March 2020

Mass Media since its advent has been a catalyst for social change. It has been the voice of the voiceless, marginalised and those at the periphery of developmental process. Women who constitute half the population of the world have been one such group who have been at the receiving end. Traditionally, they didn’t have same level of freedom of choices and access to opportunities as men due to various socio-cultural factors. But with the growth of media a change in the mindset has been observed. The aim of this paper is to try and explore the synergy between cinema and women empowerment. The objective is to understand the evolution in the representation of the issues of women in India through the lens of cinema and how it has acted as a tool of empowerment for women. In terms of methodology the paper uses empirical observation, content analysis method and secondary literature to explore the intended aim.

Currently, the types of treatment for oil-contaminated soil include soil vapor extraction (SVE), biological decomposition, solvent extraction, air stripping, activated carbon adsorption, and oxidation. Among these, solvent extraction, air stripping and activated carbon adsorption can only deal with the transfer between phases and must be supported with other types of treatment to complete remediation. Moreover, they are costly and could destroy local ecological systems. The objective of this study is to explore the fastest degradation rate of diesel contaminated soil and conditions needed for it through batch experiments, in which commercially available smectite is used as a catalyst carrier, modified into nano smectite-Fe catalyst using Fe+3, and reacted withH2O2to treat diesel contaminated soil. In terms of the basic properties of the test soil: the Lo series soil, it is characterized by high clay content, microscopic particles, relatively large specific surface area, extremely high cation exchange capacity, high soil density, and high organic matter content, which all contribute to the high diesel adsorption. As for the effects of smectite-Fe catalyst of various wt%and H2O2of different concentrations on the degradation rate of diesel contaminated soil, the result shows that the higher the concentration of H2O2, the higher the degradation rate of diesel, since smectite-Fe catalyst facilitated the formation of •OH at high H2O2 concentration during the beginning of the reaction. However, the degradation rate of diesel declined, and the shielding effect occurred more often when H2O2 of more than 5~10% of the total weight and more smectite-Fe catalyst were added to the catalytic reaction. Hence, it can be inferred that excessive H2O2 and smectite-Fe catalyst will exhaust catalytic sites. Although more electrons and •OH were formed when H2O2 reacted with the smectite-Fe catalyst, the amount of formed •OH decreased when the two reactedin the Lo series soil, signifying a decline in the catalytic activity.

The appraisal of Jesus by Muslims all around the world has greatly impacted the relations between Muslims and Christians. Githurai is not that big geographically but in recent times it has seen an increase in growth with Muslims and that has attracted to this research. For a long time the understanding of Jesus by both Muslims and the Christians have attracted attention over the centuries since the birth of Islam. The founder of Islam, Muhammad, who received the Quran inform of a revelation from Allah through angel Gabriel, develops the ground breaking understanding of Jesus as how he was viewed and seen during his time and especially around him. This understanding is grown from the Quran and the hadiths which reflects what Muhammad approved and disapproved and has led to the major discussion by Islamic scholars and leaders in all aspects of the Islamic teachings and theology. As a result of the appraisal of Jesus by Muslims in Githurai Christian Muslim relation has been affected. Conflicting and abusive language has been used in discussions involving Jesus thus causing tension. These have been experienced in several debates and open discussions which have been witnessed in Githurai. In the context of this subject Jesus appraisal by Muslims, the research was guided by three objectives, examining classical Islamic teachings on Jesus, assessing the contemporary perception of Jesus in Githurai, and exploring the implication of Jesus appraisal to Christian Muslim relations. The theory of interreligious hermeneutics, where both interpretation of the Quran, hadith and the interpretation from the encounter with Muslims was used, and the research techniques which was used was qualitative technique adopting a descriptive research design. The population targeted was 3000 as from the records of the church and the mosques that are in the area, though not all churches were considered. As a result of the population gathered, getting the whole population was not easy and therefore the researcher opted to use a small number of respondents that were available. Both Christians and Muslims were the respondents to this research. The researcher ventured into the field and come out with concrete findings, observations and conclusion of the subject of Jesus and his view by Muslims in regards to Christian Muslim relations, which was clear that there have been tension between the two faiths thus affecting Christian Muslim relations. The researcher concludes that Githurai is a growing area where the appraisal of Jesus is a threat to Christian Muslim relations. Therefore the researcher recommends that further study should be conducted in the area seeing to it how businesses can be used as agents of boosting Christian Muslim in the area.

A public sector undertaking may be defined as a business undertaking, which is owned managed and controlled by the State, on behalf of public at large. These undertakings have come to enjoy a unique position in the Indian economy in the post-independence era. They have been responsible for forming a strong industrial base and providing the basic infrastructure for development in the country. From an investment in 5 enterprises of Rs. 29 crores in 1950-51.Public Enterprises Survey 2017-18, 58th in the series, gives a consolidated picture of the Performance of Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) which are spread over length and breadth of the country. As on 31st March 2018, there were 339 CPSEs with a total investment of Rs. 13, 73, 412 crore. Over the years, Delhi Metro has become a role model for many things. To urban dwellers, it promises “modern” and “high-tech” public transport system. To governments, it is an easy means to earn “development credits” along with “public welfare”. To private sector, it has clearly a lot to offer since a lot of money is at stake. This also gets rewarding media coverage because of strong public relations (PR) management and it is also honored by various national and international agencies for its “achievements”

Background: The most overwhelming area in head and neck area for essential threatening tumors are oral cavity and over 90% malignant growth comprises of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). It has a high inclination for extensive lymph node metastases. There are different elements anticipating node involvement and among them tumor related factor is progressively dependable. Objectives: Correlation between the depth of invasion, tumor budding, and presence of satellite tumors in node involvement and treatment planning of T1/T2/T3 N0 M0 oral tongue SCC. Methods: Depth of invasion, tumor budding, satellite tumors were studied in 20 cases of T1, T2, T3 and clinically N0 nodes. Results: Tumor budding (5 clusters at the invasive front of the tumor) depths of invasion (2.5cm), presence of satellite tumors were associated with poor prognosis in patients with early oral tongue SCC. Conclusion: Analyzing the depth of invasion, tumor budding, and presence of satellite tumors in node involvement and treatment planning of T1/T2/T3 N0 M0 oral tongue SCC is recommended.

When a patient with COPD is admitted with acute exacerbation of dyspnea and chest x ray shows unilateral hyper translucency, most likely diagnosis is pneumothorax. Rarely other conditions may radiologically mimic pneumothorax. Treatment of pneumothorax in AECOPD is intercostal tube drain. But intercostal tube drain in other conditions which mimic pneumothorax radiologically can lead to complications. We discuss a case of translucent hemithorax in a patient with AECOPD which was mistaken for pneumothorax. Subject Area: Respiratory medicine Keywords: Unilateral hyper translucency; Bulla; Intercostal tube drain; AECOPD

Background: There are limited epidemiologic studies characterizing skeletal metastasis, and fewer, if any, that comprehensively compare and contrast patients who are initially diagnosed with skeletal metastases of unknown primary (SMUP) to patients who have a known primary at the time that skeletal metastases are identified. Methods: This single-centered retrospective study provides a descriptive analysis of patient characteristics (demographics including but not limited to sex, age, and history of tobacco use), lesion characteristics (sites of primary lesion as well as number and location of metastatic lesions), and outcomes for patients identified as having SMUP compared to patients with a known primary cancer who have skeletal metastases. Results: In this study, 164 patients were identified as having bone metastases through record review of ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes. Of these patients, 65.9% had a known primary prior to identification of bone metastases while 34.1%were classified as having SMUP. Patients identified with SMUP were disproportionately male while patients with a known primary were disproportionately female. No other significant differences were identified for other patient characteristics. For patients with bone metastases with known primaries, the most common primary sites were lung, breast, and prostate carcinoma, in that order. However, the most common primary sites for patients with SMUP were, in order, lung, prostate, and breast carcinoma. The most common location for metastases, regardless of known or unknown primary was the spine, followed by the pelvis and the ribs. Lastly, with respect to long term prognosis, while there was a significant difference in patients’ survival time based on solely on SMUP status, there was no difference in survival once bone metastases were identified, regardless of whether the primary is known, as all bone metastases carried a poor prognosis. Conclusion: There are significant differences in the male to female ratio with respect to the initial presentation of bone metastases when comparing known primary to unknown primary malignancies. SMUP are more common in males than females, with 61% of males initially presenting with SMUP compared to only 39% of females presenting with SMUP. This finding warrants further evaluation of the etiology of this difference, which may potentially be clinically significant.

Background: Despite known complications and a high recurrence rate, the standard treatment of pilonidal disease still consists of surgical excision of the sinusoidal cyst with primary wound closure. We were the first in Middle East to introduce a new treatment technique using SETON with a radial laser probe (Sinus Laser-Assisted Closure, SILACTM, Biolitec, Germany). Aim of the study: To assess the efficacy of laser (diode) SETON_SILAC as a therapy to the pilonidal sinus. Methods: A prospective study conducted in Hemocure Surgery Department, EL-Rahma Hospital and included 100 patient were operated with the SETON_SILAC technique by two surgeons from June 2018 to December 2019. Results: The median follow up duration was 1 year. The initial success rate was 96% (96/100).There were no complications during or after surgery. Mean patient satisfaction was 9.0 (3.0 to 10.0).Thirteen percent of patients did not require any analgesia, 37% used only when needed, of which 32% for less than one week and 10% for one to two weeks. Conclusion: SETON SILAC is a quick, safe and minimally invasive technique for destruction of the pilonidal cyst and sinus. Success rate and patient satisfaction are high, making this new therapy an attractive option for the majority of the patients with pilonidal disease. Long term results have to be awaited.

Introduction: A trichobezoar is a mass of The relationship between preoperative keratometry (K) and visual outcomes in laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) has been studied in high myopia and hyperopia, but not in moderate myopia. Rao SK et al report increased under-correction in eyes with preoperative spherical equivalent (SE) of −10.0 to −11.9 diopters (D), and in eyes with flat corneas compared with steeper corneas. Williams LB et al, conversely, reported under-correction and loss of best spectacle corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) following hyperopic LASIK in eyes with steep corneas, compared with flat corneas.7Some refractive surgeons have expressed concern that a relatively steep postoperative cornea following hyperopic LASIK may reduce the quality of outcomes. However, published studies examining the association between postoperative keratometry and visual outcomes yield conflicting results. One possible reason for these conflicting findings is the covariance of postoperative keratometry with preoperative sphere. Specifically, higher levels of hyperopic correction typically result in steeper postoperative keratometry, but larger corrections (due to high preoperative sphere values) also tend to result in poorer outcomes, irrespective of keratometry. Therefore, to accurately assess how postoperative keratometry affects visual outcomes, an analysis must differentiate the effect of a large sphere correction from the effect of a steep postoperative cornea. However, studies with limited sample sizes may lack the statistical power to discriminate between these two effects, and most of the available published reports include fewer than 150 eyes. Aims and Objectives: To study the effect of flat cornea on the visual outcome following LASIK. Material and Methods: Our study was a Prospective observational study conducted at the LASIK centre at the Postgraduate Department of Ophthalmology, Govt. Medical College Srinagar. The study was conducted over a period of one and a half year on 89 patients (174 myopic eyes. The pre-LASIK examination included; assessment of uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit lamp examination, biomicroscopy, non-contact tonometry, indirect opthalmoscospy, specular microscopy for measuring central corneal thickness and corneal topography. Inclusion Criteria: 1. Age >18 years. 2. A stable refraction change of less than 0.5 Diopters(D) in the last year 3. Preoperative cycloplegic spherical refraction between -1.00 D and -8.00 D of myopia and up to -3.00 D of astigmatism. 4. Preoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) > 6/9. 5. Estimated residual thickness of the stroma of at least 250 µm after laser ablation with emmetropia being the goal in all cases. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. Keratoconus or forma frustakeratoconus 2. Central corneal thickness < 450 µm. 3. Unstable refraction 4. Prior ocular and/or corneal surgery 5. Connective tissue disorder 6. Pregnancy and breast feeding 7. Severe dry eye disease. LASIK was done using the Moria One Use Plus micro-keratome (MoriaSurgicals, France) that creates a flap of 9mm with an intended thickness of 100 micro meter with a nasal hinge. Subsequent laser ablation was done with the Carl Zeiss Meditec MEL 80 (Germany) Excimer laser. All eyes were treated using an identical method with optical zone diameter ranging from 6.00 mm to 7.00 mm.Corneal topography was performed on ATLAS (ZIESS) machine. Analysis of the topographic maps was done besides measuring the corneal keratometry (K) in the flat and steep axis. Pre and postoperative average K = (K flat + K steep)/ 2 was calculated.Patient were examined post-LASIK at third month and corneal keratometry was done. Results: Table-3: Effect of keratometry on spherical equivalent Group Mean Pre-LASIK Keratometry No. of Eyes Mean Spherical Equivalent Post Lasik Spherical Equivalent A 40.12 35 -4.00 -0.75 B 44.00 118 -4.25 -0.25 C 45.50 21 -3.75 -0.25 Our study showed that Group A with mean pre-LASIK keratometry of 40.12D had mean postlasik spherical equivalent towards higher myopic side ie 0.-75diopter as compared to Group B and C with residual spherical equivalent of 0.-25diopter. Discussion: Our study showed that pre LASIK mean keratometry influences the visual outcome. The factors influencing the final visual outcome was attributed to the fact that eyes with pre LASIK flatter cornea(mean k 40.12 D), showed a tendency towards under correction as depicted in Table 3. We grouped eyes according to pre- LASIK keratometry and found that the post-LASIK spherical equivalent was towards higher myopic side in group A with mean pre LASIK keratometry of 40.12 D as compared to other groups despite mean pre LASIK spherical equivalent being comparable in all the groups. Our results were supported by many studies, Our study concluded flatter corneas have a tendency towards under-correction

Introduction: Culture includes customs, beliefs, laws, religious practices etc acquired through generation, which impacts prosperity and sickness.1 Breastfeeding is influenced by economy, religion, kinship system and the growing sophistication of communications and medical technology. Though there are many advantages in feeding breast milk, there are many cultural practices regarding breastfeeding are still present. Breastfeeding is culturally well accepted but inadequately practiced. Statement of the problem: A Study to Explore the Cultural Practices Regarding Breastfeeding among Postnatal Mothers in PIMS, Pondicherry. Objectives: To explore the cultural practices regarding breastfeeding among postnatal mothers. To associate the cultural practices with selected socio demographic variables among postnatal mothers. Methodology: Quantitative approach with Non Experimental Descriptive Research Design was adopted for the study. Formal permission was obtained from HOD, Dept of Obstetrics and Gynaecology for conducting the main study. 60 postnatal mothers who attended OBG units of Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences were selected using purposive sampling technique. Data collection was done using a Semi Structured Interview Questionnaire on cultural practices regarding breast feeding among postnatal mothers. The collected data was compiled for data analysis. Result: In the present study, Antenatal preparation for breastfeeding reveals that most of the mothers practiced cleaning the breast with soap and water while bathing 17 (28.3%), mothers had a practice of intake of more fish and garlic to increase the breast milk secretion 51 (85%), foods recommended culturally during breastfeeding period was egg and meat 34 (56.7%) , most mothers avoided the intake of mango 25 (41.7%) and cold beverages 23 (38.3%), still mothers had a practice of giving water 7 (11.5%), and sugar water 2 (3.3%) as first feed to the baby, still some mothers think that colostrums is a infectious milk and milk which has to be discarded. Mothers had a practice of temporary stoppage of breastfeeding if she was suffering from breast problem or any other ailments (fever) 25 (41.7%). Some mother had a practice of giving cow’s milk / formula feed when she is suffering from fever 50 (80.3%). Mothers had a practice of giving artificial feed during night time if she is suffering from breast problem and breast milk is not sufficient 44 (40%). Most of the mothers were not had a practice of breast milk storage 40 (66.7%). Conclusion: The findings of the study revealed that most of the postnatal mothers were still practicing the cultural practices regarding breastfeeding. There was a significant association between some of the demographic variables with cultural practices regarding breastfeeding. Elderly in the family place an important role in determining the cultural practice to be followed regarding breast feeding. Hence there is a necessity for providing information and education on myths and facts of breastfeeding for protecting and promoting healthy practices on breastfeeding.

Background: Rickets is a common condition characterized by growth slowness and bone age retardation due to mineral deficiency that occurs at the growth plate. Nutritional rickets in children is mainly due to vitamin D deficiency or due to dietary calcium deficiency which is very rare. Rickets has been known since Roman times, it derived its name from an old English word, WRECKTEN, meaning *to twist, the original account of the disease was by Glisson &Whistler in 1650, but not until the late 1880 was its recognized as a dietary deficiency disease and it was first successfully treated with cod liver oil in 1807 and by ultraviolet irradiation in 1919. Rickets is unlike most nutritional disorders in that it is more determined by cultural factors than social& economics. Objective: To find out the cause of nutritional rickets and to detect the main presenting symptoms and the distribution of rachitic signs. I also tried our best to reach the best recommendations that may decrease the incidence of nutritional rickets. Methods: This study was carried out on 100 patients with diagnosed rickets who were either seen at the outpatient dept or admitted in Bin –Sina teaching hospital in Mosul city (iraq) from September 2018 –Jun 2019.The criteria for diagnosis were physical findings, radiological studies and biological investigations full detailed history was taken from each case focusing on age group, type of feeding, economic state type of housing, season of birth and sun exposure strategy. The presenting symptoms at time of diagnosis were organized also. Results: (62%)of cases borne during winter, almost half of them were exclusively breast fed, the vast majority(89%) came from urban areas, all of them had history of a good sun exposure, the commonest presenting feature was a respiratory problem(42%), (97%) were proved to have wide wrist,(91%) had an excessive sweating, (62%) had a persistent open anterior fontanel and (81%) of them showed their first tooth between the age of 5_9 months. Conclusion: Nutritional rickets is still an increasing medical problem in Iraq specially in Mosul after a 3 years of a very horrible war which caused a significant nutritional deficiency among pregnant and lactating women and among the children themselves. Still I noticed the ignorance mothers about the importance of sun exposure.

Introduction: Within context societal moral indignation and panic expressed in response to recent increases in urban violence and death amongst young adults in the UK, some researchers are asking whether exposure to video game violence (EVGV) might be a contributing factor. Methods: Using a correlational design, and web-based survey methods to collect data, the author examined the relationship between violent video games, moral disengagement, competitiveness, and trait aggression. Results: Commensurate with other studies, a small significant positive correlation was found between exposure to video game violence (EVGV) and reported trait aggression. Multiple regression revealed that EVGV explained an additional 4.5% of the reported trait aggression after controlling for age, sex, average violent video game difficulty, average violent video game pace of action, moral disengagement, and trait competitiveness. Conclusion: Moral disengagement might better explain trait aggression in young people exposed to video game violence in the UK, but violent video games along with other risk factors can act as potential primers for aggressive behaviours and cognition. Implications for public and mental health are discussed.

Background: Upper crossed syndrome (UCS) also referred as Forward Head Posture (FHP) is a condition characterized by muscular imbalance where muscles of the neck and the shoulder girdle experience with weakness and tightness that affects head position, spine, and shoulder girdle. Literature reviewed that FHP has negative impact on respiratory functions. Objective: To study the effects of posture correcting exercises on respiratory parameters in individuals with upper crossed syndrome. Methods: 15 participants with defined upper crossed syndrome fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected who performed pectoralis major and minor, levator scapulae and upper trapezius muscles stretching exercise, middle and lower trapezius strengthening exercise and McKenzie exercise respectively. The aforementioned interventions were provided for 30 minutes per session, five times a week, for 3 weeks. Chest expansion, Peak Expiratory flow rate (PEF) and Acromian-Tragus (A-T) length were assessed using an inch tape, peak flow meter and a steel ruler respectively on the first visit and after completion of 3 weeks exercise protocol. Results: Statistical analysis was done by SPSS version 20 and Mann Whitney U Test was used. The results showed statistically significant improvement in Chest expansion (p<0.05) and Peak expiratory flow (p<0.05) post Intervention. Conclusion: There is significant effect of posture correcting exercises on respiratory parameters in individuals with upper crossed syndrome and they may be recommended as effective exercises to improve neck posture as well as respiratory functions in adults with UCS.

Balasore district was part of the ancient Kalinga which later became a territory of Toshala or Utkal, till the death of Mukunda Dev. It was annexed by Moghuls in 1568 and remained as a part of their suzerainty up to the middle of eighteenth century, to be précised up to 1750-51.Then the Marahattas occupied this part of Odisha and it became a part of the dominion of the Marahatta Rajas of Nagpur. The East India Company ceded this part through a treaty called treaty of Deogaon in 1803 and it became a part of Bengal Presidency up to 1912.But the first English Settlement came into existence in Balasore region in 1634 while Sahajahan was the emperor at Delhi. The first of English factories was established in this region in 1640.During this period Dutch and Danish settlements were also founded in this region. Balasore as a separate district was created in October, 1828 while it was in the Bengal Presidency. With the creation of Bihar province, Odisha was diverted along with Balasore district from Bengal to Bihar But with the creation of Odisha as a separate State on 1st April, 1936Balasore became an integral part of Odisha State. The national movement of independence surged ahead with the visit of Mahatma Gandhi in 1921. Similarly PrajaAndolan was initiated against the ruler of Nilagiri State. The state of Nilagiri merged with state of Odisha in January, 1948 and became a part of Balasore district. In 3rd April, 1993Bhadrak Sub-division became a separate district and from this day Balasore remains a district of Odisha with two Sub-divisions namely Balasore and Nilagiri having 7 Tahasils namely Balasore, Soro, Simulia, Nilagiri, Jaleswar, Basta&Baliapal and 12 Blocks namely Bhograi, Jaleswar, Baliapal, Basta, Balasore, Remuna, Nilagiri, Oupada, Khaira, Soro & Bahanaga. The name of the district is being derived from the name of the town, which is old and important. The name Balasore is recognised from the Persian word BALA-E-SHORE which means “TOWN IN THE SEA”. The historical legend ascribes that the district has been named as per the LORD BANESHWAR (LORD SHIVA) of the town, which subsequently changed to Balasore during Mughal Rules. The History of Balasore District is the amalgamation of several cultures and civilizations colonized the region for a couple of years. The history of Balasore witnessed a quick succession of several dynasties in its bosom. As far as the history of Balasore District is concerned; there was a constant strife among the different rulers over the entire tract of the District. When the power of the indigenous Hindu kings falls short to retain their kingdom with a strong foundation, the Mughals and the realm of Balasore District was passed in the hands of Marhatta Rajas of Nagpur. Finally during the British expedition in India, the absolute political power came in the hands of the British Raj. The East India Company ceded Balasore District in 1803, through a treaty called as The Treaty of Deogaon and then it became a part of Bengal Presidency up to the year 1912. However, the first English settlement came into existence in Balasore region in 1634, while Sahajahan was the emperor at Delhi and the first of the English factories was established in this region in 1640. During this period, Dutch and Danish settlements were also founded in this region. Balasore, as a separate District was created in October 1828, while it was under Bengal Presidency. With the creation of Odisha as a separate state on 1st April 1936, Balasore became an integral part of Odisha State. The state of Nilagiri merged with the state of Odisha in January 1948 and then it became a part of Balasore District. On 3 April 1993, Bhadrak sub-division became a separate District and from this day onwards, Balasore remains a district of Odisha with two sub-divisions namely Balasore and Nilagiri. There are many historical monuments in the Balasore District. Some of the major monuments in Balasore District include the rich sculptural remains found in Ayodhya. The ruin of the old Buddhist monastery and temple is there in Kupali in Balasore District. Some of the ruined forts at the Jayachandi forests in Raibania are also there in the District. The major religious monument found in the District is the Lord Chandaneswar Shrine.

The present study emphasizes on the prey composition of the communal spider Stegodyphus sarasinorum Karsch in four different stations of Sigur Plateau. Hence the biological pest control potency of S. sarasinorum was remarkable in the study area. Spiders are the best predators to regulate pest population in a sustainable manner. The investigation reveals that the spider species captured six different order of the prey from the roadsides and fencings of different study sites. Mostly the Hemiptera and Hymenoptera prey species were subsequently fed by the spider S. sarasinorum, while the Diptera species was found as least group.

Purpose of the study: Adolescent is a period of biological, psychological and economic transition. This period bridges childhood to adulthood. Adolescence faces many challenges in the development in today’s world. Risk taking is a common characteristic among adolescents and is initiated in early adolescents to late adolescents. Risk taking behaviour shapes future adults of the nation. 50% of school students itself engage in risk taking behaviour. Negative risk behaviour of adolescents brings challenges to legislative and policy responses. Statement of the Problem: A study to assess the risk taking behaviour and perceived health status among adolescent boys in Tagore arts college at Puducherry. Objectives 1. To assess the risk taking behaviour of the adolescents 2. To determine perceived health status among adolescents 3. To associate the perceived health status and risk taking behaviour among adolescents Method: An Quantitative approach with Non Experimental Descriptive Research Design was used and the study was conducted in Tagore arts college, Puducherry. The sampling technique used was Simple Random Technique. Data collection was done using a Self administered questionnaire with 5point likert scale for assessing risk taking behaviour and perceived health status. Pilot study was conducted with 20 samples of adolescents, at vivekanandha community college, puducherry to assess the feasibility for conducting the study. Prior to data collection permission was obtained from Principal, Tagore arts college for conducting the main study. The main study data collection was conducted among 110 adolescents by using Self administered questionnaire with 5point likert scale for assessing risk taking behaviour and perceived health status. The data collected was compiled for data analysis. Results: Frequency and percentage distribution risk taking behaviour among adolescent reveals that 36(32.7%)of participants were not having risk taking behaviour, 70(63.6%) of participants were having mild risk taking behaviour and 4(3.6%) of participants were having high risk taking behaviour. Frequency and percentage distribution of participants according to perceived health status reveals that 1(0.9%) of participant had fair level of perceived health status, 37(33.6%) of participants had good level of perceived health status, 65(59.1%) of participants had very good level of perceived health status and 7(6.4%) of participants had excellent level of perceived health status. Conclusion: The finding of the study reveals that there is no relationship between risk taking behaviour and perceived health status of the adolescents. There was no significant association between risk taking behaviour and perceived health status of the adolescents.

Sickle Cell Anemia Disease is an autosomal recessive heredity disorder and it is a growing global health concern. It mainly affects people of African & African American descent, but it does affect people from the Mediterranean, the Middle East, the Caribbean, and Central and South America. Sickle cell anemia transforms healthy red blood cells into deformed sickle cells that restrict or completely obstruct the blood vessel causing weakness, susceptibility to infection, stroke, acute chest syndrome, and death. The highest mortality rates are in young children and infants. There are pain-suppression treatments for sickle cell anemia with the most prominent treatment being a bone marrow transplant from a matched donor, but there is yet to be a permanent cure. Mitigating drugs for sickle cell anemia include hydroxyurea and penicillin prophylaxis, but the drugs are not in commercial use and can sometimes not work due to mutagenicity of the disease. There are various levels of prevention such as genetic counseling and education, and newborn diagnostic screening. Due to various factors such as age, heredity, vitamin D levels, and even air pollution the clinical care knowledge and resources to handle sickle cell admissions is severely deficient. This makes sickle cell anemia remains one of the most misunderstood, silent killers on the planet.

There is a broad and ongoing confab in our academic institutions about the effects of urbanization on livelihood of people living in the peri-urban fringes. Rapid urbanization, population burden and the government decisions, shelter, infrastructural, industrial and commercial needs of a fast-growing city have stretched the land delivery system in Wa Municipality to flouting point. Agricultural lands, which serves as the main source of livelihood, has been encroached by the process of urbanization in peri-urban zones. This study seeks to assess how rapid urbanization is impacting on farmers’ livelihood in developing cities, drawing empirical evidence from Wa, Ghana. The focus was mainly to describe the conditions and current Situation on urbanization and livelihood sustainability in the peri-urban zones in the Wa Municipality. Findings about causes, effects, alternatives livelihoods and remedial measures on rapid urbanization in the peri-urban zones in the Wa Municipality has been presented in the form of narratives. A descrptive research design was adopted and data of 145 respondents or stakeholders were collected through a questionnaire survey and interview for analysis. The results of the survey revealed that 93 respondents constituting about 64.14% of the sample population were males while 52 representing 35.86% were females. Contrary to the mainstream view that, the polygamous nature of Upper west region is the main source of increment in the population and thus urbanization in the peri-urban zones, stakeholders’ perception was different as responses indicated that, the rapid urbanization of WA is as a result of increased commercial activities, presence of tertiary institutions and its strategic location. The rapid urbanization of WA has sparked up a succession syndrome where prime agricultural lands have been converted to other land uses believed to be the highest and best use. The pressures of urbanization have negative implications on predominantly poor farming communities in the WA region. Policy focus should be geared towards the protection of prime agricultural lands that serves as main sources of livelihood. Urbanization is necessary but not to the extent of denying peri-urban zones of their main source of livelihood.

Aim: To analyze the changing trends in dental public health in India and to asses job prospectus and provide solutions. Materials and Method: The databases accessed were those provided by the Central Bureau of Health Intelligence, Dental Council of India, Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and further this data was statistically analyzed. Statistical analysis used: Descriptive statistics. Results: At present there are about 1600 public health dentists in India, out of which 678 (42.3%) were working in dental academic institutions. According to time trend analysis the future projectile growth of public health dentists for the year 2045, will be 5,825. The job positions for public health dentists that rightfully to be placed in government sector are the Directorate of Medical Services (DMS) and Directorate of Public Health (DPH) which numbers around 6,716. Hence, according to the time trend analysis, when rightfully the positions are created the job demand for public health dentists in India would be on rise till the year 2045. Conclusions: currently, significant proportion of public health dentists to outlive joblessness they seek other jobs irrelevant to their scope. The growth trend projection of public health dentists makes no scope in academics for their future. Hence government positions pertinent to treatment aspects and administrative aspects under Directorate of Medical Services (DMS) and Directorate of Public Health (DPH) will create more job opportunities that will seek to provide satisfaction and career development for future public health dentists and mandatorily serve the needy population, which is alarmingly need of the hour.

Mullerian duct anomalies represent a group of congenital anomalies that result from arrested development, or incomplete fusion of the mesonephric ducts. The incidence of congenital mullerian anomalies is 1/200 to 1/600. The incidence of rudimentary horn is very rare (1:100,000). Approximately 75% of such horns do not communicate with the normal hemiuterus. These uterine anomalies are either diagnosed incidentally or the patient may present with obstetrical or gynecological problems. Vaginal obstruction is associated with perivaginal mass, pain, and endometriosis, but cyclic menstrual flow may be present because of the normally functioning opposite side. This anomaly is usually associated with ipsilateral renal agenesis (67%) or ipsilateral pelvic kidney. Laparotomy has been the standard approach for such cases. We report this case in hope of expanding the knowledge of a rare occurrence.

A study was done to compare the efficacy of dorzolamide 2% timolol 0.5%fixed combination versus brinzolamide 1% brimonidine 0.2% fixed combination therapy in patients of primary open angle glaucoma. A randomized, open label, comparative, parallel group study was conducted on 40 patients of POAG attending the Outpatient Department of Ophthalmology, Government Medical College, Patiala. Patients selected were then randomised into two groups of 20 each. Baseline IOP was recorded at 9 am and 11 am on day 0 of the study.Group A: Fixed drug combination of Dorzolamide2%/ Timolol 0.5% (DTFC) dosed twice daily at 9 am and 9 pm .This group instilled 1 drop of DTFC ophthalmic solution into study eye twice daily at 9.00 a.m. and 9.00 p.m. for 6 weeks. Group B: Fixed drug combination of Brinzolamide 1%/ Brimonidine 0.2% (BBFC) dosed twice daily at 9 am and 9 pm. This group instilled 1 drop of BBFC ophthalmic solution into study eye twice daily at 9.00 a.m. and 9.00 p.m. for 6 weeks. Patients were then called for follow up at 2nd week, 4th week and 6th week during the study period and IOP recorded at 9 am and 11 am in the OPD. In Group A (DTFC), mean IOP at visit 1 ( baseline) at 9:00 AM was 27.00 ± 1.78 mm Hg, at 11:00 AM was 27.50 ± 1.91 mm Hg and mean IOP at all time points was 27.25 ± 1.81 mm Hg. There was no statistically significant variation in the mean IOP at any of the follow up visit in group A (p > 0.05). In Group B (BBFC), mean IOP at visit 1 ( baseline) at 9:00 AM was 26.85 ± 1.98 mm Hg, at 11:00 AM was 27.10 ± 2.17 mm Hg and mean IOP at all time points was 26.98 ± 2.04 mm Hg.There was no statistically significant variation in the mean IOP at any of the follow up visit in group A (p > 0.05).The reduction in mean IOP at visit 6 weeks in group A (DTFC) was 10.32 mm Hg (37.87%) and in group B (BBFC) was 9.50 mm Hg (35.21%). The reduction in mean IOP was comparable between the two groups. The difference was statistically non significant (p > 0.05).

A community based cross sectional study was carried out among 222 women during the month of January 2017 in Chunampet, a rural area in Kanchipuram District, Tamil Nadu, South India, also the field practice area of Rural Health Training Centre, Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences. Based on previous studies, prevalence of Gender inequality among the families in rural regions in India was presumed to be 60%, and the minimum required sample size was calculated to be 222. Data was collected using a predesigned and pretested questionnaire, which included Socio-Demographic profile of the Family, Education details of children aged 5 to 17 years (Only if there is a female child in the family) and Nutritional status of the child (Up to 15 years) were studied. All married women in the study area, who gave consent to participate are included in the study.

The main purpose of this study was to gather and classify some coined words and expressions in informal oral communication. The study was basically oral since the study was limited only to uttered rather than written expressions. Uttered coined words and expressions become different when written. It is in oral communication where one can emphasize pitch, stress, and juncture. Aside from the context, the meanings attached to these words depend a lot on these supra-segmental phonemes. The research was conducted among 100 college and high school students selected at random. All of these Cebuano-speaking respondents also used and understood Tagalog or Filipino words. Moreover, English words have become part of their language repertoire because they also practice code switching. The study employed a descriptive method in the interpretation of data based on the questionnaires, interviews, and researcher’s observations. Results showed that coined words and expressions have distinct characteristics and can be classified according to form, meaning, and expression. Furthermore, their effectiveness depends on many factors. Their meaning and correctness are under some circumstances and nature of the speakers in a given context. However, the active usage of these coined words and expressions in oral communication rests on the persons who have been fond of using them. The study recommends that it is of outmost importance to conduct a similar study based on the currency of coined words and expressions since language is considered dynamic, and that it changes through time and culture.

Fungi play an important role in the soil ecosystem, it decompose nutrients and elements to simple compounds for plants growth, also play a rolein biological control for suppression of plant pathogens. Isolation, purification of soil fungi using conventional microbiological techniques is hard but it needed for study the distribution of fungal community in soil rhizosphere. Molecular techniques using 18s rDNA based sequences analysis provide the taxonomic resolution for identification of fungal species and strains, also provide information on the diversity and dynamics of fungus in environmental samples. In the present study, isolation and purification of fungi near some medicinal plants soil rhizospher from Saudi Arabia regions, extraction of DNA from isolated fungal strains, 18S-ribosomal-DNA using universal primer sequences were used for amplification of 18S rDNA gene from each isolated fungus. Clear banding patterns were obtained with each isolated fungi by using primer sets. Sequencing of isolated 18S-ribosomal-DNA done by Macrogen Company in Korea and compared to known rDNA sequences using NCBI taxonomy were also done. Phylogenetic tree construction of each isolated fungus obtained and results confirmed that the 18S-rDNA PCR amplification are reproducible and confirming the fingerprints which indicate differences of the fungal community in used soil rhizosphere.

Background: Cardiovascular disease is increased in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects due to a complex combination of various traditional and non-traditional risk factors. Objectives: To illustrate the association between Type II DM and cardiovascular comorbidities in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out among type II diabetic patients in Riyadh city during the period from 1 May to 31 August, 2019.Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire after taking the acceptance from the administration to distribute the questioner to all eligible participants. The questionnaire was analyzed to evaluate prevalence of CVD among diabetic patients. Results: 290 (17.3%) of the respondents had Type II diabetes mellitus. As regards the association between Type II DM and cardiovascular comorbidities, according to our findings 31% of diabetic patients were hypertensive, 41.4% had hypercholesterolemia and 6.9% had atherosclerosis, 27.6% were obese and the association between these conditions and type II DM was significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: among the general population of Riyadh, KSA, there was significant association between type II DM and hypertensive, hypercholesterolemia atherosclerosis, and obesity (P<0.05).

Objective: This study was devised in view of the real life application of FFR in catheterisation laboratory from a developing world country and to evaluate the cost effectiveness of the same. Background: FFR has been proved to be superior to angiographic ally driven PCI in various studies also it has been proven to be economically beneficial. However there is difference between trials and real life situation. Considering this we conducted this study and evaluated clinical outcome and cost effectiveness associated with use of FFR. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study which included all patients who underwent FFR in our hospital. Coronary angiograms of these patients were retrospectively analysed by two interventional cardiologists and decision regarding the lesion were made. The proposed decisions and their associated costs were compared with the actual procedure and costs incurred with the use of FFR. Also patients were evaluated for any adverse outcome after the procedure to the time of analysis. Results: 38 patients underwent FFR in our hospital. 12 patients had SVD, 13 patients had DVD, 3 patients had TVD and 2 patients had LMCA disease. Mean FFR value in our study was 0.84±0.09 and 36.8% of all lesions had FFR≤0.80 and 16.2% had FFR 0.75-0.80. LAD was the most common vessel interrogated (27 patients). Total 42 lesions were analysed in 38 patients. Concordance between cardiologist opinion and FFR results were seen in 47.6% lesions. On basis of angiography alone intervention cardiologists decided 22 lesions to be stented but after estimation of FFR, 16 lesions were stented. Overall in 22 lesions decision was changed of which 14 lesions were deferred and 8 lesions were those which underwent PCI. On evaluation total cost of procedures as per decision of intervention cardiologist was found to be Rs 2603254 and actual total cost was Rs 2887954 with a difference of Rs 284700, which was not significant statistically. If further it was considered that FFR wire was used as guide wire for the patients who later underwent PCI after FFR, and cost of guide wire was reduced from the actual cost then Rs 207900 was the difference. Out of 38 patients we were able to contact 32 patients only. Mean duration of follow up was 12.7±7.14 mths. Amongst the 32 patients only 2 patients complained of class II angina. One patient later underwent CABG and was asymptomatic on follow up. Conclusion: Despite few number of patients this study reinforces that clinical trials don’t represent real life scenario and cost effective analysis may not be achieved in each set of situations. However, despite the increased cost we support the use of FFR for guiding revascularisation in intermediate severity lesions as it helps to classify these lesions correctly into significant or non significant. More so deferring of insignificant lesions and attending to significant lesions both are important to improve outcome.

Introduction: Cataract is the leading cause of blindness globally, particularly in developing countries. Cataract surgery with implantation of an intraocular lens is a sophisticated technological procedure. Despite improvements in cataract surgical services in many parts of the world, cataract remains responsible for half of the global blindness burden. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the visual outcomes and complications of patients who had cataract surgery at Borumeda hospital, Northeast Ethiopia. Method: A facility-based retrospective cross-sectional study was employed. The data was collected from 306 cataract operated patient cards and systematic random sampling technique was used to select the patient cards. The data collection tool was adopted from WHO guidelines for monitoring the outcome of cataract surgery. The data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics were used to describe socio-demographic characteristics, postoperative cataract surgery visual outcomes, intra and postoperative complications. The result was displayed in text, table and different form of graphs. Result: The findings of this study had shown that out of the study participants examined after one day, five weeks and six weeks of surgery 19.3%, 43.6% and 49.3% of patients had good visual acuity and had successful surgical outcome respectively. From all study participants undergoing cataract surgery 2.9% had developed complications. Conclusion: The result of this study had shown that from all study participants after 6 weeks of cataract surgery, half of them had no good visual acuity. Out of all 306 study participants 2.9% of them had complication of cataract surgery. Therefore recommendations forwarded for health care personnel’s, academic higher education s’, researchers, family members and friends to improve outcome of cataract surgery and to prevent post operative complications.

Part of speech (POS) tagger assigns a lexical tag to each word in given sentence. Part of Speech Tagging is a subtask Natural Language Processing Systems, identifies the correct tag according to syntax for each word in corpus (6). Part of speech can be used in many scenarios like information extraction, parsing, word semantic disambiguation, question answering, named entities recognition, virtual chats, scene generation etc. While POS tagging works great for commonly used simple English sentences, but it has not yet achieved good accuracy in the field of interior designing due to its morphological characteristics. This paper compares various POS techniques.

There has been a drastic transition in Architectural education and design pedagogy, from 17th century till current scenario. This paper examines the changes and different models of pedagogy used world over. This is a review paper that analysis and presents the design education in the light of traditional studio approach and Beyond while modelling the new studio typologies. This paper is the part of research on “Rationale of Application of Theory Inputs in Architectural Practice”. While the first Paper was “Importance of theory In Architecture”.

This paper aims to present a study carried out in a municipal school in the city of Manaus, in the state of Amazonas (Brazil). The purpose of the proposal was to assess students' perception of the concepts advocated by the circular economy and how environmental education contributes to circular actions in order to boost the local economy. Since environmental education is a political and pedagogical process, it was intended to assess the lifestyle, consumption habits and values of the students involved and their relationship with their environment. The methodology consisted of the application of a questionnaire to students of a public school, in order to assess their perception about the environmental theme and the promotion of circular actions, followed by an exploratory analysis of the information obtained. As a conclusion of the study, from the premise that the Amazon region is extremely vulnerable to human actions, it was realized that the lack of understanding about the environmental issue is strongly linked to the lack of actions focused on Environmental Management and Education, such as a bridge for clarification, awareness and training of those involved.

The unsteady flow phenomena dominate the blood stream in arteries. The cardiovascular system in the human body can be defined as an inner loop with a complex liquid flowing in multiple branches. Further, the relationship between viscous and unsteady forces is governed primarily, by the Womersley number, a non-dimensional frequency parameter. By the Finite Element method, the researcher is able to resolve the resultant nonlinear implicit system related to partial differential equation. By generating secondary flow in branches and curves, the normal arterial flow remains laminar. The arteries in the human body remain the living organs, capable of changing and adapt to varying hemodynamic conditions, however, in some particular situations, an abnormal biological response is created by unusual hemodynamic conditions. Due to the skewing of the velocity profile, the creation of pockets, takes place in the cardiovascular system, with which the oscillation of the direction of wall shear stress takes place. These sites remain the core of Atherosclerotic disease and that further, results in stenosis or the narrowing of the artery lumen. Due to stenosis, the human body suffers from turbulence and a reduction of flower due to flow choking and viscous head losses. Further, due to extremely high shear stresses near stenosis throat, the platelets are activated, that, further, leads to thrombosis, that, again, retains the capability of blocking the complete blood flow both to the brain and the heart. For surgical intervention, the detection, as well as quantification of stenosis remains the basis. In future studies, the research related to of arterial blood flow would definitely lead to the accurate hemodynamic flow in any particular patient, the development of the accurate diagnostic tools for quantifying the level of the disease, as well as the design various devices required to mimic as well as alter the flow of the blood. When compared to other research, the field of fluid mechanics offers considerable challenges that involve three-dimensional, pulsatile flows at the edge of turbulence.

Introduction: Among the main characteristics of patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) are effort intolerance along with a prolonged recovery from exercise and post-exertional exacerbation of ME/CFS symptoms. The gold standard for measuring the severity of physical activity intolerance is cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Multiple studies have shown that peak oxygen consumption is reduced in the majority of ME/CFS patients. A consecutive day CPET protocol has shown a difference on day 2 in ME/CFS patients in contrast to sedentary controls. Because the studied numbers of female ME/CFS patients in the published literature, are not very extensive, the aim of this study was to examine whether the response to a 2-day CPET protocol in a larger sample of female ME/CFS patients was similar to that studied in other research teams. Methods: From 102 female patients, 70 female ME/CFS patients fulfilled the criteria of a 2-day CPET protocol for analysis. Measures of oxygenconsumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, workload (Work), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER)were made at maximal (peak) and ventilatory threshold (VT) intensities. Data were analysed using a paired t-test. Results: Baseline characteristics of the group were as follows. Mean age was 44 (12) years, median BMI was 27.1(4.4)kg/m2. Median disease duration was 10 years (IQR 7-13). Heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest and the RER did not differ significantly between CPET 1 and CPET 2. All other CPET parameters at the ventilatory threshold and maximum exercise differed significantly (p-value between <0.005 and <0.0001). All patients experienced a deterioration of performance on CPET2 as measured by the predicted and actual VO2 and workload at peak exercise and ventilatory threshold. Conclusion: This study confirms that female ME/CFS patients have a reduction in exercise capacity in response to a consecutive day CPET. These results are similar to published results in female ME/CFS populations.

The continuation of archaic Science Syllabi in State universities and collegiate system in India has become a matter of deep concern. Graduates and Post graduates are without technical skills, creativity, comprehension and futuristic vision. They are not only unemployable, but untrainable. Interdisciplinary programs of teaching and training can reverse this malaise. Initially, Nanotechnology and Biotechnology were treated as separate emerging frontiers of science and technology. However, with increasing volume of information, the two are wedded to become the holistic pivot of channelising new knowledge. Nanobiotechnology has numerous, albeit ever expanding components. They relate to issues of development of strategic defense equipment; agriculture, veterinary and biomedical sciences, atomic and sub- atomic sciences, engineering (all sections) etc. There is the need to develop coherent and linked curricula from 10+2 to P.G. level that entails foundation aspects of Nano-biotechnology; and incorporates basic instrumentation training. The areas need to be identified for the purpose of streamlining the curricula, for imparting practical training. This will enable the youth of country to find employment in defense industry, biomedical science, agriculture, engineering etc. New areas of entrepreneurship will also open. This would be globally competitive.

Environmental issues This invention relate to a cleaning drone based on a multi-copter flying platform comprising a plurality of sustentation rotors, a cleaning device protruding from the main body of the drone and a plurality of pusher propellers protruding from the main body of the done in a position being opposite to the protruding cleaning device, these pusher propellers being aligned at a substantially orthogonal angle in respect to the sustentation rotors in order to provide a pushing force for the cleaning device to act upon the surface to be cleaned, the cleaning drone further comprising a communications system, allowing it to receive commands and to send back responses to a remote controller, a geographical positioning system, allowing it to execute translation operations based on a known position, and a visual recognition system, allowing it to recognize visual features on the surface to be cleaned or on its immediate surroundings, wherein the sustentation rotors and pusher propellers are driven by electric motors which are fed by at least one power source selected from the group consisting of electric batteries, a fuel cell, a generator driven by a small piston engine, a thermo-photovoltaic fuel based generator, or any other electric energy storage or conversion mean. In a preferred aspect, the cleaning device is protruding from the front side of the drone's main body and comprises at least two straight flexible blades being hold in place by an enclosure defining a cavity which progressively.

Black subjects' hypertension (hypertension) is characterized by high blood pressure, more frequent heart and kidney complications, and ineffective system inhibitors (ACE inhibitors or ARAIIs) as monotherapy. The objective of this work was to evaluate the profile, characteristics of black hypertensive subjects balanced by monotherapy with ACE or ARB II 18 patients with hypertension out of 258 or 8% were balanced by monotherapy with ACE or ARB II. The average age was 38.5 years. The profiles found were; hypertension associated with obesity, sickle cell disease, keloids, polycystosis, and hydronephrosis. Black hypertensive subjects balanced by ACE or ARB II monotherapy are young subjects who often have secondary hypertension.

The HR function holds a Providing high-quality, safe medical care is the primary goal of health systems. When the public is alerted to quality failures, such as preventable medication errors resulting in patient harm or death, concerns about the quality of healthcare arise. As experts in medication delivery, pharmacists play an integral role in preventing and managing medication errors; however, ensuring safety in the health system is a team effort. Pharmacists need to broaden their responsibilities by taking on roles in quality and performance improvement projects. Pharmacists are well positioned to assist the healthcare system in improving quality of care, and they are already established as experts in medication management processes. As pharmacists branch out into the quality arena, they will need to expand their knowledge base with respect to quality. This discussion guide is intended to provide health-system pharmacists with the basic tools they need to lead and participate in quality improvement and medication safety initiatives.

The quantum of xenophobism have been a major source of concern for the globalizing and liberal world at large. This is as a result of its recurring nature and complexities as it creates economic nationalism against preaches for opening of different nations' economies. In Africa, the reverse has been the case as lives and property of Africans had been lost, and tensions created between South Africa and other Africans, including Nigerians. Scholars who have done research on this area have not sufficiently criticized the status of imports and exports, and impacts the attacks may have had on trade agreements between both countries. However, it is against this backdrop that the paper examined xenophobic attacks in relations to importation and exportation that take place between Nigeria and South Africa, and the trade agreements between both countries, involving progressive steps to further improve trade. Methodologically, the paper utilized documentary method and data were generated through the secondary sources and analyzed in content. The framework of analysis for the study was anchored on the Complex Interdependence Model(CIM), developed by Robert O Keohane and Joseph S. Nye. The theory highlighted that Nigeria and South Africa will be willing to enter into cooperative alliances even in the times of anarchy and conflict. The finding of the study has adequately revealed that xenophobic attacks have not affected rate of importation-exportation activities, and has not undermined ongoing trade deliberations between both countries. The paper recommended amongst others, that the governments of both countries should ensure adequate opening and distribution of national economies to the contents and benefits of their citizens. Also, there should be provisions in immigration laws of both countries to enable for the foreigners.

The growth of electronic money transactions in Indonesia at 2019 increased by 230.25% and making any financial enterprise technology (fintech) more competing. Digital Payment OVO Instagram used social media to expand their marketing activities, thus forming a digital communication between companies and customers. Communication is a form of Electronic Word Of Mouth Activity (EWOM)in social media. The purpose of this study to determined how big electronic word of mouth on social media Instagram influence brand loyalty OVO. This study was conducted using a quantitative approach through surveys. The survey was conducted using questionnaires distributed online to the respondents through social media. The measurement clarified by eight dimensions: quality EWOM, quantity EWOM, Sender expertise, Measures behavior, switch cost, satisfaction, linking Brand, And commitment. The population of OVO users by 2019, amounting to 115 million people and 100 people into the sample by using the formula Taro Yamanewith a confidence interval of 90%. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. Based on the results of research and data analysis has been done, the obtained results that electronic word of mouth has a contribution of 32.8% in an effort to influence the Brand Loyalty OVO. The rest 67.2% is made up of the effects and influence of other factors outside of this study.

The purpose of the study was to explore the effects of non-monetary incentives on employee performance. The specific objectives of the study were to:identify the various types of non-monetary incentives; find the determinants of employee performance; identify the challenges of non-monetary incentives; and find the effects of non-monetary incentives on employee performance. This was a case study approach was adopted in which purposive and simple random sampling technique was used to select 63 respondents from Zenith bank and Agricultural Development Bank (ADB) in Sunyani municipality. Questionnaire was the instrument for data collection. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).The results showed that non-monetary incentives have a strong significant positive relationship on employee performance at Zenith bank while the relationship is moderate positive at ADB. The total variation in employee performance at Zenith bank explained by the linear relationship between non-monetary incentives and employee performance was 35.64% while it was 14.3% at ADB. What determined these performances were ability and motivation, declarative knowledge, procedural knowledge, motivation to work, achievement of set goals, staff competence, and set standards. The types of non-monetary incentives discovered were job security, good working condition, participation in goal setting, achievement, staff recognition, job enlargement, incentives that address social needs, improved working conditions, and fringe benefits. However, training and career path-related incentives as well as drive to exercise power is peculiar to Zenith bank and not ADB. This could explain why the employees at Zenith bank perform better than ADB since there is room for initiative and development. Nonetheless, short-term impact, entitlements, wrong things for rewards, delay which discounts any reward, inflexibility of reward systems and demotivators were the identified challenges. Based on the findings of the study, the researcher recommends among things that: rewards should be given to deserved staff as soon as possible since delay discount the reward in both banks. Management of both banks should engage employees in the kind of reward to be given. This will eliminate wrong things for reward. For future research, the study should cover the effects of monetary and non-monetary reward on employee performance in more than two organisations. Again, further studies should look at employee’s perception of monetary and non-monetary reward on their job satisfaction.

Shalakya Tantra is one of the Eight specialties of Astang Ayurveda which deals with diseases occur above the clavicle specially related to the sensory organs. In this the eye is an important sense organ for vision and it is responsible for social and intellectual development of human being. In Ayurvedic classical texts various types of eye diseases are described. Ex: Sandhigata Rogas, Varthamagata Rogas, Shuktagata Rogas, Krishnagata Rogas, Sarvagata Rogas, and Bhaya Netra Rogas. Among them Shuklagata Rogas are the diseases which occur in conjunctiva. Ayurveda classics prescribed several preventive and curative measures for the management of ophthalmic diseases called “Netra Kriya Kalpa”. Netra Kriya Kalpa is unique, effective and topical application to the eye diseases. Anjana is a one them. According to its form the Anjana is of three type i.e. Gutika, Rasakriya and Churn Anjana. These three types of Anjana can be co related with ophthalmic suspensions and eye drops.

Objectives: Resin adhesives could be used as a carrier of nano-hyrdoxy apatite particles added to treat early enamel caries. The aim of this study was to evaluate micro tensile bond strength of a remineralizing enamel infiltrant to early carious enamel lesion. Methods: An artificial caries model was used to induce early partially-cavitated enamel caries-like lesion in maxillay centrals. Nano hydroxyapatite particles (nHA) were applied in two forms to a low shrinkage low viscosity resin adhesive (TTEMA/TEGDMA): particles were directly added to resin adhesive or silanated before addition. Unmodified adhesive was used as control. Micro-tensile bond strength (MTBS) was performed to evaluate bond strength to demineralized enamel after application of the remineralizing resin adhesive (n=20, α=0.05). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to assess mode of failure and to study infiltrant-enamel interface. Results: Direct addition of nano-particles resulted in significant reduction (F=32, P<0.001) in MTBS (19 MPa ± 3.8) compared to addition of silanated particles (24 MPa ± 3.2) which presented comparable values to the unmodified enamel infiltrant (26 MPa ± 4.1). SEM image analysis revealed adhesive failure observed for directly added particles while the other two groups demonstrated cohesive failure observed in the resin adhesive. On the other hand, direct addition of nHA resulted in partial remineralization of enamel (42% recovery in calcium content). Conclusion: TTEMA/TEGDMA enamel infiltrant could be used as a carrier for nano hydroxyapatite particles without compromising bond strength to early carious enamel lesions.

Objective: The aim is to determine the perception of pain and discomfort by the patient during the placement of orthodontic separators. Methods: Elastomeric separators were placed mesially and distally to the first molars in 200 orthodontic patients, and the participants were given self administrated questionnaires to document perceived pain, type of pain felt, pain upon chewing, and the severity of pain's affecting daily life, using a visual analog scale for three days. Results: The mean perceived pain scores out of 100 on the first 3 days were:49.00±27.7 88.00±30.7 and 25.12±14.3 respectively; chewing pain scores were: 49.25± 33.49 ,78.80 ± 44.2, 31.21± 20.01,respectively; the pain's affecting daily life scores were16.7 ± 26.7,28.1± 38.7, 14.6±12.1, respectively. A Kruskal–Wallis test showed a statistically significant difference in the reported pain between the studied parameters. Conclusion: 51.7% of population reported pain after separator placement.88% of patients reported the maximum intensity of pain one day after separator placement. Intensity of pain reduced two days after separator placement.56.12% of patients had to change their food consistency.