September 2019

Central venous cannulation (CVC) is an invasive procedure that is considered as a minor surgery requiring local anaesthesia. It can be also used where placement of peripheral IV cannula is difficult. Even though such catheters supply essential vascular access. Employment of these catheter takes patient into the risk of local and systemic infection complications including local site infection, catheter related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs), septic thrombophlebitis, endocarditis, and other metastatic infections.The infection caused by CVC is colligated with increased morbidity, mortality, duration of hospitalization and medical costs. To prevent catheter related bloodstream infectionsuse of antiseptic solutions for catheter insertion is used to dis-infect the skin. Povidone-iodine solution is the most frequently used agent for CVC. In some countries chlorhexidine is more used than povidone-iodine and is available in different formulations (0.5 - 4%) and can be taken single or in combined with other products like alcohol & cetrimide.

This paper lays focus on the fictional forte of Manohar Malgonkar and Khushwant Singh, with an emphasis on the communal riots between Hindus and Muslims, as it becomes unbearable and unforgettable for them as Indo-Anglian writers, and to the extent, they both converted contemporary history into literary creations by artistically depicting the impact of the partition that began to cast its shadow of communal disharmony and violence.

Proper utilization of partograph contributes to reduction of maternal deaths during labor. This cross-sectional study was designed to assess the magnitude of utilization of parthograph and factors associated with its utilization among obstetric caregivers in public health institutions of Buno-Bedele Zone, South Western Ethiopia from February- March 2017. The data in this study was collected using Key informant face to face interview and structured questionares among the samples of 362 obstetric care givers. Logistic regressions analysis was carried out to assess associations of independent variables with the outcome variable. Reported magnitude of partograph utilization reveals 32.2%, participant Working department, level of education, in-service training and knowledge on parthograph utilization (AOR=0.102, 95% CI 0.037,0.279), (AOR= 0.272, 95% CI 0.137,0.540), (AOR=1.943, 95% CI 0.858,4.401), (AOR=. 150 95% CI. 065, 0.345) were significantly associated with partograph utilization respectively. Reported partograph utilization in the area was low, despite the recognition of high maternal mortality as a major public health issue in the study area. Pre-service and on job training on partograph use, continuous monitoring, supervision and staff motivation could improve the utilization of the tool.

For the patient facing the loss of all his/her remaining natural teeth, there are three treatment options. One is for the patient to have all remaining teeth extracted and wait for 6–8 weeks for the extraction sites to heal. The conventional complete denture is made following healing, leaving the patient without teeth not only during the healing phase but also during the time required for the fabrication of the conventional complete denture. A second option is to convert an existing removable partial denture into an interim immediate complete denture. A third option is to make a conventional immediate complete denture. The aim of this clinical case report is to describe the procedure involved in the fabrication of interim immediate denture in a patient with hopeless periodontally compromised existing natural dentition.

Three natural flavor and fragrance compounds, n-butyl cinnamate, benzyl cinnamate, and benzyl cinnamate, were evaluated for toxicity and repellency against mosquitoes and ticks in this study. n-Butyl cinnamate showed the highest level of toxicity among the tested cinnamates with LC50value of 7 ppm followed by benzyl cinnamate (LC50= 8.4 ppm) and phenethyl cinnamate (LC50= 10.3 ppm) against 1-d old Aedes aegypti larvae. In Klun & Debboun (K&D) biting deterrence bioassay, these three compounds showed biting deterrent activity above the solvent control. n-Butyl cinnamate and benzyl cinnamate with proportion not biting (PNB) values of 0.8 and 0.74, respectively, were similar to DEET while the activity of phenethyl cinnamate was lower than DEET and the other compounds at a rate of 25 nmol/cm2. In Ali and Khan (A&K) bioassay, n-butyl cinnamate was active at the lowest dose of 5.9 µg/cm2 followed by DEET and benzyl cinnamate that were active at 11.7 µg/cm2 whereas phenethyl cinnamate did not show repellent activity at the highest dose of 93.7 µg/cm2. Based on repellency data, n-butyl cinnamate was tested for residual repellency. Both DEET and n-butyl cinnamate were within the limits of the minimum effective dose (MED) up to 120 min at a dose of 23 .4 µg/cm2. At 11.7 µg/cm2, DEET crossed MED threshold after 30 min whereas n-butyl cinnamate was active up to 120 min. In tick bioassays, the repellent activity of n-butyl cinnamate at the concentration of 2.5% was similar to DEET at 1.25%. n-butyl cinnamate demonstrated reasonably good concentration-repellency response. In contrast, benzyl cinnamate did not demonstrate significant repellency when compared to DEET at the highest dose of 5%. High residual repellency of n-butyl cinnamate indicated its potential to be used as mosquito repellent.

Introduction: Cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases around the world. According to recent reports by World Health Organization (WHO), the incidence of cancer will increase in future decades. In fact, this condition is expected to be the second most common cause of mortality. Hazardous drugs have been used for many years in cancer treatment. Nursing personnel have a major responsibility in ensuring safe handling of chemotherapeutic agents. This study was undertaken to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding safe handling of chemotherapeutic drugs among nursing personnel in tertiary care hospital, India. Aim: The aim is to assess the practices regarding safe handling of chemotherapeutic drugs among nursing personnel. Material and Methods: - Non-experimental descriptive approach was used. Through convenient sampling, 60 subjects were selected. Self reporting practices rating scale to assess was used to assess practices. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and ANOVA /t- tests were used to analysis data. Results: - The result revealed that the majority of nursing personnel (51.7%) had average practices regarding safe handling of chemotherapeutic drugs. The statistically highly significant association was found between practices regarding safe handling of chemotherapeutic drugs and oncology work experience of nursing personnel, and challenge in safe handling of chemotherapeutic drugs. Conclusion: - The results of the present study reveal that there were average practices regarding safe handling of chemotherapeutic drugs among nursing personnel of tertiary care hospital, India.

The increasing world demand for cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) nuts and by-products generates rapid expansion of cashew cultivation across West-African countries especially in Cote d’Ivoire. This has created wealth for many smallholders. This is not to mention the pressure on forest-savanna transition zone. The aim of this study is to contribute to a better management of rural land by investigating the spatial trends of cashew production and assessing the natural vegetation vulnerability to future cashew expansion in the forest-savanna transition zone. A spatial dynamics of land use were analysed from 2001 to 2015 at a watershed level based on remote sensing-based classification and post-classification change detection. GIS and multicriteria analysis were used to analyse the natural vegetations’ vulnerability to future cashew expansion. The results identified cashew expansion (a rate of 7.24% per annum for the periods 2001-2015) as a major land use changes. From 2001 to 2015, more than 13305 ha (i.e. 19%) and 22539 ha (i.e. 33%) of forest/woodland and savanna areas respectively were converted to cashew plantations. Natural vegetation vulnerability to future cashew expansion was in the descending order of forest/woodland (21.43%), tree savanna (11.87%) and tree/shrub savanna (8.27%). This implies that cashew expansion is of higher threat to more woody vegetation which has serious implication in terms of conservation and carbon emissions. There is therefore a need for a more sustainable management approach to cashew agriculture practices to ensure optimum production for farmers, while conserving the forest-savanna ecosystem.

Background: Urinary bladder injury is one of the most common operative morbidities of cesarean section. Bladder invasion with morbidly adherent placenta occurs rarely but can cause significant morbidity and mortality both for mother and fetus. Multiple management strategies have been mentioned in literature varying from conservative to radical approaches depending upon many factors as the degree of placental invasion. Objectives: this study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of lateral approach technique through the broad ligament to avoid bladder injury during cesarean section in cases with morbidly adherent placenta. Methods: This is a prospective observational cohort study was conducted on Obstetrics and Gynecology department at Menoufia university hospital, Menoufia governorate, Egypt where 200women with placenta accrete and history of at least one Previous cesarean section allocated into two groups ,Group 1: included 100 patients while the bladder was dissected from the uterus by lateral approach technique and Group 2: included 100 patients while the bladder was dissected from the uterus by classical central approach . Incidence of intraoperative bladder, ureteric injury and caesarian hysterectomy were considered primary outcome measures where operative time, maternal morbidity and mortality, intraoperative blood loss, duration of hospital stay and late urological complications as genitourinary fistula were considered secondary outcome measures. The data analyzed by SPSS 22. Results: The overall incidence of urinary tract injury, urinary bladder injury, longer operation time , estimated blood loss, number of unit blood and plasma transfusion , Postoperative hospital stay, intensive care unit admission, Postoperative fever surgical site infection and Paralytic ileus were significantly higher in group 2 than group 1. Cesarean hysterectomy was highly significantly higher in group 2 (p- value <0.001). Conclusion: Lateral approach technique of bladder dissection was very effective in preventing maternal Obstetrics and urological morbidities during cesarean section in placenta accrete.

Ayurveda is one of the primeval medical science among the world. It narrates conceptual study of different diseases with reference to its principles and postulates. Sthoulya (Obesity) is described by different acharyas in the classics, whereas Charakacharya acknowledged Sthoulya as “ Astau Nindita Purusha “ and one of “ Santarpana Janya Vikaras “. Charakcharya while enlisting Astau ninditha Purusha he emphasized in detail regarding Atisthoola and Atikrusha, wherein Atisthoola being considered to be hardship among them due to its Samprapti, Bahudoshaavastha, complications and longstanding therapy. Sthoulya is such a disease where it’s becoming stepping stone for many hazardous like DM, HTN, Ischaemic disease and Psychological disorders. The mortality and morbidity rates are high in the obese people. Ayurveda Chikitsa greatly emphasize on removal of Nidana of the diseases and restoration of Doshic equilibrium. There are two chief segments in Ayurveda Shodhana Therapy viz. Bahya and Abhyantara. Abhyantara Shodana includes Panchakarma, whereas Udvartana is included under Bahyashodhana. Udvartana being suggested remedy for Sthoulya and have good efficacy over Sthoulya, so choosen for present study. Hence an attempt was made to assess the efficacy of Vachaharidradi Gana as Udvartana in Sthoulya. It’s an open randomised clinical study with the pretest and post-test designs, where minimum of 30 patients suffering from Sthoulya were selected and executed for clinical trials. There were significant changes seen in the parameters like BMI, Body Circumference, Weight.

Reading skill is essential tool for the student’s community to enhance their ability and comprehend the content. The researcher planned to assess the reading habit of English department graduate students to find the level of assigned reading habit during their course and leisure reading habits. The developed questionnaire was administrated to the students and data were analyzed. The result reveals that most of students had adopted the assigned reading habits during their course of study effectively and leisure reading had supported for them to improve their knowledge, vocabulary, pronunciation. . So the researcher conclude that to acquire various type of reading habits will enrich their knowledge and help the students to bring their potential and exposed more in English language throughout their carrier.

Bacillus thuringiensis is a spore forming gram positive bacteria that have a number of different chemical compounds which are used for different types of insecticidal purposes. Though other various species of Bacillus are used for insecticidal purpose the effect on mammalian system has not been elaborated till now. In our study we observed some adverse effects of the cry toxins on the mammalian tissues i.e. specifically in the renal and hepatic tissues. The renal tissues and the hepatic tissues are the markers of toxin excretion and accumulation in physiological systems. Some results show no significant differences at all while some showed potent differences. Our study in brief reflects the different biochemical and histological changes that occurred by Bt Cry proteins in daily diet to the group of animals for observing the toxicological effects of the said insecticidal protein.]

Background: Early childhood caries (ECC) is a public health problem due to its impact on children’s health, development and wellbeing. The objective of study was to evaluate parents knowledge, attitude and practices towards the prevention of early childhood caries. A pretested questionnaire with 23 questions was used for collecting information regarding mothers practices regarding feeding and oral hygiene practices. Aim and Objectives: 1. To analyze parents attitude towards prevention of early childhood caries. 2. To evaluate parents Practices towards prevention of early childhood caries. Materials and Methods: A Cross-sectional survey using a Questionnaire consisting of questions addressing knowledge, attitude and practice of early childhood oral heath related factors like oral development, diet, nursing habits, oral hygiene habits, importance of primary teeth. 150 parents of normal healthy children aged below 2-5 years were surveyed. Selection criteria: Inclusion criteria: Parents of normal healthy children aged between 2-5 years who are the primary caretakers of their children. Exclusion criteria: Parents who are not the primary caretakers of the children or who had children with medical problems. Conclusion: The study conducted in Karad reveals that the parents socioeconomic status affects oral hygiene practices. Mothers should be educated about appropriate breast and bottle feeding practices and should also be made aware of prolonged breast feeding, bottle used for sweetened liquids other than milk. Parents should also be educated about oral health issues and risk factors for ECC and its consequences.

Traumatic fibroma and/ or irritation fibroma, is a benign exophyticlesion secondary to tissue injury. It can occur at any soft tissue site exposed to injury or irritation, whereas the tongue, gingiva, buccal mucosa being the most common site of occurrence. Management includes conservative surgical excision of the lesions along with the removal of source of irritation. This case report would highlight about the management of the traumatic fibroma of lower lip in adult male patient with the help of soft tissue laser which was found to be safe, and effective with minimal or no bleeding, and also uneventful healing.

The application of 'health-promoting' bacteria for therapeutic purposes is one of the strongest emerging fields. In medicine, probiotics are used mainly in support therapy for gastro-intestinal diseases. In recent years, probiotics have been used as a treatment to promote oral health. Better knowledge of the ecology and microbiology of the oral cavity has laid to a change in understanding of the oral disease process. Very encouraging studies have come up in the recent past exploring probiotics in the fields of caries, periodontal diseases and few other areas and the results tend to suggest beneficial effects of probiotics on oral health and on the whole body in general. Extensive research to create a probiotic product intended to maintain dental and periodontal health is needed. This article reviews the role of probiotics in oral health.

Introduction: Occupational accidents are common in any area of work, including hospitals. Every year, hundreds and thousands of health care workers are exposed to deadly diseases like HIV and Hepatitis C through needle stick injuries. Objectives: To assess the knowledge on prevention of needle stick injury before and after the skill training program, to determine the effectiveness of skill training program by comparing pre test and post test level of knowledge and to associate the knowledge on prevention of needle stick injury with skill training programme on needle stick injury. Materials and methods: Quasi experimental one group pre and post-test research design was used for the study. 143 B.Sc. nursing students of 1stand 2ndyears were selected as participants by simple random lottery sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge and skill on prevention of needle stick injury. Results: In pre-test 43.4% of the students had inadequate knowledge, 49% showed moderate knowledge and 7.7% had adequate knowledge. After the administration of skill training programme 47.6% had moderate, 52.4% had adequate knowledge, 40.6% had moderate skill and 59.4% had high skill in practicing safe recapping techniques and disposal methods after the skill training program in post test. Conclusion: The skill training programme was an effective mode to create awareness and helps to improve the knowledge and practice of safety measures to prevent needle stick injury among nursing students.

Introduction: The fundamental responsibility of an anesthesiologist is to maintain adequate ventilation / gas exchange during operations. Failure to maintain a patent airway for more than few minutes results in brain hypoxia, damage or death and has medico legal implication also. When a difficult airway is unrecognized before attempting the intubation, the result can be catastrophic because the personnel and necessary equipment needed for specialized tracheal intubation may not be available in such emergent situation. Aims and objectives: To assess the reliability of simple bedside tests to predict difficult endotracheal intubation and to determine if a combination of any of these tests could enhance the sensitivity and specificity in predicting difficult intubation. Material and method: This double blind prospective study was conducted on 100 adult patients who presented for pre-anesthesia checkup in the Department of Anesthesiology, Rama Medical College Hospital and Research Centre NH 24 Pilkhuwa, Hapur. Summary and conclusions: From this study it is concluded that no methods either individual or in combination identifies all the cases of difficult intubation and so the “difficult intubation drill” should always be ready. Amongst the individual tests the best balance of sensitivity and specificity was that of Modified Mallampati Test, Thyromental Distance and Sternomental Distance.

‘Work is Worship’ seems to be gone now a day because of the reason of stress. Stress is an unpleasant state of emotional arousal that people experience in situations that they perceive as dangering or threatening. Occupational stress is stress involved in work. It is the response people may have when presented with work demands and pressures that are not matched to their knowledge and abilities and which challenge their ability to cope. The study mainly focussed on the occupational stress among SBI employees in Nilambur Taluk and various factors leading to cause stress and types of stress. It also discusses the various strategies adopted to overcome the occupational stress.

This study was conducted in order to assess the practices and challenges of teachers’ performance appraisal in the primary schools of Wolaita Zone, Southern Nations, Nationalities and People’s Region. By stating the existing problems the researcher formulated four basic questions. Those are 1, how do current TPA practices implement? 2, to what extent current teachers` performance appraisal practices affect student learning? 3, to what extent current TPA meets purposes? 4, what are factors that affect the implementation of current teachers` performance appraisal? In order to achieve the general objective of the study and the specific objectives of basic questions descriptive survey method was employed. The study was conducted in fifteen government primary schools, four Woreda education offices, one city administrative education office and Zone education department. The primary schools,city administrative and Woreda education offices were selected by simple random sampling techniques. The primary school teachers were selected by systematic sampling while school principals, supervisors, Woreda education offices and Zone education department process owners were selected purposely. The study included 35 principals\viceprincipals, 100 teachers and 6 process owners of the Woreda education offices and Zone education department. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data. The data gathered through questionnaires were analyzed using percentages, mean, standard deviation, and weighted mean Based on the analysis the study portrayed that poor practices implementation, un related practice with students achievement, low related practices with TPA purposes, lack of validity and reliability of performance appraisal criteria, management bias and negative attitudes of teachers were found to be the major factors that affect the teachers’ performance appraisal in the primary schools of Wolaita Zone. In order to improve quality of education qualified teachers were blood vessels. To get qualified teachers it was better to implement proper assessment, critical feedback, different incentives related to students’ achievement and professional development.

An expeditious synthesis of -lactams from benzyl-tethered trichloroacetamides using ruthenium catalysts in toluene under microwave activation was achieved. The new C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond formation takes place through a “Ru”complex promoted activation of a benzylic position in a radical process.

Hinduism and Jainism are the two major religions in India. Both have different doctrines and concepts about spiritual life. And the concept of atman is mentioned a lot in their theories.For example, in Hinduism and Jainism there is the notion of the ordinary soul and the liberated soul. Further, the concept of karma is what that distinguishes the mundane soul from the liberated soul. This is the system of thoughts and practice that safeguard the soul from one life to the next.So in this article I would like to present some of the concepts of atman of Hinduism and Jainism.

Background: Sexual violence is a huge scourge due to its impact on the future lives of victims who are at a high risk of developing sexually transmitted diseases, including human papillomavirus diseases. The purpose of this work is to diagnose and share the different reactions of women victims of sexual violence during the screening process, from awareness to the announcement of the results. Methodology: This is a qualitative and observational survey of the 126 girls and women aged 13 to 54 listed at the City of Joy(Panzi) and in the service of VSV (Victims of sexual violence) of Panzi General Reference Hospital (PGRH) in South Kivu (DRC) andhaving benefited a screening for a period of 9 months, from January to September 2018. Data analysis was done using SPSS statistics software 20. Results: Patients aged less than 15 years represented 9.1% of the population, the tendency to refuse awareness was found in 80% of cases, with a categorical refusal in 20%. Retrograde ideas in terms of organ sales were raised during screening; there was 25% categorical refusal of screening; 4% of patients had their menses a few minutes before screening. We noted an exaggerated fear in the patients before the announcement of the results with a tendency to 80% to the rejection of this one for fear to be declared seropositive. For the negative cases, it was a total euphoria, whereas for the positive cases, which seemed to ask a lot of questions, glimpsed death directly. Conclusion: This study, which is the first in the region to our knowledge, supports the idea that women who have been victims of sexual violence are reluctant to screen for cervical cancer. Sexual violence therefore constitutes an obstacle to the preventive screening of the latters. Clinicians are called upon to know about the impact of sexual violence on victims' lives and to know that they need both physical and psychotherapeutic comfort to overcome their history. We hope that more studies will be done in the region and will provide many other solutions against this torment of victims of sexual violence.

Introduction: Resistance training is also known as strength training. Strength training programmes may include the use of free weights, weight machines, elastic tubing, or body weight. In preadolescents proper resistance training can enhance strength without concomitant muscles hypertrophy. This mechanism helps to explain the strength gained from resistance training in population with low androgen levels including males and females. Strength training can also augment the muscles enlargement that is normally acquired with pubertal growth in males in females. Purpose: To achieve the purpose of these study 30 male handball players were selected from Alagappa matric Higher Secondary School, karaikudi. Random group design was used. The subject’s age ranged from 14 to 17 years. Methodology: To carry out the study the investigator used two groups, one experimental group and one control group, each group consists of 15 subjects. All the groups were tested after the training on Half squat, leg press, leg extension, leg curl, upright rowing, bench press, abdominal curl, shoulder press, seated calf rise with the intensity of 65% and duration of 30 seconds 9 repetition of 3 sets each with rest interval period of 10 seconds was given to the subjects, selected criterion variable and the readings were recorded in their respective unit, as pre-test scores. After pre-test the experimental group was treated with resistance training for a period of six weeks. After six weeks of training both the groups were tested again on the selected criterion variables and the scores were recorded in their respective units as post test scores. The pre and post test were taken for analysis. The followings statistical procedure was followed to estimate the effect of resistance training on speed, explosive power, and breath holding time of higher secondary school handball players. Statistical technique: The data collected from the subject on selected physical and physiological variables were statistically analyzed by using ‘t’ ratio, 0.05 level of confidence was fixed to test the level of significance. Conclusion: The study concluded that Speed, Explosive power on Breath holding time, were significantly improved to the influence of resistance training group among higher secondary school handball players.

The present study was carried out on the Isolation and characterization of the leaves extract of V. auriculifera because; the plant is used for traditional medicine especially its leaf juice is locally known by blood clotting and healing wounds. In the present study, the powdered leaf of plant was sequentially extracted with organic solvents: petroleum ether, chloroform, chloroform/methanol (1:1), methanol and water respectively. Repeated use of solvent extraction followed by Column Chromatography and Thin layer Chromatography, leaf extract of V. auriculifera yielded one compound which was characterized as (E)-methyl 11-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl) tetradec-7-en-14-onenamide using UV, FT-IR and NMR spectral data and by comparing with literature reports.

Introduction: After lower abdominal surgeries, postoperative discomfort and pain can be anticipated. The provision of effective postoperative analgesia is of key importance to facilitate early ambulation, reduce pain on physical straining such as coughing, avoid emotional stress and prevention of postoperative morbidity. The use of TAP block,in lower abdominal surgeries is relatively less common. This may be attributed to the usage of ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric (IHN) block, However, after IHN block, the duration of the block is not prolonged enough to allow pain control during all the postoperative period .Also, the reliability of the technique is variable as it is performed blindly and the incidence of peritoneal puncture and consequent peritonitis is considerable. In this context, our study was designed to hypothesize that an ultrasound guided TAP block in addition to conventional analgesics may improve pain relief after lower abdominal surgeries, thus, facilitating early ambulation and improved patient satisfaction. Material and methods: 74 male patients belonging to ASA grade I and II physical status, scheduled for lower abdominal surgeries under spinal anaesthesia were randomized into 2 groups of 37male patients each, using a computer generated random number table- • Spinal anesthesia plus postoperative TAP block and IV diclofenac (Group A), and, • Only spinal anesthesia without TAP block and only IV diclofenac (Group B). Results: Both groups were comparable with respect to age, ASA grade, weight and duration of surgery. Patients who received TAP block had a longer time to first rescue analgesic request (tramadol) and lesser total rescue analgesic requirement over 24 hrs when compared to patients who did not receive the block. The total tramadol requirement over 24 hrs was 133 mg in control group as compared to 73 mg in patients who received TAP block. Addition of ultrasound guided TAP block to conventional analgesics thus prolonged the duration of analgesia approximately by more than two hours and also reduced total tramadol requirement by nearly half, thus reducing nausea. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that the addition of ultrasound guided TAP block to conventional analgesics (IV Diclofenac) following lower abdominal surgeries prolonged the time to first rescue analgesic request and reduced total opioid requirements postoperatively.

Aims: To assess the knowledge of pregnant women about toxoplasmosis, to screen the main risk factors involved, and to evaluate the seroprevalence of this parasitosis in pregnant women in Marrakech. Methods and Material: Through a prospective study over a period of two months, from the beginning of October 2018 until the end of December 2018, two hundred and thirty-four pregnant women were invited to participate in our department of parasitology. They were interviewed with a structured questionnaire about known risk factors (age, meat consumption, contact with soil, and presence of cat...). Deferent parameters were collected and analyzed according to this questionnaire. Venous blood samples were taken. Sera were analysed for immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) by ELISA using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis used: Data entry was performed by double entry and data analysis was performed with the software Excel. Qualitative variables were presented as proportions. Results: A total of 234 women were included. Median age was 24 years old. And 64 women (27,35%) were found to be positive to total Ig and 16 out of 64 (25%) were positive to IgM. IgG avidity was low for two (12,5%), women, high for 14 women (87,5%). The seroprevalence of pregnant women immunized against toxoplasmosis in this study was 26,49%. There was an association between seropositivity and certain risk factors assessed. Conclusion: 73,51% were not immunized against toxoplasmosis, indicating a need for measures to prevent and control this infection during pregnancy.

The purpose of the study is to identify the dimension of service; and to examine the relationships among service quality, satisfaction and loyalty to visit the local festival. It is hypothesized that service quality is related to satisfaction and loyalty, and satisfaction is related to loyalty. A total of 149 visitors completed the survey during the local festival in Harrisonburg, Virginia. The findings showed that festival attendees assigned a great deal of importance on service quality to predict satisfaction and future intention. Also, the results indicated that satisfaction was the important predictor of future intention. Further, the findings of the study would be particularly beneficial because it pinpoints what areas to improve to better serve people and helps better understand the festival attendees.

Orthodontists are constantly being challenged with the task of providing their patients with acceptable esthetics and masticatory function. Although esthetics is often the patient’s immediate and primary goal, function becomes far more important over the lifetime. So developing a sound, functional masticatory system is the primary goal of all orthodontic therapy. The frequency of TMJ complaints has multiplied in the last few years. This may have been brought about by the increased stresses of our fast paced world, or at least we now recognize that there is a stress strain tension release syndrome that often manifests itself with nocturnal parafunctional activity. Orthodontist, through many accepted treatment procedures may inadvertently exert distal pressure on the mandibular complex, which can be the beginning of a TMJ disorder.

Background: To prevent recurrence, mesh repair is the optimum choice for elective hernia repair, however the application of mesh herinoplasty in the acutely complicated inguinal hernia in emergency sitting is still controversial especially when omentum and intestinal resection is required. Patients and methods: This study was multicenter study conducted in the departments of surgery at AL Ahrar and Al –Sahel teaching hospitals during the period from December 2014 to June 2019. Polypropylene mesh herinoplasty was performed to100 male patients included in this study and presented with acute complicated inguinal hernia. Prospectively patients were divided into two groups: Group (I) included 72 patients who didn’t required intestinal resection and Group (II) 28 patients required intestinal resection. Results: The operative time and hospital stay were longer in Group (II) (P <0.001). There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding postoperative complications. All cases of surgical site infection (SSI) were superficial and successfully managed with drainage and local wound care. There was no deep wound infection or mesh rejection, no postoperative mortality and there was 1 case of hernia recurrence during 1 year follow up. Conclusion: The current study approved that mesh herinoplasty in acutely complicated inguinal hernia can be accomplished safely with favorable outcome even if associated with omentum and intestinal resection assuming that the wound was maintained in clean –contamination condition during surgery.

This study focuses on the use of cellulose-based natural fibers, extracted from date palm midribs in the form of nano particles, as reinforcement to Epoxy resin. Date palm midribs were first roughly broken to lengths of ~ 10mm in macro scale and then were chemically treated by two methods (Alkali treatment which is called Treatment1 and the other alkali and acetylation treatment which is called Treatment2). Further the material was milled down to nano scale, using a self-designed and constructed planetary ball mill, resulting in particles sizes ranging between 10.86 to 21.36 nm for Alkali treated fibers, and between 30.63 to 63.93 nm for alkali and acetylation treated fibers. Nanocomposites were prepared using a casting technique by ultrasonic dispersion method, where compounds of varying compositions (0.5 up to 5 wt% nanofiber reinforcement), were treated using Amino silane coupling agent, and finally specimen were poured into rubber molds of requested shape. Nanocomposites were oven-dried at 80oC for 2 hours. The mechanical performance of the composites was evaluated in terms of tensile, flexural and impact properties in addition to hardness. The results show that increasing palm midrib nano fibers content has significant effect on all mechanical properties as compared to the control sample. The results show that the alkali treatment is more suitable and provide better enhancing in all mechanical properties than the alkali and acetylation treatment.

This study is to assess the impact of credit provision of microfinance institution on job creation and Poverty Reduction in Hawassa city. In order to carry out this study the field survey was conducted on a sample size of 100 members randomly from 27 small scale enterprises of the package program. The credit provision was assessed using various indicators of economic and social aspects such as income, access to education service, and health care, nutrition condition and self- employment. Thus, Microfinance programs have been considered as one of the main instruments in reducing poverty in recent development agenda. It is a means to support the marginalized active poor of the society. Microfinance comprises the provision of financial services and the management of small amounts of money through a range of products and a system of intermediary functions that are targeted at low income clients through the provision of credit and other facilities like savings, insurance, and transfer services to poor low-income household. The main objective of the study was to assess the accessibility, contributions and the implications of microfinance institutions in reducing poverty and promoting sustainable income in Hawassa City. Microfinance Institutions have an explicit potential that intends to reduce poverty. This research work employed both primary and secondary data like questionnaires, interviews, focus- group discussions and on- site- observation to collect primary data. The secondary data has been collected from different review of literatures, unpublished and published materials. The questions to be addressed in this study required both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. This study discloses microfinance institution credit provision increase in income and diversified sources, and reduces income inequalities. It has also contributed to increase personal consumption and improved living condition in terms of assets, access to education and medical services, and creation of employment opportunities. The findings of the study indicate that the beneficiaries of credit in the area perceived their lives have improved after the intervention of the credit. The outcome of the study has established that microfinance intervention on Job creation and Poverty reduction has achieved significant improvements. Therefore, it is recommended that such a strategy and micro finance institutions should be encouraged and diversity their activities and approaches to include the active poor.

Nickel cobalt mixed valence oxide nanoparticles composite Ni0.9Co2.1O4 was prepared by sol-gel method via propionic acid. The cell parameter and the average crystallite size of the Ni0.9Co2.1O4 composite are 8.102 Å and 49.57 nm, respectively. The composition and spinel type structure of the binary mixed oxide were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) combined with cyclic voltammetry (CV). It was found that the as-synthesized composite has a mixed spinel structure. Cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronopotentiometry measurements were performed to investigate the electrochemical properties of the composite. The results indicate that Ni0.9Co2.1O4 oxide composite offer high electrical reactivity, good stability in alkaline media, and that increasing the polarization potential leads to the decrease in catalytic performance.

It is essential that students in higher education are provided with academic support to gain enough medical and clinical expertise to empower their academic competence. This study is cross sectional qualitative study conducted for the first time in King Abdul-Aziz University to evaluate the quality of training sessions provided by Tanmia program. Tanmia program is a continuous learning program newly developed in the Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences to support students learning. We used interview based questionnaires applied on a focus groupto assess quality of sessions and its association with several factors such as the topic, difficulty rate and trainer. Our findings shows that courses related to self-development, such as goal achievement and time management, were highly desired by almost 100% of the attendees. Surprisingly, there was a significant association between the difficulty of the courses and the students’ desire to attend them, in comparison with courses at a beginner level. No association was seen with the selection of trainers, where all attendees were satisfies. Our future plan is to focus on the programs impact on students grades and successful rates

This study aims to determine and analyze the influence of work environment on the performance of extension agents, the influence of organizational commitment on the performance of extension agents, the influence of the work environment on work satisfaction of extension agents, the influence of organizational commitment on work satisfaction of extension agents, the influence of job satisfaction on performance of extension agents, the influence of job satisfaction as mediation between the work environment with the performance of extension agents and the influence of job satisfaction as a mediation between organizational commitment and the performance of extension agents. The sample in this study were 70 people from the Agam District Agriculture Agency. The sampling technique is the census method because the number of instructor is only 70 people who filled out the questionnaire. The type of data used is primary data, the method of data collection uses a questionnaire with a Likert scale. The test of research instruments is validity and reliability test. Data analysis techniques consist of data description test, classical assumption test, simple, multiple and multilevel regression analysis and hypothesis testing. The results of the study found that the work environment influences the performance of extension agents, organizational commitment influences the performance of extension agents, work environment influences the job satisfaction of extension agents, organizational commitment influences the job satisfaction of extension agents, job satisfaction influences the performance of extension agents, job satisfaction influences the work environment with performance of extension agents and job satisfaction have an effect as a mediation between organizational commitment and the performance of extension agents. This research suggests that to improve the performance of extension agents, a more conducive work environment is needed, an increase in organizational commitment and an improvement in increased job satisfaction.

Public road lighting during night-time is essential in citizens' daily lives. In recent years, investments in efficiency of street lighting have been done at all levels: European, national, regional and local. A switch to LED technology is taking place as pilot projects. It is expected to provide the same lighting quality, reduction of costs and increasing energy efficiency. In this investigation, the relationship between illumination during the daytimedarkness period and the number of road accidents resulting in fatalitieswas studied for the Loures County. It was found that the largest number of fatalities occurred during the darkness period. Fatalities decreased between 2000 and 2015. The energy efficiency of Loures increased and at the same time, there was a decrease in the number of accidents resulting in fatalities. It is concluded that the quality of public light may contribute to reducing loss of human life in road accidents.

The article presented molecular genetic studies of genotypes of St.aureus isolated from biosubstrates of the persistent opportunistic skin of the organism in patients with allergic dermatoses. Results of the study showed development of persistent opportunistic skin infections caused by persistent opportunistic skin infections in patients with allergic dermatoses caused by MRSA and toxic shock syndrome (TSST) by strains of S.Aureus in 37.5% of cases.

Background of the study: Blood sample collection is an invasive procedure and is carried out for diagnostic purposes; standardized technique in withdrawing blood sample should be followed to reduce pain and psychological trauma. Therefore it is essential to follow the Standard Operative Procedure for collection of blood specimen to get accurate laboratory results. Methods: The design adopted for this study was descriptive design. The study was conducted in pediatric unit. Data collection period was for one month. Samples were Health care workers in Pediatric Unit of selected hospital. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the participants for the study. Sample size was 45. The tool used for data collection was observational checklist. Results: The findings show that compliance of Doctors in following standard operating procedure in blood sample collection was 79%.The compliance of staff Nurses in following standard operating procedure in blood sample collection was 89.8%.The compliance of staff Nurses who assisted phlebotomy was 75% and student Nurses who assisted was 88.9%.The compliance of Attendants in following standard operating procedure in transportation of samples was 96.6%. No significant association was found between the compliance and demographic variables of Health care workers. Conclusion: The study findings revealed the health care workers do not have 100% compliance in following standard operating procedure in blood sample collection. Health care workers need to be reinforced about their accountability in minimizing errors related to blood sample collection and transportation.

Background: The ability to produce in-vitro cultures of neuronal cells has been the base for advancing the knowledge of the nervous system functioning. There is a rise in memory loss and associated disorders in the present era. The present day research focuses on developing cost effective medications for such conditions. There are many such medications found in classical Ayurvedic textbooks which if revalidated scientifically may get global acceptance and benefit the ailing society. Ashtangahrdaya, describes ‘Chathushkuvalaya Rasayana’ and claims it to be a potent memory enhancer. In it Kuvalaya, botanically identified as Monochoria vaginalis Presl. is the only herbal ingredient. There is scarce published work regarding the neuroprotective potential of the plant. Objective: To evaluate the Neuroprotective effect of Ethanolic extract of Monochoria vaginalis Presl. in SHSY5Y cell lines followed by flow cytometry. Method: The ethanolic extract of the plant (rhizome, leaf, stem, flower) (KEE) was used as the study material in 5 concentrations (6.25µg/ml, 12.5µg/ml, 25µg/ml, 50µg/ml and 100µg/ml). Hydrogen peroxide was used to induce toxicity. Result: The concentrations 25µg/ml and 50µg/ml was found to have statistically significant neuroprotection (p<0.01). Flow cytometry was done with concentration providing maximum protection (50µg/ml). Treatment with KEE (ethanolic extract of Kuvalaya) produced decrease of apoptotic cells to below 50%, increasing the cell viability to 46% which confirmed the fact that KEE provided neuroprotection. Conclusion: The present study focuses on the importance of exploring such locally available plants and this study may serve as a base for further higher studies on the neuroprotective potential of the Monochoria vaginalis Presl.

Background: Assessment of core stability (CS) in subjects with high body mass index (BMI) is critical for prognosis and for designing a core stabilization program. Objectives: Investigation the effect of BMI on core stability in healthy adults, and to compare the outcome between female and male healthy adults. Subjects: 90 healthy students with the right dominant lower limb admitted in this study based on the inclusion criteria, with the age of 19 to 25 years. Subjects have been distributed into three groups; Group I: 30 individuals with BMI<25 kg/m2. Group II: 30 individuals with BMI =25–30kg/m2. For group III: 30 individuals of BMI>30 kg/m2. 15 male and 15 female students were involved in each group. Material and Methods: Electronic scale of weight and stadiometer device: calculation of BMI percentage. Prokin system: to measure the motor control of CS by balance tests (static& dynamic). Results: There were significant differences in MLSD, AFBS, AMLS, and PE parameters of bilateral open and close eye static balance test in group III than other groups (p=<0.05). Also; COPX of right foot static balance test increased significantly in subjects of group III. Male subjects showed a significant increase in bilateral and unilateral static balance tests than females in group I&II, and in all groups for dynamic balance. Conclusion: The effect of BMI on CS is significant, and this could be used for preventive programs to improve motor performance.

Tuberculosis is a global health problem, especially in countries that are grouped in high-burden countries, including Indonesia. Indonesia was in second position with the highest number of TB patients in the world in 2016. Based on the annual report of Medan City Health Department in 2016, succeed rate in Medan City was 73.04%. This study was conducted to determine the relationship of knowledge of pulmonary TB patients with the level of treatment adherence. uses correlational analytic design with cross sectional approach obtained 80 TB patients who had treatment in community health centers of Medan Denai District. Data were collected through interview using questionnaire and analyzed by chi-square test with 95% confidence interval. The results showed an association between patients knowledge (p=0.001) with the level of treatment adherence in the primary health center of Medan Denai District.

Firms are seeking to be competitive world over because of the changing business environment. Banks too are seeking for means to gain competitive advantage over each other. One key parameter of achieving or attaining competitive advantage is to have sound and efficient performance. To achieve this bank need to check and compare the amount of nonperforming loans in their portfolios. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ownership structure on non-performing loans of commercial banks in Kenya. The study's specific objective was to establish the effect of government ownership structure on non-performing loans of commercial banks in Nairobi city. This study was guided by stakeholder theory. Cross-sectional research design was adopted by the study. The target population for this study comprised the employees of 39 commercial banks in Nairobi city, Kenya: The respondents were 117 employees who include 39 branch managers, 39 operation managers and 39 credit officers. The study adopted census survey because the numbers of respondents are few, therefore all the 117 respondents were included in the study. Questionnaire was used for collecting data. For validation of the research instruments, the researcher consulted the supervisors and other experts in this field. The study used the cronbach alpha coefficient to determine the reliability of data collection instrument. Data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive analysis included mean, standard deviation, percentages and frequencies while inferential statistics was multiple regression and Pearson moment of correlation. The study findings indicated that, government ownership structure (β = 0.263; p<0.05), affects non-performing loans of commercial banks. The study recommends that government should consider infusing private sector-like management systems and progress the divestiture program to attract more private individuals and institutions to co-own the state corporations. In addition, policy makers should create a conducive environment which attracts foreign investors as it noted that foreign investors can possess firm-specific advantages.

This paper assessed the potential economic value of PET Bottled Water Scraps (PBWS) that constitute a large proportion of municipal solid waste in Enugu Urban, Nigeria. It investigated the volume and typology of PET Bottled Water (PBW) produced and placed in the market in Enugu Urban and estimated the scale of potential economic value of the Scraps. Field Survey and key informant interviews were utilized to collect primary data on the typology, volume and cost of PBWS. Data collected was analyzed using simple descriptive statistics. Findings revealed that 75cl PBW is more predominate in the market and the potential cumulative economic value of PBWS (50Cl, 75Cl and 150Cl) in 2019 will be N320, 371, 800 and N6.2 billion ($17.2 million) in the next ten years. The paper noted that government investment in PBWS will generate the much needed revenue to finance capital projects in the state while creating employment and sustaining the environment. The paper recommended the investment in recycling infrastructure and integration of scavengers in a formal and legal coordinated collection and management of PBWS to optimize its economic potential and mitigate its environmental externalities.

Governments have the responsibility to implement and guarantee the success of the international agreements and their own goals. However, the financial and the economical issues are crucial and can undermine it. This paper explains how to use market based instruments to avoid or mitigate it, focusing also on how sustainable consumption can be achieved.

Through the testimony of the restorative architect of the Emanuela Gambini Monastery we will discover the great work of the architect Francisco del Moradillo and how it has endured over the centuries. The restorer Gambini will make us reason about the importance of investigating the materials at work for their subsequent recovery, ending our tour in the room of the forbidden, where recovery goes through the historical study of it. We will discover that the restorer must recover, along with the construction, the historical memory of the building throughout his life.

Sporopalynological descriptions are provided for fourteen species of ferns found to occur in Acarai State Park, a full-protection conservation unit in Praia Grande, São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil: Asplenium brasiliense Sw., Campyloneurum acrocarpon Fée, Cyathea phalerata Mart, Lindsaea lancea (L.) Bedd, Macrothelypteris torresiana (Gaudich.) Ching, Microgramma vacciniifolia (Langsd and Fisch.). Copel, Niphidium crassifolium (L.) Lellinger, Pecluma chnoophora (Kunze) Salino and Costa Assis, Pecluma pectinatiformis (Lindm.) M.G. Price, Lepidopteris pleopeltis (Langsd. and Fisch.) de la Sota, Rumohra adiantiformis (G. Forst.) Ching, Schizaea elegans (Vahl) Sw., Serpocaulon latipes (Langsd. and Fisch.) A.R.Sm. and Trichomanes cristatum Kaulf. Botanical material was observed while walking a trail of the park during 26 biweekly expeditions from May 2017 to June 2018. Fertile botanical material was verified and photographed. The studied ferns belong to four orders, eight families and thirteen genera of the subclass Polypodiidae. Spores were prepared, analyzed, photographed and measured using light and scanning electron microscopy. Descriptions and terminology followed the literature. An identification key is provided for the species.

Objectives: To measure frontal bone thickness in skeletal hyperdivergent and hypodivergent patients and compare with a group of normodivergent patients. Settings and sample population: The material comprised of 150 patients divided into three group, 50 patients with skeletal hyperdivergence and 50 with skeletal hypodivergence. They were compared with a control group of 50 patients of skeletal normodivergence. Materials and methods: The thickness of the frontal bone was measured on lateral radiographs of patients with skeletal hyperdivergence and skeletal hypodivergence and compared with a control group. Unpaired t- test were used for evaluating differences in thickness. Results: Patients with skeletal hyperdivergence had a significantly thicker frontal bone than a normodivergent group. Frontal bone thickness in skeletal hypodivergent patients was comparable to the normodivergent group. Conclusion: The most important outcome of this study was increased thickening of frontal bone in patients with skeletal hyperdivergence compared with skeletal normodivergent patients. Deviations in the theca cranii are thus associated with skeletal hyperdivergence.

Background: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-coronavirus causes respiratory illness and has been linked to high morbidity and mortality since it was first found in Saudi Arabia in 2012. Camels have been identified as the likely source of the infection of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in Egypt, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia. Currently, there is no available treatment for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-coronavirus; however, many efforts was done by the World Health Organization. Methodsa cross-sectional study aimed to assess the level of knowledge and attitude towards Middle East Respiratory Syndrome among health care workers at King Fahad Central Hospital Jazan city of Saudi Arabia. using structured self-administered questionnaires. Results: A total of 384 participants (239 female and 145 male) included in the survey. The vast majority of the participants were aged less or equal 29 years (53.9%). In general, our findings showed that (80.7%) having a good knowledge about the infection with mean knowledge score 15.5 ±. 08 and most of them (91.8%) showed positive attitude towards the infection with mean attitude score 30.5±. 2. Female were significantly more knowledgeable compared to male. No significance difference was found between knowledge and respondent age. Physicians were significantly found more knowledge compared to other health care workers concerning many terms of knowledge. Conclusion: Our study showed that generally there are good knowledge and positive attitude among healthcare workers at King Fahad Central Hospital Jazan city of Saudi Arabia towards Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-coronavirus in general a part of, certain gaps needs Continued and strengthened educational programs, moreover making the maximum benefit to modern technology to spread the information.

Donation of blood is of utmost importance in the science of surgical, medicine so it is purely obligatory on the part of every citizen who is not suffering from ill conditions to donate blood. The primary purpose of this study was to explore the attitude, practice and barriers towards voluntary blood donation among health care and non health care professionals of Sikkim Manipal University. The objectives of the study are to: assess the attitude and practice of health care professionals and non-health care professionals towards voluntary blood donation, determine the association between attitude and practice of health care professionals, non-health care professionals and selected demographic variables, determine the co-relation between attitude and practice of voluntary blood donation among health care professionals and non-health care professionals, identify the barriers towards voluntary blood donation among health care professionals and non-health care professionals. A non experimental descriptive survey research design was adopted for this purpose, a total of 200 samples, 100 each from healthcare and non- health care professional were selected from Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Majhitar and Central Referral Hospital, Tadong, Sikkim respectively by using non-probability convenient sampling technique. The tools consist of structured questionnaire for practice and barriers and 4 points likert scale for attitude which were validated by a total of 5 experts and reliability was ensured. The demographic characteristics for health care professionals were the majority 78% of the sample belonged to the age group of 22-31years, 61% were female , 63% were unmarried, 68% had monthly income below 30000, 94% did not have any chronic illness. In non- health care professionals’ majority 46% belonged to the age group of 22-31years, 70% were male, 64% were married, 70% had monthly income between 31000-60000, 94% did not have any chronic illness. Finding of practice on voluntary blood donation among healthcare professionals showed that the 63% had poor practice whereas among non- healthcare professionals 59% had poor practice. The attitude of health care professionals showed that 50% of the participants had favorable attitude whereas among non-health professionals 56% had favorable attitude.48 healthcare professional were non-donors and 54 of non – health care professional were also a non-donors. The barriers towards voluntary blood donation among non-donors of health care professionals were 35.4% physically unfit, 33.3% did not have adequate knowledge regarding blood donation, 18.7% had fear of becoming weak after blood donation and among non- health care professionals 38.23% mentioned that they were never asked to donate blood, 28.43% were due to lack of time and 27.45% were physically unfit to donate blood.

Academic English abstract is a miniature of the whole dissertation with the presentation of the principal objectives, scope of the study, methods employed and principal results. However, the Chinese engineering graduates have a relatively poor level of academic writing resulting in ineffective academic communications with internatiosnal experts. Therefore, this study focuses on the main English academic writing errors committed in master dissertations from the perspective of Error Analysis. Results shows the negative transfer of mother tongue has a huge effect. Several solutions are also given in this study.

The wavelet analysis of the dynamics of the maximum annual temperature of Central England according to HadCET is carried out by the method of identification of stable regularities. The dynamic series is decomposed into 57 wavelets with a maximum relative error of 0.42%. Based on the forecast of 57 members of the model, 15 members were placed, and 42 members or 73.68% affect the future. Valentina Zharkova's forecast for a small ice age is confirmed, and it will be from 2032 to 2046. The nonlinear two-term trend shows the influence of two forces: the first term is global cooling (the influence of space on the earth's atmosphere), and the second – global warming (the influence of the Earth and humanity). The negative for the third and fourth members is that the fluctuation periods fall from 632.5 and 14.6 years for 1878 to 32 and 5.5 years for 2017. And by 2032, the third member reaches a half-period of 1.4 years. Since 1879, there is an increase in fluctuations and periods decreased by 19.8 and 10.4 times. The increase in frequency indicates a loss of climate stability over 140 years. The forecasts stage from 2018 to 2031 gives further warming from 13.13 to 15.92 0C. Taking into account the underestimation in the models by 2031, the maximum air temperature can reach 17.51 0C. At the stage from 2031 to 2046 will be cold from 15.92 to 10.25 0C. The air temperature will decrease by 55.32%. However, from 2046 to 2051, warming is expected from 10.25 to 13.30 0C. But then from 2051 to 2066 there will be a heat stroke with an increase in air temperature to 38.36 0C in 2061 and then a sharp decline to 3.21 0C in 2066. From 2061 to 2074 is the next global cooling from 38.36 to -120.38 0C. But until 2080 it will be replaced by a rapid rise in temperature to 100.25 0C. Since then, the oceans will begin to boil and by 2088 the temperature will be as on the planet Venus, reaching a maximum of 795 0C. The earth will also become lifeless.

Background: To investigate the amount of mandibular ridge resorption in nondiabetic and diabetic completely edentulous post-menopausal women and to describe the effects of age, duration of edentulousness, time since attaining menopause and duration of diabetes mellitus. Methods: A cross-sectional, pilot study was conducted on 20 completely edentulous women (10 nondiabetic and 10 diabetic with type 2 diabetes) with a mean age of 56 years (range of 45 to 67 years). Resorption in the mandibular residual ridges was assessed by using the mental foramen and the inferior border of the mandible, as they appear in panoramic radiographs, as reference points using Wical and Swoope Analysis method. The orthopantomograms were digitized using scanner and measurements were performed. The amount of mandibular ridge resorption was calculated and compared between nondiabetic and diabetic groups. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 20. A paired t-test was used to evaluate the differences in mean values of mandibular ridge resorption between nondiabetics and diabetics. Level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: The mean mandibular residual ridge resorption of all participants was 15.71 mm, diabetic group (10.79mm) had 0.5 times more resorption compared with control group (20.62mm). Conclusion: Completely edentulous, postmenopausal diabetic women have more residual ridge resorption than completely edentulous, postmenopausal nondiabetic women.

Breast cancer is now the most prevalent form of cancer in Indian women. The Incidence of Breast Cancer in India is 25.8 per 100,000 women, while in a developed country such as the United States of America, it is 124 per 100,000 women. The 5-year survival in India is however only 50% while in the USA, it is 91%. The prevalence of breast cancer is increasing in India, especially in the younger age. Significant factors for developing Breast cancer are dietary habits, lifestyle, reproductive pattern, and usage of post-menopausal hormonal therapy. In a resource limited country with a large population like India, a National program combining prevention strategies, educational programs for early detection will have the best chance of substantially lowering the incidence and mortality from this lethal disease. A collaborative approach of government, non-government organizations, and the people at large has the potential to substantially reduced the incidence and mortality from breast cancer. We briefly summarize the data on the incidence, risk factors, and risk reduction approaches for achieving this goal.

Since the year 2000, the world elderly population increased by 48%. Medical problems become more predominant with aging leading to polypharmacy. Biological changes can occur with aging resulting in increased susceptibility of older people to medications and their side effects. These changes may have greater effect in a frail person or person with number or long-term or chronic diseases and conditions. Atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, perindopril, amlodipine and paracetamol are commonly used medications among elderly. This paper has reviewed clinical trials and publications on these medications among elderly. It has been found that the safety and effectiveness of these medications among elderly had been evaluated with the main focus on the effectiveness of these medications on different medical conditions and less focus on the effects of the elderly pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic changes on these medications. Thus, more clinical trials are required to test elderly biological changes’ effects on these medications.

Introduction: Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) is a multi-organ disorder of genetic origin, transmitted through the autosomal dominant modality. Peripheral nervous sheath malignant tumors (PNSMT) are rare highly aggressive soft tissue sarcomas, they represent 5-10% of soft tissue sarcomas (2) and are the main complication of NF1. We report in this article a giant PNSMT observation complicating a NF1. Observation reported: This is a 50 years-old woman with cutaneous neurofibroma since adolescence and no other specific antecedent. Plexiform neurofibroma of the left flank increased rapidly in size, becoming ulcero-necrotic and inflammatory, and malodorous. The examination showed coffee-milk and cutaneous neurofibromas on almost the whole body, pleoform neurofibromas in the occiput, vertex and vulva, and budding, whitish, ulcero-necrotic, pedicled, hemorrhagic, 210mmx170mm at the left flank. In the back of the eye, nodules of Lish were present. The biopsy of the giant tumor was in favor of aMPNST. Chest x-ray and abdominal and pelvic ultrasound were normal. The patient died before the surgery.

Some biochemical parameters were studied in the leaves/shoots of seven wildly occurring vegetables viz, Amaranthus viridis L. (Chengkruk), Chenopodium album L. (Monsaobi), Polygonum perfoliatum L. (Linha-maton), Stellaria aquatica L.(Yerum-keirum), Cissus javanica DC. (Kongouyen), Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. (Mukthrubi) and Antidesma acidum Retz. (Ching-yensin). The parameters included determination of percentage of total soluble sugars reducing sugars, total free amino acids and proteins on moisture free basis, in addition to moisture content. The level of total sugars, reducing sugars and total free amino acids are maximum in Antidesma acidum and in this species the moisture content is least next to Zanthoxylum acanthopodium. The protein level is highest in Stellaria aquatica and minimum level is observed in Zanthoxylum acanthopodium. The lowest content of total soluble sugars and reducing sugars are found in Polygonum perfoliatum and in case of total free amino acids, Cissus javanica have the minimum content.

This paper investigates the design deficiencies in the current Saudi house. It sheds light on the socio-cultural and climatic responses that should be offered by the physical form in order to enhance its passive performance and reducing the reliance on mechanical cooling. A typical size of a common design of a domestic unit is analysed. The analysis identifies the main design deficiencies which contribute to extensive reliance on mechanical cooling. Recommendations to improve the current design are set up.

Comparative Literature brings about a sense of the unity of knowledge. Comparative analysis allows for understanding and adaptation without necessitating elimination of opposing views or the absolute privileging of one theoretical position, thus the differences and similarities within and across literary genres are perceived. The context, geographical or historical hugely influences the interpretation of the message in these genres. This paper, therefore seeks to conduct a comparative analysis of six selected poems, with an aim of establishing the elements of comparison, including the tone, personas, themes and styles, with a leaning on the theoretical standpoints of Marxism and Postcolonialism. Projected arguments by various comparative literature critics are featured to help decipher the message in the poems.

The present paper aims to document the plants belonging to the class Liliopsida (sensu Takhtajan, 2009) of the erstwhile undivided Bardhaman district of West Bengal, India. During the present investigation, a total of 300 species of monocotyledonous plants belonging to 177 genera and 47 families have been inventoried. The evolutionary tilt of this group of plants of the region towards cosmopolitan-, evolutionarily younger Liliopsid genera than endemic-, and evolutionarily older ones have also been indicated. Finally, some management strategies for the sustainable conservation of the inventoried plants have been suggested.

Introduction; With the modernization and hasty life Accidents are considered as a modern day epidemic. Worldwide one third of trauma patients have abdominal trauma and remains a frequent cause of preventable death. Materials and Methods; The present study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital government medical college Srinagar from june 2014 to may 2019. It’s a prospective study entitling 677 patients getting admitted in our hospital as a case of isolated abdominal trauma. Results; mean age in our study is 29.32, male female ratio of 3.3, injuries sustained were mostly blunt trauma abdomen followed by penetrating injury, more than 90% patients presented with pain abdomen, most common solid visceral injured organ was spleen (19.7%) followed by liver (15%) and About 66.6% of patients were subjected to emergency laparotomies and remaining 33.3% patients were observed and managed conservatively. Conclusion; With the modernization and dramatic rise in automobile industries the consequent rise in rate of road traffic accidents is nothing new but an avoidable mishap that if sufferer is mobilized to tertiary care hospital as early as possible will definitely change the prognosis and morbidity.