December 2015

Introduction Importance of children's mental health issues at personality evolution and the impact of dysfunctional behavioral responses during this period make it clear that there is a need to interpretation. Hence, in this field, assessment and screening is a one of the fundamental solution in order to identifying the problems. The present study was designed and conducted to assess the behavioral responses. Methods :This descriptive-analytic study was conducted with random and available sampling of 240 students (both girl and son) in the range of 9-16 years old (from Tehran preps and secondary schools-2015) using the scale of dysfunctional behavior, feeling and thoughts. The ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-square, Fisher and U Mann – Whitney tests, were used for analysis. Findings Results have shown that intensity of dysfunctional behavioral, emotional and intellectual responses were observed in 61.6% of the samples. The frequency and intensity were higher in girls than boys. This situation was true about 73.7% of girls and 50% boys. Conclusion: As for involving the large number of students with dysfunctional behavioral disorders, screening seemed to be necessary for identifying these individuals and referrals them to consulting centers because of diagnosis disorder, and interventions – educational treatment.

The pituitary gland and mammary glands of 30 Madras red ewes of different age groups were utilized for the current study. Two types of acidophils were identified in the pars distalis adenohypophysis. The size of type I acidophils (orangeophils) ranged from 9.30 ± 0.22 µm in dry animals to 9.90 ± 0.28 µm in pubertal animals. The number of these cells was more in pregnant (1866 ± 95.85 cells/mm2) and lactating (1687 ± 62.41 cells/mm2) animals when compared to dry (1650 ± 108.92 cells/mm2) age groups in sheep. The size of type II acidophils (carminophils) ranged from 9.15 ± 0.26 µm in prepubertal age to 10.05 ± 0.29 µm in lactating sheep. The average number of type II acidophils in prepubertal sheep was 550 ± 34.88 cells/mm2 which increased gradually upto lactation (2043 ± 107.48 cells/mm2) but showed marked decrease in dry animals (1269 ± 117.71 cells/mm2). The alveolar size was 39.88 ± 1.39 µm in pregnant sheep, 106.05 ± 14.70 µm in lactating sheep but decreased significantly to 32.45 ± 1.64 µm in the mammary glands of dry sheep. The increased number and size of the lobulo-alveolar system in mammary glands of pregnant and lactating sheep may be correlated with the corresponding increase in the number and secretory activity of somatotrophs in adenohypohysis of hypophysis cerebri of Madras red sheep.

According to World Health Organization (WHO) prevalence of diabetes will be increase 35% between 1995 and 2025, worldwide. Various studies documented that Asian countries too have the highest prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus, which have its effect on Maternal-fetal outcomes. This study is a review of studies, concerning with outcome of pregnancies of mothers with and without exposure of diabetes.

The present work was aimed to study the seroprevalence of contagious agalactia in goats. For this study, total 705 lactating goats belonging to organized and unorganized sectors of in and around areas of Jabalpur (M.P.) were screened by slide agglutination test over a period of 12 months i.e. from April 2014 to March 2015. The overall seroprevalence of contagious agalactia was 9.50%. Seroprevalence of contagious agalactia in organised goat farms was observed higher (19.65%) than in unorganised sector of goatry (4.62%). The age wise seroprevalence of contagious agalactia revealed a non-significant variation among various age groups. However, breed wise seroprevalence of contagious agalactia showed significant variation (p<0.05) among various breeds of goats but comparatively lower prevalence was observed in those breeds of which were reared in unorganized sector.

Aim of the study is to explore the biological as well as chemical potentials of the solanum xanthocapum and to focus that drug still needed some more attention for identifying its new chemical constituents and medicinal values. In this research drug is studied more extensively regarding their macroscopic and microscopic characters (organoleptic & histological evaluation), as well as phytochemical and physicochemical examination to standardize the drug, and its concluded that drug contain different chemical compounds such Alkaloid, carbohydrates, amino acids, flavanoid, etc.

Chronic diseases have become a major public health problem accounting for 60% of all deaths worldwide. In India, the projected number of deaths due to chronic disease was around 5.21 million in 2008 and is expected to rise to 7.63 million in 2020 (66.7% of all deaths). Globally, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the 12th cause of death and the 17th cause of disability, respectively. Unani medicine is an ancient system of medicine which advocates the treatment of chronic disease with drugs of natural origin. Ancient Unani physician Hippocrates (460-375BC) recognized for the first time kidney as a vital organ responsible for urine formation [3]. Unani literature described kidney disease in detail based on ancient pathology of disease along with complete management which is still in practice. As per Unani concept kidney has been provided by four ordinary powers viz. Quwwate Jazibah (absorptive power), Quwwate Hazimah (digestive power), Quwwate Masikah (retentive power) and Quwwate Dafiah (power of expulsion) and one unique power i.e. Quwwate Momaiyazah (power of discrimination) upon which normal functioning of kidney is based. Also, there are four types of abnormalities that take place in kidney viz. Amraz Sue Mizaj, Amraz Sue Tarkeeb, Amraz Sudda and Amraze Tafarruque Ittesal which forms the basis of all renal diseases. The term Zauf-e-kuliya is used to describe deranged kidney functions resulting into bol-e-ghussali (proteinuria). This paper is an attempt of understanding the ancient Unani patho-physiological concept of chronic kidney disease for finding an alternative solution of the problem.

Background: Medial epicondylitis is a common disorder, although less common than tennis elbow but difficult to treat than lateral epicondylitis and as of now no consensus exists as to the most appropriate management strategy for medial epicondylitis. Aim: To compare the outcome of different nonsurgical treatment modalities in medial epicondylitis. Conclusion: In this study, although corticosteroid showed an early advantage but long-term follow-up results were better for autologous blood group.

Introduction: In a context of constrained health-care resources, the use of generics medicines is an opportunity for savings. The study, with multifaceted purpose, aimed to investigate among generalist physician, the perception, use and prescription of generics and also identify the factors influencing their decision of prescribing generic medicines. Materiel and Methods: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in the health region of Abidjan 2, with 170 generalist physician selected at random and working in private or public sector. A face to face questionnaire was drawn up with closed and opened questions. All the collected data were entered into EPI INFO 7. Results: Two-thirds of the respondents expressed that they believed in generics medicines effectiveness, bioequivalence, quality and safety. The main information source about generic medicine was pharmaceutical sales representatives. In their practice, the generalist physician working in public sector prescribed more generic medicines (p=0.041). The cost of medicines was the most important factor taken into consideration about generic prescription. Conclusion: Even if the study demonstrated good perceptions of generics medicines, health authorities should promote towards policies the rational use of generic medicine notably in the private sector.

Background: Neck pain is a common problem which can lead to difficulty in activities. There is lack of evidence to allow conclusions to be drawn about the effectiveness of Muscle energy technique (MET) when compared with stretching exercises on neck disability index. It would be interesting to study if these two techniques yield comparable outcomes and if one technique is superior to the next which should be the alternate choice of therapy. Subjects and methods: 45 patients with subacute mechanical neck pain were randomly assigned to group1, group 2 and group 3. Intervention: Group 1 received 6 sessions of Muscle Energy Technique and 10 sessions of conventional physiotherapy. Group 2 received 6 sessions of static stretching and 10 sessions of conventional physiotherapy. Group 3 received 10 sessions of conventional physiotherapy. All groups were treated for 2 weeks. Outcome measures: Neck disability index scores (NDI). Results: Paired t-test was used for within group analysis. ANOVA followed by post hoc analysis was employed for between group comparisons. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was found on NDI scores between the 3 groups. Statistically significant improvements were found in all the 3 groups for NDI scores (p < 0.05). Discussion and conclusion: The results of this study indicates that both the muscle energy technique and static stretching are equally effective in reducing the neck disability as there is no significant difference between two groups. The MET and static stretching groups demonstrated superior treatment effects to the conventional physiotherapy group on NDI scores.

Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) is a tropical legume that could be an important summer cover crop, it has the potential for suppressing both crops and weeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the allelopathic effect of sunn hemp in different spacing intervals and densities, in the germination of corn, beans, rice, soybeans and weeds. The study was conducted in Cáceres/MT and Paraguaçu Paulista/SP. Sunn hemp was planted to obtain matter for the extraction of allele chemical compounds and the suppressive effect from growing sunn hemp on the weeds on the crops in the field. The corn, bean, rice, soybean and bitter grass seeds were the bio-indicators. There were two spacing intervals (0.25 m and 0.50 m) and three densities (25, 40 and 50 plants m-1) evaluated the sunn hemp height, density, dry weight of weeds (g/m2) and the germination and root length of the planted specie seedlings. The reduction of sunn hemp plant spacing reduces the growth of weeds in the field that directly interfere in the germination and growth of seedlings. The crops display different sensitivity to the concentration of sunn hemp extracts, bean extract displays the greatest sensitivity to the extract, even at the lowest concentration, when compared to corn and rice, as it also affects the root. No significant interference was present in soybean extracts. Bitter grass has reduced germination from the extracts and increased numbers of abnormal plants.

The quality of food has got a direct influence on the health, growth, development and survival of silkworm. Most of the food plants may contain all the nutritional requirements but the quantity of each nutrient may not be well balanced for proper growth and development of silkworm. The nutritional status as well as growth and development of insect varied on different host plants. The present investigation deals with rearing of Antheraea frithi M. and foliar constituents of Terminalia arjuna Roxb., a newly reported host plant for A. frithi. The foliar constituents of Terminalia arjuna, viz. total nitrogen (2.88 ± 0.04 %), total soluble protein (12.77 ± 0.38 %), crude protein (18 ± 0.70 %), phosphorous (22.02 ± 0.36 ppm/gm), potassium (18.8 ± 0.46 ppm/gm), crude fiber (33 ± 0.59 %), cellulose (12.33 ± 0.40 %), total ash content (12.33 ± 0.40 %) moisture content (68 ± 0.71 %) were recorded during the rearing season i.e. July-August. Although A. frithi is a wild temperate tasar silkworm and so far not commercially exploited, hence, there is an ample scope to introduce Terminalia arjuna as a new host plant along with other host plants and it will accomplished the conservation of silkworm as well as host plant at significant level.

Polythene wastes accumulating in the environment are posing an ever increasing ecological threat. Naturally colonized microorganisms play a vital role in biodegradation of polyethylene, depending on the environmental conditions. This study represents biodegradability of native bacterial strains in the municipal waste landfill sites. Samples from various landfill sites of polyethylene films were collected from Cuddalore district. The morphological characteristics of various colonies of bacteria were observed, the isolated were screened for the biodegradability and were identified using staining, biochemical characterization and 16SrRNA sequencing techniques. Twenty different bacterial strains were isolated among these, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, (37.56 %) recorded maximum weight loss were observed followed by Bacillus sp. (32.70 %), Alcaligens sp. (31.33 %), Bacillus anthracis (26.83 %) and Shigella sonnei (25.30 %) were estimated. Two novel bacteria Bacillus sp and Alcaligens sp. were ultimately degraded polyethylene films and posing important role in polymer degradation.

The present study were carried out on traditional used aquatic plant biodiversity of Birla Talab. Various parts of plants (roots, stem, leaves, fruits, seeds etc.) or whole plant is used for medicinal purpose for various ailments. Free questionnaire surveys, participatory observation and field visits were planned to elicit information on the medicinal plants used by local community. Several of these plants are very sensitive to the fluctuations in the normal physico-chemical parameters of the Talab. A slight alteration or degradation of the Talab may result in the disappearance or the extinction of these plants. This will ultimately result in large-scale economic loss in terms of the medicinal products synthesized from these plants. Conservation strategies to protect and conserve aquatic life are necessary to maintain the balance of nature and support the availability of resources for future generations.

The study was initiated to develop callus using vermicompost extracts and coelomic fluid of earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae on in situ development of medicinal plant Catharanthus roseus. Vermicompost extract without any hormone supplements supported 100% callus induction. Vermicompost extract with 0.5mg/L BAP, 1mg/L NAA and 1mg/L IBA have supported 70% callus induction. Vermicompost extract with 1mg/L 2,4-D and 1mg/L KIN have shown 60% callus induction. Suspension culture was successfully developed using vermicompost extract and coelomic fluid in the 3:1 ratio. Phytochemical analysis has shown Total Phenol Content to be less in in vitro callus when compared to in vivo (86.88±0.12 mg/g) plants and flavonoids were higher (1.74±0.15 mg/gram) in callus. TLC and HPLC analysis have shown the presence of alkaloids in the plant calli and suspension cultures of C. roseus. Alkaloids recovered from the suspension media have indicated that certain important alkaloids can be obtained from the media itself without sacrificing the cells and the plants for pharmaceutical purposes. Vermicompost extract alone has given the best result. By standardizing the technique, it is possible to develop the plants through micropropagation in an economical way.

Anti-microbial activity of root, stem and leaf extracts of Phyllanthus amarus were studied with polar solvents such as ethyl acetate, dimethyl Formamide and non-polar solvents such as chloroform, dichloromethane and n-Hexane extracts against Gram positive bacteria viz. Bacillus cereus ,Bacillus subtilis and Gram negative bacteria viz. Pseudomonas aeruginosa,, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae using Agar well diffusion method. Root, stem and leaf extracts of Phyllanthus amarus were evaluated separately to determine the best explant source for potential antimicrobial effect. Amikacin and Nitrofurantoin were used as positive control. Leaf extracts in dimethyl formamide and dichloromethane exhibited better antimicrobial activity compared to root and stem extracts. The extracts were further subjected to GC-MS analysis for identification of compounds responsible for anti-microbial activity. MIC and MBC studies were carried out by macro-dilution method. The assessment of anti-microbial activity of this plant helps in correlating the ancient and modern way of disease treatment for large scale testing of novel pharmacopeia.

The underframe assembly of rail coaches is manufactured with the help of metal active gas welding process. Both ends of the austenitic stainless steel plate are welded to corten steel on the floor assembly of the coaches. The butt weld is done to the joint. Floor assembly is subjected to massive corrosion environment which weakens structural stability on carrying loads, since coaches are designed in a fashion to bare heavy loads on loading condition and also accidental proof for safe journey. Hence mechanical properties are to be optimized for the joint. Weathering steel which turns orange in time, special fillers are required for thicker section so the weld weathers like the plate. Consumables are chosen to match or exceed the chromium content of the parent metal. Weld by very commonly used are welding processes MAG, with optimal filler metal for stainless steel welding chosen based on adequate corrosion resistance for intended use to match base metal content with respect to Alloying elements, e.g. Cr, Ni & Mo.

An electric power system comprises of generation, transmission and distribution of electric energy. Transmission lines are used to transmit electric power to distant large load centers. The rapid growth of electric power systems over the past few decades has resulted in a large increase of the number of lines in operation and their total length. These lines are exposed to faults as a result of lightning, short circuits, faulty equipment, mal-operation, human errors, overload, and aging. The un-interrupted and reliable power supply in the need of the today world. Faults cause short to long term power outages for customers and may lead to significant losses especially for the manufacturing industry and nation`s economy as a whole . Fast detecting, isolating, locating and repairing of these faults are critical in maintaining a reliable power system operation. The symmetrical faults (LG, LLG, LLL/LLLG and transients) are most commonly occurring faults in power system. Amongst the all the faults discussed above the behavior of the transient in power system is most unpredictable. This paper aims to provide an insight for the recognition of the transients fault in the power system using FFT analysis.

Electricity has an essential place in the life of humanity with the rapidly developing technology. It has been seen that the use of fossil fuels for electrical energy production harms the environment. People have turned to renewable energy sources that have the least damage to the environment in order to meet the needs of electricity. The systems that produce electricity from solar (photovoltaic systems) are the most preferred renewable energy sources. Because there is no the payment of fees to the raw energy sources and staff expenses are little during operation. Also the low maintenance costs due to the small parts are among the advantages. In this study, polycrystallinesolar panel installation was conducted in Afyonkarahisar. Solar panels have been placed at an angle of approximately 45o. The solar panel production data (voltage and power) were instantly monitored from the PC and recorded to Access database at 10 second intervals by the help of micro-controller control board and C# software. Energy production of the solar panels is determined using the one-year data.

Urbanisation is a global phenomenon that leads to rapid change in land use and land cover. This change significantly alters surface material from pervious to impervious concretized material. Changes in surface material introduce hike in surface temperature. Biological resources such as vegetation not only act as a sink to CO2 but also help to reduce surface temperature by providing shades to surface materials. To understand such relation a study has been conducted on land surface temperature of Kolkata based on landsat satellite data. In this study, land surface temperature is measured from thermal image of using landsat Thematic Mapper satellite sensor. To calculate land surface temperature a method developed by Artis and Carnahan is adopted. The surface temperature shows that temperature is higher in north Kolkata in comparison to south Kolkata. In the process to calculate surface temperature, normalised temperature vegetation index (NDVI) has also been calculated using Near Infrared band and red band of the same satellite. The NDVI shows a negative relationship with surface temperature.

The research on asset volatility in financial market is the foundation of finance. To measure and predict asset volatility accurately, Bollerslev built a generalised ARCH (GARCH) model based on the ARCH model. The GARCH process is often preferred by financial modeling professionals because it provides a more real-world context than other forms when trying to predict the prices and returns of financial instruments. It is the general process for a GARCH model involves three steps. The first is to estimate a best-fitting autoregressive model; secondly, compute autocorrelations of the error term and lastly, test for significance. The objective of the study is to GARCH (1,1) model for the volatility of Infosys stock returns and factors influencing the volatility in the returns of Infosys stock returns. The study covers monthly data ranging from Sept. 2009 to Nov.2015 having 98 observations. The empirical investigation considers returns of closing prices of all variables namely Infosys Stock Return as dependent and S&P CNX Nifty and Dow Jones Industrial Average as independent variables. Data for all variables are collected from the official websites of nseindia.com and yahoofinance.com. E-Views is used to analyze the data. It is concluded that despite there is a weakness of this student’s t distribution model about its non-normality of residuals, many suggest that non-normality in the residuals may not be that serious problem for estimation. Hence this model will be used for forecasting.

Background: Nowadays there are several bacteria show resistant to many antibiotics, therefore the discovery of new and more efficient antibacterial agents is essential. Objective: to evaluate the antibacterial activities of Lawsoniainermis (henna) and Camelliasinensis (green tea) against some pathogenic bacteria. Methodology: Fresh plants Lawsoniainermis and Camelliasinensis were collected with assistant by a plant taxonomist at the medicinal and aromatic plants research institute in the national center of research in Khartoum, Sudan. Then the plants were chapped into small slides and shade dried. By using Cup plates method; different concentrations of Ethanolic, Methanolic and boiling water extracts of plants were examined against different micro-organisms including clinical isolates and laboratory standard bacterial strain of Staphylococcusaureus ATCC 25923, Escherichiacoli ATCC 25922, Proteusmirabilis ATCC 49565, Klebsiellapneumoniae ATCC 35657, Pseudomonasaeruginosa ATCC 27853. Clinical isolates of these strain obtained from patients attending the Omdurman teaching hospital, Sudan. Results: Lawsoniainermis show various antimicrobial activity against standard bacteria ranges from 9.9 mm to 22.9 mm, whilst against isolated organisms methanolic extract provide sensitivity zone ranging 4.6 mm to 12 mm for all isolates, whereby ethanolic and boiling water extract act only against S. aureusfrom 8 mm – 15 mm. Camelliasinensis show various antimicrobial activity against standard bacteria ranging 7.2 mm – 24 mm except against P.mirabilis ATCC 49565 the boiling water extract show no activity, whereas against isolated organisms provide activity ranging from 3.6 mm to 19.8 mm with exception again no activity against P.mirabilis. Also antibacterial activities of different antibiotics against both standard bacteria and isolated bacteria show various result from 0 to 38 mm. Conclusion: The present studyclarify the antibacterial activities of used plants. Therefore these results supply the use of theseplant as antibacterial agent.

An experiment was carried out on 135 day old Vencob straight run commercial broiler chicks for a period of 42 days (6 weeks). The chicks were randomly divided into three groups (n=45) of three replicates each. Untreated control group (T0) was fed standard basal diet without any supplement, treatment group T1 was supplemented with AV/LAP/19 at the rate of 1ml/100 birds/day from 0-14 days, 2ml/100 birds/day from 14-28 days and 3ml/100 birds/day from 28-42 days in water and treatment group T2 supplemented with synthetic ascorbic acid@100g/tonne of feed. Record of temperature were maintained on daily basis with mean maximum daily temperature of 39±2°C, relative humidity (RH) 82.57 ± 1.40 % (Recorded twice daily at a fixed time by hygrometer). AV/LAP/19 is a polyherbal formulation containing natural vitamin C and bioflavonoids, scientifically well known for their anti-oxidant and free radical scavenging activities. During present experiment, growth and performance parameters were recorded at weekly intervals. Hematological and biochemical parameters were analyzed at 3rd and 5th week of study. The mean live body weight (gm) mean weekly feed consumption (gm) on 42nd day was significantly (P<0.05) improved in AV/LAP/19 supplemented group T1 birds (2572.72 and 1108.69, respectively) as compared to control group (2385 and 1179.44, respectively) and varied non significantly from synthetic ascorbic acid supplemented group T2 birds (2527.16 and 1211.95, resopectively). FCR on 42nd day was significantly (P<0.05) better in AV/LAP/19 supplemented group T1 birds (2.05) than synthetic ascorbic acid supplemented group T2 birds (2.12) and control group (2.25). Hematological and biochemical parameters, which were altered under stressful conditions, also improved in AV/LAP/19 supplemented group T1 birds.

Morphology of the peri implant soft tissue adjacent the implant component plays a pivotal role in displaying the implant esthetics. Creating an implant restoration that cannot be distinguished from the rest of the natural dentition is the ultimate goal. The ability to preserve the architecture, modify and even improve the soft tissue contours lies in the hands of the periodontists and greatly influence the overall restorative result. The main approach of the periodontist is to establish and accomplish natural soft tissue dimensional architecture without formation of any scar tissue on labial gingival interface and most importantly preserve the interproximal papillae. There are various innovative methods for promoting and preserving the soft tissue profile around the implants. Second stage surgery should be given emphasis and not just thought as a process of uncovering the coverscrew. A whole lot can be done and is an excellent opportunity to give finesse to the soft tissue profiling around implant components. Implant therapy Specially in the anterior maxilla is challenging for the clinician because of the esthetic demands of patients and difficult pre-existing anatomy

Residency Training in the medical field has been the focus of Health education organizations. Such training is dependent to a high degree on the involved trainers within their respective fields. Several studies have tackled the factors that will have an impact on trainees thus the success of their training program. In this review, we highlight theses factors, define them into 3 main categories: skills, behavior and generation, then focus on what we believe is the most important nowadays, which is the issue of the so called: “Generation gap”. Solutions related to this issue are also summarized based on the most recent literature within this field with suggested future studies that are peculiar to our local medical training.

Background: Sir Veer Chandra Singh Garhwal Government Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre is a tertiary referral Centre for Eastern Garhwal Region which caters to the medical needs of Chamoli, Rudraprayag and Pauri-Srinagar Districts of Uttarkhand, North India. H.N. Bahuguna Government Base Teaching Hospital is attached to the above institution is located near Srinagar town in the Alakananda Valley at 579 meters above the sea level. The patients who are referred here come from Kedarnath and Badrinath valleys lying at an altitude of 1500 to 3500 meters above the sea level. Aims and Objectives: This is an observational study undertaken to study the clinical presentation, risk factors, neurological presentation, pattern of brain strokes, areas of brain affected as per CT scan findings in the adult population coming from the high altitudes of Eastern Garhwal region of Uttarkhand State in North India during the period from January to December 2013.Materials and Methods: All the adult admitted cases in the hospital were examined clinically for hypertension, Diabetes and systemic and neurological examination were conducted followed by laboratory investigations, which included routine urine and blood examination, ECG, X-Rays, CT-Brain plain and contrast and CSF analysis, when indicated. Observations: Out of the 336 cases of stroke studied during the period from 1st January 2013 and to 31st December 2013 in our hospital, 61.3% were having hypertension, 20.5% were smokers, 10.11% were having diabetes mellitus, and 7.44% were having cardiac disease. Over all incidence of stroke was 28/100,000 population with male to female ratio 7:4. Clinically, unilateral weakness was seen in 58.6%, unilateral sensory impairment in 19.9%, conjugate deviation of eyes in 16.4%, impaired cognitive function 37.2%, impaired consciousness in 21.4%, aphasia in 13.4%, dysphasia in 19.6%, dysphagia in 11.6%, dysarthria in 27%, ataxia in 5.4%,headache 16.1%,vertigo in 8.6%and seizures 12.5%. Ischemic infarctions were 58.65%, hemorrhages were 25.89%, transient ischemic attacks were 12.5%, subarachnoid hemorrhage were 1.78% and cortical vein thrombosis 1.91% as revealed by CT scans reports. Recurrent strokes were 5.95%. Mortality in the study was 8.3%.

The use of medicinal properties of plant is called herbal medicine. Plants have the ability to synthesize a wide variety of chemical compounds that are used to perform important biological functions and to defense against attack from insect, fungi, bacteria etc. Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. is being used widely in ayurvedic medicine. The roots have a sweet smell like camphor. Medicinal plants are being widely used, either as single drug or in combination in health care delivery system. Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. is the most widely used traditionally and has been distributed by humans throughout the tropics. Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. is used for treatment of cancer, viral, lithic, hypotensive, fungal, bacterial and also used in diabetes. With all these potential benefits, this plant is not widely utilized. The most useful part of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. is root which shows different activity like antimicrobial activity, anti-enterobacterial activity, anti-acne activity, anti-oxidant activity, natriuretic and saliuretic activity, renoprotective activity, anti inflammatory activity, anti-venom activity.

Background and objectives: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is an inflammatory atherothrombotic metabolic disease. In patients with type 2 diabetes, low grade inflammation is characterized by increased plasma levels of several biomarkers of inflammation such as high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). This prospective observational study was designed to assess serum levels of hsCRP in type 2 diabetes and determine correlation between hsCRP and complications associated with diabetes. Methods: A total of 60 subjects were enrolled in the study as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Hypertension (36.7%), duration of diabetes (14 years), urine microalbunuria (46.7%), serum creatinine, hsCRP and diabetic retinopathy (40%) were higher in DM patients with complications. Intermediate and high risk levels of hsCRP were higher in patients with diabetic complications. Correlation of hsCRP levels and other findings suggest that there was no significant correlation whereas the propensity of having abnormal ECG increases with rise in hsCRP levels. Rise in hsCRP levels were significantly associated with increase in serum creatinine, microalbuminuria and abnormal ECG. Interpretation and Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that there is a significant association between hsCRP and complications of DM. Abnormal ECG findings suggest the linkage amongst DM, cardiovascular complications and hsCRP. The role of hsCRP in metabolic abnormalities cannot be neglected as it may be very essential biomarker to detect associated complications.

This study has been undertaken to find association between hypertension and diabetes mellitus in perimenopausal women in an urban slum of Mumbai. The cross-sectional community-based descriptive epidemiological study was conducted in slum area during the period of January 2012 to June 2013. 29.5% diabetic subjects and 17% non-diabetic subjects had hypertesion. There was significant statistical association between hypertension and diabetes mellitus among perimenopausal women in an urban slum.

Aim: The study was aimed to assess the effect of psychoeducation on knowledge, attitude and burden of caregivers of clients with bipolar affective disorder. Methods and materials: One group pre-test, post-test design was adopted for the study. Forty caregivers of bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were recruited for the study. A pre-test was conducted to assess their level of knowledge, attitude and burden. Following this, a structured teaching programme regarding BPAD was administered to the study subjects in two sessions of 45 minutes each. A post-test was conducted after seven days. Results: The study results revealed that majority of care givers possessed adequate knowledge and neutral attitude. The educational programme was found to be effective in improving the knowledge, attitude and reducing the burden (p<0.01) of caregivers of bipolar affective disorder.

Aim: The study was aimed to assess the quality of life (QoL) of caregivers of stroke patients and to identify the factors associated with their QoL. Methods and materials: By using a cross-sectional descriptive design, 84 care givers of stroke patients were recruited as per inclusion criteria. Socio-demographic and clinical data sheet was used to collect the data. The quality of life of the caregivers was assessed by WHO QoL-BREF scale. Results: The study results revealed that better quality of life was found in the psychological and environmental domains. There was a significant association between caregivers’ type of family and quality of life in social and environmental domains.

Neurenteric cysts of the spine usually occur at the lower cervical and upper thoracic spine. Neurenteric cyst of the Craniovertebral junction is extremely rare. They are believed to arise from persistent abnormal communication between endodermal and neuroectodermal tissues in the embryonic phase. On T2-weighted MR images, appear as hyperintense cystic lesions without edema is generally observed. An immunohistochemical study is the key to diagnosis and demonstrates the endodermic origin of the lesion. The neurenteric cyst shows epithelial membrane antigen, cytokeratin, and carcinoembryonic antigen. Here we present a rare case of Neurenteric cyst of the Craniovertebral junction diagnosed during third trimester of pregnancy, its management, and outcome with review of literature.

A case of acute respiratory distress syndrome following treatment of Babesiosis was reported in a 2 year old male Maltese terrier. The patient was admitted to the clinic following a history of anorexia and dullness with preferred recumbence. Main presenting signs on admission were severe pallor, prolonged clotting time, and dyspnoea, lethargy. Blood smears obtained from the ear revealed multiple Babesia parasites, severe regenerative anemia, neutrophillia and monocytosis. After meticulous clinical therapy for 5 days patient was discharged having become more active and with improved appetite. Within 24 hours of discharging form the clinic patient developed sudden dyspnoea. Patient went into respiratory shock within 2 hours of the onset of dyspnoea the patient died before arrival at the clinic.

Reparations and medicaments derived from grasshoppers are mostly used for curing such diseases as respiratory disorders /65%/, wounds /16%/, poisoning /8%/, and trauma /11%/ in the forms of simple extract /35%/, boiled extract /21%/ and bolus /35%/ via swallowing /9%/, drinking /80%/, topical use /14%/ and fumigation /6%/. Specimen as raw materials of medicine from grasshopper can be annually collected from 8 through 10. In total 8 species of grasshoppers of therapeutic values belonging to 4 genera have been identified. Caloric value of raw material 1351,2 joule and contains up to 60..proteins, 16 amino acids, vitamins and various minerals. Toxicity of grasshoppers preparation is 8,1 ml/kg and the preparation has no adverse effects on animal body. The preparation exerts such effects as relieving the severity of edematous pneumonia, prolonging the life span, minimizing the concentration of nitrogen oxide during inflammation as inhibitor, stopping the oxidation and adaptability during oxygen deficiency and thermal exposures.

The objective of this study was to reveal the shif of various diagnostic centres towards chemiluminescent immunoassays from colorimetric immunoassays for diagnosis of HBV, HCV and HIV. National Institute of Biologicals (NIB) carries out quality evaluation of enzyme linked immunoassays intended to be used for diagnosis of HBV, HCV and HIV. The batches of these assays are forwarded to NIB by drugs regulatory authority of India. The number of batches of both types of immunoassays received from the year 2011 to October 2015, clearly showed that the demand for chemiluminescent immunoassays have increased and these assays are occupying the space of traditional colorimetric immunoassays. In the year 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 (till October 2015) the number of batches of colorimetric immunoassays received were 174, 89, 112, 163 and 112 respectively, while the number of batches of chemiluminescent based enzyme immunoassays received were 0, 4, 39, 48 and 89 respectively. The reason for this shift may be their higher sensitivity, uniform linear range and need of lesser sample.

Aggression has been recognized as a near-universal behavior with substantial influence on and implications for human and animal social systems. It can be a significant problem since escalated aggression may result in serious damage to others and can reveal itself as a symptom of psycho- pathologies. It is often considered to be the product of environmental stressors, health problems, pain, psychiatric morbidity or behavioral stressors. There are different forms of human aggressive behavior which can depend on the triggering factors, social context or individual genetic predisposition. Nevertheless, the multiple etiologies, pathogenesis, and psychopharmacology of aggression in humans have not been identified and well recognized yet although certain factors are understood to increase risk for persistent aggressive behavior. The drug–aggression relationship exists in a complex manner often manifested as either direct or indirect. Importantly, alcohol is frequently cited for aggressive behavior in addition to its adverse medical or social consequences. It is also believed that there is a strong correlation between aggression and stress. There is a general agreement that stress in early life can lead to behavior disturbance although both genetic and epigenetic factors may influence exposure to stressful life events. Generally, aggression has been identified as a key area for research and pharmacological intervention since scientifically expressing its context is one of the greatest and most challenging problems in society. So, study on aggression has to be a ‘hot topic’ in scientific investigations for many specialists from different disciplines.

Introduction: Root canal instrumentation achieves chemical and mechanical preparation before obturation. However instrumentation may result in dentinal defects, decreasing the strength of endodontically treated teeth. Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate dentinal defects formed after root canal instrumentation by two single file systems using reciprocating and rotation motion versus manual instrumentation. Methodology: This study was conducted on 45 mesial roots of mandibular first molars. Teeth were divided into three groups of 15 specimens each. Pre-instrumentation cone beam computed tomography images were taken to identify defects possibly present in the specimens, to have an objective comparison with post-instrumentation images. Root canals were instrumented as follows; Group (1): reciprocating primary Wave One instrument, Group (2): rotary One Shape instrument, Group (3): manual instrumentation with K-Flexofiles. Post-instrumentation cone beam computed tomography images were used to assess dentinal defects formed. Results: The three groups showed dentinal defects formation after instrumentation, with the highest number of defects found in group (2) (One Shape group), however no statistically significant difference was found between the three groups. Conclusions: Dentinal defects formed as a result of instrumentation weren’t affected by the instrumentation technique used.

This study was performed to determine the effect of two polishing system ,Aluminum oxide disk (opti-4dental AZ) and Silicon rubber bur (SJK dent) on the surface roughness of two color restorative materials (Microhybrid composite (Filtex Z 250 USA) & Nanofilled composite (Supereme XT). Sixty samples were prepared (A,B,C, Microhybrid) & (D,E,F, Nanofilled). Groups (A, D) with no surface treatment as a control groups, while (B,E) were polished by SJK dent system and(C, F) polished by Opti4 dental AZ system. Surface roughness of each samples were investigated by Digital Portable Tester (RP-100Instrutherm, pocket).Then the result were analysis by Mean value of each group, bar chart, and comparison between groups by using student t test. In relation to the tooth color materials used the result showed less surface roughness for nanofilled composite than that of Microhybrid composite in all groups, while it were less in roughness for both controlled groups than other treated groups, and although the comparison were non-significant in differences between Silicon rubber system and aluminum oxide system but it were less in surface roughness for Aluminum oxide than that of Silicon rubber. The result of this study give information that the Nanofilled composite is better than the Microhybrid composite in relation to the surface roughness, also the aluminum oxide polishing system give more acceptable smoothness than the Silicon rubber system.

Supracondylar fracture of humerus is the second most common fracture in children which account for 60–75% of all fractures around the elbow. There are various treatment modalities for type-III fracture, i.e., closed reduction and casting, skeletal traction, close reduction and percutaneous pinning and open reduction and internal fixation. This study was conducted to see the outcome of open reduction and internal fixation after failed closed reduction.
Methods: This study was conducted in the Orthopaedics Departments of G.M.C. Jammu on 30 children from June 2013 to June 2015. Patients included were of either gender with age range from 4–12 years with displaced supracondylar fracture (type-III) after failed closed reduction. All fractures were fixed with K-wires by open reduction and internal fixation by lateral approach. The patients were assessed both clinically and radiologically and results were tabulated according to Flynn criteria. Results: Twenty-eight patients had excellent results while two had good results according to Flynn criteria. None of the patients had either fair or poor result.
Conclusion: Open reduction and internal fixation is a good and reliable method after failed closed reduction and gives stable fixation with anatomical alignment.

Background & Aims: Stress response to surgery induces hyperglycemia to limited extent. An additive hyperglycemic response, secondary to the metabolism of intravenous fluids, can thus prove detrimental to the well-being of the patient, if ignored. Our study aimed to examine and compare the effects of 4% gelatin and dextran-40 on blood glucose levels during surgery under subarachnoid block and their potential to induce hyperglycemia. Methods: Sixty ASA grade I and II patients were randomized into two groups, 30 patients in each. Group 1 patients were preloaded with 4% Gelatin (10ml/kg) and Group 2 patients were preloaded with Dextran-40 in normal saline (10ml/kg), over a period of 30 minutes (min). Just prior to preloading, base line capillary blood glucose (CBG) level was noted this is followed by subsequent readings at 20 min interval until 100 min from base line reading. All patients received normal saline (0.9%) as a maintenance fluid. Under strict aseptic precautions, subarachnoid block using 15 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine at L3-L4 or L4-L5 level was given after preloading. Results: Both groups are comparable in age, weight, sex and age wise distribution. The CBG levels in both the groups were within physiological limits. In group 2, the maximum mean blood glucose level of 94.53 ± 14.57 mg/dL was found at 60 min from onset of preloading, which was found to be statistically significant (p=0.017), when compared with corresponding blood glucose level (86.50 ± 10.44mg/dL) in group 1. Conclusion: Preloading the patients prior to subarachnoid block with 4% gelatin or dextran 40 do not raise CBG levels significantly above the physiological limits.

Introduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and lethal cancers in the world. More than one million cases of HCC occur in the world each year (Jain et al., 2010). Clearly, the available screening methods are inadequate for early detection and follow up of HCC, so there is need for other markers have to high sensitivity in early diagnosis of HCC as well as the specificity in differentiation between HCC and benign lesions (Padma et al., 2009). Human HCC is a highly angiogenic tumor with several studies showing a strong correlation between tissue VEGF levels and HCC (Semela and Dufour, 2004). The aim of the work: •To study the clinical significance of serum VEGF in hepatitis C cirrhotic patients with HCC as a diagnostic marker before intervention and a prognostic marker after intervention to improve the outcome of HCC diagnosis and treatment • To study the VEGF correlation with hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C cirrhotic patients as a simple non invasive tool Patients and Methods: This study was carried on 80 subjects at the Internal Medicine Department of Ain Shams University Hospitals. classified into 3 groups: Group I was 40 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis, subclassified into Group 1A: Included 20 patients with HCC had been subjected to Radiofrequency ablation Group 1B: Included 20 patients with HCC had been subjected to Transarterial chemo-embolization, Group II was 20 patients with liver cirrhosis only without HCC, Group III was 20 healthy subjects served as control group. HCV related liver cirrhosis and HCC diagnosis were confirmed based on clinical, laboratory and radiological data in addition to serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and Measurment of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) Results: The sensitivity and specificity of VEGF has been shown to vary with the different cutoff values used. According to these results the sensitivity and specificity of VEGF for selective detection of the HCC group over the cirrhotic group were 97.5% and 95% respectively, at a cut-off value of 118pg/ml In addition, the accuracy of VEGF was 96.7%, similar to that of AFP 96.7%. Conclusion: Plasma VEGF is a sensitive and specific serum marker for the diagnosis of HCC, also VEGF may play a prognostic marker in HCC management.

Cancer, which is one of the most dreaded diseases of the century with the number increasing yearly, is a highly complex process which requires various in vivo models to elucidate the mechanism of action of the newly developed chemotherapeutic agents and or isolation of lead phytomolecules along with other in vitro experiment protocols, before entering into clinical trial phase. This review article deals with some of the in vivo cancer models that may help in this process which include various murine models, spontaneous tumour models, laying hen models, drosophila models, chorioallantoic membrane models, zebra fish models etc.

The methanolic extract of Curculigoorchioides Gaertn.(Family: Hypoxidaceae) was evaluated for its acute oral toxicity by administering as a single oral dose to female albino Wistar rats. The plant extract was administered orally in a sequential manner to five female rats at the limit dose level of 5000 mg/kg body weight. On the day of dosing, all the animals were observed for mortality and clinical signs for first 10 min, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h and 6 h after dosing and thereafter twice daily for mortality and once a day for clinical signs, for 14 days. The body weight of rats was recorded and weekly body weight gain was calculated. After the observation period of 14 days, the surviving animals were sacrificed and subjected to complete necropsy. All treated animals survived throughout the study period. The animals did not show any major adverse clinical signs. The overall weight gain of animals during the 14 day observation period was found to be normal. On necropsy, no major gross pathological changes were observed. Based on the findings of the present study, the methanolicextract of Curculigoorchioides, after oral administration as a single dose to female albino Wistar rats was found to be safe upto 5000 mg/kg body weight.

Background & Objectives: Destructive periodontal diseases (PD) have been associated with increased risk of atherosclerotic complications, including acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke. The ability of Periodontitis to produce systemic C-reactive protein (CRP) level elevations may represent the link with cardiovascular events. Hence, the aim of this study was to compare the serum levels of CRP in AMI patients (with and without periodontitis) and a control group. This study also explored the possibility of using CRP levels in patients with periodontitis as a possible risk marker and a screening tool for predicting future cardiovascular disease independent of the conventional risk factors. Methodology: 40 cases of AMI were taken as cases and 40 age and sex matched healthy individuals were taken as controls. Community Periodontal Index (CPI) score and Loss of Attachment (LOA) score were determined, as well as CRP level estimated from blood for every individual examined. Results: It was noted that CRP levels were higher in the individuals with PD both in cases and controls. CRP levels in the AMI patients with PD were much higher than the CRP levels in healthy individuals with a positive correlation of CPI, LOA and CRP. A cut off value for CRP level was determined using the ROC curve and noted that values above 0.45mg/L are at a higher risk. Conclusion: The assessment of CRP levels in the individuals with PD would therefore work as a screening tool and help us in educating the patient about the adverse effects of periodontal ill health.

Introduction and objectives: Grapefruit juice is recommended daily for normal individual and patients with obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistant, cancer with a promising hope of its beneficial effect. This study investigates the effect of daily intake of grapefruit on body weight, lipid profile and cerebellar function. Material and Methods: 40 Albino rats divided into four groups and followed up for 14 days. Control group (Cgp) took pure water; Experimental group (E. gp1, 2, 3) took 10 ml, 20 ml and 30 ml of grapefruit juice daily respectively. Body weight, lipid profile and motor coordination of the groups were assessed as well as the histological study of the cerebellum. Results: daily consumption of grapefruit /14 days in rat showed a non- statistical reduction in body weight, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL levels and an increase in HDL level; accompanied by atrophy in the granular layer of the cerebellum and a decrease in the number of Purkinje cells. Conclusion and recommendations: daily consumption of grapefruit juice reduced body weight, improved lipid profile in rats yet affected their motor coordination. We recommend further research at the cellular and molecular level with large sample size before we can generalize the findings.

The medical students are under constant stress as the academic course they are entering needs a lot of dedication and emotional involvement. Cadaver dissection is an emotionally charged issue. The effects are both physical and psychological. The emotions can interfere with the educational task. The present study was conducted to evaluate the physical and psychological effects among first year medical students towards cadaveric dissection and the impact on them. A predesigned questionnaire of 21 items including socio-demographic characteristics, physical & emotional reactions and mixed feelings, attitudes of students, was prepared & distributed among 100 first year medical students. All the participants (100%) had suffered from some physical and psychological symptoms after entering and leaving the dissection hall. All (100%) of them experienced some formalin odour with the symptoms after first encounter with cadaver in dissection hall. Nausea (40.0%) was the most common physical and fear (26.7%) was the most commonest psychological effects among the participants. All the participants had opined that cadaveric dissection was important in anatomy learning and for that all of them did not want to replace the cadaver dissection. The emotional issues and its impact on first year medical students should be paid due attention, so that students can prepare themselves to cope up with the physical and psychological reactions regarding cadaver dissection.

Objective: Kashmir has a high incidence of urolithiasis. This study was undertaken to understand the urinary composition, symptomology, diagnostic modality and relation of urolithiasis to water source in patients admitted in a tertiary care hospital of Kashmir division. Methods: A total of 186 24 hr urinary samples of patients with urolithiasis from a tertiary Care hospital were analyzed by enzymatic and spectrophotometric technique to measure the concentration of calcium, magnesium, oxalate, citrate, uric acid and phosphate. Results: Most of patients enrolled were in the age group of 15-39 yrs ,126 patients (67.7%) of study group. The youngest patient was 14 yrs old and the oldest was 67 yrs old. Most of the patients enrolled for study were males 119(64%) and females were 67(36%) .Patients enrolled were from different districts of Jammu and Kashmir, but most of the patients belonged to rural areas. Most of the patients had flank pain as a predominant presenting symptom (78%), UTI with or without obstruction (11.8%) and incidental asymptomatic patients with urolithiasis (10.2%). Most common diagnostic modality used was USG (83%), Plain X-ray KUB (8.6%),IVP (8.1%)in patients with PUJ/VUJ small calculi. On metabolic evaluation of 24 hour urinary constituents in our study group of 186 patients,113 (60.8%) patients were having hypercalciuria as predominant urinary abnormality with Mean ± SD 9.41±2.07 which was persistently higher than normal. However there was no significant variation on the basis of gender. Hypocitraturia was the second most common abnormality found in 112 (60%) stone formers with Mean ±SD of 1.32±0.18 which is usually not found normally, but was predominately found among males (62.2%) of our study group. Significantly increased concentration of uric acid were seen in 48(25.8%) stone formers which were again found to be statistically significant and their propensity was more in male gender. Urinary phosphate and oxalate concentration were raised in stone formers in 88 (47.3%) and 42 (25.3%) patients with Mean ± SD of 42.32±1.87 and 41.58±5.45 respectively. Hypomagnesuria was seen in 94 (50.5%) patients more in females as compared to males. Conclusion: The findings of the present work indicate that urolithiasis in the Kashmir division represent common urological problem and is correlated with the nutritional, environmental and genetic factors.

Background: Despite many recent advances in the field of orthopedic surgery, the early diagnosis of SSI is still a challenge to orthopedic surgeon as there is lack of reliable bio marker of infection. In this regard we aimed to find out the diagnostic power of PCT as a marker of SSI and its kinetics in patients who have undergone orthopedic surgical procedure. Material and Methods: After getting informed consent, patients who had undergone orthopaedic surgery were included in this study. It was a prospective study. Those patients who developed post-operative wound discharge were followed up for the development of SSI and wound complications. Serum levels of procalcitonin was measured pre operatively, POD1, POD3. First wound check was done on POD4.So at the end of the study, patients were classified into 3 groups: Group 1 -with SSI: Group 2- wound discharge, Group 3-No wound discharge. The serum levels of PCT was compared among above three groups and results were drawn. Results: Group 1 had higher mean PCT levels than Group 2 (p < 0.05), Group 2 had higher mean level of PCT than Group-3(p < 0.05), Conclusion: A persistent level of PCT is predictive of SSI and wound complications Level of evidence-4

Background: The flour mill workers work in a very unhygienic environment for 6-8 hours a day and perform a duty of loading and unloading a plastic bags or boxes or sacks of flour into the mill. The job demands a high intensity of physical strength. Material and Method: A sample 100 Flour mill workers at Thane and Chembur were surveyed for the potential risk for (work related musculoskeletal disorders) WRMD's and hazards of work environment using a Pre-Mapping assessment tool provided by EPM. Work related hazards were used to assess the qualitative risk of biomechanical overload of manual handling, pollutants and repetitive movements. Quantitative analysis of risk of work related musculoskeletal disorder was assessed using NIOSH Lifting Equation. Results: This research aimed to preliminarily assess the risk of biomechanical overload of activity in flour mill workers using the EPM pre-mapping tool. Flour Mill workers do work in extreme awkward postures at their workplace which makes them vulnerable to health hazards they have high risk of being inflicted with Low back injuries (Spine), either cumulative or acute in nature. SPSS version 14 was used to analyse the data. Frequency tables and percentile values were computed from the collected data. On Pre-mapping of priorities for biomechanical overload from EPM (Ergonomic of posture and movement) it was observed that 100 % of the workers were subjected to repetitive movements, continuous lifting of heavy objects, had issues with climatic conditions and pollutants. Also 100 % of the workers faced vibration at work place. 94 % of the workers exhibited a high level of risk with Biomechanical overload- load of manual transport. When assessed for biomechanical overload for spine and lower limb awkward posture, 50% and 47% of workers fell in the High and Very High level of risk factors respectively i.e., postures having a very harmful effect on musculoskeletal system for which corrective action should be done as soon as possible. Environmental factors like working in poor lighting, noisy environment and particulate (flour) pollutants did increase the risk of work related health disorders. NIOSH lifting equation showed High Measures of Lifting index in 69 mill workers indicating that flour mill workers work at High level of risk of acquiring low back problems-which may expose a significant proportion of the working population to risk of injury. A prompt action is needed to rectify their postures to prevent WRMDs. Conclusion: Pre-mapping of potential risks of WMSDs show that the workplace environment comprising poor lighting, vibrations, microclimatic conditions and pollutants (flour dust) affect the working conditions negatively. NIOSH equations denote high lifting indices making it evident that the Lifting index and the load lifted by the flour mill workers in the flour mills are the highest risk factors in the job demands of flour mill workers which could lead WMSD's. The results suggest that the tasks should be redesigned ergonomically to eliminate the risk factors that may cause low back injuries.

During seeds germination period, the temperature is an important factor, which influences the seedling establishment in the field. Thus, tolerant cultivars at both low and / or high temperatures in these phases are fundamental in plant breeding programs. The objective in this work was to verify the enzymatic and physiological alterations of lines maize seeds submitted to different temperatures. We used maize lines (L30, L64, L63, L91) from the maize breeding programs of the company Geneseeds Genetic Resources Ltda. Seeds from this lines were submitted to germination test, first count of germination, root protrusion and emergence test at different temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C. We also calculated the emergence speed index (ESI) and the expression of catalase, esterase, malate dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase and α-amylase enzymes, for all treatments. The experimental design was completely randomized, in factorial scheme of 4x5, with four lines and five temperatures. The maize lines 30 and 64 are susceptible to high temperatures of germination. The temperature variations compromised the physiological quality of lines maize seeds. There is variation in the expression of ADH, MDH, catalase, esterase and alpha amylase enzymes in maize lines of the evaluated lines.

Aim: Adolescence is a period of tremendous physical and cognitive changes. It is considered a nutritionally vulnerable period because of the increased needs for all nutrients and changes in lifestyle and food habits that affect nutrient intake. The study aimed to assess the prevalence rate of anemia and its associated risk factors among adolescents. Methods: The research design adopted for this study was ex-post facto in nature. Sample of hundred adolescent girls were selected random sampling technique. Survey method was followed and data was collected by using interview schedule with constructed questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of anemia was measured by estimating the blood hemoglobin level of the respondents by chynomethomoglobin method. Among the 100 adolescent girls everyone was suffered from anemia. It shows that 100 percent prevalence rate among the study group. Conclusion: Among the study population 59 percent of respondents were in mild anemic condition, the 41 percent were in moderate level. Anemic girls were found higher physiological problems.

Introduction: Serum cholinesterase has been shown to be associated with DM, coronary artery disease, hypertension and also its shown to have role in lipid metabolism in previous studies where in its activity has been positively correlated with serum lipids and lipoprotein levels. However, only few studies have examined the association between serum cholinesterase and risk of cardiovascular disease in type 2 DM patients in relation to body mass index and their findings are not consistent. Aim: a) To measure serum cholinesterase levels in diagnosed type 2 Diabetes mellitus patients. b) To assess the correlation between serum cholinesterase and lipid indices in the above patients with respect to their BMI. Method: Data of 30 out-patients with diagnosed type 2 DM (cases) and 30 age and sex matched healthy individuals from general population (controls) were collected and their blood drawn for serum cholinesterase, Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and lipid profile analysis in Beckman coulter Biochemistry auto analyser. Results: Serum Cholinesterase was higher in cases compared to controls. Serum cholinesterase in cases was 9480.7 ± 1439.04 and in controls was 7092.9 ± 985.46 with t score of 7.4986 with P value of 0.0001 which is statistically very significant. Serum cholinesterase showed positive correlation with each of lipid indices namely total cholesterol (r score:0.8542 p:0.00001), triglycerides (r score:0.4334 p:0.05), LDL-C(r score:0.6939 p:0.0069), total cholesterol to HDL-C ratio (r score:0.4513 p:0.045) and negative correlation with HDL-C (r score:-0.447 p:0.0481) in the over-weight and obese patients of Type 2 DM as compared to their levels in the controls. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that serum cholinesterase may serve as a potential risk assessment marker of cardiovascular disease in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

The housing conditions are a major factor to change all the traits of bread wheat pertaining to the quality and yield of grain. Whether this is true for the growing season of winter wheat, which is one of the longest in agricultural crops. The aim of this study was to establish the influence of contrasting environmental conditions on the change of basic periods of vegetation, which have a direct connection with the grain yield. Thirty varieties of winter wheat grown in production were studied. They have all the necessary variety of traits and properties of wheat to obtain the maximum possible yield of grain in the country. Cultivars are tested in four consecutive seasons 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 in the five locations of Bulgaria, covering all possible variety of soil and climatic conditions for growing wheat. The characters of ear emergence date [EED], grain filling period [GFP] and vegetation period [VP], as major periods of whole wheat vegetation are studied. Data were analyzed using a number of specialized software programs to establish the genotype with the environment interactions. At all traits strong interaction of genotype with the environment is found. The values of the three characters change fairly heavily under the influence of environmental factors. Especially noticeable is the effect of location for vegetation period (VP) and the period of grain filling. In general, the date of the ear emergence change more strongly by the terms of the season and the effect reaches about 50% of the total variation of the trait. Although trait means in the tested varieties are very close, they change the background of the various combinations between the two factors of the environment is so strong that it reaches almost 20% in GFP. The last one is changed greatly in both studied factors. Therefore, it is very convenient for a precise assessment in response to specific genotype in clarifying its impact on the formation of yield and grain quality.

Cell size and relative fiber dimensions have a major influence on the quality of pulp and paper products and solid wood products. Since many of the wood properties are strongly heritable (Zhang and Jiang, 1998), there is a possibility for improving these traits through tree improvement programmes. Eucalyptus tereticornis is commercially planted as a source of paper pulp yet the wood properties show considerable variation among the clones. The present study was mainly intended to understand the wood properties of different clones and their suitability for pulping. The clones were compared for the pulping indices like Felting coefficient, Runkel’s ratio, Isenberg coefficient, coefficient of fiber flexibility, inverse of fiber diameter and the amount of solid cell wall materials in the fibers. Clones were categorized based on their suitability for pulping. The clones Et 027, Et 093, Et 147, Et 148, Et 086, Et 082, Et 006 and Et 122 were identified as superior clones for good quality paper production due to their longer and thinner fibers. Clones Et 001, Et 128, Et 003, Et 142 and Et 071 were highly inferior in terms of pulp production due to their shorter and thicker fibers but they are suitable as a source of fuel wood. The clones like Et 111, Et 135, Et 114, Et 032, Et 084, Et 004 and Et 137 were having thinner but shorter fibers while Et 099, Et 105, Et 130, Et 100, Et 007, Et 010, Et 138, Et 132, Et 074 and Et 052 were having longer but thicker fibers. Correlation studies showed a significant positive correlation between height with fiber length and fiber wall thickness and a negative correlation with lumen diameter. Diameter also showed a significant positive correlation with fiber length but an inverse relation with fiber diameter and lumen diameter. The results indicate that during plus tree selection programme due importance must be given to growth traits that would definitely improve other desirable wood traits.

Nevirapine (NVP) a Non Nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitors (NNRTI) commonly used in Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) regimens for treatment of HIV infections in National Aids Control Organisation because of its efficacy and good tolerability. Stevens- Johnson syndrome may occur 0.3% with nevirapine, 0.1% with efavirenz. We are here with submitting a case report of nevirapine induced Stevens- Johnson syndrome in a HIV patient who was on zidovudine + lamivudine + nevirapine, which has resolved completely after changing the regimen and with supportive treatment.

It is very rich in plant Biodiversity. About 264 plant species belongs to 218 genus and 77 families has been recorded from Ramling hill stations around Arjunnagar. Further, detailed study is required for understanding the flora of this sacred grove. This data gives idea about the plant biodiversity and importance of sacred groves in conservation of flora

The distribution of synthetic pyrethroids in the surface waters was assessed by measuring the concentration in water samples. For this purpose water was collected from the nearby canal of agricultural field CCS HAU, Hisar. Water samples (200 mL) were treated with bifenthrin and λ-cyhalothrin at levels of 0.5mgL-1 and 1.0 mgL-1 separately. Liquid-liquid partitioning was used for the extraction of the pyrethroid from the water. Analysis of the pyrethroids extracts was done with gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector. In case of bifenthrin residues persisted up to 90 days with half-life 10.38-12.04 while in λ-cyhalothrin the residues reached below detectable level (0.001 mg L-1) within 60 days after treatment with half-life 7.16-7.52 days.

Estimation of phosphate in Wolbachia Surface Protein (WSP) will explore the link between Phospholipid hydrolysis and Wolbachia. It is hypothesized that, the proteins with phosphate groups can actively participate in phosphate hydrolysis. In the current study, an improvised novel our approach has been adopted to quantify the presence of phosphate in WSP.

A new freshwater Indigenous fish species, Apocryptes caudalis sp. nov. , has been described from Pingla, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India. The species has been described after detailed morphological examination and careful comparisons with it’s congener. Present species is easily distinguished from its congener, Apocryptes bato (Hamilton, 1822) by the presence of long caudal fin, short standard length, number of fin rays in second dorsal fin, presence of more vertical bars, greater head length.

The study aimed to explore the metacomprehension level among a sample of Al-Qassim university postgraduates in light of gender, academic level, major (scientific or literary) and the achievement level. Schraw and Dennison (1994) test modified for the Arab environment by Jarrah and Obeidat (2011) was employed. Content validity is established by examining what each item tests, sources of obtaining items, formation of items and methods of arbitrating items. Correlation coefficients between the scores of Yadak (2011) tests and the current one employed is calculated to ensure test reliability. The sample included (1102) students registered for the first semester in the academic year 2014/ 2015 at Al-Qassim University, college of arts and sciences- Al Rass, from different educational levels; 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th years. It was found that the students have a high level of metacomprehension on each dimension and on overall test. Statistically significance differences are found at (α=0,05) based on; gender in favor of the females; achievement level in favor of high level achievement students and on the dimension of knowledge organization based on major in favor of literary majors. But no significant differences based on educational level and major are found.

The kidneys are important organs responsible for filtration, reabsorption and excretion of waste from the body. Renal failure (RF) is mainly determined by a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR); the rate at which blood is filtered in the glomeruli of the kidneys. The decrease of filtration rate is detected by a decrease in or absence of urine production or determination of waste products (creatinine or urea) in the blood. Hematuria (blood loss in the urine) and proteinuria (protein loss in the urine) may be noted in relation to this failure. This study was aimed to compare the occurrence of renal failure among Sudanes people. Eighty patients with renal failure (RF) registered at hospitals in Khartoum State agreed to participate in this study between April - May / 2015. Data was collected from each patient using a specific questionnaire designed for this purpose. Results: revealed that the high percentage of RF was among men (62.5%) compared to 37.5% among females. Moreover, 40% of these patients were found to smoke cigarettes. Regarding family history, 35% of those having high percentage of RF had a family history while 65% without family history. Also of these patients 65% were reported suffering from chronic diseases before RF onset and 35% did not show any sign of disease before it. The chronic diseases included hypertension (58%), diabetes mellitus (30.7%) and heart disease (3.7 %%). In the meantime, 5% of those reported with renal failure was observed to be susceptible to other diseases. Conclusion: The study concluded that chronic disease was found to be main causes of RF and the disease was higher among officials and that a high percentage of it was reported among males and most of them without family history and non -smokers

A study on production practices being followed by organic tomato growers in Bailhongal taluk of Belagavi district of Karnataka. The primary data were collected from 60 organic tomato growers / farmers through structured questionnaire method for the study. Adoption of seedling preparation practices in cultivation of organic tomato crop. It was noticed that 93.33 per cent of the respondent farmers adopted the raised bed method followed by 91.66 percent of the farmers followed raise the beds with 1 m width and 3 m length with a height of 20 cm. It was noticed that 80.00 per cent of the respondent farmers practiced to apply of 20-25 kg well decomposed FYM, Trichoderma harzianumat @ 4g per kg of FYM and 1-2 kg of neem cake per bed. 83.33 per cent of the respondent farmers used the correct rate of seedlings @ 7-8 thousand per acre. It was found that 86.66 per cent of the farmers were used to dip the roots of tomato seedling in suspension of 1-2 kg of Azatobacter or Azospirillum and PSB per 5-10 liter of water for 20-30 minutes before transplanting to the main field. It was noticed that 93.33 per cent of the farmers were following practices of growing green manure like sunhemp and sesbania rostrata etc. It was found that cent per cent of the organic vegetable growers applied recommended quantity of farm yard manure (5-10 t/acre) once in a year for tomato crop. It was found that 63.33 per cent farmers applied Phosphate solubalizers @ 1kg/acre for improving the soil fertility. The cent per cent of the farmers practicing the deep summer ploughing and crop rotation with non solanaceous crops like pulses / legumes for breaking the life cycle of the insects and pests. It was found that 91.66 per cent of the respondent farmer’s collection and destruction of affected plants and shoots. Majority of vegetable growers (98.33%) in tomato crop were found to use Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE) at the rate of 2-5 ml / lit of water to control worms and whiteflies. 98.33 per cent of the farmers expressed that timely or regular weeding required for removing harmful weed from the field. 78.33 per cent of farmers got yield of organic tomato around 10-20 t / acre.

The present investigation deals with the characterization of physic-chemical parameters of water from Gavase freshwater reservoir of Ajara tahsil, Kolhapur district, Maharashtra (India). The investigation was carried out during July 2011 to June 2012 for the analysis of physical parameters like air temperature, water temperature, transparency, electric conductivity and pH while chemical parameters like free CO2, alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chlorides, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen and biological oxygen demand. The study revealed that all parameters were within the permissible limit for drinking, agricultural and domestic purposes. On the basis of present investigation, the entire reservoir water supports many biological entities as their feeding and breeding ground.

An experiment on heterosis for yield and other component characters of 50 F1 hybrids of tomato derived from the crosses between 10 lines and 5 testers through line x tester technique was conducted at the Research Farm of the Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during 2012-13 and 2013-14. The analysis of variance indicated significantly higher amount of differences among treatments for all the characters studied, suggesting the presence of genetic variation among the studied genotypes. In this study, among crosses, the cross combinations in favourable direction was observed for EC 620380 x Punjab Chhuhara. The cross BBWR-11-1 x Palam Pink recorded significantly maximum heterosis for days to 50% flowering and number of fruits per plant and the cross Punjab Varkha Bahar-2 x Hisar Lalit (0.400), EC 620383 x Palam Pink (0.383) and BBWR-10-3-18 x Hisar Lalit (0.382) for higher early fruit yield per plant (kg) as compared to standard checks. The cross EC 620380 x Punjab Chhuhara (0.133 kg) produced the minimum early yield and the cross EC 620391 x Punjab Chhuhara (0.886 kg) the maximum total yield per plant, manifesting higher heterosis for yield per plant. Similarly, the cross Punjab Varkha Bahar-2 x Hisar Lalit (0.88%) registered acidity more than the standard check Hisar Arun.

The experiment comprised of three spacing & fertilizer levels and two varieties was conducted during spring summer season of 2013-14 at Research Farm of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar to study the effect of spacing and fertilizers on seed yield its attribute seed quality in okra. The seed yield and yield attributes were significantly affected by spacing, fertilizer and varieties. The maximum seeds per fruit, test weight, seed yield (q/ha), germination (%), seedling length (cm), seedling dry weight (g),seed vigour index I and II, tetrazolium test (%), dehydrogenase activity (OD), electrical conductivity (dSm-1)and seed density (g/cc) were achieved in variety HisarUnnat at spacing of 30 x 15 cm with the fertilizer levels of 187.5 kg N + 75 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O per hectare. However, maximum length and diameter of mature fruitwere observed in variety HBT-49-1 atspacing of 30 x 15 cm with fertilizer levels of187.5 kg N + 75 kg P2O5 + 60 kg K2O per hectare.

Background: Item analysis is the validation of a MCQs after it has appeared in a question paper. This post validation is done by analyzing the student’s answer to each item. When formalized, the procedure is called item analysis. Aim & objectives: To study MCQs of subject Hospital Administration among Post graduate doctors and carry out item analysis and to review MCQ’s and suggest improvements for defective items and also to list the uses of item analysis. Study design and methods: Cross-sectional questionnaire based study carried out among 300 post graduate doctors in a period of one year. Results: Analysis of data was done on 3 factors i.e. difficulty index found to be 50 %, discrimination of the question to be 0.4 and the distract or effectiveness to be 10%. Conclusion: Result of the study concluded that item analysis can be used for the evaluation of the MCQs indicating the strength of questionnaire through difficulty level.

Pregnant women have been widely recognized as a vulnerable group from health point of view. They need more food than normal person for the proper nourishment of the growing fetus. The field of nutrition of the pregnant women, particularly in rural area, has been sadly neglected. Against this backdrop, the study was carried out among 70 pregnant women from Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. A semi qualitative interview scheduled were used for the collection of Clinical and Health symptoms, Psychological factors; 24 hour recall method of diet survey was applied for the collection of dietary information. It was found that the mean energy, protein, iron, calcium, carotene and folic acid were much lower than the RDA standards.

The examination is conducted in the Phytopathology Laboratory of the “Episkop Konstantin Preslavski” University of Shumen – Shumen. The influence оf the indolyl acetic acid (IAA) on the growth and aggressiveness of the agent, causing the root decay in the sugar beet (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn) has been examined under in vitro conditions.

Photocatalytic waste water treatment process has potential as a low cost environment friendly treatment technique which has an additional advantage of sustainability and zero waste scheme. This advanced oxidation technology removes persistent organic compounds and microorganisms in water / waste water. I have performed experiments by using Titanium dioxide and Zinc oxide photocatalysts to compare their effect on waste water of reactive turquoise blue dye industry with UV-C light 66W and discussed results.

The developed methods and algorithms of calculating transition processes of the main oil pipelines are presented in the paper in an example of MOP, taking into account adjusting devices in the pumping station (PS), with a continuous regulation of operation (performance) of the PS.

When machine learning algorithms are applied to data collected from the huge amount of data in the universe, it is generally accepted that the data has not been consistently collected. The absence of expected data elements is common and the mechanism through which a data element is missing often involves the informative relevance of that data element in a specific purpose. Therefore, the absence of data may have information value of its own. In the process of designing an application intended to support a heart diseases system where we can predict the probability of heart attack of a patient on basis upon certain condition. Bayesian Classification is commonly used for presenting uncertainty and covariate interactions in an easily interpretable way. Because of their efficient inference and ability to predict the missing value in a database, it is an excellent choice for medical decision support systems in diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. In applying this we will be able to predict whether the data is present in the database or not and give some idea about the probability of heart-attack to the patient.

In this project, design of dual polarised MIMO sector antenna array is proposed to achieve high Gain of about 16dBi.The antenna is design for 4.9GHz to 5.9GHz Frequency band. It is design to achieve VSWR 1.9 for full band, return loss is of 15dB and isolation between 2 port is 28dB.A substrate material FR4 is used whose dielectric constant is 4.4. In practical it can be helpful to our hand-held device called mobile phones since there is a need of array of antenna in base stations. This antenna can be applicable to the wireless communication areas such as Wi-Fi and Wi-MAX. The parameters such as return loss, VSWR, mutual coupling, directivity and gain has been simulated and analysed.

The ultrasonic wave velocity in different composition of ternary liquid mixtures of water formic acid and butyric acid at different frequencies, at room temperature has been measured with the help of ultrasonic interferometer and for whole composition range isentropic compressibility (Ks), acoustic impedance (z) and relaxation time (Ʈ) have been calculated for these ternary mixtures.

Many approaches have been proposed for solving the stability problems found in power system operation. Interphase Power Controller (IPC) is new concept of controlling power flow Within AC network. Interphase Power Controller provide a solution for high short situations .The application is based on the series connection of impedances between different phases of the two (synchronous) sub networks to be interconnected. Interphase Power Controller provides passive solutions for normal and contingency conditions. Interphase power controller control the power flow and act as fault limiter. Interphase Power Controller is equipped with the Phase Shifting Transformer (PST) which Control the output power. The Interphase Power Controller can provide reactive power support for the adjustment of voltages. The purpose of this technology is to facilitate the supply of loads in flexible and rapid fashion, while providing optimal management of Electrical networks. Here, the basic theory and operating characteristics of the Interphase Power Controller are discussed. The Interphase power controller system is modeled and simulation is done in MATLAB.

In 2012, the International Energy Agency are publish that electricity consumption for lighting is about 20% of the total global electricity consumption, being about 49% of the total electricity consumption for lighting of the sector service. Around two thirds of the lighting systems nowadays are based on technologies developed before 1970, and they have lower performance that the current technology. A complete change of the lighting system and the implementation of control and regulation systems can provide relevant energy savings. In many of places or buildings are use only artificial lighting scheme. The daylight are reduces the cost of energy consumption with lighting load. In case of cloudy condition there is less availability of daylight. Thus for proper visualization of objects, manage lighting scheme with artificial as well as daylight harvesting. This paper describes the flooding lighting in the collage building when conventional light is use. This light is placed at different points in collage. Using DIALUX software reduces the unwanted shadow and glare effect in building. Thus paper aim is design building with proper and efficient lighting scheme with control action of sensor on combination of artificial and daylight with saving of electrical energy cost.

A series of new N-thiocarbamide-bispyrazolines 2(a-g) have been synthesized from the cyclization reactions of bischalcones 1(a-g) with thiosemicarbazide by refluxing under KOH and dry alcoholic conditions. The structures of these compounds were analyzed on the basis of their detailed IR, ¹H-NMR, 13C-NMR and ESI-MS spectral parameters. The prepared bispyrazolines were screened for their antimicrobial potencies against seven bacterial and five fungal strains. Most of the compounds displayed significant activity against tested microorganisms.

The measure of malaria incidence on the basis of stratification of the population under study with respect to host and environmental factors is essential to know about the impact of causative/predictive factors. Therefore, to develop a suitable model based on causative/predictive factors on malaria incidence is most important. Here, we developed polynomial regression model to trace the impact of environmental factors on incidence of malaria cases in Lakhimpur district of Assam. Here, LogSPR is considered as explained variables whereas population, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, humidity and average rainfall are considered as explanatory variables. However, lag values of LogSPR at lag one is also considered as one of the explanatory variables. The study reveals that variables minimum temperature, maximum temperature, average rainfall and population play an important role in predicting malaria incidence cases.

Self-concept is the sole perspective from which one can understand an individual's behaviour. Academic performance is a complex student behavior and underlies several abilities, e.g., memory, previous knowledge or aptitude as well as psychological factors such as motivation, interests, temperaments or emotions. Home-environment or family environment refers to climate prevailing in the home, which varies from culture to culture, society to society and family to family. In this study attempt has been made to find a relationship between self-concept and home-environment with academic achievement in mathematics and also to find the interactional effect of self-concept and home-environment on academic achievement in mathematics.

This paper introduces Supercritical Fluid and the factors are considered why it is used for Extraction. This describes the classification and study of various models used for predicting solubility of solid solutes in Supercritical Fluid. Correlating and Predicting of solid solubility can be done by Semi-empirical Equations and different Equations of State. Due to the various limitations of empirical equations a more exact approach is to treat the calculation of solubility in a supercritical fluid just as any other phase equilibrium calculation. Thermodynamic equilibrium is assumed to exist between the two phases, thus, they are assumed to be at the same temperature and pressure. Further, the chemical potential (or equivalently, the fugacity) of each component must be equal in each phase. Cubic Equations of State cannot be applied for associating molecules so we are approaching molecular thermodynamics which include SAFT(Statistical association Fluid Theory) and ESD(Elliott-Suresh-Donohue ). For all these we need various physical parameters like Tc, Pc, ω, Ps at for some solid solute it is given in the literature but for complex solutes like pharmaceutical drugs and dyes etc. It is not given in literature so we will calculate it by various different Group Contribution Methods like Joback’s , Constantino-Gani method, Ambrose-method, Lydersen Method. I had done this for various solutes. I had done calculation for pharmaceutical drugs like Flubiprofen, Ketoprofen, Naproxen, Ibuprofen and various anthraquione dyes and its derivatives

The aim of this study was to investigate and evaluate the construction characteristics of traditional water buffalo barns around Istanbul, considered as a pilot district in Turkey, regarding animal welfare. The research was conducted at 31 different administrations of Istanbul Water Buffalo Breeders Association. The 35.5 % of the investigated farms were small scale administrations whereas 64.5% of them were classified as medium scale. It was determined that 80.7% of the administrations were placed within the settlement areas while the remaining 19.3% were 200 to 500 m away from the settlement areas. Conducted surveys by interviewing with the farm owners face to face revealed that the existing barns were constructed through traditional methods without any technical projects. All barns were constructed in stall type and the values of inside volume, resting and walking area per animal differed from each other. These values were between 4.50 and 17.60 m3, 2.00 and 3.87 m2 and 1.03 and 9.81 m2, respectively, for inside volume, resting and walking area per animal. Natural ventilation system was generally preferred but 38.7% of the barns had no vent stacks, instead, windows were used for air entrance and outgoing. The window areas for lighting changed between 0.66 and 4.80% of barns ground area, varying from barns to barns. When evaluating all these data with the climate characteristic of the district and literature, it may be concluded that neither optimum climatic environment required by the buffalos nor the animal welfare for the traditional water buffalo barns cannot be fulfilled.

The paper examined the impact of trade liberalization and deregulation on the wheat-flour-bread value chain and specifically the impact on the industry and poverty via three channels namely: price transmission; enterprises (employment and profits); and the government’s fiscal position. The industry is very sensitive to exchange rates and international prices given that Lesotho is a net importer of wheat. The impact has been negative for local producers (commercial and emerging). While substantial employment losses occurred in the primary wheat producing areas, gains were experienced elsewhere in the value chain. Prices for both white and brown bread have been increasing despite decreases in wheat prices in real terms. This is significant as bread forms an increasingly important component in the poor consumers’ basket. Price transmission has generally been inefficient and consumers have not benefited from the liberalization process in the current environment of subsidized world prices. The bakers and retailers have benefited most from the policy change. Mechanisms that curb disproportionately high prices by some players should be devised and put in place but if they already exist their enforcement and efficiency as well as compliance in the value chain should be considered.

Agriculture development in developing countries hinges on the sustained adoption of improved agriculture practices evolved by agriculture research system. The agriculture extension agencies across the world act as a bridge between the agriculture research system and farming community facilitating the flow of information between them. Farmers’ training is an important component of transfer of technology. Extension workers are required to choose training methods to reach out to geographically dispersed smallholder farmers in short period of time in a cost efficient manner without compromising on the training effectiveness. Method Demonstration has been an important training method used to transfer knowledge and skill to farmers in India and other developing countries. In spite of its proven effectiveness the manual intensive group teaching process involved in the Method Demonstration limits it potential to transfer knowledge to mass of smallholders in short period of time, especially before planting season to quickly transfer agriculture innovation for mass adoption. An experimental study was conducted in South Indian villages to test the suitability of Video Teaching as an alternative to Method Demonstration to convey the agriculture message as effectively as Method Demonstration. Given its amenability to duplicate the content and play the content in multitude of places across geographies, Video Teaching might be an alternative, provided its effectiveness is tested empirically. The research study used the sophisticated Randomized Block Experimental Design to compare the effectiveness of Video Teaching and Method Demonstration in effecting Knowledge Gain among the subjects (farmers). The results showed that Video Teaching is comparable with Method Demonstration, implying that it can be used to transfer knowledge across geographies. Treatments exposed to the subjects had the rank order of effectiveness as: Video Teaching + Method Demonstration, Method Demonstration and Video Teaching in terms of Knowledge Gain.

The aim of the study is to understand the different aspects of bullying behavior in young children, in both genders with the varied socio-economic status. The focus is on various ways of bullying resiliency to make the children resilient against bullying during early childhood with the help of teachers and parents. This paper ascertains the types of bullying done by the children and how much they know about this behavior. Also, it reviews that it is not a job of teachers and parents to trying to intervene or making resilient the children against bullying, but a social duty because children/students are country’s futures. This is done to increase their self-esteem and to minimize the effect of anti- social behaviors on others. The sample for the study comprises of three hundred children, aged between three to six years, who express bullying behavior of any kind. Such sample has considered from the cities of Uttar Pradesh- Lucknow and Hapur (150 each). The peers, parents and teachers of these children have also studied, and thus include in the sample. In- depth interview schedule, observation, and sociometery will be used to collect data from the whole sample. The data obtained will be descriptive in nature and is subjected to content analysis.

This research can be summarized as follows: This study clarifies the theoretic bases that medicinal promotion is based on as well as the specific quality of this product, and unveiling the most important affecting elements of promotions to choose the mixture of drug promotion, which might help to follow a right and beneficial promotion policy to market the Jordanian therapeutic products. It introduces the promotion activity in the Jordanian drug firms and identifies the most important elements and promotion procedures in order to inspect all the obstacles that prevent following the suitable promotion policy. It also compares what does exist with what should be existed, so as to extract the results and give some suggestions which can activate the promotion spirit in marketing the Jordanian therapeutic products.

From the standpoint of the clamour for debt relief which lately, has become the preoccupation of Developing World and especially those whose economies have been overwhelmed by external debt, to the emerging mantra called reform agenda (this appears to have taken centre-stage in the lexicon of the Developing World and, in countries undergoing the politics of democratic transition); which formed the fulcrum leading to the grant of debt relief to Nigeria. Most often, such reforms are largely seen as politically and in fact, externally motivated. This thus, has imposed the need to ask the questions, reform for what and for whom? By way of further interrogating these questions, this paper, using qualitative data and rooted in the dependency framework of analysis; proceeded to argue, amongst others, that ensnared within Obasanjo’s reform agenda, owing to the onslaught occasioned by the global financial meltdown, a grand design at providing liquidity-cum bailout for global capital. While the paper concludes that debt relief and indeed the reform agenda must both be seen as responses to externally induced agenda, especially aimed at allowing the country’s continued exploitation by the West; part of the paper’s recommendation is on the need for caution in the way the country fraternizes either with foreign economic assistances, foreign aid and external loans; this is in view of their long term implications.

The impact of web based peer editing is an under researched area in L2 writing. International literature in writing pedagogy suggested that such kind of study is not carried out before. To investigate this phenomenon third semester students N=14 were randomly chosen with a control group of N=7 and an experimental group of N=7.Both the groups were subject to pretest, posttest treatment. Both wrote an argumentative essay before the intervention. The control group was exposed to manual peer editing and the experimental group was subjected to the web based tool paper rater. Both the groups’ resubmitted their revised essays. A paired sample‘t’ test was employed to measure the performance levels of the revised scripts. The results revealed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in terms of conventions and style. Perhaps, a single online tool is sufficient and efficacious than hours spent on manual peer editing.

Pulse beetle, Bruchus bilineatopygous is one the key insect pest of Albizia lebbeck and causes about 80% damage to seeds. Thirteen entomopathogenic fungi viz., Absidia corymbifera, Aspergillus amtelodami, A. niger, Fusarium oxysporum (3 strains), F. solani (4 strains), F. udum, Myrothecium roridum, and Trichoderma harizanum were isolated from the A. lebbeck seed borer, B. bilineatopygus and identified. Out of 13 entomopathogenic fungi, F. oxysporum followed by Absidia corymbifera was found to be the most effective against B. bilineatopygus after 5 days of application in laboratory condition. Application of entomopathogenic fungi as a potential microbial tool in the insect management programme for sustainable management systems.

The present study examines the role of intellectual capital in firm value and the transparency in the company's reported earnings. For this purpose, the companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange were examined and 207 running within 2003 to 2012 were selected as the ultimate samples of the study. Multiple regressions were used to test assumptions and the company's size as well as its financial leverage variables was chosen as control variables. The results reveal that companies with a higher intellectual capital were of higher value. However, the results did not show a significant relationship between intellectual capital and transparency. Results did not show a significant relationship between the size of the firm, firm value and transparency. According to the findings of the study, companies with higher financial leverage were less valued. The study found no significant relationship between financial leverage and transparency.

A study was conducted to assess the ‘Impact’ of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of e-Velanmai (e-Agriculture) project implemented by the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) from 2007 to 2013. It was found that none of the beneficiary respondents (100 .00 %) had used ICT tools after completion of the e-Velanmai project. All the beneficiary respondents (100.00 %) desired that the e-Velanmai project should be continued. Almost all (98.90 %) of the beneficiary respondents had preferred TNAU for providing e-Velanmai services in case it is continued, and none of the beneficiary respondents (100.00 %) had preferred neither State Department of Agriculture nor State Department of Agriculture + IT Company. With respect to the constraints faced by beneficiaries, an overwhelming percentage (94.40 %) of the beneficiary respondents had expressed that they faced no constraints regarding the e-velanmai project, while a small percentage (5.50 %) indicated that there is no direct contact with TNAU Scientists’, and no follow-up visit by Field Coordinators after giving advice (1.10 %). The beneficiary respondents have suggested that ‘Number of Field Coordinators may be increased’, ‘Day-to-day market information may be provided’, and ‘Post Harvest Technology / Value Addition information for coconut and other crops may be provided’, so as to further improve the e-Velanmai services.

Cooperative learning is widely endorsed as a pedagogical practice that promotes student learning. Recently, the research focus has moved to the role of teachers’ discourse during cooperative learning and its effects on the quality of group discussions and the learning achieved. Although the benefits of cooperative learning are well documented, implementing this pedagogical practice in classrooms is a challenge that many teachers have difficulties accomplishing. The subjects of this study were 52 randomly selected English language teachers who teach in three different Zones of Southern Nations, Nationalities and peoples’ regional State namely Gedeo, Sidama and Segen peoples’zones. Questionnaire and semi-structured interview were used to collect the required data. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive methods and the qualitative data were analyzed using narrative techniques. The findings of the study revealed that majority of the teachers did not have clear understanding of the principles and feature of cooperative learning. Among the interviewed 12 teachers, only two had a detailed understanding of the terms and features. The study indicated that the extent to which factors were perceived as barriers to cooperative learning, or issues that could be effectively managed by teachers, differed depending on the teacher’s knowledge of cooperative learning features and function. The study revealed that lack of training on how to successfully implement cooperative learning, lack of students’ accountability for their learning and the learning of others, lack of motivation, students’ reservation to get actively involved in cooperative learning, lack of awareness and absence of clear guidelines for assessments, students’ competition to score better grades, and negative attitude of teachers towards the instructional approach were the major challenges.

The term inclusive education has come to refer to a philosophy of education that promotes the education of all pupils in mainstream schools. Under the inclusion model, students with special needs spend most or all of their time with non-disabled students. In schools where inclusive education is offered, both special needs children and those who are less challenged, regular children, are taught in the same classroom. In some countries, inclusive education is thought of as an approach to serve special educational needs children within general education settings. Inclusive education in Kenya is still at the grass roots. The purpose and objective of the study was to evaluate teaching and learning strategies used in the implementation of inclusive education in primary schools, Nyamira County. The study used a descriptive survey design. The study targeted all teachers, 4000 and 5 education officers in Nyamira County. They are also involved in the implementation and delivery of the curriculum. The head teachers were targeted because, apart from being classroom teachers, had administrative role of coordinating and supervising teaching and learning activities in the schools. The study used simple random sampling which gives an equal chance to every item in the population to be selected as a sample for a research study. The study used teacher questionnaire, interview schedule for head teachers and educational officers and observation schedules. Piloting was carried out in two schools in the County. The study concluded that there were a wide range of strategies used in communicating the learning experiences to learners in the process of implementing inclusive education. The study concluded that the strategies were appropriate for disseminating learning experiences to learners in inclusive education. The study recommended that teachers should use research for appropriate strategies that would yield higher achievements; they should improvise teaching and learning materials and use locally available materials as much as possible; teachers and educational officers to sensitize parents to accept to take children with disabilities to school to be trained to independent and useful in future.

Commercial Banks apply Forward Integration Credit Risk Mitigation Mechanisms (FICRMMs) to promote credit access, security and productivity for various sectors. Credits make a significant portion in business’ capital structure and performance; and are notably the main business product for the Commercial Banks. The agribusiness sector contributes 53% employment in developing countries, and over 80% in Kenya, while commercial banks’ credits to the sector has registered decreasing trends between 2005 and 2014; ranging from 6.8% to 3.9% of the entire commercial banks credit portfolio. Whereas the agribusiness sector has immense investment potential as credit demand hub, the decreasing investment to the sector requires attention. This paper seeks to determine the effect of the Forward Integration Credit Risk Mitigation Mechanisms (FICRMMs) on profits, return on equity and capital growth of the agribusiness entrepreneurs in the Nyanza region. Using Ordinary Least Square (OLS) Single period Regression analysis, the study results established an R2 of 0.439 to profit, 0.571 for return on equity, 0.531 to capital growth, implying that FICRMMs account for 44% of profits, 57% of ROE and 53% of capital growth, all significant at p<0.05. The lagged VAR results provides R2 of 0.735 for profit, 0.813 for return on equity and 0.651 for capital growth; all significant at p<0.05, revealing that over time, the explained variable is affected by its own lagged evolution and the lags of other endogenous variables, thereby accounting for 73.5% of profits, 81.3% of ROE and 65.1% of capital growth. Hence H0(1-5): r=0 are rejected and H1(1-5): r≠0 are accepted. In conclusion, FICRMMs are significant for agribusiness performance both at single and lagged period, although credits to the sector are low. It is recommended that sensitivity analysis of the variables be done, establish implementation level of FICRMMs, improve information system, and restructure the mitigation parameters. These results may help in

Leaves of Taxus wallichiana Zucc. from NE and NW Himalayas were studied to determine the variation in anatomical characteristics of both regions. The present study revealed that the leaves of NE Himalayas were larger in size than that of NW Himalayas. Anatomically, the spongy parenchyma of selected sites (except Morsing) of NE Himalaya did not contain pigmented cells. The number of palisade layers, stomatal bands and stomatal density were greater in leaves of NE Himalayas. Also, palisade cell size and vascular bundle size were larger in leaves of NE Himalayas as compare to NW Himayalas. Statistically, there were significant differences in palisade cell size, stomatal density and diameter of vascular bundle among selected sites of both regions.

Introduction: The current increase in the use of motorcycles in Nigeria has been associated with an increased incident rate of motorcycle road traffic accidents (MRTAs). The family and social features of victims might give an insight to the impact on the society. Aim and Objectives: To determine the family and social demographics of victims of motorcycle road accidents Materials and Methods: A prospective, hospital-based descriptive study was conducted and eligible patients that presented to the Emergency Department were enrolled as subjects. Data was recorded in a structured recording schedule and analyzed using SPSS 16. Proportions were determined and statistics presented in tables. Results: There were 72 riders (46.2%), 54 passengers (34.6%) and 30 pedestrians (19.2%) seen. The mean age was 34.33±16.48 years and students were most affected (21.2%). Most passengers were between twenty to forty years (55.6% of pillion riders), just like the riders (68% of riders). Although most victims were married, 46.8% were yet to have children but majority of them (50.6%) had at least one dependant. Conclusion: Although 20-29 age group was the most seen, it was not only the victims of MRTA that were affected by the accidents, the whole family and the community in general were affected.

Background: Lot of research has focused on working memory (WM) deficits as trait markers and endo phenotypes in schizophrenia. Acute and transient psychotic disorders (ATPD) have on the other hand been traditionally viewed as completely remitting good prognosis psychosis and very little research has focused on whether cognitive deficits similar to schizophrenia are present in such patients. No study is available on WM in such patients in remission or on their relatives. Aims and objectives: The current study aims at mapping working memory deficits in patients of acute and transient psychotic disorders in clinical remission and their non affected first degree relatives. This will help to determine if cognitive deficits exist in ATPD and if they are underlying genetic markers and endo phenotypes for ATPD Methods: The study is of prospective cross sectional design carried out on a sample of 17 of which 6 were patients and 11 were first degree relatives. The measures of Working memory were Visual and Verbal N back memory, and Rey's Complex Figure Test with exposure & copy and immediate & delayed recall Statistical Analysis: Kruskall-Wallis test was used to find the difference between performance of the patients and relatives with the normative data. Significant difference was found between the sample performance and the normative data on Visual 1 back hit (0.04) and error (0.01), Verbal 1 back hit (0.02) and error (0.00) and Rey- Osterrith Figure exposure and copy (0.00). However, no difference was found between the performance of patients and their relatives Results: Patients of ATPD show significant deficits in working memory even when symptoms have completely remitted as do their asymptomatic first degree relatives. Conclusions: Working memory deficits may be considered to be endo phenotypes in ATPD.

Background: Acute inflammatory conditions are one of the most common problems faced in the clinical setting. Plasma cholinesterase has been shown to have variable correlation with chronic inflammatory conditions like Diabetes, Alzheimer’s etc. This study aims to assess its correlation in acute inflammatory conditions like sepsis Objective: To assess the usefulness of Cholinesterase as a marker in Acute Inflammatory conditions. Methodology: The correlational case control study involved 30 patients admitted in the surgery & medicine departments with complaints of fever, abdominal pain & cough. Total leucocytic count (TLC) and plasma cholinesterase were determined and the results were compared with 30 ages and sex matched healthy people taken as controls. Results: There was a moderate negative correlation between CHE & TLC in cases (r= -0.567, p< 0.05). Unpaired students t test (T= 3.194, p< 0.05) showed a significant difference in CHE values in cases in comparison to controls. Finally the ROC analysis showed that AUC for CHE in cases was 0.7, indicating a fair test with sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 100%. Conclusion: In our study it was found that the correlation of plasma cholinesterase was more with the cases than for the controls. Because the correlation is not very strong, doing cholinesterase in isolation for sepsis is not recommended. Also it was found that even though CHE levels had moderate sensitivity but had high specificity enabling us to at least rule out acute inflammation.

The first step of the research is the synthesis of a new agent derived from This is done by its conversion into phenyl hydrazine. At this point a number of products may be derived; addition of fructose results in the formation of X23, addition of D-ribose results in the formation of X3, whilst addition of C6H5CHO results in the formation of F57. Furthermore, addition of NaOH produces X2) Our study set out to investigate the analgesic activity of Naproxen (20 mg/kg body weight) and to compareit toa newly modified compound of naproxen by the addition of a chemical group. Analgesic activity done by use of hot plate. Healthy male albino mice (25-30 g) were obtained from animal houses (??) in groups of six in polypropylene cages. After adaptation the mice were randomly divided into six groups (six rats in each group) Group 1labeled as the control group, was given distilled water only, whilst mice from group 2 where given naproxen and 7-6(?? you mean 3-5) given new drugs. Modified naproxen compounds and naproxen drugs significantly (p<0.001) increase analgesic time per second (pain reflex) when compared to control. The Hot plate test useful in the elucidating centrally mediated ant nociceptive responses, which focused mainly on changes above the spinal cord level. All the test and standard drugs significantly (p<0.001) reduced the pain as compare to the control group. The results of pharmacological tests performed in the present studies suggest that all new drugs possess potent analgesic activity. The second aim of our study was to carry out an investigation on the effect of new drugs(you mean the modified naproxen drugs?) on gastric tissue, the result show mice administer with X3 showed less ulcerative effect than naproxen by decrease acidity, and increase gastric juice than naproxen (do you mean; by decreasing acidity and increasing gastric juice as compared to naproxen). This finding may be grounds for further future research. (Examination of the existence of gastric ulcer in mice stomach under dissecting microscope revealed increase number and length of ulcer in mice administrated with alcohol. Groups administered with naproxen, X2, F57 also showed evidence of ulceration however less compared to groups administered with alcohol. Moreover number of ulcers where significantly less in X23 group, while X3 treated animal showed no evidence of ulcers or hemorrhage seen in stomachs after examined under dissecting microscope). Histopathological sections of stomach mice treated orally with 250mg /kg of naproxen,X2, F57 groups and X23 for 5 days show severe distractions of stomach mucosa, necrosis of intestinal villi with inflammatory cell infiltration in lamina properia and severe ulceration and necrosis of intestinal mucosa with congestion of blood vessels. The result of the X3 group was most prominent and revealed small intestine increase in number of goblet cell with increase amount of mucin seen in the lumen with mononuclear cell infiltration with lymphoid tissue that give good chance for increase immune tissue and resistant ulcer.

Background: Right ventricule(RV) function affects the outcome in valvular heart disease but it less assessed in mitral stenosis. Our study aims to define the incidence of RV dysfunction in patients with moderate to severe rheumatic mitral stenosis using simple parameters and to correlate it with other echocardiographic parameters. Methods: 75 patients with moderate to severe rheumatic mitral stenosis and 24 controls underwent echocardiographic examinations. RV function indices included Tricuspid annular plane excursion (TAPSE), peak S’ velocity at tissue Doppler (S’) and RV fractional area shortening (FAS). Results: compared to controls, patients with MS had significantly lower TAPSE (17±5 vs 20mm, p<0.001), lower FSA (0.43±0.1 vs 0.52±0.2%, p=0.03) and lower S’ (11±3 vs 13±1 cm/s, p=0.002). Right ventricular dysfunction was noted in 38% (by TAPSE), in 37% (by S’) and in 35% (by FSA). A good correlation was noted between these three parameters. RV systolic dysfunction was significantly more frequent in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) than those in sinus rhythm (60% vs 20%, p<0.001), and left atrial area was significantly higher in patients with right ventricular dysfunction (34.8 cm² vs 31.6 cm², p=0.04). A cut-off value of 34cm² can predict right ventricular dysfunction with 86% sensitivity and 77% specificity. No correlation was found between the three parameters of RV function and systolic pulmonary artery pressure. Conclusion: systolic RV function, assessed by simple echocardiographic parameters, was reduced in 35% of patients with moderate to severe mitral stenosis. RV dysfunction was more frequent in patients with AF and with more dilated left atrium

Emergence of multi drug resistance (MDR) strains of Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii), resistant to most of the available antibacterial drugs is of great concern globally. Management of the infections caused by these MDR strains especially pneumonia is a great challenge for physicians and clinical microbiologists. In the present study, we discuss a case of a 71 year old male patient diagnosed with MDR A. baumannii pneumoniae with known co-morbidities of CKD, hypertension, diabetis mellitus and coronary artery disease (CAD) treated with a newer antibiotic adjuvant entity: Elores (ceftriaxone+sulbactam+disodium edetate) and recovered well.

Skin mycoses are caused mainly by dermatophytes, which are fungal species that primarily infect areas rich in keratin such as hair, nails and skin. In most of the dandruff sufferers, hair fall is a very common problem. In our study, we detected the fungal infections associated with dandruff on the Medical students scalp using staining technique and cultura media. Moreover, the preliminary study was planned to identify only fungal infections present in dandruff scalps. Altogether 4 different types of fungi were encountered from 50 samples. The most dominant fungus was Candida albicans (50%), followed by Aspergillus niger (24%), Cryptococcus spp (16%) and Penicillium spp (10 % ) from the dandruff scalp. Our study provides useful information for the prevention of fungal infections. Dandruff is a common disorder affecting the scalp condition. Dandruff cannot be completely eliminated but can only be managed and effectively controlled by proper antifungal agents.

Introduction: Opioid overdose occurs when a person takes opioid or opioid in combination with other drugs, in quantities that body cannot handle. Overdose is one of the commonest causes of death among opioid users. With the rising number of drug users in our state, incidences of drug overdose is bound to increase. Objectives: 1. To find out the number and profile of overdose cases presenting to different Health Care institutions under this study.2.To find out the knowledge and practices of Health Care Providers on overdose management. Methodology: The present study is a cross sectional study conducted in selected districts of Meghalaya for a period of one year. A total of 20 centres were taken up for data collection. Doctors, nurses and para medical staff were the study respondent. Pre-designed questionnaire was used for data collection. Results: From the 20 centers, a total number of 114 respondents were enrolled for questionnaire section. Regarding the knowledge on overdose 101 (88.59%) could properly define the meaning of overdose. Only 41(36%) of the respondent had treated overdose cases. Only 66 (58%) respondents were aware about the correct dosage of naloxone Regarding the drug used to revive an overdose case most of the respondents 61 (53%) replied that they would use Naloxone. However Only 21 (18%) of respondents had undergone any training on overdose management. There are about 80 reported cases of overdose with the mean age of 28 years. Out of the 80 overdose cases 17 (21%) cases were fatal. Only 25 (31%) overdose cases were reported to the police.

Scimitar syndrome or pulmonary venolobar syndrome is a rare, complex and variable cardio-pulmonary malformation, characterized by partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection. It can present in neonatal period as well as later in life. We present a case of 13 year old female who presented with DKA in type 1 diabetes mellitus and was diagnosed with pulmonary venolobar syndrome. Considering the rareness of the syndrome and its unusual form of presentation, this case is reported. Scimitar syndrome is a congenital deformity which consists of abnormal right side pulmonary venous drainage in the inferior vena cava, right lung hypoplasia, dextraposition of heart, and anomalous systemic arterial supply from aorta or one of its branches to the right lung. This syndrome has varied presentations, from an asymptomatic state to severe pulmonary hypertension and/or heart failure. A 13 year old female child presented with vomiting, abdominal pain & breathlessness and was diagnosed with DKA who was a known case of type 1 diabetes mellitus on insulin therapy. Detailed examination and routine work up was done. Chest skiagram (PA) showed scimitar sign formed by anomalous vein with right sided lung hypoplasia and shift of trachea and heart to the right side. Electrocardiography was normal except R/S >1 in V1. Transthoracic echocardiography showed no evidence of any septal defect or other abnormality. HRCT thorax was performed which showed, hypoplastic right lung with complete non visualization of the right upper lobe and anomalous drainage of the right middle & lower lobe veins into the sub-diaphragmatic, supra hepatic portion of the inferior vena cava. No medical management or surgical interventions was required as patient was asymptomatic.

Aim: Maintaining the integrity of the natural dentition is the central goal of dentistry. Intentional re-implantation is defined as intentional removal of tooth and reinsertion into extraction socket before or after endodontic treatment. It aims at most conservative option that satisfies individual esthetic and functional requirements while retaining the natural teeth and smile. Materials and Methods: The patient was examined and subjected to periapical radiograph. After completion of phase I therapy and root canal treatment, intentional re-implantation was done in a traumatized and grade III mobile right central incisor. Tooth was splinted with fiber reinforced resin splint and patient was placed in a maintenance recall program. Results: The patient was clinically and radiographically monitored for 1year with follow-up radiographs showing the tooth in the alveoli without sign of ankylosis or re-implantation resorption. Conclusion: Intentional re-implantation of the same tooth can be done when the patient want to retain natural dentition instead of going for artificial prosthesis. It provides an alternative treatment option, instead of extraction for a tooth with hopeless prognosis.

Head-and-Neck cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide, accounting for 5−6% of all cancer cases. Surgical resection and/or radiotherapy have long been regarded as the standard treatment, while chemotherapy can be added as an adjunct. However, conventional chemotherapy has certain drawbac7ks like non-specific distribution, short circulation time and tumour resistance. Recently, targeted therapeutics with nanoparticles have emerged as promising alternatives to overcome these drawbacks of conventional approaches and among the diverse classes of nanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs), due to their unique physicochemical properties, have become a popular tool in cancer diagnosis and therapy. CNTs are tubular materials with nanometer-sized diameters and axial symmetry, with the unique properties such as ease of cellular uptake, high drug loading and thermal ablation which render them useful for cancer therapy. The important biomedical applications of CNTs include their contribution in the field of drug delivery, thermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, gene delivery, biological detection and imaging. More recently, they have also been used as vehicles for antigen delivery, a novel immunization strategy against infectious diseases and cancer. These multifunctional and multiplex nanoparticles are now being actively investigated and are on the horizon as the next generation of nanoparticles, facilitating personalized and tailored cancer treatment. However, concerns over certain issues such as biocompatibility and toxicity have been raised and warrant extensive research in this field.

The Palatogingival groove is a developmental, anatomic aberration of variable extent and depth, that often leads to a combined Endodontic-Periodontic lesion. Management of such developmental anomalies stand a clinical challenge to the operator. This article aims to brief a case of type-III Palatogingival groove which was otherwise indicated for extraction, was treated successfully with Intentional reimplantation. With proper understanding of Clinical procedures and strict adherence of Surgical Protocol, Intentional reimplantation can serve as a predictable & cost effective method in the management of Class-III Palatogingival groove.

Low available phosphorus (P) still remains a major limitation to maize (Zea mays L.) productivity in low P soils. The objectives of this study were to (i) determine the extent of genetic variation in P efficiency among selected Kenyan maize under low P soils (ii) select P efficient maize experimental hybrids. A total of 32 experimental hybrids were evaluated for variation in tolerance to low P at high P (36kgP/ha) and low P (6kgP/ha) conditions across four locations using split plot arrangement in RCBD replicated three times. Mean grain yield was significantly lower (2.49 t/ha) across the low P treatment compared to the high P treatments (4.78 t/ha). Relative yield reduction was comparable across the four locations except at Sega where it was a little higher (59.4%). A 48.9% mean yield reduction was observed at the low P treatment compared with the high P treatment across the locations. Eighteen out of the 32 experimental hybrids exhibited Agronomic Efficiency (AE) above the locational mean > 44.8 kgkg-1 P. Mean phosphorus efficiency ratio (PER) of 546.7 kgkg-1 P was obtained across the four locations with Migori exhibiting the highest mean (556.5 kgkg P-1). Majority of the experimental hybrids (57%) had higher phosphorus acquisition efficiency (PAE) than the average of all the genotypes. A mean phosphorus efficiency (PE) of 71.6 % was recorded across the locations. In most cases, genotypes showing higher P efficiency traits (PE, PAE, PUE, AE, PER) had higher grain yield production under low P supply. The genetic variation observed among the maize genotypes demonstrates the potential for maize improvement which will facilitate efficient acquisition and utilization of the limited Pi fertilizers.

Impatiens grandis Heyne ex Wallich is an evergreen, perennial shrubaceous balsam species facing a severe threat in the nature due to various factors. One of the factor is it own reproductive inefficiency and progeny recruitment. Hence the present investigation focused on floral biology and breeding systems of the species enlightening on phenology, pollen biology, pollen-pistil interaction, pollinators and breeding system to unravel the possible reasons for its rarity and endangerment. Flowers blooms between 0300-0500 h and anthers dehisced one day before anthesis confirmed the protandry. Pollen viability by FCR yielded 82% pollen grains are viable on the day of anthesis. Stigma showed 60% receptivity on the 3rd day of anthesis. Pollinators behavior in the wild confirmed honeybees made maximum visit (40%) followed by hawk moths (30%), butterflies (20%) and flies and ants (10%). The fruit set rate in natural pollination was very poor (30%) but artificial cross-pollination through xenogamy enhanced the fruit set up to 65%. Thus it is concluded that the plant is an obligate out-crosser and partially self-incompatible. Therefore, protandry, self-incompatibility, delayed stigma receptivity, pollinator’s scarcity, bottlenecks in reproduction and other ecological factors could be the reasons for narrow distribution in the Western Ghats.

Aquatic systems suitable for variety of primary producers, animals, birds, may native or migratory, fishes and all related biotic and abiotic components. They form different food chains, food web and mineral cycling ways as well as responsible several biological products. Phytoplankton species produce above the half of earth’s primary productivity. Kalvala reservoir located near to mandal Veena vanka of Karimnagar district, Telangana. 50 algal species occurred, 6 from Bacillariophyceae with 12%of total species contribution, 26 species from chlorophyceae, 18 species from class Cyanophyceae. Filamentous forms contribution to 36%. If diatoms species diversity more it can indicate that the water physico-chemical parameters are so good. Due to the urbanization resulted to pollution, which imbalance the ecosystems Phytoplankton species distribution causes disturbance to reregulated aquatic system.

The haematological and serum biochemical studies has been carried out in two types of fresh water fishes collected from different habitat. The fresh water fish, Notopterus notopterus collected from a river and Channa marulius collected from a pond. The fish, N.notopterus is a continuously moving fish and frequently comes to the surface for gulping air and also respires through gills. The fish, Channa marulius remains in the bottom of pond and spends more time, very occasionally comes to the surface for gulping air. The haematological and serum biochemical parameters determined in these two fishes exhibited marked difference. All the parameters observed were on the higher side in the fish Channa marulius compared to that of the fish, N.notopterus. Indicating that behavioural pattern and habitat influence the blood parameters in fish

Agriculture has a significant effect on the environment. Declining water quality, loss of wildlife habitat, reduced biodiversity, and emissions of greenhouse gases are some of the major concerns specifically linked to agriculture. Contamination of soil, water and air, fragmentation of habitats and loss of wildlife, loss of biodiversity, increased flooding and drought, soil erosion and increasing greenhouse gases may be inappropriate practices agriculture and land use. Well as agricultural streams and rivers affect water Quality. Intensive farming has serious consequences on the environment. Thus increasing concerns about excessive environmental impacts agriculture has led to the introduction of agri-environmental schemes. The purpose of this research was to examine factors affecting to agri-environment in Southern Khorasan Province, East of Iran. This study used qualitative research methods. The research method was multiple-case study and purposive sampling method was used. The main instrument for data collection was a questionnaire. The results showed that factors affecting to agri-environment consist of: Facilitating factors include motivations and profits. Health and safety, environmental, Ideological and philosophical and economic motivations are the most important motivating factors mentioned. Barriers to conversion to agri-environment include challenges and costs. Lack of knowledge, lack of government supports, fear of the future and production are mentioned as the most important challenges of the conversion to agri-environment. The main objectives of this paper are to provide the broad agri-environmental context, examine the state of agri-environmental information, current agri-environmental statistics developments and future directions.

Earth’s seasons are characterized by differences in temperature and day length. Four different seasons spring, summer, autumn and winter that are exist only in temperate zones. These zones are widespread between latitudes 23.5 degrees of North (and south), 66.5 degrees of North (and south). In tropical or subtropical regions there is no significant seasonal changes and there are only two seasons, wet and dry seasons. Polarize zones have just two seasons, light and dark seasons. We will start our research on this topic and would like to say that there is symmetry between different temperatures. It means that the temperature that creates the spring is the same as the temperature that creates winter and our planet earth has only one season that in temperate regions, it is divided into four seasons and these four seasons emerge in the quantity of a quarter 1/4. Among the nine planets in solar system, only in the planet earth there is symmetry between the sun heat and the frigidity that we will show this symmetry in our planet earth with a simple equation.

Lean has become a buzz topic in today’s arena of competition. Looking at the increasing ability of lean to provide answers to the problem of global warming, this study was planned with the aim to comparatively assess the environmental performance among lean and non-lean initiated apparel units of National Capital Region (India) in terms of environment performance indicator ‘Carbon footprint’. Apparel units were selected using inclusion or exclusion criteria from the member list of Apparel Export Promotion Council, Gurgaon, India. Carbon footprint emission sources were identified and calculations were done as per the standards of ISO- 14064-1 and Green house gas Protocol under Scope I and II emissions. The results revealed that the lean initiated apparel units had significantly lower carbon foot print in comparison to non- lean initiated units. Calculation of carbon footprint in this study is a valuable initiative towards reducing climate change impact.

Zooplankton diversity is one of the most important ecological parameters in water quality assessment. Zooplankton is good indicator of the changes in water quality because they are strongly affected by environmental conditions and due to their short life cycle, these communities often respond quickly to environmental change and water quality. They occupy an intermediate link between phytoplankton and fish. Hence qualitative and quantitative studies of zooplanktons are of great importance. Zooplankton formed important quantitative component of net plankton of the four parts; Copepoda dominantly contributed to their abundance while Rotifera > Cladocera > Protozoan were sub-dominant groups. Samples were collected during January 2014 to December 2014 from three sampling sites of river Narmada. A total of 42 species were found in sampling stations. Among these, Copepods comprise of 14 species (33%), Rotifera of 12 species (29%), Cladocera of 9 species (21%) and 7 Protozoan species (17%). The study aims to conserve the zooplanktons which are declining day by day.

Probiotics, due to their beneficial gut effects, are widely sold in combination with a variety of food products such as infant feeds and health beverages. An in-vitro study was carried out to test three commonly used Asian food supplements - brown rice (BR), white rice (WR), American ginseng (AG) and casein hydrolysate (CH) for their influence on the growth on three probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. The viable cell counts of the probiotics grown in the presence of 1.5% concentrations of the food supplements were plotted against time for 20 hours and were compared with that of a known prebiotic Inulin (PI) and a growth control (GC). No significant variation in growth data was observed on L.acidophilus when grown in the presence of BR, WR, G and CH. An inhibitory effect on S.thermophilus could be observed only with BR and PI. Supplement AG had an inhibitory effect on L.bulgaricus, whereas, PI, CH and BR improved its growth performance. This study reflects the need to study the survival rate of probiotic strains in the presence of combination ingredients in health food, as some of them might reduce or help to enhance the probiotic potential of the final marketed product.

A pioneering study was conducted to reveal the spider diversity in surroundings of river Narmada in central India. The objectives of the present study were to explore the diversity and abundance of spider fauna at different habitats. In total 26 species of spiders belonging to 10 families were observed. Thus family Araneidae was the most dominant family exploring 35% of species. The Narmada Valley area is home to several species rich endemic flora and harbors different species of fauna. The area prevail humid and moderate rainfall and climate. The high species diversity of spiders in river Narmada surrounding can be attributed to the high diversity of plants and insects.

Members of superfamily Lepocreadioidea are of considerable interest biologically as they comprise important groups of worms in range of marine habitats. In the present study, morphological characterization of Proenenterum myripristiae (Family: Lepocreadiidae), a new digenetic trematode infecting the intestine of Pinecone soldierfish Myripristismurdjan, was described using light microscopy for the first time from Coasts of Red Sea at Hurghada City, Egypt. Fish samples were trapped alive during the period of August 2014–May 2015 and necropsied for any helminth parasites. Out of 50, examined fish specimens, only 16 (32.0%) were found to be naturally infected. The large-sized fish reaching ˃30 cm and ˃110 g were more intensively infected than the smaller ones. The present species has all the characteristic features of the genus Proenenterum and characterized by elongated body with anterior pointed and posterior broad ends, two well-developed muscular suckers with ventral larger than oral one, caeca united posteriorly to form cyclocoel, two lobed testes, cirrus sac largely pre-acetabular, lobed ovary, vitelline fields reach to the ventral sucker and excretory vesicle is I-shaped. The present species morphology resembles the previous recorded species from Beryciformes, but with less dimensions of different body parts. Molecular characterization based on 28S large subunit ribosomal DNA gene was done to confirm the obtained morphological and morphometric results. A preliminary genetic comparison between LSU rDNA of this parasite and other species of Lepocreadioidea places the present specimen as a putative sister taxon to P. ericotylum and P. isocotylum.

Patulin is one of the most evasively considered yet extensively studied mycotoxins in apple juice. This survey on the presence of the mycotoxin-patulin, was conducted from 2013-2014 on commercial apple products which were purchased from the supermarkets and retail shops in Mysore. In this study, a total of 42 samples of apple products were analysed for patulin content, including apple juices, apple-based baby foods, apple-based jam, and mixed fruit juices. 38 samples had patulin below detectable limits. Total 4 samples were higher than 50µg/L that had patulin concentrations ranging between 85.32-877µg/l respectively. The results of this study indicate apple juices, apple-based baby foods and mixed fruit juice had shown less detectable patulin contamination. The low incidence of patulin in Mysore city commercial apple products indicate that the quality control of the industry highly standards.

Ageing is the natural degenerative last phase of human being. In old age Vata dosha remaining the dominant factor in carrying out various physiological activities if not taken care of by adopting in required life style and dietary habits then it induces fasten degenerative process especially in already immune compromised person. Neurological disorders need greater attention as the age advances. Many neurological disorders such as Dementia, neuromuscular disorders (Paralysis) affect the geriatric population. Stroke is medical emergency. It is also known as brain Attack. Sometimes referred to by the older term cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is the rapid loss of brain function due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. At age 80, brain blood flow decreases by 20-28% & this parallels a decline in a cerebral metabolic rate. In addition, increase in cerebro Vascular resistance with cerebral arteriosclerosis, vessel fibrosis & endothelial involution is seen with ageing. Stroke is a disease of middle aged & elderly individuals. In elderly the common cause of stroke is atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries). Plaque made of fat cholesterol, Calcium, & other substances builds up in the arteries. It is one of the third most common causes of death in the developed world after cancer & IHD.

The present attempt has made to study the diversity of zooplankton with special reference to quality and quantity from vadgaon freshwater reservoir from Kolhapur district of Maharashtra, India. The study revealed that 16 species of zooplankton were noted belonging to 4 groups namely, rotifers, cladocers, copepodes and ostracods. Qualitatively, roifers and cladocers were observed dominant while quantitatively rotifers were dominant. All four groups have shown monthly variation during both the years and noted lower during monsoon season while higher during winter as well as summer season. Cladoceran group was an only exhibited its presence throughout the study period. Based on the present investigation it can be concluded that the water from the reservoir is clear and pollution free.

In the digital world copyright protection and authentication have become more significant, in order to achieve this digital different watermarking techniques are introduced for the security. We propose an algorithm in wavelet domain using wavelet transformation for a digital invisible watermarking is to embedded into a QR code image. In our method we embed a binary image logo considered as watermark embedded into one of selected wavelet subband. The experimental results show that our method has more robustness to attacks in different considerations and it can achieve a viable copyright protection and authentication.

Sound absorbing materials can be used to attenuate sound travelling in ducts. Typically, sound absorbing materials are used to line the internal surfaces of ductwork or are used in splitters in packaged attenuators. A duct system was constructed to test various materials such as rockwool, polyurethane and polyisoprene where the expansion chamber that filled with these materials has different diameters 16, 20 and 24 cm. The acoustical parameter that evaluates the effectiveness of these materials are the sound attenuation, which can easily be measured and give a general idea of the frequency response of the silencer. In this study, the selective acoustic attenuation achieved through the use of different thicknesses of the material means that an innovative technique can be adopted for the design and construction of sound mufflers.

Benefits of submaximal exercise in maintaining good health and in prevention of diseases are well known. However, there is conflict of studies reporting interaction between submaximal exercise and pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance. Generation of excess free radicals is known to impair many physiological and biochemical functions resulting in overall performance decrement. Therefore to address this issue, various oxidative stress parameters were estimated in plasma samples of unacclimatized human participants who were challenged with submaximal exercise accompanied with mild dehydration of 2% body weight at 450C in human climatic chamber. Exposure of unacclimatized human volunteers to submaximal exercise and dehydration at 450C in human climatic chamber resulted in significant increase in various oxidative parameters. Malondialdehyde, marker of lipid peroxidation was significantly increased (from 0.74±0.08 µmol/l to 1.01±0.11 µmol/l, p<0.001) post exercise. Similarly, a significant increase in hydroperoxide (p<0.001) and advanced oxidation protein products (p<0.01) was also observed. Though there was a significant increase in antioxidant level (GSH; p<0.001), the overall ratio of GSH/GSSG decreased implicating an increased oxidative stress. Submaximal exercise accompanied with mild dehydration in heat is associated with increased oxidative stress in unacclimatized human subjects.

In this work, barium iron niobate, Ba (Fe1/2Nb1/2) O3 powder has been successfully synthesized by the sol-gel method. The formation of the perovskite structure of BFN was followed with the help of X-ray diffraction (XRD), and has shown a crystallite size at a nanometric scale. The pure perovskite phase was obtained at relatively low temperature (900°C /8 h) compared to the conventional solid-state reaction. Moreover, dielectric measurements showed strong relaxation and diffuse phenomena, and a maximum of the dielectric permittivity at a temperature lower than those reported in the literature, together with resonance phenomenon at high frequency values. Impedance parameters were extracted from the permittivity analysis and enabled us in particular, to determine the coefficient charge of the sample.

Switched boost inverter (SBI) is a single-stage power converter derived from Inverse Watkins Johnson topology. Unlike the traditional buck-type voltage source inverter (VSI), the SBI can produce an ac output voltage that is either greater or less than the available dc input voltage. Also, the SBI exhibits better electromagnetic interference noise immunity when compared to the VSI, which enables compact design of the power converter. Another advantage of SBI is that it can supply both dc and ac loads simultaneously from a single dc input. These features make the SBI suitable for dc nanogrid applications. In this paper, the SBI is proposed as a power electronic interface in dc nanogrid. The structure and advantages of the proposed SBI-based nanogrid are discussed in detail. This paper also presents a dq synchronous reference-frame-based controller for SBI, which regulates both dc and ac bus voltages of the nanogrid to their respective reference values under steady state as well as under dynamic load variation in the nanogrid.

As separation techniques, pervaporation occupies a special place in the chemical industry. It is the only membrane process primarily used to purify the chemicals. Pervaporation, in its simplest form, is an energy efficient combination of membrane permeation and evaporation. Separation of the alcohol-water mixture by hybrid distillation pervaporation has received increasing attention in industry. Normally Conventionally azeotropic distillation is used to remove the water from an azeotropic ethanol/water mixture. The aim of this paper is to show the comparative study of pervaporation over a conventional azeotropic distillation for the separation of ethanol water mixture. It shows how pervaporation is better option over a conventional method due to its various factors like lower operating costs resulted from lower energy consumption, reduced waste water treatment and the absence of a chemical entrainer, reduction in capital cost and operating cost. All this aspects are pushing the development and adoption of new better technology over a conventional one. Despite the fact for the adoption of new technology like pervaporation, chemical engineers will need all of their skills to select the very best application and maximize the benefits to their plant.

There has been an increase in the use of concentrically braced frames, damage during past sesmic effects suggests that braced systems may perform poor due to limited ductility and energy dissipation, failure in the connection between the braces and the frame and asymmetric in tension and compression. One way of improving the performance of CBF systems in terms of limiting inter story drifts is the use of smart materials in the bracing system. Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) are a novel functional material which can exhibit little residual strains under cycles of loading and unloading even after passing the yield zone. They have the ability to remember a predetermined shape even after severe deformations which enable them to be widely used in numerous applications in the area of smart materials or intelligent materials. In this study, the behaviour of steel braced frames and SMA braced frames are compared by performing time history analysis. The effect on displacement and stress distribution was analyzed and discussed. SMAs possess properties which are not present in materials earlier utilized in engineering practice. Accordingly, their use opens the possibility of designing and proposing innovative commercial products based on their unique characteristics.

The study investigated the perception of job satisfaction among the executives of Bhilai Steel Plant, a public sector employer in Indian steel industry. Quantitative research design was used to investigate the magnitude of job satisfaction through survey technique. In all, 548 questionnaires were answered in full in which there were 445 males and 103 females. The data collected was analyzed using Microsoft Excel and R. Multiple regression analysis and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient were used to examine the relationship between job satisfaction and the independent variables. The findings highlighted the significance of working conditions, interpersonal relations with peers and seniors, nature of work, level of salary and opportunity to participate in organizational decision making for job satisfaction of officers. The demographic variables of gender, age group and tenure in the organization had no noticeable impact on job satisfaction.

This experimental project was to study the structural behavior of a scaled three bay four storey RCC frame with brick infill in the central bay under cyclic loading. Normally brick infill contributes as shear wall up to failure and subject to diagonal failure. An attempt was made to extend the reinforcement from the columns of the frame to the brick layers and embed with concrete to form a monolithic RCC strip to strengthen the interface of infill walls and RCC frame and thereby diagonal cracks were prevented in the infill. The frame was subjected to cyclic loading to stimulate the earthquake. The effect of infill on load carrying capacity, deflection and energy dissipation were investigated. The crack pattern showed that the potentially adverse effect of the infill was nullified and the frame was ductile in nature and dissipated high energy at the plastic stage.

This study was aimed at assessing; the level of ergonomic values of public utility vehicles from the side of anthropometry, the level of ergonomics public transport from the side of anthropometry, and reviewing QFD (quality function deployment) the priority of the technical dimension based on the attributes of vehicles utilities and facilities of the public transport. Data collection is done by measuring the level of interest, satisfaction, and future expectations. Anthropometric data and the level of improvement priority are examined by modifying GFD matrix. Ergonomic level results presented that 95% of users satisfied, safe, and comfortable. Vehicles utility and load-unloading facilities of public transport with a confidence level of 95% shows the anthropometric dimensions; hangar doors 104.78 cm high, 49.53 cm tall ladder first, second ladder 49.53 cm high, 24.25 cm wide staircase, seat width of 36.21 cm, 44.45 cm seat height, backrest height 27.08 cm, length seat 224.4 cm. QFD assessment based on the attribute utility Cohen’s scale and load-unloading facilities of the vehicles representing the order of improvement priorities; (1) facilities stop, (2) material seat, (3) access to up / down, (4) high chairs, (5) the sidewalk, (6) street lighting, (7) high-hangar door, (8) the quality of material , (9) air circulation, (10) the lighting in the room, (11) traffic signs.

The quest for the effective methods of teaching social studies in Nigerian schools is a continuous one. This research is designed to investigate the effects of integrated group based mastery learning Approach in the teaching of social studies in Junior Secondary Schools in Benin Metropolis. The problem of learners’ poor performance and underachievement in social studies has been a major issues of concern and interest in the Nigeria educational sector. Two research questions were raised with two corresponding hypotheses to guide the study. A quasi-experimental design of non-equivalent control group was adopted. Two mixed secondary schools were purposively selected from Benin City, out of which, two in-tact classes were selected. The instrument used for the data collection was the Social Studies Achievement Test (SSAT). The data collected were analyzed using t-test of independent sample. The result showed that there was a significant effect of treatment on social studies students achievement. This means that the integrated group based mastery learning model was more effective than the traditional expository method. It is recommended that through in-service training, seminars or other forms of on-the-job training to employ mastery learning models.

Turn the tap off while brushing your teeth. Switch the lights off while walking out of the room. Recycle, reuse and reduce. Make donations and participate in worthy causes. Think of various ways of how you can make daily contributions to lessen the carbon footprints and making this planet a better place to live. Today, it is everyone’s responsibility to save the environment and make it sustainable for our coming generations. It is considered as everyone’s duty to act in a socially responsible way. And today’s consumers are of the view that corporations and business firms are not an exception. CSR is also known as Conscious Capitalism and Corporate Citizenship. Now, the question arises whether consumers actually care about corporate citizenship and are willing to pay extra cost when it comes to actual buying? A study done by 2004 Cone Corporate Citizenship stated that about 90% of the people favour to switching over to the brands and products that have a good corporate citizenship reputation (2004 Cone Corporate Citizenship Study). Another survey by Nielson on CSR found out that most of the global respondents are willing to pay a premium for the products and services that comes from socially and environmentally responsible company (Nielson Global Survey). This paper examines how Green Marketing is a new tool to CSR. How companies are taking Green Marketing as a Social Initiative. Companies are making strategies that help save the environment and building their image as an eco-friendly company. Is it a strategic CSR? Or Are they really engaged in fulfilling their social responsibility? A take on Strategic CSR of companies by adopting Green Marketing is the main discussion of this paper.

One of the main objectives of the secondary school 8-4-4 system in Kenya is to prepare students for self-reliance, further training and further education. Christian Religious Education in secondary schools in Kenya occupies a key position in the curriculum. This is so because it enables the learners to integrate all subjects of the curriculum into a more mature view of themselves, their relationships with their environment, both physical and cultural, their fellow human beings and God. The purpose of the study was to establish factors that challenge use of audiovisual resources for teaching Christian Religious Education (CRE) in Kimilili Division, Bungoma County in Kenya. Based on the study, this paper examines the level of availability and use of audiovisual resources for teaching CRE in the schools selected for study in the area. The study adopted a survey research design. Simple random sampling was used to select both CRE teachers and students who participated in the study while stratified sampling was used to select the schools that participated in the study. The sample was drawn from secondary schools in Kimilili Division of Bungoma County in Kenya. The sample population was 266 subjects comprising 242 CRE students and 24 CRE teachers in the Division. The instruments used for data collection were questionnaires and observation schedules. The study used two sets of questionnaires; one for CRE teachers and another for students. Data collected was quantitatively analyzed by descriptive statistics and presented using tables and graphs. It was discovered that the greatest challenge to the teaching of CRE using audiovisual resources is the unavailability of audiovisual resources in schools in Kimilili Division. Consequently, it was recommended that curriculum planners and schools should endeavour to avail audiovisual resources to schools for teaching CRE.

Many student entering community colleges are referred to one or more levels of developmental education. Enrollment is the process through the student is reach their goals and regular student are more active then the part time of student. It should be noted that employment opportunities, which is a unique item on the career-community college survey and included in the chart, was the top enrollment reasons for attending these community college, with most percent of students indicating it was important or very important to their decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the percentage of enrollment of student in community college. The dataset was conducted in lucknow district of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. 80 sample was collected from the two community college by apply the purposive sampling techniques. Result indicate the percentage of skip the classes, reasons attending the community college, and what is the strength of student in community college.

In the age of globalization, adolescent girls often struggle with certain specific challenges not experienced beforehand. Issues such as gender discrimination, eve teasing, alcoholism, drug abuse, trafficking, early marriage, adolescent pregnancy, rape and cybercrimes are quite rampant today. In order to understand various challenges of adolescent girls a study was conducted among the sample of 600 adolescent girls from 15 schools of Malappuram district in the state of Kerala. Analysis of the present study reveals that adolescent girls face many challenges related to gender role perception, conflict of emotions, safety issues, lack of role models, peer pressures, confusions regarding inter personal relationship, accepting bodily changes, menstrual hygiene and reproductive health, curiosity regarding sex and sexuality, choice of career, educational aspirations, gender discrimination and usage of ICT. Among these, safety issue is the most pertinent challenge faced by girls and other challenges follow them. The study highlighted the need to think about long term action plans with a feminist perspective for addressing these challenges with cooperation from every segment of the society.

Branding according to empirical literature is the creation of three dimensional characters of a product. It is further described in terms of name, packaging, colours and symbols that help to differentiate the products from its rivals. And also helps the customers to develop a relationship with the product. The practice of product branding is very crucial in determining the degree of sales performance of business organisations. The purpose of this study is to find out the benefits of product branding and the impact on sales performance of manufacturing firms. This study adopts both secondary and primary sources of data collection to gather information. The primary source of data was collected through survey method with the use of structured questionnaires. The questionnaires were directed to 150 respondents who are members of staff of a Coca-Cola Company plant located in Lagos, Nigeria as well as consumers of a particular Coca-Cola brand. Secondary data was gathered from journals, conference articles, internet sources, textbooks and unpublished works. Linear regression was chosen as the method of statistical analysis. The linear regression was chosen because it works well with the Likert scale measurement style which was used to draw up the questionnaires. The study finds that product branding is very significant to improving sales performance of manufacturing firms. Hence decision makers in the manufacturing sector in Nigeria and elsewhere are advised to consider brandingas an essential ingredient to enhanced brand performance.

Herbicide is just a category of pesticide. Pesticide is used to rid an area of unwanted pests while herbicide is used to get rid of unwanted plant life, like weeds, brush, unproductive bushes or trees, and other growth that takes nutrients away from crops and other useful plants. History shows that in industrialising countries in the past, including United States, Germany, Japan and South Korea, the same phenomena have occurred as workers have left agriculture and herbicides have been adopted. The objective of this research paper is to evaluate the relationship between use of herbicides and shortages of labour and cost effectiveness of herbicides in India after launching MGNREGA. Uses of herbicides are increasingly being adopted around the world as a substitute of weed management labour. Generally MGNREGA provides 100 day wage employment in a year to every rural household who is ready to do unskilled manual work. This unique feature of the programme has not only provides job to labour having no employment but also the labours working earlier in the agriculture fields. After coming of MGNREGA in 2006 Indian agriculture sector is suffering from two major problems that is shortage of labour and high wage rate. Therefore use of herbicides in India is being rapidly adopted. It is interesting to note that the real farm wages increased by 3.7 percent p.a. during 1990s compared to only 2.1 percent p.a. during 2000s and then rapidly rising by 6.8 percent p.a. during 2007-08 to 2011-12 in India. Due to MGNREGA raises the real wage rate of unskilled worker by 20 percent, create 70 million new work opportunities. FAO data shows that the use of herbicides has moved up from 2121.66 tonnes in the 2008 to 6334.98 tonnes in 2010. This shows use of herbicides has increased significantly after MGNREGA due to shortage of labour and cost effectiveness.

The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of non-consensual sexual experiences and attitudes towards transactional and inter-generational sex among female students. Participants included 201 female secondary school students aged 15-25 in Kwale County, Kenya. Consistent with previous research, students were required to report self and others' experiences of non-consensual sexual experiences and personal attitudes towards transactional and inter-generational sex. Though most girls responded favourably towards self, they indicated that their friends experienced non-consensual sexual contact, both verbal and physical. This came in the form of colleagues blocking their way in doors and corridors, being fondled and even sexual intercourse with fellow students and teachers. Age was found to explain differences in reports of experiences and attitudes. Implications of the findings are discussed.

A field study was carried out at college farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh during Kharif 2013 to find out the influence of humic acid and biochar on soil enzymes of maize rhizosphere at different stages. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design and replicated thrice with three factors comprised of factor-I (fertilizers- 100 % RDF and 75 % RDF), Factor-II (biochar levels- 0, 5 and 7.5 t ha-1) and Factor-III (humic acid levels of 0 and 30 kg ha-1). Dehydrogenase activity at 30 DAS was significantly higher the activity being 16.19 μg TPF g-1 soil day-1 with 75% NPK in combination with humic acid. While, at 60 DAS and harvest, significantly higher activity was noticed with biochar @ 5 t ha-1 along with 100 % NPK and 75% NPK respectively with the corresponding activities of 20.72 and 5.594 μg TPF g-1 soil day-1. Combined application of 75% NPK, 7.5 t ha-1 of biochar and 30 kg ha-1 of humic acid could result in a significantly higher acid phosphatase which was on par with recommended NPK along with biochar @ 7.5 t ha-1 at all the stages of assay. Alkaline phosphatase activity highest at 30 and 60 DAS (48.93 and 158.6 μg p-nitro phenol g-1 soil h-1) with 100 % NPK along with biochar @ 7.5 t ha-1, while at harvest stage higher activity (37.31 μg p-nitro phenol g-1 soil h-1) was shown by 75% NPK alone.