlain by pre- cambrian metamorphic rocks like granite and gneiss etc. and have the semi- arid climatic condition. In present study a high fluoride concentration in groundwater is identified in a number of villages like Pattamputra, Bhul, in Purulia-I block and Hutmura, Chirumacha in Purulia-II blocks in Both post- monsoon and pre- monsoon season. In some of the village fluoride level have identified below the detection level. The average fluoride concentration of the study area in post monsoon and pre – monsoon season is 0.7215 mg/l and 0.8215mg/l respectively. The other water parameters such as pH, iron, and total hardness were also measured to find out the find out the hydro chemical relationship fluoride and other parameters. The groundwater of the study area is found acidic in nature but a positive relationship has been observed among the fluoride concentration and pH. Fluoride concentration has negative relation with iron and total hardness. The hydro - geological condition of the study area is a key factor for the occurrence of fluoride concentration in groundwater.

Gender inequality issue is more concerned in the third world countries. It is widely accepted that the issue is primarily related to economic empowerment of women. The women status is low in our social system and dalit women status is comparatively very low due to social hierarchy. There are eight ways i.e. access to resources, control over income etc. which can lead to dalit women to a stronger status. Similarly, understanding of empowerment issues and formation of subsequent strategies can uplift the Dalit women status. The role of self help groups, education and training, political participation are important to achieve gender equality.

The shoe industry demands an impressive array of adhesives due to variations in materials, processes, types of footwear, and seasonal design changes. Equally impressive is the performance demands placed on adhesives in this industry. These include a high degree of bond strength to resist numerous repetitions of bending, straightening, compressing, recovering, rubbing, and friction. The bond strength must also not be affected by rain, snow, wind, ultraviolet light, temperature changes, and whatever other elements to which the shoe will be exposed. In this review identify the adhesives bonding failure reasons in footwear processing. Failure reasons such as poor adhesive selection for processing, adhesive application problems, upper bottom poor skiving, poor lasing. Improper buffing process, adhesives improper applying methods , hot oven temperature control , improper sole attaching and sole pressing. In addition to providing high performance properties and durability, the adhesives and bonding processes that are used in the footwear industry must also offer good early strength and workability for fast and efficient production. The adhesive bond must be invisible or at least aesthetically pleasing to the shoe's design. And more recently, an additional imposing set of requirements has been placed on the shoe manufacturers - formulations and processes must be environmentally friendly and hazard free. Now days all footwear industry used for Water based adhesives use water as the carrier fluid, with the adhesive particles suspended in water, reducing the adhesive’s viscosity so that it can be applied to various substrates at varying thicknesses. Evaporation of the carrier fluid during the set and cure stages typically occurs in large ovens. Evaporation and cure also can take place in the open under ambient, non-thermal conditions. It is important to note that not all water based adhesives are 100% solvent-free, but may contain some VOCs as assistants to the water base for proper viscosity or fluid control. Water based adhesives have been available since the 1970s. They are formulated from rubber compounds (as the base material), with various additives such as synthetic hydrocarbon resins or pine sap derivatives to increase strength characteristics. The performance of solvent-based adhesives is largely determined by the polymer system in the formulation. The choice of adhesive type depends on the specific substrates and environmental resistance needed – temperature resistance, oil and plasticizer resistance, etc. Most solvent based adhesives contain flammable solvents which require proper precautions for safe handling. In addition, many organic solvents are regulated due to environmental concerns with emissions. Within each type of solvent based adhesive, formulations are available to match the application requirements of the process – brush, roll, bead or ribbon, spray. Once the adhesive is applied, solvent evaporates relatively quickly causing an increase in viscosity of the adhesive film. Bonds can be made immediately after adhesive application or after some solvent has evaporated but before the adhesive has dried to the point.

Nearly thousand of scientific experiments are performed both on humans and animals every year in the United States (Gregory, 1999). Does Science enormously play a role in the well beings of individual in the society? Research has found that science education is through motivation and satisfying the needs of humans. The scientific world is part of an elongated human development. This can be substantiated with the use and evolution of TECHNOLGY and SCIENCE (Minton, 2004). Education of the entities that comprise the need to achieve the goal of TECHNOLOGY and Science are important issues of today. Research has shown that scientific education is some conglomerate beliefs of individual minds. Education in general is through motivation and satisfying the needs of humans. The scientific world plays a role in human development. This can be substantiated with the use of evolution of TECHNOLGY. Education of the entities that comprise the need to achieve the goal of TECHNOLOGY and SCIENCE are important issues of studies in our world.

Air pollution rate is getting verse day by day around the world due to industrialization and urbanization. And particulate matter (PM) is considered as one of the major contributor to this increase in air pollution. Besides the deposition of trace elements in air and reduction in visibility, the direct impact of particulate matter on vegetation and human health are serious issues. In several researches a reliable relation was found between health effects and elevated concentrations of atmospheric PM10 concentration. So for the risk-impact assessments and health studies it is very important to quantify the air pollutant concentration rate in the atmosphere and forecast particulate matter concentrations. In the present study particulate matter concentration of PM10 (10 micron size) was predicted using Artificial Neural Network and a Hybrid Artificial Neural Network. The parameters which affect particulate matter concentration such as Temperature maximum, Temperature minimum, Rainfall, Relative humidity and Station level pressure were considered as the input parameters in the modeling. ANN and hybrid ANN models were developed for Trivandrum district and the model performance was compared by statistical evaluation.

Reversed phase isocratic method has been developed for the quantitative analysis of local anesthetics drugs bupivacaine, ropivacaine and mepivacaine with very good separation for determination in bulk drug and dosage form of pharmaceutical. A Hypersil BDS C18 250×4.6mm,5µm column, mobile phase mix buffer and acetonitrile (34:66v/v) in 1000 ml and adjust pH 7.5 with diluted KOH solution, isocratic flow rate 0.9 mL/min and system detection is performed at 220 nm has been used for HPLC and LC-MS. Forced degradation study is perform in different stress condition such as by keeping it in sunlight, UV light, thermal, humidity, acidic, basic, and oxidative for extended time. Degradation products separation on HPLC chromatography. Degradation products separation on HPLC chromatography. Degradation study experiments are also analyzed on newly developed HPLC method.

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders are the most common health problems for computer users who work for an extended period. The aim of this study was to identify the best work-rest schedule with the three different work-rest groups: no rest break, mid-rest break, and multiple- rest breaks, which was associated with the least EMG activities of the upper trapezius muscle and would be beneficial for musculoskeletal health Methods: Forty-five right-handed females complaining of neck discomfort were randomly assigned into three equal groups, Group1 (no rest break) they were to be engaged in sixty minutes of typing followed by ten minutes break (60-10), group 2 (mid-rest break) thirty minutes of typing followed by five minutes break (30-5), and group 3 (multiple rest breaks) fifteen minutes of typing followed by 2.5 minutes break (15-2.5). Surface EMG was used to pick up the electrical activity of right and left upper trapezius throughout the computer typing task. Results: There was a statistically significant reduction of normalized RMS (p<0.05) between the three groups for both right and left upper trapezius. Also, our results demonstrated a positive effect of mid and multiple rest breaks regarding reduced muscle activity in the upper trapezius muscle during a computer work. Conclusion: There is a positive effect of mid and multiple rest breaks regarding reduced muscle activity in the upper trapezius muscle throughout a computer work in subjects with neck and shoulder discomfort.

A cross-sectional study of dermatophilosis was undertaken from December 2016 to February 2017 on 770 cattle (693 local and 77 cross) with the aim of determining prevalence and associated risk factors in and around Horro guduru animal production and research center of wollega university, Horro guduru zone, western Ethiopia. Culturing of D.congolensis and Giemsa staining were the techniques used. Twenty eight of 770 examined animals (3.63%) had dermatophilosis. Prevalence was higher in indigenous zebu (2.83%) than in cross bred (0.94%) cattle, in female cattle (2.43 %) than in male (1.35%), in > 3 years old than in< 3 years old, in wet (2.02%) than in dry season (1.75%), and in cattle with no tick infestation (1.62%) than in cattle infested with tick (2.16%). Statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in breed of cattle, age, season of the year and tick infestation (p<0.05). The study indicated dermatophilosis is a potential determinant factor for the dairy development. Therefore, factors that bring mechanical injury to the skin and management practices that promote transmission should be avoided.

The study was conducted on Maize (QPM mixture), Oat (HJ-8) and Tulsi leaves. Six types of blend flours i.e Type-I, Type-II and Type-III blend flour were prepared from maize: oat in ratios of 85:15, 70:30, 55:45(W/W), Type-IV, Type-V and Type-VI blend flours were prepared from maize: oat: tulsi leaves in ratio of 80:15:5, 65:30:5, 50:45:5 (W/W). Different types of baked products (Cake and Biscuit) were developed using blend flours and assessed organoleptically. Most acceptable products were nutritionally analyzed. Among baked products, mean scores for overall acceptability of Type-II cake were in category of ‘like moderately’ whereas mean scores for overall acceptability of Type-V based cake were in the range of ‘like slightly’. Mean scores for overall acceptability of Type-II and Type-V blend flour biscuits were in the category of ‘like moderately’. Nutritional evaluation of cakes and biscuits depicted that Type-II cake and biscuit contained significantly highest amount of crude protein (13.90 and 8.57 %) while crude fiber (3.07 and 3.11%) and ash (2.02 and 0.8%) content was significantly higher in Type-V cake and biscuit. Thus it can be concluded that incorporation of tulsi leaves in blend flour of maize and oat can serve as functional ingredients for combating degenerative disorders such as obesity, heart diseases, cancer, diabetes etc.

The present survey provides information of the therapeutic proprieties of 38 crude drugs used by Andh tribes of Yavatmal District. Information on their boticinal name, Vernacular name, family, parts used, mode of drug preparation and administration is provided.

The field trial was carried out at the VNMKV, Parbhani, to study the correlation of 13 yield contributing characters and nine grain quality characters with grain yield of aerobic rice genotypes on Vertisols. The experimental materials consist of 50 rice genotypes including three checks and allocated in randomized complete block design in three replications. Correlation analysis of yield contributing characters shows that all the characters under study were significantly and positively correlated with grain yield per plant except, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and iron chlorosis reaction at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Whereas, among grain quality characters elongation ratio was found to be positively correlated with grain yield per plant however volume expansion, protein content and amylose content were negatively correlated. Path analysis studies among yield contributing characters indicated that number of effective tillers per planthad maximum positive direct effect followed by number of grains per panicle and 1000 grain weight on grain yield per plant.Almost all the yield contributing characters exerted negative indirect effect on grain yield per plant via iron chlorosis reaction. The grain quality characters elongation ratio, L:B ratio and relative density exerted highest positive direct effect on grain yield per plant, whereas direct effect of elongation index was negative.

Our society intimately linked with physics because discoveries affect it, like communication( telephones, telegraphs, teleprinter, antennas and other telx) enable us to quickly exchange messages between far up places. Curriculum is running new in class-11 with five branches:- 1-Mechanics 2-Thermodynamics 3-Electromagnetism 4-Relativity 5-Quantam mechanics. In physics there is close relation between theory and practical. The degree of impact of physics on the society can easily be gauged from the different products, which is simplify the life, it will be no exgeneration, if we say that science in general and physics in particular has the potentiality to eradicate poverty and hunger completely from the surface of earth and to user in age of prosperity.

The physical, mechanical and thermal properties of composite boards made from empty fruit bunch studied. The oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) obtained from a private oil palm plantation. By using fibre cutter and particle crusher, these EFB refined. Hardeners and wax added at 1% and 3% during the mixing process. Boards with densities of 500, 600 and 700 kg/m3 produced using resin urea formaldehyde as the bonding agent at 10, 12 and 14%. The boards conditioned in a conditioning chamber set at 20±2°C and 65% relative humidity before undergoing subsequent testing. The EN Standards specifications applied in the preparation of test samples and testing. Results showed the highest modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) achieved in this study were 22.91 N/mm2 and 2059.56 N/mm2. The internal bonding was 0.98 N/mm2, meanwhile for edge and face screw withdrawal, 467.47 N/mm2 and 512.37 N/mm2. Boards with 700 kg/m3 density and 14% resin content met the requirement of standard specifications. The thermogravimetric analysis indicates maximum rate of decomposition for the EFB boards occurred at 380.83°C. This study shows that the board’s density and resin content applied influence on the board's overall properties with boards produced at 700 kg/m3 density with 14% resin content showed excellent overall properties with good dimensional stability.

The objective of the present study was to utilize Wheat Germ (WG), a low cost industrial by-product (waste), but a nutritional capsule, filled with high quality protein (33%), oil 14-16% (ω-3/6.2, ω-6/55.7), antioxidants like tocopherols, glutathione, polyphenols, non-starch polysaccharides, healthy fiber and minerals by replacing expensive black gram to prepare popular traditional fermented steam cooked Idli. Trials were conducted by replacing 25, 50, 75 and 100% black gram with processed, Unflaked, Undamaged, Stabilized and Debitterized WG (USDWG), following traditional method of preparation. Idli prepared by replacing 50-100% Black Gram with WG, had improved nutritional values, textural and sensorial attributes. Natural fermentation rate was faster due to superior USDWG protein quality and quantity, enabling fermentation time reduction to almost half of control Idli, co-relating batter pH (4.4) and density (0.4g/cm3). Significant difference was not observed in Viscoamylograph profile and invitro starch digestibility of the developed Idli. Prepared Idli had desirable sweet, sour, spongy texture, higher sensorial score and acceptability and can prove ideal vehicle to alleviate malnutrition constituting staple south Indian food due to its affordability. USDWG possesses strong anticancer and disease preventive properties as observed by the authors, translating developed Idli therapeutic, highly nutritive and traditional food at affordable cost.

Considerable histological information on anther development was done by many scientists, but histochemical information on the anther development of Solanaceae members is almost lacking. An attempt is made to understand the distribution of histochemical substances during anther development in Solanum viarum. In the present study anther wall development is basic type, epidermis and endothecium is single layered and persistent. Middle wall layers are two in number, tapetum is binucleate glandular, dimorphic in nature, dual in origin. Rich content of RNA is seen in archesporial cells, sporogenous tissue, meiocyte, tapetal cells, wall layers and pollen grains and connective. It can be concluded that there is mutual interaction and utilization of biochemical substances in the anthers during formation and differentiation of pollen grains.

Management of soil and water quality parameters is important catalysts for gaining sustainable fish production in Bangladesh. In this context, a comprehensive survey was done to categories existing shrimp farms locally called ghers of Tala Upazilla of sathkhira districts covering each union based on water depth. Among the ghers, 56% found between 1.5 < to < 3 ft depth, 19% below ≤ 1.5 ft and 25% ≥ 3 ft and an investigation was carried out to assess soil-water quality parameters and production performance of 9 selected low depth shrimp ghers in Khesra Union under Tala Upazilla at Sathkhira districts of Bangladesh over a growing cycle. Physico-chemical parameters of soil-water needed to be measured and analyzed by standard methods. Total yield (260 kg/ha/cycle in T1, 63 kg/ha/cycle in T2, 70 kg/ha/cycle in T3) of fishes was also calculated from the stocking and harvesting data. Most of the parameters of soil and water correlated significantly with each other suggesting a high degree of interactions between different parameters in the system. A pattern of qualitative and quantitative difference of zooplankton over phytoplankton was also recorded in these farms Therefore, a high degree of salinity, Water level fluctuation and iron deposition in waters was also documented. However, considerably lower concentrations of phosphorus in the soil indicated a net retention and trapping of phosphatic nutrients in the environment. Moreover cropping pattern was two cycles (fishes single, paddy single) per year, feeding frequencies was irrigullar and shrimp suitability and production ranged from (0-15)% and 63 kg/ha/cycle to 260kg/ha/cycle. The present findings indicate that low depth gher comparatively gives a better result in fin fishes than shrimp and creates a hazardous environment for shrimp post larvae survives, viral death, health risk and economically not viable for sustainable shrimp production in Bangladesh.

Background: The burden of children with physical disability also affects people around them. A lot of skills can be obtained by attending a special school, as special school has its program to overcome problems that arise from disabilities. Learning achievement is needed as an evaluation tool for the education of pysically disabled student. The objective of this study is to describe learning achievement of student with physical disability Methods: Learning achievement was obtained from student’s study report. Academic courses were described in scores. As students in Physical Disability Specialized School of Disabled Children Development Foundation (Yayasan Pembinaan Anak Cacat) in Bandung were categorized into academic and developmental classes, the description of their learning achievement in this study followed that categorization as well. The school has special programs for motoric capability and activities of daily living. Those special programs were described with categorization of similar concern and obtained from teacher’s description in study report. Results: The score for academic courses both of classes improved by the end of the academic year. Developmental class is lower in achievement of both academic course and motoric capability than academic class. All students in academic class could eat and drink independently but they had poor ability in dressing and toileting. As for developmental class, all students depended on their caregivers and teachers in their daily activity. Conclusions: Students from academic class with normal intelligence to mild mental retardation provided a better study results than students with multiple disabilities. Both classes showed no significant improvement in motoric capability and activities daily living.

Tomato is very important fruit vegetable grown in tarai region of Uttar Pradesh. The crop suffers a great loss due to infection of a whitefly borne virus tomato leaf curl. The present investigation deals with the role of weed reservoirs harbouring the virus inside the crop, nearby the crops and adjacent areas. TCLV has a very wide host range and the vector whitefly Bemisia tabaci Genn. can multiply on wide variety of host therefore, some of the host plants harbouring both virus and vectors were recorded. A total 38 plants including weeds, ornamental and cultivated plants were surveyed. Some of them were perennials and including plants grown as food, fodder and vegetables and were permanent source of inoculum of TLCV in nature having a potential role in the epidemiology of the disease. Influence of the climatic conditions and cultural practices were observed on the level of infection.

Aims and Objective: To determine the Effect of different denture adhesives on the retention of maxillary complete denture. Materials and Methods: Twenty edentulous patients were selected from department of prosthodontics and crown &bridge, Hazaribagh college of dental sciences. The sample consisted of 12 males and 8 females, the age range between (40-78) years. Measurement of the Retention For purpose of this study retention has been expressed in terms of the force required to dislodge vertically a maxillary complete denture using loading apparatus. The three denture adhesives used in this study were Super corega powder, Boots denture adhesive powder (Boots Company PLC. Nottigham, England), Lacalut Dent. Gel (paste) (Arcam GmbH Germany). At the first day of testing, retention of the maxillary denture was first recorded 15 minutes after insertion without the use of any denture adhesives. Measurements were repeated in the same manner, 15 minutes after the adhesive was applied (base line) and at 1 and 2 hours after first measurement with denture adhesive. After that the denture was removed carefully, cleaned and kept in water. All these measurements were repeated in the next day using a second type of adhesive and at the third day using the third type of adhesive. After finishing with the measurements, the metal bar was removed and the maxillary denture was polished and returned to the patient. Results: The result showed no statistically significant difference between powder and paste denture adhesive, and between vegetable gum and synthetic polymer denture adhesive at different time intervals (P>0.05). Analysis of variance was used to make comparison at time interval between the three denture adhesives. The result showed that the denture adhesives had a statistically similar effectiveness at each time interval.

The present study was conducted to compare Auditory Reaction Time (ART) and Visual Reaction Time (VRT) in normal and anemic female subjects and also to correlate the same with the haemoglobin (Hb) concentration. Female students of age group 18-20 years were recruited. After haemoglobin estimation subjects with Hb<12g% were assigned as group I (n=30) and subjects with Hb≥12g% were assigned as group II (n=30). ART and VRT were assessed by making use of an in-house built device PC 1000. Data was analysed employing unpaired student’s “t” test using SPSS version 16 and significance value was fixed at p <0.05. The results showed highly significant prolonged ART and VRT in anemic individuals (p =0.001) and a negative correlation between ART and Hb; also VRT and Hb. Thus it can be concluded that with decreased haemoglobin concentration the ART and VRT are prolonged and that early correction of anemia can prevent ill effects.

Aims: The aim of the present study is to determine differences in the dental caries experience, gingival health among 4-14 year old Bengalee children with repaired cleft lip and /or palate in North Kolkata, West Bengal Study Design and Methods and Material: Forty five children of age group 4-14 years, with repaired cleft lip and /or palate selected as study sample who were sub-grouped according to gender and age. Children were clinically examined for dental caries and oral hygiene status. For caries assessment DMFT index for mixed & permanent dentition and dmft index for primary dentition were used. Assessment of oral hygiene status was done using OHI-S. In case of a child with primary dentition deciduous second molars &deciduous incisors were examined for OHI-S. Statistical analysis used: All the data were recorded, tabulated and arranged in excel sheet to obtain mean value, standard deviation, percentage and p value by utilizing SISA software. Results: Mean caries scores were slightly higher in female as compared to male children though it was statistically insignificant. Mean caries score in primary dentition is slightly higher as compared to mixed dentition & permanent dentition. Few children (8.88%) had good oral hygiene and a great majority (91.12%) of the children had either fair or poor oral hygiene. Conclusions: Based on this study it can be concluded that very high caries experience in both primary and mixed dentition and poor oral hygiene in children with repaired cleft lip&/ palate of both sexes could be attributed to low priority of dental care for these children because of the parents’ focus on the numerous medical procedures required to correct the birth defects during early childhood and the presence of deformity and surgical scars which makes it difficult to maintain good oral hygiene and to control plaque.

This paperwork emphasizes an alternative approach of SAS programming language for Linear Bayesian Regression with combination of Fuzzy Regression. The special of this method is, the method itself comprises of modeling, bootstrapping for linear minimization programming through fuzzy regression modeling based on the dependent and independent variables.

Rabeprazolea proton pump inhibitor the most effective pharmacotherapy for treating acidity related disorders. The main objective of the study is to formulate and optimize an orodispersible tablet of rabeprazole sodium. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method by using varying concentration of Crosspovidone as superdisintegrants. Theprepared formulations were evaluated for various parameters like, hardness, weight variation, friability, in vitro dispersion time, water absorption ratio, drug content uniformity and in vitro release study. The prepared tablets were dispersed in the range of 7.9±0.5- 12.2±1.5 seconds, the water absorption ratio was 122.5±2.2- 157.9±3.2%. All the formulations exhibited fairly uniform drug content92.7±0.4-99.5±0.8%and 85.6-95.2% of drug release was observed in 10 min, among this different formulation, the formulation containing 7.5% of Crosspovidone has shown maximum of 95.2±0.7% of the drug release. Stability study of optimized formulation revealed no significant change and its found to be a stable. The overall result indicated that the formulation F3 containing Crosspovidone 7.5% is fulfilling the needs of the orodispersible tablets.

Patients seeking treatment for gingival recession has constantly been on a raise, where patients’ esthetic demands and biologic needs determine the treatment of choice for root coverage. Accordingly, the coronally advanced flap has been modified by Zucchelli and Sanctis to treat multiple gingival recession defects in esthetically critical areas. This technique does not use vertical incisions, which results in better healing, increases the quality of keratinized gingiva, provides good root coverage and doesn’t involve a second surgical site. This article reports a case of multiple contiguous gingival recessions treated using Zucchelli technique, with a simplified yet detailed description of the technique utilizing a diagrammatic representation. Clinical parameters to assess gingival recession were evaluated from baseline till 9 months. Successful results were found in terms of good root coverage, aesthetic appearance and increased keratinized tissue quality that has persisted till 9 months follow-up. Zucchelli technique was effective in the treatment of multiple adjacent gingival recessions in patients with high esthetic demands.

Aim: To assess the proximity of roots of mandibular third molar to the inferior alveolar canal in impacted teeth by radiovisiography” Background: Prior knowledge of the proximity of the roots of the mandibular third molars to the inferior alveolar nerve canal minimizes injury to the nerve. Previous studies have shown Intra Oral Periapical Radiograph (IOPA), Dental Panoramic Tomograph, and Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) as tool for assessment of risk of injury to the canal. The aim of our study was to assess proximity of roots of mandibular third molar to the inferior alveolar canal using radiovisiography (RVG). Methods: The total study sample enrolled 50 impacted mandibular third molars among 50 patients. Patients requiring surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars are selected. Preoperative radiovisiographs was taken and the findings are correlated with findings during surgery. Study design: Descriptive interventional study. Result: Out of 50 patients 15(30%) were males and 35(70%) were females. All the nine radiographic signs were evaluated individually and their association with the Nerve identified at operation/ root grooved was studied. There was an root of tooth just touching upper white line was observed in 1 out of 11 Nerve identified at operation (root grooved) close cases and was the most statistically significant sign noted. p = 0.0038 (<0.05). Also darkening of the root was observed with p=0.0277(<0.05). Out of total 50 cases Type 2(8%) was most common in males; in females Type 2 (14%) and Type 4 (14%) were more common. Conclusion: In our study Type 2 (Root of tooth just touching upper white line) was most commonly observed. Risks of nerve damage during operation were more significant in Type 2 and Type 4.

Dental caries is one of the most common infectious diseases of childhood all over the world and considered as oral health burden. The purpose of the study was to assess the awareness of parents about dental caries among the school going children in Bareilly city. An investigation was carried out among 200 parents in 15 different medium schools in Bareilly city. Results showed that parents’ initiation is low when dental health care of children is concerned. 54% parents (p=0.001) knows that sweetened food causes dental caries, 43.2% (p=0.001) parents give information that their child are taking sweetened food regularly, 28.45% parents reported that their child did not brush a single time in a day, 62.6% (p=0.000) knows that soft drinks may cause dental caries, 42.55% (p=0.002) parents give information that their child are taking fast foods or snacks regularly, 49.50 % (p=0.004) reported that have never visited a dentist. This study concluded that dental health care team can make awareness program more effective and can also make parents more aware about dental caries prevention.

The concept of “surgery-first and orthodontics second” is called “SFOA” (Surgery-First Orthognathic-Approach) or “SFA” (Surgery-First approach). Surgery first approach is an alternative methodology to conventional orthognathic surgery (“Orthodontics– Orthognathic surgery– Orthodontics”) which performs directly an orthognathic surgery, without the previous orthodontic preparation, followed by a post-surgical orthodontic treatment. Surgery-first approach treats facial esthetics first and then occlusion, whereas the conventional approach treats occlusion first and then facial esthetics. The surgery-first approach uses osteotomy to solve both skeletal problems and dental compensation, and a "transitional" occlusion is set up postoperatively

The Mirizzi syndrome (MS), a rare condition, is a late complication of chronic cholecystitis. It is a spectrum of disease ranges from simple compression of common hepatic duct to cholecystobiliary fistula (CBF). The clinical presentation is similar to symptomatic cholelithiasis like abdominal pain, vomiting, jaundice etc, hence it is difficult to diagnose preoperatively. Even peroperatively it is diagnosed by expert surgeon who has experience in hepatobiliary surgery, otherwise chances of biliary duct injuries are high.

Obtaining consistent mandibular denture stability has long been a challenge for the dental profession. In particular, “flat lower ridge” is associated with difficulties in providing successful dentures. Stability of lower denture in such cases is usually the distinguishing factor between success and failure. This article intends to acquaint the reader with the various conservative prosthodontic techniques which can be employed to improve mandibular denture stability in case of an atrophic ridge.

Clavicule fractures have an incidence of approx 3 % of all fractures. Bone Fractures most commonly in the middle third of the bone .the treatment methods are:-Non Operative: slings, straps and braces are there for clavicle immobilization and treatment of fractures. Operative: External fixators, Intramedullary nails, Plates and screws. The aim of the study was to analyze the results of fixation of clavicle fractures with plate and screws and assessing the union radiologically, complications associated and restoration of range of motion of the shoulder and to evaluate the results clinically regarding pain, activities of daily living, range of motion, power, radiologically regarding union, non-union, refracture, screw and plate loosening, implant breakage. A total of 30 cases of midshaft clavicular fractures which were Allman (type I) closed & fresh were included. They were treated by open reduction & internal fixation with S-shaped clavicular LCP in 15 patients and 3.5mm reconstruction locking plate in 15 patients. The age of patients in this study ranged from 18-55 years. Males formed 72% of the patients. Most common cause of the fracture in this was road traffic accidents (55%). Right side was involved commonly (57%). Duration from injury to surgery was an average of 3.78days and hospital stay was an average of 4.32 days. The time taken for complete radiological union ranged from 7 to 10 weeks. The time taken to return to previous level of activity ranged from 8 to 18 weeks. Overall excellent results were achieved in 21 patients & good in 9 patients.

The present randomized controlled trial study was carried out over a period of one year to observe the effects of perioperative parenteral nutrition on weight, Serum albumin and total lymphocyte count. Hundred patients, admitted and operated were randomly divided into two groups of 50 each. Group A (Study group) and group B (Control group). Group A patients were given perioperative parenteral nutritional support whereas patients in the control group received no such treatment. Statistically significant increase in total serum albumin (P<0.001) was found in the study group. Total leucocyte count and weight was also better in the study group but it was not statistically significant. Parenteral perioperative nutritional support has a vital role in improving weight; serum albumin and total leucocyte count in surgical patients. It should be included in the management of surgical patients if affordable.

Background: Periodontal disease is a chronic tissue-destructive inflammation, which destroys tooth-supporting structures and ultimately leads to tooth loss. Early diagnosis and treatment of periodontal diseases can reduce the risk of tooth loss in general population. Several biomarkers like Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) have been proposed for early detection of periodontal disease from saliva, serum and gingival cervicular fluid. Aims: To assess and correlate the LDH levels in saliva and serum of healthy subjects, subjects with chronic gingivitis and periodontitis and to compare the saliva and serum LDH levels in all three groups. Materials and methods: Total 33 subjects aged 20– 45 years were considered for the study. The subjects were divided into three groups based on periodontal parameters as healthy subjects, chronic generalized gingivitis and chronic generalized periodontitis. Two ml of un-stimulated whole saliva and two ml of blood was collected from all the subjects and the level of LDH in both saliva and serum were measured and compared using commercially available kit. Statistical analysis: Statistical analysis was carried out using student t test and ANOVA with the help of SPSS software and P value <0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The clinical parameters like gingival index, plaque index, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level were statistically significant between healthy subjects, patients with generalized gingivitis, and those with chronic periodontitis. Serum and Salivary LDH levels were found to be within normal limits in healthy subjects where as it was significantly increased in patients with gingivitis and chronic periodontitis. The activity of LDH increased linearly as the disease progressed. Conclusion: LDH levels in saliva as well as serum increased with periodontal disease progression. There was no significant difference observed between saliva and serum LDH levels. Estimation of salivary LDH can be used as risk predictor in patients with periodontal disease.

The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) has put an effort to overcome personalized usage of descriptive terminologies in thyroid aspiration smears. Aims: The objective of this study was to interpret thyroid cytology by TBSRTC, to look for distribution of diagnostic categories and subcategories and to correlate the cytopathology with histopathology. Material and Method: This was 11 years retrospective study of 114 fine needle aspirations (FNA) of thyroid swelling. Results: An overall sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 91.86%, positive predictive valve of 92.85%, negative predictive valve of 97.46%, and efficiency of the study was 91.22%.

Aim: Voiding dysfunction is an under evaluated issue in females with metabolic syndrome. Aim of our study was to investigate correlation between voiding dysfunction in females with metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: The study was a retrospective study conducted from January 2015 to December 2016 in the Institute of urology, Madras medical college, Chennai. We investigated 80 female patients who visited the urology department for voiding dysfunction with features of metabolic syndrome. The data included were age, body mass index, diabetic status, blood pressure and lower urinary tract symptoms. Results: A total of 80 women were included as voiding dysfunction group with metabolic syndrome with mean age of 58.5 years (42 – 75years). 74 (92.5%) females had high blood sugar. Diastolic blood pressure was raised in 71 (88.75%) of patients. Obstructive voiding symptoms ware noted in 57 (71.25%) of patients and irritative voiding symptoms in 23(28.75%) of patients. Body mass index more than 25 was noted in 31(38.75%) of patients. Conclusion: Voiding dysfunction is a highly prevalent in females with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes and obesity cause voiding dysfunction through alterations in the phenotype of bladder. Chronic complications of diabetes especially neuropathy, nephropathy, and presence of metabolic syndrome are important predictors of bladder dysfunction.

Aim: This cross sectional study is aimed at assessing the perceptions and level of awareness of dental students about their own dental health through evaluating the prevalence of white spot lesion. Materials and Methods: A detailed oral examination of ninety two dental students of K.V.G. Dental College and Hospital, Sullia, D.K, Karnataka, aged between 20 and 24 years was done to detect white spot lesions and caries experience through International Caries Detection and Assessment System II criteria. The subjects were handed a questionnaire to investigate the possible explanatory variables for their caries status and to assess dental knowledge and attitudes. Attempt was made by examiner to identify the etiology of white spot lesion as carious or enamel hypoplasia by air drying using a three-way syringe. Results: A majority of 93.5% of the student had acceptable level of knowledge to identify the non cavitated white spot lesion. The results revealed60.8% of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment had at least one white spot lesion. Among the ninety two students participated in the study, the examiner found a prevalence of enamel hypoplasia to be 29.3% and carious hypomineralisation to be 9.8%. Conclusion: Findings of this study indicate that the level of knowledge among dental students regarding white spot lesion of teeth as well as its association with orthodontic treatment and oral hygiene habits was acceptable.

Introduction: Adolescence is the phase of life which is characterized by acceleration of physical growth and, psychological and behavioural changes. These issues have not only a huge socioeconomic impact but also impact on National Health Indicators. Medical Officers working in the peripheral hospitals frequently come across the adolescents and hence need to be trained to deliver the best care to them. National Health Mission under RKSK is organizing trainings of Medical Officers in collaboration with Department of SPM Govt Medical College Srinagar. Objectives: To assess the knowledge of Medical Officers regarding adolescent health before the training, and to assess the impact of training upon the knowledge of Medical Officers regarding adolescent health. Methodology: Department of SPM GMC Srinagar conducted 6 three-day training workshops in collaboration with NHM under RKSK. In total 117 Medical Officers from two districts of Anantnag and Baramula of Kashmir valley were trained from January 2015 upto April 2015. A self-adminstered questionnaire was introduced to all the participants at the start of workshop and the same questionnaire was again introduced at the end of the workshop. Descriptive analysis was performed using percentages. Results: Overall 37% improvement in the knowledge of adolescent health was observed among Medical Officers after three-days training workshop. Discussion: Maximum improvement was seen in the domain of General knowledge (41.75%), indicating the need for such training programs and minimum improvement was seen in the domain of Reproductive health (30%), indicating the need for reassessment of training material and training approach of resource personnel in that domain. Overall a total of 37% improvement was seen which is appreciable. Hence such training programs should regularly be conducted among Medical Officers to update and refresh their knowledge.

Aim and Objective: The objective of this controlled clinical trial was to clinically evaluate the peri-implant soft & hard tissues and to radiographically analyze the difference in crestal bone level both mesial and distal to the implant. Materials and methods: A total of ten sites from ten volunteers were selected for the placement of the implants and were subjected to presurgical evaluation and clinical and radiographic parameter assessment. Statistical analysis used: Mann-Whitey U test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test were used to find the significance of study parameters on continuous scale for the intragroup comparisons and the comparison between the mesial and distal bone levels. Results: At baseline, 6 and 9 months there was a statistically significant overall decrease in the mean gingival index score around implants. The mean plaque index, sulcus bleeding score and mean difference in the peri-implant probing depth (mm) around the implants was statistically not significant. The mean width of keratinized mucosa and the mean papilla fill index remained constant throughout the study. On comparison between the mesial and distal implant site there was more crestal bone loss on the mesial than on the distal aspect. Conclusion: Nanothin surface coating of calcium phosphate enhanced the biological response of bone to implant at the early implantation times, supporting opportunities for increased bone healing response in clinical practice.

Urinary disorders have a specific identity both in modern and Ayurvedic system of medicine. The oldest written reference of this disease is seen in samhitha. The improper purificatory procedure results in residual accumulation of kapha and pitta Prakopa in mootravah srotas. Hence all the doshas collectively result in formation of Ashmari. Ashmari (urolithiasis) is a frequent clinical problem with an incidence of 0.1% to 6% in general population. The disease is prevalent irrespective of their socio-economic and cultural background. It is estimated that about 5-7 million patients are suffering from urinary calculus in India with male to female ratio of 2:1. The peak incidence is observed in 2nd to 3rd decades of life. There are different treatment lines for the management of Ashmari in modern system. In spite of all these techniques, surgical management remains as a treatment of choice. Recurrence is inevitable in 60% of cases. But these techniques can develop complications and are not affordable to an average Indian patient. So there is a need to find out an alternative management. Management of urinary disease occupies an important place in Ayurveda. Even though a lot of research has been done in Ashmari management, there is still a vast scope to explore new avenues. Hence the proper, cost effective, simple, safe, conservative i.e. Shigrumula kwatha is advised.

Obesity and in particular obesity have consistently associated with hypertension and increased cardiovascular risk. Based on population studies, risk estimates indicate that at least two-thirds of the prevalence of hypertension can be directly attributed to obesity. Apart from hypertension, abdominal adiposity has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease, sleep apnoea, stroke and congestive heart failure. Methodology: The present study was carried out in the department of physiology, Amaltas institute of medical sciences Dewas (M.P.). We have selected the 250 individuals of age groups 14 to 25 years. A randomized cross sectional non interventional study was performed. Data thus obtained were analyzed by Chi square test with the help of SPSS-20 (software Package used for Statistical Analysis) software for statistical analysis. Results: The results of the present study showed that there was aSignificant association of Body mass index with blood pressure in males only, while in females body mass index failed to show association with blood pressure.

Background and objectives: This study was aimed to evaluate the incidence, age and sex distribution, aetiology, prognostic indicators, various complications associated with traumatic cataract and to determine final visual outcome of various treatment modalities. Methods:- In this prospective study 40 traumatic cataract patients were identified, then pre-operatively evaluated and had underwent surgery for cataract with or without intraocular lens implantation for a period from April 2015 to October 2016 at S.S.G. Hospital, Vadodara (India). All the patients were followed for a period of one and half months. Determinants of the visual acuity were compared between traumatic cataract due to open globe and closed globe injuries. Incidence of traumatic cataract with characteristics like age, sex, cause of injury, mode of injury, management of complications and visual outcome after management were analyzed and results interfered. Results: From the present prospective study enrolling 40 patients the following conclusions were drawn. Majority of the patients were male (70%) compared to only 30% female patients. Majority of our patients (50%) sustained agricultural injuries and the commonest object causing injury was wooden stick (50%) patients. Nearly 77.5% of the patients had a total traumatic cataract on presentation. Cornea was most frequently involved, of which most common was corneal laceration in 52.5% followed by irregular pupil in 32.5%. The most common surgical procedure performed was cataract extraction with a posterior chamber IOL placement (82.5%). The final visual outcome in majority of patients was excellent. Conclusions:- The most common surgical procedure performed was cataract extraction with IOL implantation. Final visual outcome was good in most cases after surgery with IOL implantation. Corneal opacity was the most common cause of decreased visual acuity.

In the proposed work, enhancement of anticancer potential of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)by encapsulated in the silver nanoparticle.5-FU shows poor solubility and low absorption rate therefore its silver nanoparticles was formed to increase solubility, absorption as well as affectivity against tumor. Various analytical methods and assay such as Particle size, Zeta potential, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), DSC, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Drug Release, In-vitro cytotoxicity study were employed for monitoring the formation of nanoparticles. Presence of silver nanoparticles with an average size of 28.9 nm was revealed by Atomic Force Microscopy. The crystalline nature of synthesized nanoparticles was done by X-ray diffraction. This work shows that 5-FU encapsulated silver nanoparticles shows potential activity against cancer cell.

Background: Because there is no effective drug therapy for hydatid cyst yet, assessment and finding of some new agents especially from herbal origin with a desired scolicidal effect attracts great attention for treatment and pre-surgical use to prevent the hydatid cyst recurrence. In the present study, the scolicidal effect of ethanolic extract of Allium sativum, Mentha longifola and Zingiber officinale were investigated. Methods: Suspension of protoscolices was obtained an aseptically from sheep livers containing hydatid cysts. Three concentrations of Allium sativum, Mentha longifola and Zingiber officinale extract (10, 25 and 50 mg/ml) were used for 5,10,15, 20, 25 and 30 min. Viability of protoscolices was confirmed by 0.1% Eosin staining. Results: Present study showed that ethanolic extract of garlic (Allium sativum) had more potent protoscolicid effects among all the 3 plants and killed 100% of protoscolices in 25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml on a minimum of 30, 15 min of application, respectively. While the rate of dead protoscolices was 13.7% in the control group, while protoscolices were exposed to Mentha longifola extract at the concentration of 25 mg/ml, the rate of dead protoscolices increased to 83.1%, 87.1%, 98.0%, 99.2%, 99.9%, and100% after 5,10,15, 20, 25 and 30 min respectively. One hundred percent mortality rate was observed at concentration of 50 mg/ml after 20 min of exposure. The scolicidal activity of Zingiber officinale extract at the concentration of 25 mg/ml killed (19.1, 22.5, 31.5, 41.0, 50.6 and 60.2) % of the protoscolices after 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min of application respectively, but scolicidal activity of Zingiber officinale extract increased at the concentration of 50 mg/ml to 98.8% after 30 min of application then 100% after 35 minutes. Conclusions: Ethanolic extract of garlic, Mentha longifola and ginger showed high protoscolicidal activity in vitro. It may be considered as an effective natural agent used in hydatid cyst treatment and pre-surgery to prevent secondary cyst recurrence. However, further biological and phytochemical investigations aiming to identify the active compounds of these extracts and other pure compounds from these plants to find other ant parasitic agents that are not affected when treated with common therapeutic agents.

A simple, specific, accurate, precise stability indicating reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of folic acid (FA) and meclizine hydrochloride (MEH).

During the last decade, the use of traditional medicine has expanded globally and has gained popularity. It has not only continued to be used for primary health care of the poor in developing countries, but has also been used in countries where conventional medicine is predominant in the national health care system. The aim of our research was to develop a model to evaluate the effect of TM. Material and method: We chose one disease, where the AM is used in a high percentage worldwide. We have analyzed Parkinson disease (PD) because 56% of patients use AM. The second step was to find all methods of AM that are used for the treatment of symptoms. The third step was to find measurable instruments to evaluate effects of AM, and the last step, to see the discussion about effects from other studies published in last five years. Results: We have found that some scores and scale, which are used in conventional medicine for assessment of PD have been used in AM treatments. We are looking for a physiological explanation of effects, as well. Discussion: In consulting studies, the model of science presentation of effects were similar. In each study, we have been explaining the symptom, as well as the high impact on the quality of life. Method of application, evaluation and scale for scoring, have been analyzed, too. Conclusion: Before we support or reject the effects of AM, we must analyze it by using conventional measurable instruments.

The use of dental implants for the rehabilitation of missing teeth has broadened the treatment options for patients and clinicians equally. The use of dental implants has increased dramatically in the past two decades as a result of advancements in research in implant design, materials and techniques, and is expected to expand further in the future. However the clinical complexity of the patient who present with limited bone volume often requires additional biomaterials and surgical procedures to ensure successful implant treatment. This review outlines the various biomaterials used in augmenting bone deficiencies encountered, the different surgical techniques that are used in order to achieve a predictable long term success of dental implants with elaboration on the recent advancements and the future of bone regeneration.

Electrosurgeries are performed routinely in clinical dentistry, and it has a great relevance to general dentists as it provides a bloodless field while performing the gingivectomy, gingivoplasty, crown lengthening, frenectomy, depigmentation etc. But the overzealous use of electrocautery leads to delayed wound healing leading to sometimes necrosis of alveolar bone and gingiva. The present case reports the osteonecrosis of the alveolar bone of the mandible following a careless handling of electrocautery while managing a case of gingival hyperpigmentation.

Aim: The aim of the study is to describe the attitude of year three dental students towards prosthodontic clinical decision-making for edentulous patients. Objective: The objective of the study is to describe the attitude of year three dental students towards prosthodontic clinical decision-making for edentulous patients and to identify whether there are gender differences in these attitudes. Background: Decision making is an essential part of all healthcare delivery. Clinicians need to appraise a wide range of factors prior to arriving at a decision that represents optimal care for their patient. These factors include clinical factors, patient values, the available research evidence, clinical guidelines, their previous clinical experience and medico-legal implications. Reason: The edentulous state is a chronic condition and prosthodontic interventions will inevitably require multiple treatment sessions and long term care. Therefore proper decision making is required. Result: 83% of the dental students acknowledged an influence from their own person values on their presentation of material to patients who are in the process of choosing among different treatment options and 89% thought their edentulous patients were satisfied with the decision making process when choosing among different treatment options, 73% of dental students supported a strategy of negotiation between patients and clinicians( shared decision making).

Background: Surgical resection is the only potentially curative therapy for pancreatic and periampullary cancer. The morbidity and mortality of pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is related to the outcome of anastomosis. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected datafrompatients undergoing PD for pancreatic or peri-ampullary cancers between 2010 and 2014.Whipple’s pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed by three expert, senior surgeons. Pancreatico-enteric anastomoses were either in the form of a pancreaticogastrostomy/pancreaticojejunostomy (PG/PJ; Group A), or isolated loop pancreaticojejunostomy (IPJ; Group B). The primary outcomes were pancreatic fistula formation, delayed gastric emptying, intra-abdominal abscess formation, post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage, and mortality. Operative variables such as duration of surgery, blood loss, and transfusion requirements were also assessed, and minor morbidities including pneumonitis, urinary tract infections, and wound infections were analyzed. Results: 140 patients underwent Whipple’s pancreaticoduodenectomy, 100 patients underwent PG/PJ (Group A) and 40 patients underwent IPJ (Group B). DGE was significantly less frequent in Group B compared to Group A patients, occurring in 10% and 33%, respectively (p=0.003). Pancreatic leak occurred in 31% of Group A patients and 15% of IPJ patients (Group B), with clinically significant grade B and C leaks occurring significantly less frequently in patients undergoing IPJ (13% in Group A vs. 0% in Group B, p=0.002). Intra-abdominal collections occurred in 14% of Group A patients compared to 12.5% of Group B patients. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 12.6 days in Group A and 11.2 in Group B patients. Post pancreatectomy hemorrhage was significantly higher in Group A (n=7) than in Group B (n=0). Conclusions: Isolated loop reconstruction has a significant influence on the frequency of delayed gastric emptying and the grade of leak. The overall leak rate was significantly different between groups, and clinically significant grade B and grade C leaks were significantly less frequent in patients receiving IPJ reconstructions. The IPJ technique also showed a trend toward lower mortality.

The objective of present empirical piece of research work is to examine the predicting effect of gender on stress coping strategies. Following the stratified random sampling technique 360 college going students within the age range of 18 to 21 years were drawn from different college of, Durg districts, to serve as participants in the present research work. In present research work correlational research design was employed. Stress coping strategies were measured by coping resistance scale (Shrivastva, 2001). Regression analysis was used to examine the predicting effect of gender on stress coping strategies. Results of study indicated that, gender was significant predictor of stress coping strategies. It is concluded that there is sufficient empirical and statistical evidence of the predication effect of gender on stress coping strategies.

Cracked tooth is a distinct type of longitudinal fracture which may extend through one or both of the marginal ridges (through the proximal surface). It is caused by occlusal forces, either large forces on a normal tooth or normal force on a weakened tooth. Cracked tooth by itself is not a diagnosis, but is a clinical finding. A cracked tooth can act as a pathway for ingress of bacteria causing pulpal and/or periapical inflammation or disease. Early diagnosis followed by proper treatment planning and periodic follow up evaluation is the goal standard protocols in treating cracks.

To compare energy expenditure of ambulation on even indoor and uneven outdoor surface in CP children as well as between CP and asymptomatic children. Objective: To find out and compare physiological cost index on even indoor and uneven outdoor surface during walking in spastic CP and asymptomatic children. To correlate gross motor function and PCI. Method: 30 CP children and 30 asymptomatic children between 3 to 17 years walked for 6 minute on indoor even and uneven outdoor surfaces. Their energy expenditure was measured by physiological cost index. Results: Independent ‘t’ test and paired ‘t’ test were used for analysis. There was statistically significant difference between normal and CP children also between indoor even and outdoor uneven surfaces. Indoor performance better than outdoor performance under both conditions. Conclusion: children with CP having more energy expenditure than normal children on both surfaces.

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a common cause for concern among reproductive women, sometimes debilitating, for which patients seek advice in gynecology outpatient department. The aim of the study was: 1.To categorize women with AUB attending a rural teaching hospital according to new classification system PALM-COEIN by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). 2.To collect clinical and histopathologic data based on new terminology and definitions. 3.To correlate the clinical and pathologic features. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross sectional descriptive study to categorize women with AUB according to PALM COEIN classification system by International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology (FIGO), conducted in MALLAREDDY INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, Suraram, Hyderabad, Telangana from October 2015 to March 2017. The study carried out on 250 non-gravid women presenting with AUB attending gynecology OPD after considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. The variables were analyzed using frequencies, percentages and chi-square test. The data and graphical techniques were presented by latest version of statistical software (SPSS-6). Results: In this study 250 nongravid women presented with AUB aged between 25-45years were included. Among women with 25-30 years Polyp was most common structural abnormality seen. Where as in women aged 31-45 years leiomyoma. Among women with 25-30 years iatrogenic cause was the most common and ovulatory dysfuntion in 36-45 years age group among non-structral causes. 68.8% of women presented with chronic AUB, while only 31.2% presented with acute AUB. Among all causes of AUB, leiomyoma was the most common cause and coagulopathy was the least common cause accounting for 0.8% of all cases. On sub classifying polyps, 69.3% were arising from endometrium and 30.7% were from cervix. Of 26 cases of polyps, 16 cases (61.5%) were associated with proliferative phase of endometrium and 8 cases (30.7%) with secretory phase of endometrium. Most of the women with adenomyosis had secretory phase of endometrium (53.3%), where as leiomyoma were associated with (55.2%) secretory phase of endometrium, followed by proliferative phase of endometrium (38.15%). Most of the leiomyoma cases were from sub mucosal (68.5%) origin. Most of the cases of endometrial hyperplasia are of simple endometrial hyperplasia without atypia contributing to 64.2% of cases. In the category of malignancy and hyperplasia, endometrial hyperplasia contributed to 73.7% and malignancy contributed to 36.7%. Most of the cases with ovulatory dysfunction had endometrium in proliferative phase (52.9%), while atrophic were only 10% of endometrial causes of AUB.62% of the cases were having a history of using hormonal medications in the preceding three months, while 38% of women were using intra uterine contraceptive devices. 58% of women with AUB had single pathology and 42% of women were having multiple pathologies. This classification helps in denoting a patient with single or multifactorial etiology. Conclusion: Confusion regarding the terminology, definitions and classification of AUB has been overcome by new standard terminology and universally accepted classification system, PALM-COEIN by the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). Maximum number of patients with AUB were in 41-45 years age group and more common in multiparous women. Most common clinical presentation was HMB. In this study 42% of cases were identified to have multiple pathologies. This classification system helps in understanding various exact etiological causes of AUB and can be used by the clinicians to facilitate communication, clinical care and research. For this reason we strongly recommend adoption of this classification for AUB and HMB.

Aim: To study the effects of Zumba dance in the management of stress. Background: Stress is a part of daily living and it can be considered as a natural human phenomenon. Basically, stress refers to the feeling of being under unbearable mental and emotional pressure. It may affect an individual’s feelings, thoughts, behaviour, and physiology. Stress can be caused by various life’s demands, which include work, academic, relationships and financial. Different people have different ways of dealing with stress, depending on the individual. Zumba dance is a form of cardiovascular exercise that helps in improving mood and the energy level of an individual through the secretion of hormones that induce stress relief such as norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine. Zumba dance involves various active movements and exercises, which can stimulate the production of endorphins in the body in order to suppress the action of stress-causing hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline. Materials and Method: 1) A group of 50 individuals are randomly selected as the sample subjects. 2) Each individual is given a survey form to be completed within 30 minutes. 3) After a month, the same survey form is given again to each individual to be completed within 30 minutes. 4) The survey forms of an individual given before and after the Zumba dance classes are compared. 5) The difference between the two survey forms is recorded to study the effects of Zumba dance in the management of stress. Result: Difference between the first and second survey forms given to an individual indicates the effects of Zumba dance in the individual’s stress management.

Type 2 diabetes (maturity onset diabetes) occurring in and around the age of 40 is also showing a rising trend in thyroid dysfunction. Present work in Saharanpur (U.P.) India was carried out to know the relationship if any between the two disorders. Thyroid function in normal groups and type 2 diabetic patients were carried out. Biochemical parameters such as – fasting plasma glucose TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone), T3 (Triidothyronine), T4 (Thyroxin) were measured in different groups for assessment. The study showed the subclinical cases of hypothyroidism are at risk for type 2 diabetes.

Objective: To investigate the effect of aliskiren by expression of matrix metalloproteinase- 3 (MMP-3); Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) on kidney of rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO).In addition, to explore its action in the process of renal interstitial Fibrosis. Materials and Methods: 60 male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group, model group and treatment group. Model group and treatment group were ligated and the left ureter transection induced the unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model group began treatment after surgery, Aliskiren administered 50mg / kg oral treatment once a day and sham operation group and model group were given the same amount of physiological saline gavage. After 1 week, 2 weeks; 10 rats of each group were sacrificed respectively, left kidney specimens, do Hematoxylin Oesin (HE) and Masson staining, and by immunohistochemically SABC method to detect renal tissue expression of MMP-3, TIMP-2. Results: HE and Masson staining: the degree of tubular damage in treated rats was less than model group (P <0.05). Immunohistochemistry showed that in the UUO rat model of renal tissue, the expression of the treatment group with a time point of MMP-3 was higher than the model group, and the expression of TIMP-2 is lower than the model group (P <0.05). Conclusion: Aliskiren by regulation of the renal tissue MMP-3 / TIMP-2 ratio imbalance may play a renal protective effect in renal interstitial fibrosis process.

World Health Organisation estimates that 422 million adults aged over 18 years were living with diabetes in 2014 and the prevalence of diabetes mellitus has risen dramatically over the past two decades. Diabetes if not controlled causes severe neurological complication that impact significantly on quality of life Material and method: This was a hospital based cross sectional study, conducted among 616 diabetics. Patients with other potential causes of neurological disorders were excluded from study. After written consent, detailed History and neurological examination of patients was done. Patients were subjected to diabetic neuropathic symptom score (DNS), diabetic neuropathic examination (DNE) score, electro diagnostic studies (NCV) and other necessary investigation for evaluation of various neurological disorders. Results: Among 616 adult diabetic patients 42.53% were men out of which 93.67 % were Type 2 diabetic with mean age of 56.92 ± 7.96 year. The neurological disorders were present in 73.86%. Type 1 diabetes mellitus patients had higher prevalence of neurological disorders 79.49% compared to type 2 diabetic patients 73.48%.Diabetic neuropathy was the most common neurological complication and was found in 68.01% followed by stroke in 8.6%patients with ischemic (7.46%) > haemorrhagic (1.13%), Isolated cranial neuropathy(1.46%) patients, dementia (1.29%), parkinsonism (1.13%), Transient ischemic attacks (0.97%) and seizure disorder (0.81%).In 26.14% diabetic patients among studied patients there was no neurological complication Conclusion: Diabetics are prone to develop various neurological complications (73.86 %) and diabetic neuropathy being predominant (68.01%).thus all diabetic patients should undergo periodic neurological examination and all diabetic should be educated about the neurological complication by treating physician about neurological complication

Background: Deficits in daytime performance due to sleep loss are experienced universally and associated with a significant social, financial, and human cost. Overall, immunity decreases, a state of systemic inflammation with increased inflammatory markers ensues, and several hormones become up regulated. Underlying mechanisms involve modulation of immune inflammatory mechanisms. These changes might contribute to potentiation of destructive periodontal disease. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess if there is an association of sleep deprivation with chronic periodontal diseases. Materials and Methods: Hundred sleep deprived subjects were taken and their Periodontal status was assessed by gingival index and pocket probing depth. All the study subjects were administered Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire for the assessment of sleep deprivation. Results: Present investigation revealed that mean PSQI was highest in the subjects with chronic periodontitis compared to normal and gingivitis subjects and the difference among three groups was statistically significant. Conclusion: The present study with preliminary results suggests that there is association between sleep deprivation and severity of periodontal disease. Hence, there is a need for future studies with larger samples to understand how sleep habits can influence periodontitis.

Objective: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the efficiency of microabrasion, enamel remineralising agent and resin infiltration technique in treatment of white spot lesion. Materials and Methods: Ninety extracted teeth with no visible enamel defects were taken. The teeth were then subjected to demineralisation cycle for 2 weeks. The samples after demineralisation were divided into three groups of thirty teeth each: GROUP A treated with microabrasion technique, Group B s treated with remineralising agent, Group C treated with resin infiltration technique. The microhardness, transmittance and absorbance values were recorded pre-treatment (T0), after demineralisation (T1) and after different treatment modalities (T3) using microhardness tester, and UV-Visible spectrophotometer respectively. The data were analysed using ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc analysis to compare the microhardness and absorbance and transmittance between the groups. Results: The results suggested that there was statistically significant difference between group A, B,C in improvement of microhardness, transmittance and absorbance values after demineralisation, the improvement was more in group C followed by group A and group B. Conclusion: The results of the present concludes that white spot lesion can be best treated by resin infiltration technique which improves the microhardness as well as mask the white spot lesion lesions by getting camouflaged with the adjacent sound enamel.

The “All-on-Six” concept is based on the placement of six implants in the anterior part of fully edentulous jaws to support a provisional, fixed, and immediately loaded full-arch prosthesis. “All on six” concept of implants for supporting fixed prostheses can be considered a viable treatment modality resulting in a simple and less time consuming procedure, significantly less morbidity, decreased financial costs and a more comfortable postsurgical period for the patients.

Statement of problem: The presence of ferrule is hypothesized to protect the tooth from wedging stresses in post restored teeth. Restoration design must provide enough strength to restoration and to abutment teeth to resist occlusal forces. It is important to evaluate the optimum ferrule length in various post and core restorations that must be incorporated in endodontically treated teeth to increase its fracture resistance. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different length of ferrule on fracture resistance and mode of failure of endodontically treated teeth restored with two different post systems, including glass fibre post and composite system and Ni-Cr cast metal post and core system. Methods: Eighty freshly extracted human maxillary central incisors were endodontically treated. Teeth were randomly divided into two groups of 40 teeth each. Each group was further subdivided into four subgroups of 10 teeth each depending upon the length of ferrule preparation i.e., 0mm, 1mm, 2mm and 3mm. The Group A was restored with glass fiber-reinforced post and composite resin core (GFRP) and the Group B was restored with Ni-Cr cast post and core (CP). All the specimens were loaded to fracture using a universal testing machine and mode of failure was recorded by visual inspection. Data were statistically analyzed. Results: The mean fracture resistance was found to be highest at ferrule length of 2mm in both groups. Conclusions: This in vitro study demonstrated that the optimum ferrule length required is 2mm.

Understanding of growth events is of importance in orthodontics. To know the exact status of growth, for treatment planning and treatment prognosis skeletal maturity indicators are used. The most widely used method for skeletal maturation analysis is hand wrist bone radiograph. The assessment of degree of cervical bone maturation is another method for assessing skeletal maturation. The present study is to find the possible concordance between hand wrist bone radiograph and cervical vertebral analysis using lateral cephalograph.

Recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis is a rare chronic disease of viral etiology affecting most commonly larynx and paediatric age group. A 7 year old child with stridor was posted for laser excision of papilloma and managed with apnoeic anaesthesia with intermittent ventilation. The objective of our case was to review safety and efficacy of AAIV technique. At the end of case we observed. AAIV technique provides better visualization and immobile field for operation without any serious outcome. Thus we can conclude AAIV is an useful alternative technique for anaesthetic management of laryngeal papilloma.

Management of orthodontic cases often requires extraction of permanent teeth. The decision to extract the teeth or not depends upon the arch length tooth material discrepancies, the growth pattern, general profile, and arch asymmetries. Earlier, annon-extraction approach or an approach involving the extraction of all four first premolars was the primary basis of treatment planning in orthodontics. However, an alternative orthodontic treatment modality involving the unilateral extraction of premolar in borderline cases has gained popularity nowadays. The present report describes a case with unilateral placed buccally blocked out canine and crowding in upper and lower arch, for which unilateral asymmetric premolar extractionswere performed to achieve aesthetic and functionally stable occlusion.

Ovulation is the central event in female production. Coordinated effects of hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormones, pituitary gonadotropins, ovarian estrogens and follicular response to these effects result in ovulation. Any derangement of the above factors results in ovarian dysfunction. In classical Unani literature, various physicians mentioned the detailed description of female genital organs.Soranus of Ephesus (98- 138 AD) father of gynaecology, gave a detailed description of ovaries noting their shape, size and position. He believed that conception was most likely to take place directly after menstruation. He mentioned that ovaries were attached to uterus and were not of firm consistency but glandular and covered with membrane. Aristotle (Arastu) and Galen (Jalinoos) mentioned that both male mani (sperm) and female mani (ovum) are responsible for conception. Galen (Jalinoos) states that if both baiza (ovaries) of any animal are either excised or crushed or make it colder with shokran, then conception will not take place.Therefore this paper has been entitled for historical review of anovulatory infertility in perspective to Unani medicine.

Background: Non-medical use of medications is defined as the use of treatment for disorders which self-diagnosed. There are multiple factors could shape such use like; age, education, family, and society. Objectives: The current study was carried out to estimate prevalence of non-medical use of analgesics and to investigate potential risk factors of nonmedical use of analgesics among (Al-Azhar university) medical students. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study which was conducted during the period (March to May 2016) using self administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was circulated and accomplished by 1097 medical students attending two faculties of medicine “Girls and boys” in Cairo, Egypt. Data was analyzed using STATA version 13. A multiple logistic regression model was built to investigate potential covariates of nonmedical use of analgesics. Results: non-medical use of analgesics in the previous 6 months was 68.92%, and it was more prevalent among female students (70.69%). Analgesic use in the previous six months was one time in 66.80%, double in 14.95%, triple times in 10.71% and more than three times in 7.54% of the medical students. Of all the medical students, 23.52% reported headache as the problem while around 12.00% claimed bone and tooth aches as the main causes of their non-medical use of analgesics. The more likely used basic knowledge for non-medical use of analgesics were friends and families recommendations (42.0%), formerly used analgesics (12.4%), their own basic knowledge (6.9%) and a pharmacist suggestion (4.0%). Regarding the independent predictors of non-medical usage of analgesics, older students were more 1.2 times likely to be experience non-medical use. Male medical students were 1.29 times more likely experienced non-medical use. In general, the results revealed that students with co-morbidities were 1.95 times more probably experienced nonmedical use of analgesics. Conclusion: non-medical use of analgesics is expanded among medical students in (Al-Azhar University). This might be an alarming signal for all policy makers of the Egyptian community. Insufficient information about analgesics, draw the attention for the magnitude of training courses and education over the social media.

Hepatitis B viral (HBV) load monitoring is mainly important for the patients suffering from liver related diseases. Several techniques have been established to identify the viral load in the patients such as serological tests and various types of PCR. In this cohort we describe the validation and implementation of cost-effective quantitative real-time PCR for Hepatitis B viral load detection. The use of Quantstudio 3D digital PCR for the preparation of in-house standards also makes the technology more cost-effective and sensitive. The real-time HBV assay was validated for its linearity, sensitivity, precision, reproducibility while at the same time we also compared with the digital PCR (dPCR) for its accuracy. The sensitivity of digital PCR (dPCR) is better than RT-PCR due to its absolute quantification. RT-PCR is used in all laboratories with Taqman chemistry which is almost competent with dPCR, though the latter is better in a way that no standards or controls are required for quantification.

This study was done to determine different palatal rugal patterns amongst untreated patients with class I, class II and class III malocclusion and hence use it as an additional criteria for classifying malocclusions. 4 parameters (Mean Length, Mean Width of Rugae, Total number of Rugae present and Presence or Absence of Union of any rugae) were taken to assess any significant feature present amongst the above mentioned malocclusions. It was found that in Class II Malocclusion, there was no union of rugae present and the Mean Width of Rugal Patterns amongst males was significantly higher when compared to females.

Purpose: To evaluate and compare anxiety levels in children prepared for oral prophylaxis and topical fluoride varnish application using three behavior shaping techniques- tell-show-do, live modeling and filmed modeling. Methods: Sixty three subjects (7-9 years) with Frankl’s score 3 and 4 were allocated in three groups using randomized block design, each group having 21 patients. Group I-children prepared for oral prophylaxis and topical fluoride varnish application by means of tell show do (TSD) technique; Group II- children prepared for oral prophylaxis and topical fluoride varnish application by means of live modeling; Group III-children prepared for oral prophylaxis and topical fluoride varnish application by means of filmed modeling. Facial Image Scale with image scores and heart rate were used to record the anxiety. Scores were taken before, during and after the dental treatment procedures. Results: It was observed that, before, during and after oral prophylaxis and topical fluoride varnish application procedures, highest anxiety score was seen in Group I, followed by Group II whereas least anxiety score was seen in group III. Conclusion: Filmed modeling can be an efficient method in pre-appointment preparation of children during dental treatment procedures.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) with hydroxyapatite (HA) in healing of post surgical osseous defects clinically and radio graphically. To evaluate the role of PRP in modifying the physiologic response to grafting of alveolar bone defects in maxillofacial region. Methods: After selection according to inclusion and exclusion criterias, 40 patients were selected. All the patients were to undergo surgical enucleation of the cystic lesion or extraction of impacted mandibular teeth, followed by placement of platelet rich plasma (PRP) with hydroxyapatite in the surgical defect. Pre operative and post operative radiographs, ultrasonography and colordoppler were utilized as diagnostic tools. Surgery was performed. After removal of the lesion/tooth the bone defect was packed with mixture of platelet rich plasma (PRP) and hydroxyappatite (HA). Closure of wound was achieved by interrupted sutures using 000 black silk with 16 mm 3/8 reverse cutting needle. The data was analyzed statistically. Results: the findings of the study suggest that platelet rich plasma is a feasible method to treat post-treatment jaw defects with a very high success rate and very low rate of complications such as pain, swelling and infection. Ultrasonographic evaluation proved to be very beneficial in evaluation of bone formation and calcification whereas Color Doppler evaluation helped to predict the vascularization of the affected area thus showing the evidence of wound healing.

Sudden out-of-hospital cardiac arrests are the most common cause of death worldwide. This mortality rate can be significantly reduced with the provision of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation. This narrative reviewuses a constructionist framework, and examines factors related to the provision of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Common factors include: resistance to perform the act due to various fears, lack of cardiopulmonary resuscitation education and training, legal implications around performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and socioeconomic variables whether or not cardiopulmonary resuscitation is initiated during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.The authors developed a list of recommendations to enhance the provision of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with the ultimate aim to enhance overall survival rates during cardiac arrest. Education around the legal implications for providing bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation needs to be widely disseminated. Support for cardiopulmonary resuscitationeducation and training should be provided to all individuals, including those with low socioeconomic statuses. Education should be provided around the efficacy of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the low to no risk for the bystander in relation to contracting infectious diseases.

Introduction: leprosy is the most common treatable peripheral nerve disorder. As high resolution sonography provides objective measurements of nerve thickening, we used it to demonstrate nerve enlargement in leprosy patients. Aim and objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the usefulness of high resolution sonography in assessing nerve damage in leprosy patients Materials and methods: We performed bilateral high resolution sonography of ulnar, median and common fibular nerves in 20 leprosy patients and 20 healthy controls. Results: The nerves were significantly thicker in the leprosy patients as compared to healthy controls (p<0.0001 for each nerve) Conclusion: High resolution USG is useful in early diagnosis of leprosy neuropathy.

Introduction: Antenatal care (ANC) refers to the care of the woman during pregnancy. The primary aim of antenatal care is to achieve at the end of the pregnancy, a healthy mother and a healthy baby. The maternal mortality and morbidity continue to be high despite the existence of national programs for improving maternal and child health in India. This could be related to several factors, an important one being non-utilization or under-utilization of maternal health-care services. Objectives: The present study was conducted to find out the utilization of ANC services among women with children less than 1 year of agein a rural block of Haryana. Methods: A population based cross sectional study was conducted among 210 mothers with children less than 1 year of age living in Lakhan Majra block of Rohtak district, Haryana during Nov & Dec 2016. 30 X 7 cluster sampling technique used by WHO for coverage evaluation surveys was used in our study as the sampling technique. The survey on ANC services utilisation was done in each selected cluster on 7 eligible mothers to find out the immunization coverage of the children living in that area. Collected data were analysed using frequency distribution and proportions. Results: Majority (90.9%) of the mothers were above 20 years of age. MCP card was available with 86.2% of mothers. All mothers had taken the first dose of TT and 97% of them received TT2/Booster dose. 92.3 % mothers consumed IFA tablets though not regularly. All the mothers had at least one antenatal visit during their pregnancy. Majority (96.66%) of the mothers had institutional deliveries. 3.34% deliveries were still being conducted at home. Delivery of majority (96.66%) of the study subjects was attended by health staff. Still 3.33% deliveries were attended by untrained persons. Conclusion: Utilization of antenatal care (ANC) services and promotion of institutional deliveries should be increased by enhancing awareness among females by strengthening IEC activities by health workers.

Objective: Detecting solitary or multiple pulmonary cavitary lesions on multi detector CT scan of the chest and assessing the role and value of multi detector CT in diagnosing the nature and causes of pulmonary cavitary lesions. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on a 16 slice multi detector CT scanner (GE BRIGHT SPEED ELITE 16 SLICE). Characterizing number, location, size, shape , margin, nodularity, internal characteristics of nodule as calcification , wall thickness , wall contour, satellite nodule and feeding vessel with associated changes of lymphadenopathy, consolidation and pleural effusion were investigated. Results: Out of 30 pulmonary cavitary lesion cases 21 (70%) were non-malignant and 9 (30%) were malignant cavities. Thick wall (>15mm) was seen in 83% of malignant cases. Central location, nodularity, spiculation, and lymphadenopathy were seen in 44%, 55%, 33%, and 55% malignant cases respectively. Thin walled cavities (<7mm) was seen in 93% of benign cases and most of them were due to tuberculosis. Conclusion: Thick walled solitary cavities with nodularity, spiculation, irregular margins, central location and marked lymphadenopathy were more frequently in malignant cases whereas multiple thin , smooth walled cavities with centrilobular nodules, associated consolidative areas and peripheral and upper lobe location were seen in benign cases.

Removal of an injured or diseased body part is called amputation. The etiology for amputation may be traumatic injury, or a planned operation to prevent the spread of the disease in an infected finger or hand. Extra-oral prostheses are generally made of silicones to match the skin colour, provides life like appearance, good retention, and comfort for the patient. This case report describes the rehabilitation of a patient with partially amputated index finger with silicone.

Careful attention and meticulous treatment planning are the most important factors in full mouth rehabilitation. It is a biggest challenge to restorative clinicians. Efficient diagnosis and elaborate treatment planning is required to develop ordered occlusal contacts and harmonious articulation in order to optimize stomathognathic function, health and esthetics which then translates to patient’s comfort and satisfaction. With early loss of posterior teeth and the collapse of occlusion results in the loss of normal occlusal plane and the reduction of the vertical dimension of occlusion. This case report is of full mouth rehabilitation of a 55 years old patient with multiple decayed and long time loss of posterior teeth with loss of vertical dimension. The patient's chief complaints were poor chewing function and esthetic appearance. To create sufficient restorative space and provide an improved appearance, we used a removable appliance to test an increased vertical dimension. During the provisional stage, the patient adapted smoothly, and no muscles or temporomandibular joint related symptoms or signs were noted. Finally, we met the treatment goal of rehabilitation of the chewing function, and a satisfying smiling appearance

Objectives: Evaluate and compare the effect of saliva and blood contamination on dentine during the bonding procedure on shear bond strength of self etch and total etch adhesives, and to Compare the difference between the two contaminants in bond strengths. Methods: 38 freshly extracted human mandibular and maxillary molar teeth, intact and caries free. Occlusal surface of the teeth was reduced at 2 mm deep leaving a flat dentinal surface. The teeth’s were mounted on plastic jigs, filled with self-cured acrylic. The samples were randomly divided into 2 main groups (n=19) Group1 (self-etch) and Group2 (total-etch). Each groups were further subdivided based on contamination (n=14) and non-contamination (control) (n=5). Each contaminated group was subdivided into contaminated with blood (n=7) and saliva (n=7). Results: Self-etch group, Non Contaminated group (control) showed the highest mean (±SD) compressive strength (24.4326±1.62734 MPa).The group contaminated with blood showed the least bond strength (6.2573MPa), followed by contamination with saliva (18.6 MPA). In the total-etch group Non contaminated (control)b2 group showed the highest mean (±SD) compressive strength (23.7247±0.81738 MPa). The group contaminated with blood showed the least (3.8380 MPa), followed by the group contaminated with saliva (19.6805 Mpa). Conclusion: In the self etch and total etch group, blood contamination showed the least bond strength followed by saliva contamination which had a slightly better adhesion when compared to blood contamination.

Hydatid disease is a common parasitic infestation that is endemic in many parts of the world. Hydatid primary affects the liver but secondary involvement due to haematogenous spread occurs any part of body. However primary peritoneal Hydatid is very rare, either resulting from spontaneous spread of cysts or occurring after operations involving hydatid in other regions.

Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is one of the most common troublesome microvascular complications and it has also got some oxidative stress mechanism associated with nerve damage, followed by structural and functional change. The present study aimed in assessing the antioxidant superoxide dismutase activity in type 2 diabetes patients with neuropathy. The study was conducted with 109 diabetic neuropathy patients from the out patients endocrinology department of Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan, Kolkata. 30 healthy controls were also taken in this study. All the procedures were done with the consent of the participants. After confirmed positive sensory / polyneuropathy problem by nerve conduction velocity (NCV) test, the patients have been selected in this study. The present result shows that SOD activity in DN was much higher than that of control group. Furthermore, a considerable difference was observed in male and female patients when different duration of the disease was considered.

Allergic rhinitis is considered to be a major health problem that impairs quality of life. Insufficient response to treatment and declining quality of life illustrate the continuing need to find new treatment modalities for allergic rhinitis (AR). Escitalopram, anewer anti-depressants of SSRI class is one of the most favoured antidepressants for the patients of mood disorder. It is a S - enantiomer ofcitalopram so it lacks the antihistaminic properties. The present study aims to verify the relationship between allergic rhinitis and psychological stress aiming to improve treatment of patients with allergic rhinitis and thereby improve QOL. Patients with allergic rhinitis (166) were diagnosed then analyzed using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale. Patients with allergic rhinitis and who were positive on the Kessler scale (122) were randomly divided equally into a control group which received levocetirizine and a study group which received levocetirizine and escitalopram. Nasal symptom assessment and QOL assessment were performed in all patients after treatment. Of the 166 patients with allergic rhinitis, 122 (73.5 %) were positive on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale. There was a marked improvement in the study group compared with the control group as regards nasal symptoms with better QOL in the study group (6.93) compared with the control group (2.13). Psychological stress has a strong impact on persistent allergic rhinitis. When stress is controlled by a combined treatment of Escitalopram and levocetirizine, allergic rhinitis symptoms improved and a better QOL was obtained.

Background: Exclosures are among degraded land rehabilitation strategies which are practiced in Ethiopia. However, due to lack of environmental and socio-economical virtues most exclosure are attributed negatively by local people and hence their sustainability left at risk. A study was carried out on two selected kebeles to investigate the effectiveness of exclosure in achieving the goal of environmental conservation and improving community livelihood strategy. Stratified random sampling was employed for the selection of sample households in two kebeles and they were surveyed using semi-structured questionnaires. Additionally, focus group discussions and key informant interviews were also administered. In all, a total of 96 households (70 non-participants and 26 participants) were interviewed. Data were presented in descriptive statistics. Results: The study showed that the majority of the local communities living next to exclosure were dependent on subsistence farming system mainly crop cultivation and animal rearing, but a few were participated in exclosure activities as a means of their livelihood strategy. Conversely, a majority of the household heads (66%) had a wish to participate in exclosure developmental activities. Conclusion: To ensure the sustainability of exclosure local community’s participation and beneficiary involvement is mandated in almost all exclosure activities but it has not been proved very significant in practice. Therefore, rehabilitating of degraded areas by exclosure can be successfully realized through greater participation and involvement of the local communities, and it becoming environmental soundness, economic viability and social acceptability.

Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) contributes to approximately half of all cases of hospital-acquired pneumonia. VAP is estimated to occur in 9–27 % of all mechanically ventilated patients. Due to increase in incidence of drug resistance among the VAP isolates, correct diagnosis is a challenge for an accurate management. Aim: The aim of the study was to isolate the causative agents for VAP in patients on mechanical ventilation and determine their antibiotic susceptibility testing and also Study the risk factors associated with VAP in critically ill patients admitted in ICUs. Material & Method: This prospective observational study was conducted in the intensive care units (ICUs) from July to Dec 2015 undergoing mechanical ventilation for >48hrs. Endotracheal aspirates were collected from patients suspected VAP and quantitative cultures were performed .VAP was diagnosed on the basis of CPIS score. Results: The incidence of VAP in our study was 34.61% and incidence rate of VAP was 46.65 per 1000 ventilation days.83.83% (83/99) isolates were from MICU and predominant VAP pathogens were Acinetobacter spp. (51.75%) . Acinetobacter baumanii and Enterobacteriaceae were the prevalent MDR isolates. This might be attributed to prolong hospital stay and improper cleaning of the tubes. Conclusion: Increase in VAP cases with the potential drug resistant organisms is an emerging threat in our ICUs. Quantitative culture of endotracheal aspirate is a useful test for diagnosis of VAP and also help to determine the drug resistance in ICUs.

Introduction: Fluorosis an endemic problem affects many tissues including endocrine glands such as thyroid. Iodine deficiency remains the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism worldwide. Fluoride and iodine are both halogens. Fluoride, the negative ion of the element fluorine, easily displaces iodine in the body because it is much lighter and therefore more reactive. Few studies have reported no relationship between serum fluoride levels and thyroid disorders, while others have reported decreased serum thyroid hormone levels are associated with increased fluoride levels in hypothyroidism. Goiter and hypothyroidism are known to be caused by iodine deficiency. However, it has also been found to occur in areas where there are adequate supplies of iodine, but where there is an excess fluoride in the water. The present study was conducted to assess the fluoride status in newly diagnosed cases of hypothyroidism. Aims & objectives 1) To assess the fluoride status in the patients of hypothyroidism and healthy controls. 2) To correlate the fluoride status with the severity of hypothyroidism. Material & Methods: The present study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry in collaboration with Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak. Fifty newly diagnosed patients with hypothyroidism in the age group 20-55 years and fifty age and sex matched healthy controls were taken in the study. Fasting venous blood samples were collected from cases and controls for routine biochemical, hormone analysis and fluoride estimation after obtaining informed written consent and complete history. Results: Mean water fluoride level of cases was 2.308 ± 0.282 ppm (Mean ± SE) and of controls was 1.659 ± 0.183 ppm and found to be statistically significant. Mean value of serum fluoride levels in study group was 0.234 ± 0.023ppm and of controls was 0.058 ± 0.007ppm and found to be statistically significant. Mean urine fluoride level of cases was 2.359 ± 0.146 ppm and of controls was 1.577 ± 0.166 ppm and found to be statistically significant. TSH in the study group (20.924 ± 2.398) and control group (2.817 ± 0.186) were compared and found to be statistically significant. Discussion & Conclusion- In the present study the serum & urinary fluoride levels in the study & control groups indicate the likelihood of fluoride ingestion from food & other sources is apparently, like dental products, cosmetics etc. It is evident in consistent with the findings of reported studies that analysis of fluoride in body fluids besides drinking water is highly relevant & necessary for understanding & prevention of potential health implications like hypothyroidism seen in endemic areas.

In present work an attempt has been made to assess the variations in physico-chemical parameters in the lake waters of Pedda Cheruvu lake Dubbak, Siddipet District, Telangana state. The study is carried out for a period of one year from may 2015 to April 2016. Monthly data has been collected and assessed seasonally. Different Physico-Chemical parameters like Air Temperature, Water Temperature, Turbidity, pH, DO, Calcium, Magnesium, Chlorine, Phosphates, Nitrates, Nitrites, Sulphates and Silicates were analyzed at monthly intervals. The results indicate that the lake is progressing towards eutrophication.

Background: Recently, Acinetobacter has emerged as significant hospital pathogen, notoriously known to acquire antibiotic resistance to most of the commonly prescribed antimicrobials. Many risk factors are associated with Acinetobacter infections, especially in patients in intensive care unit (ICU). The aim of this study was to isolate Acinetobacter species from clinical specimens and its antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Material and Methods: Identification of Acinetobacter spp. was done by the battery of biochemical tests and its antimicrobial sensitivity was done according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines (CLSI). Results: Among the 158 isolates, 25 Acinetobacter strains (15.8%) were isolated mainly from the respiratory samples 24(96%) and only one (4%) isolate was from pus. Majority of Acinetobacter strains was isolated from male patients 19 (76%). Among the Acinetobacter spp. isolated, 44% were sensitive to Imipenem, 32% for Amikacin, 20% for Ceftazidime, 12% for Gentamycin, 4% for Cotrimoxazole and Piperacillin-Tazobactam. All the isolates showed 100% resistance for Ampicillin and Cefazolin. Conclusion: Nosocomial infection caused by Acinetobacter spp. was resistant to most antimicrobials have emerged, especially in ICU. Early identification and continued surveillance of prevalent organism will help in preventing the spread of Acinetobacter in hospital environment.

A study was undertaken to survey the prevalence of viral diseases of poultry in Mizoram during March 2013 to February 2014. Out of 476 poultry carcasses examined, 208 (43.69%) cases were diagnosed as viral diseases. Only 10 cases of infectious laryngotracheitis (2.10%) could be diagnosed basing on the clinical history, gross and histopathology, which were found to affect the birds older than 3 weeks with higher incidences (40.00%) in 3-6 and 6-9 weeks followed by 9-12 weeks of age (20.00%) with morbidity and mortality rates of 20-40% and 2-5% respectively. All the incidences were found in winter season only, not in summer and rainy seasons. The characteristic signs recorded during the study included conjunctivitis, ocular discharge, mouth breathing, gasping, respiratory rales and coughing of blood, while some birds showed great respiratory distress by extending their neck with prolong difficult inspiration through wide open beak, expectoration of bloody mucus and high mortality while some exhibited mucoid tracheitis, sinusitis, unthriftiness and low mortality. The significant gross lesions were mucoid tracheitis, laryngitis and severe hemorrhages in the trachea which was filled with mucus mixed with blood leading to obstruction. Most striking microscopic changes were severe congestion and hemorrhages of the tracheal mucosa which showed the presence of several syncytial cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies in the epithelium, while sections revealed complete desquamation of tracheal mucosa with infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells.

Phosphorus (P) is one of the major essential macronutrients for plants and is applied to soil in the form of chemical P fertilizer, however the synthesis of chemical P fertilizer is a highly energy intensive processes, and has long term implications on the environment in terms of eutrophication, soil fertility depletion, destruction of micro-organisms and carbon footprint. Plants can use only a small amount of applied P, since 75–90% of added P is precipitated by metal–cation complexes, and rapidly becomes fixed in soils. Such environmental concerns have led to the search for sustainable way to provide P nutrition to crops. In this regards, phosphate solubilizing microorganism have been seen as best ecofriendly tools to generate solubilized P for plants, provide resistance against plant pathogens and stimulating the production of essential phytohormones. However, their performance under in situ conditions is not reliable and therefore needs to be improved by using either genetically modified strains or co-inoculation techniques. In recent years, several phosphatases encoding genes have been cloned and characterized which prove to be the excellent for plant growth. Therefore, genetic modification of phosphate solubilizing bacteria includes gene cloning, followed by their expression in selected rhizobacterial strains is an interesting approach. Besides phosphate solubilizing activity of microorganisms, this review article focuses on diversity of PSM, mechanism behind P solubilization, genes involved in phosphate solubilization, co-inoculation of PSB with other microbes. In addition, it also describes possible future scenario of their use.

In this study, chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized from chitosan polymer by ionic gelation method. The chitin was first extracted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and then deacetylated to chitosan. The presence and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles was investigated by UV-Visible Spectroscopy (UV) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antioxidant property of these chitosan nanoparticles were studied and compare with that chitosan polymer. CSNPs showed higher antioxidant activity than chitosan. The cytotoxicity of this chitosan nanoparticles against CHO cell line were studied which showing very low toxic. The antioxidant property was studied by radical scavenging (DPPH) assay and cytotoxic activity was evaluated against A-431 osteosarcoma cell line by MTT assay. The characteristics of the synthesized nanoparticles suggest their application as a potential Antioxidant and Cytotoxic activity.

Introduction: Edible wild plants are nature’s gift to mankind. Considering the growing need to identify alternative bio-nutritional sources, Solanum trilobatum (L.) of the family Solanaceae was evaluated as wild edible fruit to study their nutritive and mineral composition in order to prioritize their edibility for indigenous people. Materials and Methods: The major proximal components (moisture, ash, lipids, proteins, fibers and carbohydrates) were determined by standard AOAC methods and the concentration of various minerals (Na, K, Mg and Ca) and trace elements (Fe and Zn) were recorded by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: Our results indicated a range of moisture contents from 80 ± 0.56 g/100g (fresh weight basis); protein 5.5 ± 0.89 g/100g (fresh weight basis); carbohydrates 25 ± 0.78g/100g and fiber 3.3 ± 0.55g/100g. The highest levels of Mg((194 ± 0.07) mg/100g), Ca((60 ± 0.42) mg/100g) and Na((28 ± 0.11) mg/100g) and lowest levels in potassium ((0.73 ± 0.04) mg/100g), Iron ((0.34 ± 0.08) mg/100g) and phosphorus ((0.02 ± 0.01) mg/100g) and the basic detect level of Fe. Conclusion: According to our results, Solanum trilobatum is recommended for commercial-scale production for the pharmaceutical industry to overcome medicinal crises as they are potential medicinal sources and its contain moderate nutrient profiles.

Background – Pregnant women are at higher risk of urinary tract infections. Urinary tract infections are most commonly occurring infections in pregnancy leading to multiple complications. Asymptomatic bacteriuria is commonly occurring condition in pregnancy. Material and Methods - A total of 200 antenatal women in their first, second or third trimesters were screened over a period of 1 year, for asymptomatic bacteriuria by collecting 20 ml of clean catched mid stream urine samples. The samples were processed in microbiology laboratory as per standard methods and antibiotic sensitivity was done as per CLSI guidelines. 4 screening tests – Gram staining, pus cell counting, catalase test and Greiss nitrite test were done and the sample that gave a positive result was subjected to standard loop method (semi quantitative) and pour plate method (quantitative), for confirmation. Results - Out of 200 cases, 29 were culture positive. A control group of 50 non-pregnant women, both married and unmarried were screened simultaneously. The control group yielded an overall positivity of 6% (8% in married non-pregnant women and 4% in unmarried women). Primigravida had the highest percent culture positivity of 55.1%. E.coli was the most common organism isolated. The organisms were in general sensitive to norfloxacin and cephalexin. Conclusion – Standard loop method was found to be best semi-quantitative method for diagnosis of asymptomatic bacteremia. There was satisfactory agreement between standard loop method and pour plate method. Primigravida had highest incidence of significant bacteriuria.

In this work, the piezoelectric response of modified asphalt design that can significantly solve damage that arises from overloading and high traffic load effects during the service-life were studied. The piezoelectric response of standard and modified binder with 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% of kaolin and hydrated lime content have been studied using voltmeter and Marshall compressive test machine. The results showed that the addition of kaolin and hydrated lime induces the piezoelectric response compared to the standard asphalt mixture. Various types of loadings have been considered throughout this study. It was determined that the type of modifier and applied load have an effect on the result of piezoelectric response on the surface and within an asphalt pavement structure. Also the result showed that modification of bitumen by kaolin and hydrated lime enhances its performance characteristics as well as significantly alters its rheological properties. The rheological studies on kaolin and hydrated lime modified bitumen were made through penetration test. It was observed that kaolin and hydrated lime showed an effect on penetration. Better results were obtained when hydrated lime concentration was at 15%. The mechanical properties of the standard asphalt mixture and modified asphalt mixture with kaolin and hydrated lime were evaluated using Marshall immersion test. This study showed that the effect of kaolin and hydrated lime modifiers with 5%,10% and 15% of modifier satisfy the minimum Ethiopia road authority acceptance criteria of air voids(except at 5%,10% hydrated lime and kaolin content respectively), void mineral aggregate, void filled with asphalt and Marshall stability butflow value do not meet Ethiopia RoadAuthority acceptance criteria.

In this paper, we present some fixed point theorems with best approximation flavor. Our results generalize the results of (8) by relaxing the compactness condition of the set X. The original result in this direction was due to (1) for a continuous map defined on a compact convex set.

Due to increase of the cyber threats, we have made cyber security paramount for protecting personal and private information to get move secure network in the real time information, we have to provide the most highly secure network environment, network traffic monitoring and the most important threats detection system that is varied from the enterprise networks. In this paper we have concept for the issue of handling the large amount of network traffic data for the enterprise system it can simultaneously provide real time monitoring. Basically we introduced and evaluated on threat detection which is highly intensive network traffic for real time and we utilizes K-ANN (Kohonen Artificial Neural Network) algorithm detection of abnormal network activities. Remote device which is directly connect seed to server and has authority to monitoring and modifying the network activity. To avoid all the above problems we can set up WLAN with the serves machine which can handle and monitor the LAN network.

Odor pollution in the environment will be considered, together with its sources and smattering, the physical and chemical properties of odor, odor emission regulations in selected countries, odor control technologies as well as the state-of-the-art instrumentation and technology that are necessary to monitor odor, e.g., chemical sensors, olfactometry, gas chromatography, and electronic noses. With today’s increasing levels of progress, residential areas are predictably built closer to odour generating facilities pharmaceuticals industries and chemical industrial plants. Odour measurements, which provide important information in the planning of the plants and odour treatment facilities, are needed to underpin the numerous decisions that will have to be made to reduce odour nuisance. An odour emission regularly consists of a multifarious mixture of many odorous composites. Analytical monitoring of individual chemical compounds present in such odour is usually not practical. As a result, odour sensory methods, in its place of instrumental methods, are normally used to measure such odour. Odour sensory methods are available to monitor odour both from source emissions and in the ambient air. These two different situations require different methodologies for measuring odour. Thus the sensitivity of the odour sensory method must be significantly greater for measuring ambient odour than for source odour emissions. For known compounds, the Odourstrong point can be steadfastly estimated by measuring the awareness of the chemical, while, for mixtures of unknown substances, sensory method is preferred. It consists of a sensor which is used to detect the presence of gases namely ammonia and hydrogen sulphide. As this is a daily activity, the sensors are also used to monitor them regularly for a better health. The main advantage of our model is that the sensor does a regular act in monitoring them from their daily activities. This paper describes the arduinouno based odor sensory measurement system used in kurkumbh industrial area.

Quality of service (QoS) is a key issue of today's IP systems. Numerous structures have been proposed to give benefit separation in the Internet. In the meantime, the Internet is ending up noticeably more heterogeneous because of the current blast of remote systems. In remote situations, data transfer capacity is rare and channel conditions are time-fluctuating and now and then profoundly loss. Numerous past research works demonstrate that what functions admirably in a wired system can't be specifically connected in the remote condition. In spite of the fact that IEEE 802.11 remote LAN (WLAN) is the most generally utilized WLAN standard today, it can't give QoS support to the expanding number of sight and sound applications. Subsequently, countless QoS improvement plans have been proposed, every one concentrating on a specific mode. This paper surveys various works on 802.11 protocols and exhibits a study of flow research exercises. Initially, we break down the QoS restrictions of IEEE 802.11 remote MAC layers. At that point, diverse QoS upgrade methods proposed for 802.11 WLAN are depicted and characterized alongside their preferences/disadvantages. At last, the up and coming IEEE 802.11e QoS upgrade standard is presented and examined in detail.

Back propagation Algorithm is a technique to train Artificial Neural Networks to calculate the gradient of the error function with respect to all the weights. This gradient is then used to update the weights to reduce the error function (https://mattmazur.com/2015/03/17/a-step-by-step back propagation-example/). Back propagation Algorithm is a supervised learning approach in neural networks. Open MP is a model used for parallel programming to improve efficiency and time. It is used to produce more efficient neural networks. This technique executes the algorithm in parallel. This paper summarizes the basic Back propagation Algorithm and measures the time of execution of the serial code. It is then compared with the time of execution of parallel code. Also various methods like code profiling, code optimization are being used. Also, the need to perform benchmarking is required to check the relative performance of the program on different system architectures.

Testing of Software is an important phase in the SDLC. This phase not only help to check the quality of the software. This process of testing is divided in two categories, one is Model Based technique and other is code driven testing. Code driven testing is based on the testing complete code (each and every line). Code driven testing is based on a data flow and control flow that is flow is sequential. In model, based testing approach focus is on executable module not on every line of code; reason of this approach is to support third party components, APIs, modules. One need not to be expert in all domains, the tester will concentrate on the functionality of individual component not on the details of a code used in that component. In this paper the combination of extended finite state machine and sequence diagram is discussed.

The conditions and applications of Newton's theorem

Nitrogen oxides are major pollutants in the atmosphere, being a precursor to acid rain, photochemical smog, and ozone accumulation. Measurements of NO2 and meteorological parameters (temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed) data over a period of two years (October 2014– September 2016) have been utilized to evaluate the NO2 concentration levels over the area Ashok Pillar, Chennai. It is a steamy site which is situated at 13°08′N and 80°27′E on the southeast coast of India. The Diurnal, Seasonal and Annual pattern of NO2 values over the study period has also been analyzed. The monthly variation of meteorological parameters shows little changes as it is being a coastal site. The changes in the No2 level have been mostly influenced by the traffic intensity.

Optimizing matriculation collection is a responsibility of every higher education institution. This study was conducted to optimize matriculation collection through scheduling parameters of Jose Rizal Memorial State University System, school year 2016 – 2017. Descriptive survey method of research was used with the aid of questionnaire checklist which was administered to 360 students, 167 teachers, and 12 tellers in which collected data were treated via frequency count, percent, and Chi-Square test. Finding revealed that the university carried out various matriculation collection practices for allowing students meet their fee obligations which in turn registered huge amount of receivables. Further, payment of Php 500 upon registration and three equal installments of the remaining each of which shall be paid during the conduct of the preliminary, midterm and final examinations was preferred to optimize matriculation collection. However, this requires that the university should develop a policy standard to strongly support the matriculation collection procedures and scheduling parameters of the university. As the economic langscape continues to change, it has become increasingly important that those responsible for the administration of public funds in the university develop processess through which funds are appropriately collected and managed.

The main objective of this study was to investigate teacher’s awareness about multicultural education. To give a response for this objective, 120 Dire Dawa Administration preparatory teachers´ were selected by non-probability sampling method, particularly purposive sampling technique. From these participants, the data was collected by a five point likert scale questionnaire (Validity of the questionnaire as well as clarity of language was checked by multicultural experts and its reliability was calculated using cronbach alpha 0.78). After that, the collected data was analyzed by descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (simple t-test and independent t-test) statistics. The analyzed data showed that the participants have high level of awareness about multicultural education. Both females’ and males’ teachers have similar and high level of awareness about multicultural education, but well experienced teachers have more awareness than less experienced once. So, we recommended that teachers’ awareness in multicultural education there will be helping them to implement culturally sensitive strategies and content to ensure equitable opportunities for academic success if necessary.

In this paper, the factors affecting technical efficiency of tobacco farmers in Tanzania are examined. Tanzania is the third biggest producer of tobacco in Africa, after Zimbabwe and Malawi. About 0.08 percent of Tanzania’s land (about 34,000 hectares) is allocated for growing tobacco. More so, Tanzania has great potential in tobacco production and it is one of the countries that is expected to dominate the African continent in terms of foreign exchange earnings. Using a stochastic frontier model (SFM) proposed by Battese and Coelli (1995), the paper estimates the levels of technical efficiency of 200 tobacco farmers using the maximum-likelihood method. The data used for the study were obtained from the Tobacco Control Policy Survey conducted in Tanzania in 2013. The survey was conducted in Sikonge, Uyui and Urambo districts in Tabora region. The districts were chosen to represent potential tobacco growing areas in the country. Results show that smallholder tobacco farmers in Tabora are significantly less efficient. Technical efficiencies of tobacco farmers range from 0.001 to 0.981 with a mean of 0.7162. In addition, farmers’ characteristics such as age, primary level of education, keeping large family sizes, air breath during tobacco curling, extension agent’s advice and distance to farm land are the major socioeconomic variables influencing farmers’ efficiency.

This research paper examines the rising development in urban social infrastructure in MMR (Mumbai metropolitan region), India. Contrasting the other planned metropolis of India, MMR was distinctively built as a planned transference of a huge urban city. The study centres on explaining the urban social infrastructure of this specific case study. An urban social infrastructure reflects the social attributes of the urban setting. In the instance of MMR, the government had a social agenda to encourage a social form based on socioeconomic division rather than an cultural one. Investigation of the data gives an insight to the result of this social agenda, and presents a basis to frame new ones. The study includes a broad review of secondary source data to create the speculative framework for the research. The review also involves an extensive inspection of the past, present and future of the whole MMR (Mumbai metropolitan region) to better understand the whole context of urban morphology and social infrastructure as a whole and also there effects, pros and cons. The research puts forth a study that explains the social infrastructure of MMR by social area investigation using variables, which are found from social aspects of any big city and native/radical factors of Indian settlements. The study depends not only on form and space analysis but also on understanding of local conditions. As the local conditions of working, living, the geographical factors all widely affect the social infrastructure of the city. This research lays the understanding of the rising social patterns in in developing cities.

Sustainable development goal number five aims to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. Kamunge report recommends that schools and universities provide guidance to university applicants to enable them make right choices. The purpose of the study was to explore the correlation between career guidance and career choice among girls in secondary schools in VihigaCounty. For effective career guidance to take place, there ought to be adequate structures, facilities and personell. Hence, the objective of the study was to assess the impact of availability of structures for career guidance on performance and careerchoices of girls in secondary schools in VihigaCounty, Kenya. The study embraced a mixed methods approach. It targeted 4,628 form four girls of 2012 in mixed and girls’ secondary schools in Vihiga County. 30 schools were selected by stratified sampling using the 4 constituencies as strata. Purposive sampling was used to select 30 principals, 30 career guidance teachers, 4 district quality assurance officers and one county director of education. Data was collected using questionnaires, content analysis and interview schedules. Quantitative data was analyzed using frequencies, means, standard deviations, Pearson’s product moment correlation, t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. For all statistical tests, the alpha (significance) level was set at .05. The result of the analysis indicated that there was a statistically significant correlation among the students’ perception on structure for career guidance and counseling on academic performance and career choice, r = 0.513, p< 0.05, teachers’ perception on guidance and counseling structures’ effect on academic performance and subsequent career choice, t(58) = 2.035, p < .05. The study found out that schools that were better equipped and staffed for career guidance performed better and sent more students to public universities who got admission into a variety of careers than those that were not. The study concluded that career guidance is an essential component yet many schools are not adequately funded, equipped and staffed for it. It recommends that all schools be adequately funded, equipped with structures for a career guidance department separate from the guidance and counseling department. The study has practical implications for the ministry of education and school administrators to revamp career guidance and demystify careers for the girl child. The findings will help in achievement of SDG number five and consequently goals 1,2,3,4 and 8.

This paper aims at comparing two great authors of American fiction, John Steinbeck and Francis Scott Fitzgerald. Both authors have similar and different to express the stories. Steinbeck has social background in Southern America among villagers, gardeners, fishermen, labors, and domestic life. He noticed the Indian’s struggle against the existing immigrants to overcome the economic and social condition in Gulf California, La Paz. It was documented in novel The Pearl (1947). He also wrote Travels With Charley (1962) which reflected him and motherland. On the other hand, Fitzgerald lived in metropolitan city by jazz age, glamour, parties, white collar, and public life. He expressed the social situation of biggest cities in America and Europe such as New York, California, Paris, Rome, and London, which described in novel The Great Gatsby (1925) and Tender Is The Night (1934). The writer of this paper used Genetic Structuralism Approach. It considered that the literary works as social product related to author’s background and social reality at the time and situation currently. As the social product, literary works appeared theme from issues flourished among society, namely social criticism. The data of fictional story, author’s background, and social reality were collected by using the Llibrary Study and analyzed in descriptive method. Data analysis also supported by theory of the Comparative Literature to describe the selected stories of Steinbeck and Fitzgerald. The writer in comparing the literary works of John Steinbeck and Francis Scott Fitzgerald identifies similarities and differences them. Those similarities are the fictional stories are real and natural, the plot of forward, authors’ personality strong reflect into the story, both authors have a strong sensitivity to the social reality, and authors honestly describe the social life of American people. The differences are at least five aspects, including characters of story, physical background of story, theme of story, social facts of American, imagination and authors’ background.

Burkina Faso’s protected areas are under pressure from human activities, in particular agricultural expansion. In addition to the effects of climate change which are a major cause of land cover modifications. Together, these factors causes the loss of biodiversity in protected areas. The main objective of this study is to analyze changes in the spatial structure of the Deux Balé National Park, Burkina Faso. Land cover maps of the park for the years 1986 and 2016 were used for the calculation of the landscape indices and the transition matrix approach allowed to better quantifying the changes in the landscape of the park. The results reveal three processes of change, including i) the fragmentation of tree savannahs, ii) the creation of new shrub savannahs patches, anthropogenic zones, bare soils and water bodies and iii) the removal of gallery forests. The processes of fragmentation and suppression of classes comprising tree cover are mainly related to human activities. This is a danger to the conservation of biodiversity in this park if no corrective measures are taken to reverse the trend.

The extremely importance comes through promotion decisions which it is relating to public officials and its impact on society, especially the high category of employees to whom these decisions belong in the public profession. Promotion of personnel is one of the advantages of public profession. It motivates the souls and performance is better than positively reflected on management through proper management and regularity. Also on the individuals and employees through financial promotion and salary increment.

The research deals with five different urban centres in Istanbul where high-rise housing has been increasing dramatically since the 2000s. Therefore, the research regards the multi-centred urban residential model being created by high-rise housing structures in the urban tissue. In the framework of the research hypothesis, it is aimed to prove that the character of vertical dense structuring in Istanbul is based on differentiation, form and image making in the expressive quality. The site analysis is realised with the help of the Sign model of Charles Sanders Peirce. The high-rise buildings have been analysed in the context of icon-index-symbol sign parameters, questioning the search for differentiation, form and image.

System of Transport and conveyance constitutes an amazing chapter in the economic history of Odisha. No study on the economic history of Odisha can be completed without the reference of the means of transport and conveyance. Hence, an attempt has been made in this paper to discuss various means of transport and conveyance in medieval Odisha.

The objective of this work was to determine the structural components and the forage supply in ryegrass pastures managed at different heights. A randomized block design with four grazing heights (5, 10, 15, and 20 cm) and one with the absence of grazing (30 cm) was adopted. Four repetitions were carried out, totaling 20 experimental units. Sixty days after the emergence of ryegrass cv. Estanzuela 284, grazing began with the use of four sheep testers, grazing for 45 days. Subsequently the sampling was performed, and the material was separated into fractions of dead material, leaves and stems+ sheaths. Dry matter production increased linearly in response to grazing heights with an increase of 399.76 kg ha-1 for each centimeter increase in pasture management height. However, the increase in management heights also caused a linear increase in litter deposition. For each centimeter of increase in the management height, a deposition of 62.96 kg ha-1 of litter was verified. The leaf/stem ratio presented a quadratic behavior in response to the increase in pasture management heights, so that the lowest leaf/stem ratio was observed at the estimated grazing height of 15.6 cm. The study showed that the higher the pasture height, the higher the dry matter yield, the greater the availability of forage, and consequently the better the animal performance.

The occurrence of barite mineralization in both the sedimentary and basement rocks in Cross River State shows a genetic linkage in relations to source of the metal for fluids that drain the basements. This agrees with current opinion based on isotopic and fluid inclusion data obtained by previous workers who on the basis of observed strontium data, Pb isotope composition of galena and rare earth element patterns in fluorite suggested that the basement rocks in the Benue trough or their weathered equivalents are likely sources of metal for mineralizing fluids in the Benue trough. The gentle dip of the basement rocks are believed to have generated slow migration of the fluids, a condition that is necessary to prevent quick flushing thereby allowing adequate time for enough leaching of barium from the basement rocks to form the barite deposits. The NE-SW trend of the barite veins, the identified sinistral faults as well as the fact that the barites that are associated with wall rock alteration usually display well developed crystal habits are suggestive that the barite mineralization is structurally controlled. Ore fluid formation from juvenile and circulating connate brines have been proposed for the formation of the barite deposits in Cross River State and indeed in Nigeria.