February 2018

Introduction: Dental fear and anxiety is a common and potentially distressing problem in children. Managing dental anxiety has been one of the most difficult task for pediatric dentist. The potential effects of essential oils have been associated with decreased anxiety, improved mood and increased sedation. Aim: To determine the effect of lavender oil in alleviating dental anxiety. Material and method: 30 children between 4-6 years were randomly allocated to either a control or an experimental group that received lavender oil before dental procedure. Child’s anxiety level was measured by using CFSS-DS and Facial image scale. Physiological parameters were recorded and assessment of behaviour was carried out with North Carolina Behaviour Rating Scale. Results: Student’s t-test showed a significant reduction in pulse rate(p=0.049) and respiratory rate(p=0.003) in experimental group. Conclusion: The positive effects of lavender oil on anxiety in children can be performed to reduce anxiety in children as appropriate.

Aim: The aim of this investigation was to conduct a survey among private dental practitioners in Srinagar city concerning their knowledge, attitude and practice of pulp therapy in primary teeth. Methodology: This is a questionnaire based study formulated to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of general dentists towards endodontic therapy in primary teeth. A total of 100 general dental practioners were selected from various private dental clinics in Srinagar city and were questioned using a 10 item questionnaire. After explaining the purpose of the study questionnaire was distributed among them and results were obtained. Statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS software version 11.0 and results were obtained. Results: In our study 35% prescribed medication only, as the first line of treatment. Reason given by the general dentists for performing endodontic treatment in primary teeth was Pain elimination (63%). When asked about the materials used for pulp fixation during a pulpotomy procedure, 48% of the respondents preffered Buckley’s formocresol and 60% of them do not use apex locator for working length determination. The most common material used for obturation of deciduous teeth was Zinc oxide eugenol 53% due to the availability of the same material (46%). 54% of the dentists used Hand held reamers as obturation technique of deciduous canals, 23% used Slow-speed lentulospirals and the final restoration preferred for endodontically treated primary tooth was GIC(35%). When asked about the barriers faced by the general dentists in treating children, majority 32% reported difficulty in managing children during treatment, 27% reported time consumption and financial loss as a major barrier in treating children. Majority (87%) of the general dentists wanted to have additional information regarding pulp therapy in deciduous teeth. Conclusion: Limited pediatric dental education and experience in treating children may contribute to negligence towards child’s teeth. Dentists need to update themselves regarding various treatment modalities in primary teeth.

Hernia is a protrusion of abdominal viscera through a defect in abdominal wall. Successful repair of abdominal hernias requires thorough knowledge of anatomy of anterior abdominal wall and all its layers. Ventral abdominal hernia includes all the hernias occurring through the anterior abdominal wall excluding groin hernias (incisional hernia, epigastrichernia, paraumblical hernia) (Stoppa, 1989; Ahmed et al., 1995).

Background: Acetaminophen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) widely used for its analgesic and antipyretic properties. Although it is relatively very safe, it has been associated with hepatotoxicity and other minor gastrointestinal adverse effects. In addition, it has also been reported that some NSAIDs can cause severe cutaneous adverse effects such as leucocytoclastic vasculitis (LCV). Case description: A 35 yearold female patient was admitted intointensive care unit (ICU) with multiple palpable purpura discretely located bilaterally all over the upper and lower limbs. Prior to its onset, the patient had an episode of severe headache and body pains for which she consumed over the counter (OTC) acetaminophen. The lesions worsened abruptly and a skin biopsy confirmed the presence of leucocytoclastic vasculitis. The patient also had a clinical evidence of erosive gastritis. The offending agent was immediately discontinued and the patient was successfully managed with corticosteroids and supportive therapy. However, the patient was not re-challenged with acetaminophen owing to severity of the reaction as well as for ethical reasons. Discussion and evaluation: An extensive review of the current case reveals the occurrence of erosive gastritis and LCV following the over the counter (OTC) use of acetaminophen. A thorough evaluation of patient’s clinical history, physical examination, laboratory and histological examination, confirmed acetaminophen induced LCV along with erosive gastritis. The present adverse drug reaction was classified as probable with a score of 6according to Naranjo’s scale causality assessment and is classified severe (level 5) according to Hartwig’s scale of severity assessment. Drug induced LCV is an extremely rare reaction. Although it has been reported with a few NSAIDs such as naproxen and Ibuprofen, to best of our knowledge, acetaminophen has never been associated with LCV. The case is also unique in its presentation of LCV occurring concurrently with erosive gastritis in the same patient. Conclusion: Acetaminophen is the most commonly used OTC drug worldwide. Despite its established safety, it can produce serious adverse effect such as leucocytoclastic vasculitis. Early diagnosis and drug with drawl are crucial to the resolution of the leucocytoclastic vasculitis.

Hormones are specific regulatory molecules that have potent effects on the major determinants of the development and the integrity of the skeleton and oral cavity including periodontal tissues. It is clear that periodontal manifestations occur when an imbalance of these steroid hormones take place. This review article focuses on how these hormones influence the periodontium at different life stages such as puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, menopause and postmenopause. Hormonal influences may appear in oral tissues before other systemic manifestations are apparent. Therefore, it is the clinician's responsibility to recognize, customize and vary periodontal therapy based on the individual female and the stage of her life cycle.

Oral Health, which is an essential component of the overall health of the mother and the foetus, undergoes significant changes during pregnancy. This article speaks about the physiological changes and oral diseases encountered by a pregnant patient and discusses the ideal treatment planning of such patients in a dental clinic. During pregnancy, dental treatment may be modified but need not be withheld, provided that the risk assessment is made properly for both the patient and the foetus.

Background & Objectives: Ultrasound elastography is a non-invasive method for determining tissue mechanical properties. The aims of were to study: 1. The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound elastography in the detection and characterization of various breast masses. 2. The role of ultrasound elastography in differentiating benign and malignant breast masses with FNAC and /or histopathology correlation. 3. Determine an optimal cut-off value for the traced area ratio by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for differential diagnosis in future applications. Methods: It is a Hospital based prospective study carried on Philips iU22 ultrasound machine with high frequency probe, colour Doppler, and sono-elastography for 2.0 years on 116 cases. Patients presenting with small palpable breast lesions and those incidentally detected lesions on mammography were included in the study. Patients not willing for Ultrasonography & FNAC or Histopathology were excluded from the study. Results: Among the benign nodules the common lesions were fibroadenoma 22 (19%) cases. Among the malignant lesions, the most common lesion was ductal carcinoma (invasive) 34 (29.3%). The mean elasticity score for benign lesions was 1.90 and 4.21 for malignant lesions. A sensitivity of 83.9% and a specificity of 91.7% was obtained for elasticity score with a cut-off point of 3. A sensitivity of 91.1% and a specificity of 88.3% was obtained for strain ratio with a cutoff point of 2.94. Interpretation & Conclusions: The present study shows elasticity score (qualitative) and strain ratio (quantitative) methods in ultrasound elastography are good for the diagnosis of benign and malignant breast lesions with high sensitivity as well as high accuracy rate.

This report presents a case of intestinal volvulus in a 3 year old thoroughbred horse. The horse was diagnosed clinically with severe acute abdominal pain, distended small intestine, right dorsal displacement of the large colon and suspected large colon impaction. Blood results showed increased erythrocytes count, heamoglobin concentration, hematocrit count, low mean corposal volume (MCV), high mean corposal hemoglobin concentartion (MCHC), increased neutrophili count,high glucose and high lactate. On post mortem examination pathological changes in the small intestine were observed with torsion of the jejunum without large colon impaction. This case demonstrates the difficulty in making a clinical diagnosis of intestinal torsion in a horse and the importance of blood results as prognostic indicator in the treatment of colic in horses.

Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of health intervention in improving the knowledge and attitude on toxoplasmosis among pregnant women with toxoplasma infection. Methods: Using randomized control trial study on pregnant women who attended the three randomly selected obstetric and gynecological clinics governmental hospitals in Al-Najaf. Respondents are divided into two groups; the Experiment and Control group. Data collection used self-administered questionnaire in the Arabic language and result analyzed using SPSS Version 21. Results: Out of a total 340 respondents, majority of them have low knowledge on almost all question items. There was not significant statistical difference in the level of knowledge between the two groups at baseline stage. At first post-test and second post-test, the knowledge score for the Experimental Group become better for all question items, compared to the Control Group. The difference in score improvement between the two groups was statistically significant. As for the attitudes, at baseline, the Experiment Group have more positive attitude compared to the Control Group (Experiment 52.4% and Control 47.6%), and there was not statistical significant difference between groups. At first post-test and second post-test, the level of attitudes for the Experimental Group become better, compared to the Control Group. The difference in the levels improvement between the two groups was statistically significant. Conclusion: Health intervention given to the Experimental Group was effective in increasing the score of knowledge and improve the attitude on toxoplasmosis compared to the Control Group.

Background: Continuous use of dentures requires regular hygiene maintenance, a task which is often neglected by the patients. The objective of this study was to assess the level of awareness/knowledge grade among partial and complete denture wearers regarding oral and denture hygiene maintenance, and to establish any association of this knowledge with different demographic variables including age, gender, socioeconomic status, education, and type of denture. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out through consented interviews using a self-designed close-ended questionnaire based on 9 relevant items. Afterwards, a simple numerical calculation was done to derive the final score, ranging from 0 upto 9, which was then used to categorize the knowledge grade into 5 groups: Extremely poor (score of 0 or 1); Relatively poor (score of 2 or 3); Moderate (score of 4 or 5); Relatively good (score of 6 or 7); and Extremely good (score of 8 or 9). Results: A total of 112 patients were included, with a mean score of 4.92 ± 1.89. There were only 6 (5.4%) patients with extremely poor and 8 (7.1%) patients with extremely good knowledge grade. Almost 37% patients had moderate level of knowledge. Chi-square test remained highly significant for age groups (P<0.001), socio-economic status (P<0.001), education level (P=0.010) and type of denture (P<0.001). For gender, the test remained non-significant (P= 0.117). Conclusions: Denture hygiene knowledge and practices of denture wearers is strongly related to demographic variables of age, socio-economic status, education level and the type of denture being worn.

For decades, a synergistic combination of EBRT and Intracavitary Brachytherapy (ICBT) has been the widely accepted primary modality of treatment for carcinoma cervix. As already stated, concomitant chemoradiation using Cisplatin has become the accepted standard treatment for locally advanced cases. Although concomitant chemoradiation is the standard care, it cannot be administered safely in elderly patients and those with certain comobilities. An alternative radiation schedule, without chemotherapy, that can reduce treatment time is therefore required, especially in those patients who have contraindications to chemoradiations . Yoon SM et al have shown that in patients in whom chemotherapy cannot be used, radiation alone with 6 fractions per week instead of 5 have equivalent results without major toxicities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and compare the efficacy of 6 fractions per week of external beam radiotherapy with conventional fraction size with interdigitated brachytherapy starting from third week of EBRT (a total of 5 fractions of interdigitated brachytherapy, each fraction comprising of 6 Gy each). In the test arm, accelerated EBRT is given to a total dose of 46 Gy in 23 fractions (Monday to Saturday 6 days a week) and interdigitated brachytherapy 6 Gy × 5 fractions. From the third week interdigitated brachytherapy is started and on that day EBRT was not given. On the control arm EBRT was given to 50 Gy in 25 fractions followed by intracavitary brachytherapy 7 Gy × 3 fractions. Concomitant Cisplatin was added along with EBRT. The main aim of the study is to assess and compare the response and safety of accelerated EBRT with interdigitated brachytherapy to concomitant chemo-radiation, which is the accepted standard today. The overall response was comparable in both arms at end of treatment and during the period of follow up. Although the percentage of complete responses were slightly higher in the chemo-radiation arm, this was not statistically significant. Moreover the difference in CRs seemed to diminish with time during follow up.The treatment time was also prolonged in the test Arm as most of the patients had repeated treatment breaks. An important aspect of our study was to assess the overall treatment time. It was found that a majority of patients in the study arm did not complete treatment within the stipulated time whereas many in the chemo-radiation arm had delays also. The rationale for accelerated fractionation (AF) is that reduction in overall treatment time decreases the opportunity for tumour cell regeneration during treatment and therefore increases the probability of tumour control for a given total dose. To conclude, findings from this study suggest that accelerated EBRT (six fractions per week) with interdigitatedbrachytherapy is an effective treatment for patients with locally advanced carcinoma of the uterine cervix and can be used as a possible alternative to concomitant chemo-radiotherapy in selected patients keeping in mind about slightly increased rectal and bowel toxicities. The early responses to treatment are non-inferior to concomitant chemotherapy and the acute toxicities lesser but in our study the Test Arm patients had many treatment breaks due to acute toxicities as a result the treatment time got prolonged in the Test Arm. So to conclude accelerated radiotherapy is a great alternative tool but the problem of acute toxicities must be bore in mind while using a conventional radiotherapy machine like Cobalt 60.

Fever is defined as elevation of normal body temperature above the normal circadian variation3. Thrombocytopenia is defined as platelet count <1,50,000/microliter. Infection is the most common cause. Fever with thrombocytopenia narrows the differential diagnosis of the clinical entity. A well organised systemic approach is carried out with an awareness of cause of fever with thrombocytopenia to shorten the duration of investigation and bring out diagnosis. Aims and objectives: 1. To study incidence of various etiological agents for patients getting admitted for fever with thrombocytopenia. 2. To analyse epidemiological data, clinical features, investigations, incidence of complications and outcome of patients. Material and Methods: This is a prospective study done in patients admitted for fever with thrombocytopenia in NRI Institute of medical sciences, Sangivalasa, Visakhapatnam, India, over a period of one year from Jan 2017 to Dec 2017. 100 patients are selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Based on symptoms, signs and investigations etiological factors were analysed and diagnoses were done.. Results: 100 cases were admitted with fever with thrombocytopenia. Out of this 100 cases, 70 cases were male and 30 cases were female with male female ratio of 2.3:1. Most of the cases admitted between age 26 to 35. The mean age for male and female cases was 33.76 and 33.1 respectively. The most common cause is infectious, of which dengue is most common (42%) followed by malaria (21%). Petechiae is common bleeding manifestation. Blood transfusion is not needed for all the cases even when platelet is below 20,000. Acute renal failure is the common complication. Mortality is 8%. Conclusion: Fever with thrombocytopenia is one of the most challenging problems in field of medicine. Infection is the most common cause. Dengue, malaria, leptospirosis still present clinically in atypical and occult form, making diagnosis more difficult. So specific tests like rapid spot test, IgM ELISA for dengue, IgM ELISA leptospirosis antibodies, widal test etc are required for correct diagnosis. Spontaneous bleeding was noted in patients with platelet count <20,000. Platelet transfusion is not needed for all the cases. Overall mortality for fever with thrombocytopenia is 8%.

Fungal infections are common globally with varied clinical presentations. Among them, Aspergillosis is the second most common opportunistic fungal disease and is difficult to diagnose. Immuunocompromised patients are mostly affected by invasive aspergillosis. Spores of the aspergilli are inhaled or ingested which if left untreated will disseminate in the lungs, paranasal sinuses, cranium and orbit, leading to cough, dyspnoea, ulceration, loss of vision, fever, meningitis etc. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment is therefore necessary for improvement of the survival rate. We present a case of invasive aspergillosis involving the maxillary sinus in an uncontrolled diabetic patient with the emphasis on early diagnosis, as delay in the initiation of treatment could be detrimental due to the dissemination of the disease process.

Background: COPD is the most frequent pulmonary disease .It is generally known that dyspnoeaand Exercise intolerance occur in the advanced stage of the disease as a result of bronchial patency disturbance progression and development of pulmonary Hypertension.The significance of RV performance is one of the factors determining the clinical course and prognosis in COPD,a potential role of LV is however less studied. Aim: To evaluate the left ventricular Systolic and Diastolic functions in COPD. Material & Methods: A total of 150 patients were studied. All the selected patients were staged according to GOLD criteria.Echocardiographic assessment of Right ventricular and left ventricular functions were done using left and right ventricular chamber size, ejection fraction and diastolic function. Results: On echocardiography left ventricular diastolic was observed in 29 (19.3%) patients, systolic dysfunction was observed in 5 (3.3%) patients.There was good correlation between the frequency of left ventricular function abnormalities and severity of COPD.Pulmonary hypertension was present in 63 patients,out of these 31 patients (49.%) had mild,20 patients (31%) moderate and 12 (19%) had severe pulmonary hypertension. Conclusion: We conclude that LV ventricular functional abnormalities had a good correlation with the severity of COPD and suggest that LV functions should be evaluated in COPD especially in acute exacerbation.

Cardiovascular disease is a condition in which it is deals with irregular performance of the heart due to single or several reasons. It is epidemic in India and also one of the major causes of the death of the people. The experiment was carried out to assess the nutritional status of the selected subjects with cardiovascular disease and creation of static website for its management. Area and subjects were selected by the investigator. Nutritional status, Socio economic status, REAP, frequency consumption of common foods, of the selected subjects were assessed and observed. A static nutritional website was created by gathering material from various sources to overcome the problems of the subjects. The website was launched with the help of a programmer. The questionnaire which comprised of 30 questions was framed to assess the nutritional knowledge attitude and practice (KAP) of the selected subjects. Nutrition education was given by using oral posters, catalogues and the created static nutritional website. Before and after valuation KAP of the subjects were done by using questionnaire to assess the progress of the subjects. The mean score 13±2.15 obtained in pre test was increased to 21±3.04 after imparting nutrition education. The gain in nutritional knowledge scores was 8±0.63 and the quantum of improvement was 1.80 times.

Attachments in prosthodontics are the means of stress equalizing for any rigid connector prosthesis. These attachments may be custom made or prefabricated. Prefabricated attachments are highly precise and need technical dexterity to achieve optimum results. Custom made attachments or the Semi-precision attachments are cast in the laboratory and specially made for each patient. This case report describes an inexpensive technique to rehabilitate an intermediate abutment case using acrylic and pen refills as their attachment.

Oral cancer has very high incidence in India. The reasons for this high incidence is lack of awareness and late presentation which is further complicated by lack of adequately trained medical and dental professionals. We studied the level of awareness related to oral cancer among general public in a hospital based survey in a northern Indian state. We hypothesized that people with higher education will be more aware when it came to knowledge about oral cancer than people who could not afford college education. Our study proved otherwise with results which were extremely disappointing highlighting the failure of our education system regarding a disease which has been shown to be growing at an exponential rate in this part of the globe.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to identify factors that may motivate children to practice good oral hygiene. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted. A questionnaire was given to 150 school going children regarding their histories with caries, perceived confidence in brushing, self-perceived susceptibility and vulnerability for caries and/or poor oral health, and perceived benefits and barriers to practicing oral hygiene. Results: Most children thought good oral health as being central to their overall health; however, some viewed poor oral health as occurring only in the old age. A greatest motivator for brushing was good esthetic appearance of teeth. The greatest barriers to performing oral hygiene were lack of time and limited access to toothbrushes and dentifrice when away. Conclusions: To motivate children in this age range, emphasis should be placed on the positive aspects of maintaining good oral hygiene for its contribution to appearance.

Background: Candidemia is one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized neonates and pediatric patients especially in intensive care units. Objective: The present study was planned to assess the prevalence of candidemia in neonatal and pediatric patients admitted to P.I.C.U. Method: A cross-sectional prospective study was carried out in pediatric patients admitted to the P.I.C.U of Sassoon General Hospital. A total of 485 blood samples from clinically suspected cases of blood stream infections of pediatric age group collected over six months were included in the present study. Candidemia was diagnosed by isolation of a pure culture of Candida spp. from at least one blood culture with supportive clinical features. Result: From 485 clinically suspected cases of blood stream infections; a total of 5 (1.03%) cases were confirmed as candidemia. All the confirmed cases of candidemia were observed in neonates. Presence of intravascular catheter was the most common risk factor associated with all (100%) the cases followed by low birth weight (80%). Four (80%) cases of candidemia belonged to non-albicans Candida, whereas only one was caused by Candida albicans. Interpretation and Conclusion: Prevalence of candidemia among clinically suspected cases of blood stream infections was 1.03%. All the confirmed cases of candidemia belonged to age group of 0 to 12 months. Presence of intravascular catheters was the most important risk factor followed by low birth weight. A shift observed in the etiological agents from Candida albicans to non-albicans Candida. It is important to identify the species as non-albicans Candida are more likely to be resistant to antifungal agents

Introduction: Bacteria as Streptococcus mutans have been implicated to play a key role in causation of dental caries. Reducing the bacterial load can aid in prevention of caries. Further the acquisition of Stretococcus mutans is influenced by numerous maternal factors as mother’s SM counts, feeding practices, mode of delivery, oral hygiene, sharing of food and utensils etc. Objective: To investigate the correlation of streptococcus mutans counts with maternal factors as type of feeding practices and mode of delivery. Material and methods: A blind longitudinal Study was carried out on 60 full term healthy infants with normal body weights to assess the Streptococcus Mutans colonization pattern. Salivary samples of infants were taken at birth, 1 month, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 months and data regarding type of feeding and delivery was noted through questainaires filled by parent. The non-parametric chi-square test was applied from birth till 9 months on obtained results and parametric ANOVA test was applied on all the obtained results at 12 and 15 months of age. Results: SM counts were seen to increase with increasing age of the infant. Significant association of SM colonization with infants born by C-section upto the age of 12 months was seen. With regards to feeding pattern, significant association at 5% level of significance was seen till 9 months of age in infants taking breast feed or combination of both.

Background: Practice of using OTC drugs is very common among medical students. Since OTC drugs are more easily accessible to them, in this study we intend to analyze knowledge, attitude and practices of second year MBBS students. Aims and Objectives: To assess knowledge, attitude and practices of second year MBBS students towards over the counter drugs, to determine most commonly used OTC drugs and to determine most commonly used over the counter drug. Methodology: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted among 2nd year medical students of J.N.M.C., Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha Results: 1) Out if 150 subjects in the study 90% have used OTC drugs. Most commonly used OTCs were cough and cold medication (46 out of 150). Most common indications for use of OTCs is Cough and cold (41/150). 71% think the reason for using OTCs is familiarity with the disease.59% use chose to use OTCs rarely. 88% of the subjects have not experienced any adverse reaction after taking OTCs. 71% subjects said they will suggest others to take OTCs. Source of information for OTCs out of 150 subjects is peers for 41%. 51% think they are aware of medico legal aspects of OTCs. Conclusion: Self medication is a very common practice especially amongst medical students. It is of vital importance to create awareness regarding adverse effects and medicolegal aspects of OTC drugs.

Aim: To evaluate if the fracture resistance of endodontically treated mandibular molars can be improved with newer techniques and restoration than that of crown. Materials and Methods: 55 Two rooted mandibular first molar were randomly divided into 5 groups. Group A (N=11) was left intact. Endodontic treatment was done in remaining 5 groups. In Group B (N=11) entrance filling was done with packable composite followed by tooth preparation and PFM crown placement. In Group C (N=11) entrance filling was done with GC everX Posterior Fiber Reinforced composite after Nayyar Core Technique. In Group D (N=11) entrance filling was done with GC everX Posterior Fiber Reinforced composite. In Group E (N=11) entrance filling was done with Packable Composite. The specimens in all five groups were subjected to fracture resistance using Universal Testing machine. Results: The maximum Fracture resistance was observed in Group B and minimal fracture resistance was observed in Group E. A highly significant difference was evident on comparing the mean values of fracture resistance of different group (p<0.01). Inter group comparison within the different groups also revealed highly significant difference (p<0.01). Conclusion: PFM crowns had the highest fracture resistance. Though literature claims that Short Fiber reinforced composites have increased fracture resistance, they could not match the fracture resistance of a crown. Nayyar core technique provided increased fracture resistance as a direct restoration.

Background: In developing countries men are the main decision makers affecting women access to maternity care. Objectives: To investigate the effect of husbands’ attendance on women access to antenatal care (ANC) at Omdurman maternity hospital (OMH) 2016 Methodology: A descriptive, cross sectional, hospital based study conducted at OMH. A ten percent of women attending ANC at OMH during the study period were included after an informed consent. Ethical clearance was obtained from ethical review committee (ERC) at OMH. Data was collected by trained data collectors using structured format, coded, edited, rechecked and analyzed by trained person using SPSS version 21.0. Results: A total of 2822 women participated in the study. Male attendance in ANC was 1860 (66.0%), 989 (35.1%) of them always accompany their wives, 873 (30.9%) accompany their wives only in private clinics and 960 (34.0%) did not accompany their wives at all. Women accompanied by their husbands; 1430 (76.8%) were urban, while 432 (23.2%) were rural. Those not accompanied by their husbands; 206 (21.5%) of them were urban and 754 (78.5%) were rural (PV = 0.001). Both women and husbands were well educated, only 4.0%-4.2% were illiterate. Husbands’ education has shown a significant difference in male attendance at ANC (PV = 0.0001). Women who were accompanied by their husbands; 1308 (70.2%) of them had regular ANC (four visits or more), while those not accompanied by husbands; only 145 (15.1%) had regular ANC, (PV = 0.001). Barriers affecting men from accompanying their wives for ANC were: work commitment 1259 (68.7%), presence of male affecting other women’s privacy 346 (18.9%) or they consider it not important to accompany women for ANC 228 (12.4%). Most of women 2670 (94.6%) would like to be accompanied by their husbands. However, 1732 (61.4%) were satisfied with their husbands participation in ANC. Conclusion: Women accompanied by their husbands had more regular ANC visits. Male participation in ANC was influenced by urbanization, husband education, and is affected by work commitment and other socio- cultural behaviors.

Objective: This study is to investigate the clinical efficacy of EGFR inhibitors on mutations in lung cancer patients with EGFR 19 and 21 exons. Methods: A total of 178 lung cancer patients were selected from January 2012 to September 2016 in this study and their EGFR mutations were analyzed by Real-time PCR. Then the patients were divided into Exon 19 group (n = 89) and Exon 21 group (n = 89) according to EGFR mutation status, and being treated with EGFR inhibitor erlotinib. Finally, the clinical efficacy and safety of the two groups were analyzed. Results: The average age of patients in Exon 19 group was lower than that of Exon21 group (P <0.05). The response Rate (RR) of the Exon19 group was 51.69%, while the RR of the Exon21 group was 48.31% (P> 0.05). The median overall survival (OS) were 56.00 months (95CI%: 54.054,57.946) and 49.00 months(95CI%: 47.682, 50.316)in the Exon 19 group and Exon21 group respectively. The median Progression-free Survival (PFS) were 50.00 (95CI%: 47.529,52.471) and 41.00 (95CI%: 38.738,43.262)in the Exon 19 group and Exon21 group respectively. Furthermore, the incidence of adverse reactions was similar between the two groups (P> 0.05). Conclusion: Lung cancer patients with EGFR 19 exon mutation are younger than those with EGFR 21 exon mutations, which may get more benefits from EGFR inhibitor therapy.

In India prevalence of oral clefts is as common as 1in 500 several cases and several centres for rehabilitation works round the clock to correct the congenital defect to almost as flawless as a normal child. The team effort involves transition from one speciality to the other and a Pedodontist who is well versed with child’s overall knowledge and comprehensive management of child can be a major shareholder & coordinate among different cleft specialists. Aim: To assess the preference of pedodontist by cleft lip and palate team in the multidisciplinary approach in Indian cleft centres. Settings and Design: It’s a cross sectional descriptive study design. Study was conducted in cleft lip and palate centres and all the specialist involved in the rehabilitation of cleft lip and palate were given a questionnaire to fill and it was also mailed for those who could not be reached personally. Methods and Material: It was a questionnaire survey with a set of fourteen open ended and close ended questions. Questionnaires were distributed to all dental and medical professional’s who were involved in rehabilitation of cleft lip palate. The filled questionnaires were collected and was later sent for statistical analysis. Statistical analysis used: Analysis was done using SPSS vertion 16.0 for windows. Results: Results of our study showed that among the complete oral rehabilitation procedures cleft lip and palate team preferred a Pedodontist for the following like behaviour management, parent counselling, restorations, pulp therapies, space management, and interceptive orthodontic procedures. Conclusions: In our study Cleft lip and palate team preferred Pedodontist for the overall oral rehabilitation of deciduous dentition. Hence there is need for change in the existing trends which calls for an active training and participation of pedodontist in the comprehensive management of cleft lip and palate, this study highlights the fact, but in the present scenario there is lack of adequate participation of pedodontists in the management of cleft lip and palate which may be attributed to lack of training as well as motivation on the same.

Objective: The purpose of study was to identify the current research conduct in several teaching hospitals with an Institutional Review Board (IRB) in Lebanon regarding the application of the international codes and regulations Methodology: Quantitative and Qualitative methods allowed an in-depth understanding of hospitals' clinical research, level of respect of safety measures, compliance with the international regulations, understanding challenges and future recommendation to improve the IRB system. A non-random sampling was used. Result: Based on mixed method analyses, it was generally derived that there was a lack of implementation of IRB system in Lebanon with accordance to the international codes and regulations. (17% of IRB committees doesn't have a written waiving criteria nor deception policy, only 33% have an annual training program). Conclusion: The study noticed the lack of application of international research regulations and protocols, while confirmed by the absence of IRB accreditation system. In addition to that, a weak monitoring system was mentioned in the associated hospitals. The teaching hospitals in general apply the IRB requirements partially, while confirmed by the incompleteness of document system, lack of training regarding IRB, the safety and confidentiality not as required according to ethical principles. There are inefficient steps that were established by the MoPH. Efforts should be made to address these concerns and how effective IRBs are at protecting human research participants and to achieve a full monitoring process via clinical research conducted in healthcare organizations.

Oral lichenoid reaction, affecting oral mucosa in direct contact with an amalgam restoration, represent a delayed, Type IV, cell mediated immune response to mercury or one of the other constituents of the dental amalgam. The following case report presents a patient who showed such reaction in mucosa adjacent to placement of amalgam. The mucosal lesions underwent a healing process after amalgam was replaced by composite restoration in the teeth that had contact with the lesions.

Lemierre’s syndrome is a condition characterized by thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and bacteremia caused by primarily anaerobic organism, Fusobacterium necrophorum following a recent oro pharyngeal infection. This has been an uncommon illness in the era of antibiotic therapy, though it has been reported with increasing frequency in the past 15 years. Lemierre’s syndrome should be suspected in young healthy patients with prolonged symptoms of pharyngitis followed by symptoms of septicemia or pneumonia, or an atypical lateral neck pain. Diagnosis is often confirmed by identification of thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and growth of anaerobic bacteria on blood culture. Treatment involves prolonged antibiotic therapy occasionally combined with anticoagulation. We report a 20 year old female patient who presented to our hospital with Lemierre’s syndrome

Aim: Asses the significance of elevated serum lipase in Diabetic ketoacidosis Methadology: Serum sample of a female patient known to have Diabetes Mellitus, presenting to ER with complaints of recurrent episodes of vomiting, abdominal pain was taken and routine biochemical tests including a spot urine dipstick test, an arterial blood gas analysis along with serum amylase and lipase was sent. Patient was subjected to ultrasound imaging. The results obtained were analysed. Result: It was found that along with the presence of an elevated blood glucose (304mg/dl), urine was positive for ketone bodies with low bicarbonate levels. The serum amylase was found to be normal but significantly the serum lipase was found to be three times the upper reference range (180 U/L). The abdominal ultrasound was found to be normal without any evidence of pancreatic inflammation. Conclusion: Diabetic ketoacidosis is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus (especially type 1). It can often be the presenting symptom in a previously undiagnosed patients. Though occurance of pancreatitis is uncommon phenomenon in the setting of DKA but it is not rare either. Studies conducted have shown that both DKA can precipitate pancreatitis and vice versa. But a very significant finding has been that in 16-25% of patients having DKA can have an elevated serum lipase (≥ 3 times the URL) which is considered diagnostic of acute pancreatitis with or without an elevated serum amylase.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary malignancy of the liver and occurs predominantly in patients with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. A better knowledge of molecular Hepato carcinogenesis provides today the opportunity for targeted therapy. Most of the existing anti-cancer produces side effects such as fever, hallucinations, low blood pressure, bone marrow problems, paralysis, coma, liver problems, and kidney problems. The present study aimed. The herbal extract were prepared in solvents like ethanol and screened for ant cancer activity. MTT assay is a colorimetric assay used for the determination of cell proliferation and cytotoxicity, based on reduction of the yellow colored water soluble tetrazolium dye MTT to formazan crystals. Mitochondrial lactate dehydrogenase produced by live cells reduces MTT to insoluble formazan crystals, which upon dissolution into an appropriate solvent exhibits purple color, the intensity of which is proportional to the number of viable cells and can be measured Spectro- photo metrically at 570nm. Viability of cell decreasing with increasing dose and 450 ug/ml of the extract shows 60% viability count and shows good anticancer activity compared to standard drug, Aim: The present study was aimed to investigate Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical screening and Anti-cancer activity in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 from folklore plant Materials and Methods Assay controls: • Medium control (medium without cells) • Negative control (medium with cells but without the experimental drug/compound) • Control (medium with cells treated with a known drug, Metformin; 5uM) HepG2 200 μl cell suspension without the test agent. Allow the cells to adhere to the culture plate for about 24 hours. Add test agent incubate 37°Cin a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Add MTT reagent incubates for 3 hours. Then add solubilisation solution (DMSO) in an amount equal to the culture volume. Gentle stirring in a gyratory shaker will enhance dissolution. Occasionally, pipetting up and down may be required to completely dissolve the MTT formazan crystals especially in dense cultures. Read the absorbance on a spectrophotometer or an ELISA reader at 570nm. Results and Conclusion: Folk plant extract after treated with HepG2 cell Viability decreasing with increasing dose and 450 ug/ml of the extract shows 50% viability count and shows good anticancer activity compared to standard drug.

In Ivory Coast, the LLIN is the prevention tool highly promoted by the National Malaria Control Program. But its use by the people is not yet a given. Research has focused on problems related to its adoption in households. This study examines the difficulties of adopting this tool within malaria care services. The study is qualitative and of ethnographic type. It was carried out in the malaria management services of 10 districts in the health regions of Gkêkê, Tonpki and Kabadougou in Ivory Coast. Several observations were made in these services and documented. In addition, about 20 semi-directive interviews were conducted with health workers and in population about the influence of malaria treatment services on people's attitudes towards LLIN. The results show that malaria care and observation services are a "bad example" for users of LLIN use. The rationalization theorization test at work in the decision not to use the LLIN shows that the image of the LLIN projected to the populations in these places often induces the refusal to use it. The lack of hygiene, the unavailability of LLINs, their use for other purposes are factors that influence the decision of populations. This text invites the actors of malaria care services to consider these places as opportunities to raise awareness among the population, in order to encourage the adoption of the LLINs not only within these services but also at home.

The main objective of this study was to depict the occurrence of neck pain, shoulder pain and back pain among dentists and to evaluate the risk factors affecting them. Sixty-eight dentists from Patna were interviewed utilizing pretested questionnaires in January 2018. Back pain was the most common complaint affecting almost 75% of the study population, followed by neck pain (52%) and shoulder pain (48%). The recurrence of shoulder pain among female dentists was nearly double that of males (P=0.009). The mean days of neck pain among males was altogether higher as compared to females (P=0.048). The study proposesthat musculoskeletal complaints are common among dental specialists; however they are not of severe nature. There is a scope for further decreasing the prevalence and seriousnessof these disorders by performing regular specific exercises.

Backround: There are several inclusion and exclusion criteria of patients affected by symptomatic and asymptomatic, single and multiple uterine fibroids, among them the interposition of bowel that do not allow the access to the ultrasound beam (Mascaretti et al., 2016). The use of the inversion bench before the treatment is a method that allows the inclusion of some patients. Methods: from May 2016 to April 2017, 22 patients aged between 23 and 51 affected by single and multiple uterine fibroids (sized between 2 and 14 cm) have been placed on the inversion bench which allowed 15 of them to access the Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound, since after a 15 minutes positioning on the inversion bench, an acoustic window was created, thus enabling the safe passage of the focused ultrasound beam. Results: In our operating unit, 22 patients have been placed on the inversion bench. Of these, 15 after the Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound (MRgFUS) treatment for single and multiple uterine fibroids. Patients have been closely evaluated by means of a complete gynecological examination, a transvaginal ultrasound, an MRI with and without contrast agent. After these specialized evaluations, it is possible to determine if the patient actually is an eligible candidate for the ultrasound treatment and if there is any bowel interposition that could interfere with the treatment. The symptom evaluation has been conducted by the means of the UFS-QOL questionnaire. All the evaluations have been carried out for the selection of patients that had to undergo the focused ultrasound treatment and after the treatment, a 3 months, 6 months and 9 months follow-up has been made. The use of the inversion bench allowed 15 patients to the treatment, who otherwise would have been excluded from the Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound. They have been thus treated with success and avoiding any inconvenience. Conclusions: The use of the inversion bench allowed the inclusion in the Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound treatment of patients who otherwise would have been excluded. After the clinical evaluation, these patient were treated without any accident, exactly like the other patients (Mascaretti et al., 2016; Spies et al., 2002; Mascaretti et al., 2017).

Introduction: Fracture of Humerus shaft in adults can be managed conservatively with braces or operatively with plates or with intramedullary nails. Humerus intramedullary nailing is done either using humerus interlocking nails or Enders nails. In this study we analyse the outcome of humerus shaft fractures (upper and middle third) managed with closed antegradeintramedullary titanium elastic nailing in terms ofunion rates, union time, functional results and complications. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of 25patients treated with ante-grade intramedullary titaniumelastic nailing was done during the period of january 2016 toJanuary 2018 at our tertiary care centre. Skeletally maturepatients with closed and acute fractures of the upper andmiddle shaft humerus of both sexes were included in thestudy. Results: Twenty-five (100%) fractures united with anaverage consolidation time of 14.98 weeks (10-32 weeks), and no fractures had non-union. Nail impingement wasseen in two (8%), shoulder stiffness in one (4%). Functionalresults were excellent in 22 (88%), moderate in two (8%) andpoor in one (4%). There were 17 males and eight femaleswith an average age of 39.08 years (range: 18-65 years). Theaverage duration of hospital stay was 3.84±2.30 days. Conclusion: Closed ante-grade intramedullary titaniumelastic nailing offers a safe and reliable method of fixingfractures of upper humeral shaft in adults. This methodprovides early fracture union, high union rates and lesscomplications, in addition to early rehabilitation and reducesthe hospital stay.

High-energy tibial plateau fracture poses a significant challenge and difficulty for orthopaedic surgeons. Fracture of tibial plateau involves major weight bearing joint and may alter knee kinematics. AnatomicReconstruction of the proximal tibial articular surfaces, restoration of the limb axis (limb alignment) and stable. Fixation permitting early joint motion is the goals of the treatment. In cases of complex bicondylar tibial plateau fractures, isolated lateral plating is frequently associated with varus malalignment and better results have been obtained with bilateral plating through dual incisions. However sometimes a complex type of bicondylar tibial plateau fractures is encountered in which medial plateau has a biplanar fracture in posterior coronal plane as well as sagittal plane. In such fractures it is imperative to fix the medial plateau with buttressing in both planes. One such fracture pattern of the proximal tibia managed by triple plating through dual posteromedial and anterolateral incisions is discussed in this case report with emphasis on mechanisms of this type of injury, surgical approach and management.

Enset, Enseteventricosum, is a crop that contributes to food security for more than 20 % of Ethiopia’s population. The objective of the present study was to understand farmers’ knowledge to enset diversity management and their response to EXW. A total of 80 farm households were surveyed using individual household interviews. Sixty-five cultivar names were recorded for the study area. The number of cultivars cultivated on individual farms ranged from 4 to 10 (with mean of 9.3). Farmers primarily prefer cultivars with good kocho and bulla yield and quality and 10 enset cultivars having merits of it were encountered on above 50% of the farms visited. Farmers as tolerant to enset bacterial wilt identified seven cultivars. Farmers identified various enset production constraints in their locality. 30% of farmers reported the existence of EXW in their fields. Most farmers’ understanding of how disease is caused had no basis in scientific fact, citing birds, insects, wind and highly fermented dung during wet season as the causal agents of the bacteria, while nearly 25% said they did not know. An understanding of cultivar distribution and selection criteria will assist future germplasm conservation to ensure continued food security. Therefore, in order to maintain enset genetic diversity and to reduce the likelihood of incursion of EXW in enset crops, a systematic operational approach to the management of EXW should be adopted.

Micro and Macro Fertilizer Test on growth and yield of cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L). Research were used a faktorial randomized design, first factor is micro fertilizer (K), consisted of 4 levels And secon factor is macro fertilizer (P) treatment consisted 4 levels, finally cannot be maximum utilized by plants, the best growth and yield obtained on application of micro fertilizer with a dosage 4 g L-1 of water (K2) for plant height ranges from 5-22 cm, number of leaves 6-69 strands, started flowering an aged 30,94 days, harvesting aged 64 days, and weight of fruit per plant in each harvest time 10,99 grams. On macro fertilizer treatment showed non significant effect in the initial growth, that on the plant height and number of leaves at aged 15 Days After Planting (DAP), highly significant effect on plant height aged 30 DAP and the number of leaves aged 30 and 45 DAP, as well as for harversting age and weight of fresh fruit in each harvest time, and for plant height aged 45 and 60 DAP, number of leaves aged 60 DAP and flowering age showed highly significant effect. The best growth and yield obtained on application of macro fertilizer with a dosage 10 gr polybag-1 (P3) which is for plant height ranges between 5-24 cm, number Of leaves 6-83 strands, flowering started on age 27,5 days, harvesting age 63,31 days and the results obtained 13,744 grams plant-1 in each harvest time.

Riehl’smelanosis (RM) is apigmented contact dermatitis characterized byreticulated dark brown-gray-bluish pigmentation on the face and neck. Treatment of RM is challenging because there is no a golden standard of treatment yet .Therefore, the authors introduce a new treatment of RM using Dr. Hoon Hur's Golden Parameter Therapy(GPT) with a high fluence 1064nm Q-switched Nd: YAG laser(QSNL) without side effects. In this study, Dr. Hoon Hur'sGPT with a high fluence 1064nm QSNL proved to be a safe and effective treatment for RM. We suggest that Dr. Hoon Hur'sGPT with a high fluence 1064nm QSNL is a new, safe and good option for treating RM.

Horizontal Root Fractures (HRF) are uncommon consequences of traumatic dental injuries. Although anterior tooth are primarily involved, HRF can occur in posterior tooth as well. From a therapeutic stand point middle and apical root fractures are considered to have a favourable prognosis while cervical root fractures are considered least favourable. This article reports on successful management of cervical, middle and apical third HRF by conservative treatment approaches. Authors suggest an accurate diagnosis followed by reduction, fixation & endodontic therapy can lead to favourable outcome in HRF patients.

During medical education students are faced with various factors that affect their resilience. High levels of academic stress, poor role modelling and abuse are often associated with depression and a wish to quit studying medicine. This study was conducted to define the factors that affect the resilience of students at Medical university-Sofia. The results from our study showed that medical student’s mental health resilience suffers by poor role modelling, abuse, high levels of academic stress, lack of mentoring, etc.

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of chemical particle present in cigarette smoke on ventilatory functions on smokers to analyse the extent of impairment in the airways. Parameters recorded were PEFR, FEV1, FVC, FEF25-75% and FEV1/FVC%. For each participant chest X-ray was also taken. We have done comparison of ventilatory functions in non-smokers and smokers. It was observed that the values PEFR, FEV1, FVC, FEF25-75% and FEV1/FVC% significantly decreased in smokers (p value<0.001) when compared to non-smokers. Smokers are at high risk of developing obstructive lung disease. Tobacco smoke contains abundant reactive oxygen “Free radical” which deplete antioxidant mechanism thereby inciting tissue damage. Activated neutrophils also added to the pool of reactive oxygen species in the alveoli. The free radical causes inflammation which results in narrowing of airways.

In the present study, an efficient reproducible protocol for high frequency in-vitro propagation of Banana cultivar Karibale was described. An in-vitro protocol for Cv. Karibale was established by using shoot tip culture. The healthy suckers which were collected from the disease free and high yielding mother plants were surfaced sterilized and initiated on standard MS medium supplemented with different combinations and concentrations of Plant growth hormones. Out of tried combinations, maximum multiplication (95%) was obtained in MS medium supplemented with 4 mg/L BAP, 8 mg/L Adenine Sulphate and 0.5 mg/L NAA, while maximum elongation of shoot (4.2cm) was observed in MS medium supplemented with 3.5 mg/L BAP, 6 mg/L Adenine Sulphate and 0.5 mg/L IAA. Then the micro shoots were transferred to in-vitro rooting medium MS medium half strength, supplemented with 1.5 mg/L BAP, 2 mg/L IAA, 1 mg/L IBA and 2 g/L Activated charcoal. Then excellent acclimatization was observed for transferred plantlets with 90% survival rate.

Objective: To explore the relationship of ABO blood group with the clinical efficacy of chemotherapy in endometrial carcinoma. Methods: The clinical data of 320 patients with endometrial carcinoma admitted in our hospital from February 2010 to July 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. Eighty-two cases of type A blood, 86 cases of type B blood, 94 cases of O type blood and 58 cases of AB type blood were included. The blood type of patients and the follow-up results of chemotherapy were analyzed. And the relationship between ABO blood group and the sensitivity of chemotherapy in endometrial carcinoma was analyzed. Results: The chi-square analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the chemotherapy effect and the sensitivity of chemotherapy in group A, B and AB (P >0.05). However, the chemotherapy sensitivity of endometrial cancer patients with O blood was higher than those of the other three groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that O-type blood was helpful in improving patient chemotherapy sensitivity (OR = 3.057). Conclusions: Type O blood is helpful to improve the sensitivity of chemotherapy in patients with endometrial carcinoma.

A 54 years female presented with 6 months history of dyspnea and 2 months history of haemoptysis. She was evaluated with CT thorax which showed 22×16×15 mm sized hypodense soft tissue lobulated lesion in right lower trachea extending inferiorly into right side of carina, up to origin of right main bronchus. Brochoscopic guided biopsy was done which was S/O adenoid cystic carcinoma, grade 1. Patient was treated with definitive concurrent radiotherapy (IMRT 66Gy/33#/6.3 weeks) and weekly chemotherapy with Cisplatin. Post treatment CT thorax showed 16×15 mm sized heterogeneously enhancing soft tissue enhancing lesion at right side tracheal bifurcation. She was started on tab Gefitinib 250 mg once a day, tolerating it well since 19 months with minimal residual disease as per CT thorax. Tracheal tumors are very rare with an incidence less than 0.2 per 100,000 persons per year. Squamous cell carcinoma is most common followed by adenoid cystic carcinoma. It’s a very indolent tumor with prolonged clinical course with a tendency for local recurrence and late metastasis. Adenoid cystic carcinoma is not associated with smoking as causative factor unlike squamous cell carcinomas. It has got better prognosis than squamous cell carcinomas. Most of these tumors are detected in middle age in 4th and 5th decade and it has got almost equal distribution in both sexes. It is asymptomatic initially when the size is small, but as the size grows, it may cause hoarseness, cough, hemoptysis, wheezing, chest pain, dysphagia etc. Most of these patients are treated for bronchial asthma or bronchitis for a long time, before getting detected. There are 2 definitive treatment modalities, surgery and radiotherapy. Surgery is the treatment of choice with adjuvant radiotherapy in resectable tumors. Radiation is used in multiple indications like adjuvant after surgical procedure, definitive treatment of unresectable tumors and palliative treatment of tumor for symptomatic relief.

Background: Despite the prevalent use of drug-eluting stents (DES) in current clinical scenario, many coronary artery disease (CAD) patients are still treated with bare-metal stents (BMS). Aim: The purpose of this registry was to assess the clinical performance and safety of the ultra-thin (65 μm) strut cobalt-chromium Osum™ BMS for the intervention of CAD patients in real-world clinical practice. Materials and Methods: This was an observational, non-randomized, retrospective, single-arm registry with a target of evaluating safety and performance of 467 consecutive patients who underwent treatment for CAD by Osum stent implantation from January 2012 to October 2016. The mean follow-up duration of this study was 2 years. The endpoint of the study was to observe major adverse cardiac events (MACE), which includes myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac death, and ischemia-driven target lesion revascularization (ID-TLR). Results: A total of 512 lesions were treated in 467 enrolled patients (mean age: 56.57 ± 11.02 years) with 28.12 ± 7.89 mm average stent length and average stent diameter of 2.88 ± 0.40 mm. An average of 1.08 ± 0.27 study stent was implanted per patient. Out of 467 patients, 370 (79.23%) were males, 119 (25.48%) were diabetics and 206 (44.11%) had hypertension. At 2.0 ± 1.5 years follow-up, the total incidence of MACE occurred in 36 (7.71%) patients which include 2 (0.43%) MI, 30 (6.42%) cardiac deaths and 4 (0.86%) ID-TLR. There were no cases of stent thrombosis (ST). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that Osum BMS is associated with a low rate of major adverse cardiac events with an absence of stent thrombosis at a mean follow-up of 2 years in real-world coronary artery disease patients. Trial registration: This study is registered at clinical trial registry of India with CTRI number: CTRI/2017/11/010531

Due to the infinite size of nanoparticles, the surface area is relatively large and as a result, they usually have high reactivity and sorption to various heavy metals. In this work, we synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles by cost effective Co-precipitation method. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results from SEM, XRD & FTIR reveals that the synthesized nanoparticles Fe3O4 were having spherical shape with the particle size ranging between 8.69nm-56.58nm (<100nm). We investigated the adsorption behavior of the iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles and its applicability in the removal of toxic heavy metals like Copper (Cu-II) and Chromium (Cr-VI). A batch experiment was performed in which 100mL of aqueous solutions contaminated with each metal were artificially prepared from their standard stock solutions and treated with the nanoparticles under different conditions of pH, contact time, dosage Fe3O4, metal concentration and temperature. The adsorption behavior was studied using UV-VIS spectrophotometer by changing one of the conditions while keeping the others fixed. According to the results, maximum metal removal Efficiency (%) for Cu(II) & Cr(VI) were obtained at: pH=6 for Cu(II) and pH=2 for Cr(VI); Contact time=60minutes; dosag Fe3O4 e=0.2grams; Temperature=30°C; Metal concentration=10ppm for Cu(II) & 20ppm for Cr(VI). Langmuir isotherm fits the data having R2=0.997 for Cu(II) & R2=0.996 for Cr(VI) with maximum adsorption capacity (Qo) of 31.25mg/g for Cu(II) and 55.56mg/g for Cr(VI).

Background: Parenting is a composite activity. Parenting styles may have an impact on the coping mechanisms adopted by the child in stressful situations. Parents are responsible towards the overall health of the child. Thus, the oral health and the risk of dental disease development in children may also be influenced by different parenting practices. Aim: To study the association of parenting styles with caries status, caries risk, socioeconomic status (SES) and behavior of child in dental operatory. Materials & Methods: The present analytical cross-sectional study was carried out in 200 parent-child pairs. A trained, calibrated and blinded post graduate student performed initial examination for caries status, risk assessment and oral prophylaxis in children aged 3-6 years reporting for their first dental visit. Another blinded examiner not involved in rendering treatment assessed the behavior of children at the time of treatment. Questionnaire was filled to assess the parenting styles and socioeconomic status of parents. Results: A statistically significant association was noted between parenting styles and caries status (χ2=137.0361, p=0.0001*), parenting styles and caries risk (χ2=149.5972, p=0.0001*), parenting styles and behavior of children in during first dental visit (χ2= 41.0532, p=0.0001*) and parenting styles and socioeconomic status (χ2=121.9572, p=0.0001*). Conclusion: When parenting was of authoritative type children had less caries (7.83%), low caries risk (86.09%), and more cooperative behavior in the dental operatory (76.52%) in comparison to children of parents with permissive and authoritarian parenting style. Higher socioeconomic status was associated with authoritative (66.09%) and permissive parenting (52.08%).

Our first imagination was that the evolution history of development of lifeprocesses in our planet during last billion year should build the full closed cycle of protons, with direct participation of this cycle have been formed more than 100 kg ATP during 24 hours and heat energy, enough to warm the human body until 36-37 Celsius degree, where protons have been recirculated, reutilized, making repeated circulation movement within concrete interval time. At first we had been succeeded to find the end 9-th stage of the full closed cycle of electron, proton conductance, which basic features may be described as entry of oxygen from lung, formation of HbO2, proton combine with hemaglobin (generation of HbH) which promotes the release of oxygen from hemaglobin, oxygen diffusion to all cells conditioning the release of proton, electron from food substrates in the 1-stage, also proton released from hemaglobin promotes uptake of oxygen by hemaglobin, which we named as 9-th stage of the full closed cycle. In this connection it was raised the question as which basic features should be bear the 8-th stage of the full closed cycle. After this, it was became clear that the 8-th stage of the full closed cycle had been distinguished by the diffusion of proton from mitochondrial matrix of all cells in the form of HCO3 as the protonated carbon dioxide, and metabolic water through plasma membrane of red blood cells with participation of aquaporin protein channels and by Na+/H+antiport mechanism, also entry of CO2 from all cells.

Term Premature rupture of membranes (PROM), also called Prelabour Rupture Of Membranes, is classically defined as rupture of membranes, at term, before labour and accounts for 0.8-0.9% of all pregnancies at term. This study was conducted over a period of 14 months (from January 2017 to January 2018) in a tertiary care medical college in North India. A total of 100 term PROM patients were recruited in our study – and divided into two groups randomly--50 (Group A) patients were managed conservatively and 50 (Group- B) patients underwent induction of labour. Both these patient groups were studied to compare the feto-maternal outcome. Group-A (conservative management group) patients were observed to await the spontaneous onset of labour pains for at least 24 hours. Patients in group B were induced with either - PGE1 tab (misoprostol) 25 µgm 4 hourly orally or iv oxytocin infusion. The PROM-delivery interval was < 12 hours in 72 % of induced groups (Group B) and 10% (5) in group- A (conservative or expectant group). LSCS rate was 10 % in group-A (expectant group) &15 % in group –B (induced group). Sepsis rate, maternal and fetal, hospital stay, NICU admission & duration of NICU stay were notably higher in group – A (expectant management group). Therefore, from our study we concluded that immediate induction of labour in term PROM cases shortens the PROM- delivery interval, hospital stay, NICU stay and reduction in both maternal & neonatal sepsis.

Food security, a condition in which “… all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life” (FAO, 2006), is one of several conditions essential to a healthy and well-nourished population (Coleman-Jensen, 2013). This research focused on food access and sources of food, along with the roles of local food systems in North Alabama, one of the fastest growing regions in Alabama. The overall goal was to develop a geographic picture of the Huntsville Metro region and the cities at risk for food insecurity. By noting places with high food insecurity risk and comparing them to places where food is available, analysis indicates areas of unmet need. The methodology was adapted from a study by Wauchope and Ward (2012) of the Carsey Institute using census tracts as a proxy for neighborhoods. Results indicate that inthe Huntsville Metro region, one of the wealthiest regions in the State of Alabama, 55 percent of the population had a high risk of food insecurity with 45 census tracts identified as high risk and 71 percent with poverty rates greater than 10 percent. However, seven census tracts located in the City of Huntsville were observed to be hot spots for having significantly high percentages of its population that were located beyond 1 mile for urban areas from a supermarket.

The Ecology of vascular epiphytes was studied in agro forestry system of Gedeo Zone, Southern Nation, Nationalities and Peoples National Regional State of Ethiopia at an altitude of 1370 -3100m. Systematic sampling method was employed during data collection. Different software’s like CANOCO, TWINSPAN, PAST and SPSS were used to analyze the data and also qualitative analysis was followed depending up the raw data collected. Eleven species of vascular epiphytes were recorded from nine host (phorophyte) species in the study area. The analysis by TWINSPAN and ordination showed as there are two plant community associations without vegetation disparity among the zone and ferns were the species rich group. The species diversity of vascular epiphyte is greatly influenced by the host tree biophysical factors, such as vertical gradient of host, bark texture, size, age, and surface area. The changing forest structure across altitude provides different quantities and qualities of substrate to epiphytes that resulted in decreasing number of epiphyte species with increasing elevation. The altitudinal distribution of epiphytes may be influenced by altitudinal factors like temperature and moisture. The vertical distribution of vascular epiphytes along the vertical gradient of the host trees indicated that most species were localized at the intermediate height. The vertical ecological gradients (i.e. solar radiation and humidity differences from the forest floor to the canopy) may be relevant for the distribution of epiphyte floras. The host tree specificity of vascular epiphytes was not exhibited by the current study. The species richness of epiphytic plants varies depending up on the season. Therefore one who wants to conduct further research on the aspect of epiphytic plants should be care of the season at which the study is conducted.

After the prevailing of local autonomy and also general election for local leader (Pemilukada), it seems that managerial procedures for development in Indonesia have been forced to change. Local autonomy successfully makes some regencies and cities to feel more empowered. Indeed, the locals now have more discretions to determine direction of development implemented in their jurisdiction.This study is conducted to detect failure threat of development as early as possible. It also attempts to examine the design of evaluation on the management of regency development in current days. The study also tries to describe the ideal design of evaluation, which, in this case, is a design that can stimulate Local ApparatusTask Unit (SKPD) to improve their performance on Madura Island Region. Good evaluation on governmental management must not only emphasize on measuring current success (ex post), but also predict possible success in the future (ex ante). It is expected that recommendations given by result of evaluation would be useful. This study makes every endeavor to create a design of evaluation on governmental management implementation for development process at regency level in Madura Island Region. The rule for evaluating governmental management implementation has been stated in Law No.32/2004 on Local Government, particularly in Chapter VII about “Local Development Planning”, Article 150-154. This law is followed-up then with Government Regulation No.8/2008 on “Stage, Procedure of Making, Control, and Evaluation on Implementation of Local Development Plan” andInternal Affair Minister Decree No.54/2010 on “Implementation of Government Regulation No.8/2008 on Stage, Procedure of Making, Control, and Evaluation on Implementation of Local Development Plan”.Based on result of evaluation on governmental management implementation in Madura, especially in Sumenep and Bangkalan, some Local Apparatus Task Unit (SKPD)do not implement good governance due to internal and external factors influencing each SKPD. However, the Preparation Committee of Madura Province Establishment (P4M) perceives that natural resource (SDA) and human resource (SDM) are ready to be used.

Academic competence is indispensable in influencing resilience among children acting as a buffer that protect them from psychological distress. This study examined the role of academic competence in enhancing resilience in school adaptation among children in post war context using a sample of children aged 9 to 21years. Resilience Models and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) were used to guide the study. Academic competence was measured at by Interviews, Focused group discussions and teacher reportsto capture children’s’ narratives on war experiences and academic competence. Children’s academic competence were assessed using Academic competence Scale (ACS), adapted and modified. Descriptive t-test was used to analyze quantitative data while qualitative data was analyzed thematically by use of interpretative phenomenological analysis and presented in verbatim form. The results showed that majority of the children were low in academic competence at 95% confidence level. Only four items, namely; “I can work hard”, “I can do well in school”, “I can improve my reading ability”, and “I know how I want to be”, found to be at 95% confidence level. The study indicated that depleted personal resources as a result of experiencing traumatic events early in life (such as war), can pose a tremendous challenge in school adaptation. The study illustrated the necessity of interventions in post war context.

Background and Aim: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic disorders with increasing prevalence. Associated thyroid dysfunction is 2.2-17% with women more frequently affected. Subclinical hypothyroidism is an important risk factor in development of complications of diabetes. The aim of the study was to evaluate thyroid profile in diabetics with and without complications and find a correlation if any amongst the complications and levels of thyroid hormones. Design and Methods: In this study apart from the base line biochemical parameters fT3, fT4 and TSH were estimated in 200 diabetic individuals which included both diabetics with complications and diabetics without complications. 100 individuals were recruited to serve as controls. Statistical analysis: Data collected is presented as mean± S.D. student t test was used to compare means and Pearson’s coefficient of correlation was calculated to study the correlation between different parameters. Results: Sub clinical hypothyroidism is prevalent in diabetic complications like Nephropathy, CAD and Hypertension. Levels of fT3 are negatively correlated with fasting plasma glucose. Levels of fT4 and TSH correlated positively with LDL and VLDL and negatively with HDL Conclusions: Prevalence of sub clinical hypothyroidism is an important risk factor in development of diabetic complications. A small deviation from the normal levels of TSH should be taken into consideration and treated accordingly so as to prevent complications of diabetes.

Endodontic treatment may directly involve contact with saliva, blood and infected pulp tissue. So, cross infection is the major issue in endodontic treatment. All instruments should be cleaned prior to sterilization using methods like pre-soaking and ultrasonic cleaning. Contaminated instruments are pre-soaked prior to ultrasonic cleaning. This study investigated the effect of pre-soaking of instruments prior to ultrasonic cleaning on sterilization. Endodontic files were divided into 10 groups. Group 1 to Group 4 includes pre-soaking and ultrasonic cleaning with different time intervals. Group 5 to Group 8 includes no pre-soaking but ultrasonic cleaning with same time intervals as above groups. Group 9 and 10 were control groups. Group 1-4 instruments were pre-soaked before ultrasonic cleaning. Then all instruments from Group 1-8 were subjected to ultrasonic cleaning. Then all instruments were sterilized using autoclave. Visualization and scoring of debris is done at tip and blade of the file. There was no significant difference with pre-soaking of instruments before ultrasonic cleaning but ultrasonic cleaning has significant effect on cleanliness of files with time intervals of 5-10 mins. There were no further improvement upto 1 hr. This was concluded that there is no improvement in cleanliness of instruments with pre-soaking and optimum ultrasonic cleaning time was 5-10 mins.

Introduction: Surgical repair of hernias is the most commonly performed surgical procedure in the world. Despite a large number of clinical studies, no consensus has been achieved on surgical technique of inguinal hernias. This study aims at evaluating the conventional Lichtenstein’s tension free repair versus transabdominal pre-peritoneal placement of mesh, in terms of morbidity, number of days of stay and post-operative pain. Methodolgy: This study evaluates the Lichtenstein’s tension free hernia repair versus TAPP. The study was conducted between November 2015 to August 2017 and total of 60 patients admitted with inguinal hernia, in the department of general surgery, Bangalore medical college, who met the inclusion criteria were included. The data was collected and appropriate statistical analysis was done. Results: Duration of hospitalization in the patients who underwent TAPP was lesser as compared to the patients who underwent LTF repair. Post-operative complications in the LTF group were also more as compared to the TAPP group though the duration of surgery was longer in the TAPP group as compared to the LTF group. Conclusion: Though TAPP is a newer method of hernia repair but result in terms of post-operative outcomes are comparable to the conventional LTF repair and in terms of postoperative pain and complications, seems to be superior to LTF. Hence TAPP can be considered at par with the conventional LTF repair and in some ways better.

The Selfie is taking a photo of yourself, sharing it on social networks, waiting for feedback, rinse and repeat. The proliferation of mobile phone technology combined with the popularity of social media applications has made ‘selfie’ as Word Of the Year, 2013. People who take Selfies can be grouped into two categories: the Chronic Abuser or the Occasional Poster. Chronic Abusers take Selfies multiple times a day. The Occasional Poster, meanwhile, tends to only snap a Selfie when the occasion presents itself to be favorable. The PEW Research Centre reported that 91% of teenagers have taken ‘Selfie’, which might suggest a divided perspective between generations. A new disorder has been identified by APA (American Psychiatric Association) due to selfie among the selfie addicts known as “Selfitis”. Few reports have mentioned that the morale of people has changed because of selfie. Selfie, a new medium of self-expression and self-representation is usually posted in social media like Facebook, Twitter or Instagram. These environment of social media influences a person’s mood and attitude. This study analyses such influences made by selfie and the positive and negative impacts created by it. It examines the business opportunities introduced by selfie in various sectors. This selfie culture has brought incredible creativity in taking photographs by bringing out new poses and unimaginable location choices from people. It has also brought innovations in mobile applications and technological advancement in front camera. Selfie also accounts for the emergence of safe-selfie campaigns, rehab and counseling centers due to its negative impacts. This study answers the major two questions, why are selfies taken and how do brand capitalize this trend.

High yielding, nutritionally superior maize varieties, generally referred to as quality protein maize (QPM), compared to its normal counterpart helps not only to increase food security but also to enhance feed, fodder and nutritional security. Five QPM varieties including farmers' popular variety were evaluated at five and eight sites in Arghakhanchi, Dailekh, Dang and Surkhet districts using various schemes of participatory variety selection (PVS) like mother-baby trials, minikits and large plot variety cum production demonstrations during summer season of 2013-14 and 2014-15. Two sets of mother trials, one with recommended dose of fertilizers and second with farmers' practice of fertilizer application were planted at each site in both the years. Combined results of mother trials showed increased grain yield of the tested genotypes under recommended dose of fertilizer than in farmers' practices. Babies and minikits were managed by farmers, and mother trials and demonstrations by researchers. Highly significant differences for grain yield were recorded for location and fertilizer, significant for genotype, and genotype × location; and non-significant for location × fertilizer, fertilizer × genotype and location × fertilizer × genotype. Variety wise yield increment ranged from 10.16 (S03TLYQ- AB-01) to 27.21% (farmers' popular variety) when combined over locations. District wise yield increment was in between 4.38 (Arghakhanchi) and 51.67% (Chitwan). Feedback from babies and minikits was collected through household level questionnaire (HLQ) and focus group discussion (FGD). Most of the improved varieties were preferred by farmers compared to their popular variety because of higher grain yield, stay green character, better taste and tolerance to lodging, and better diseases and insect-pests tolerance. Based on experimental results and feedback from farmers and other stakeholders S99TLYQ-B was released as Poshilo Makai-2 in 2017 for commercial cultivation in Terai and inner Terai (up to 800 meter) during winter and mid-hills (800-1800 meter) during summer season. Thus, participatory variety selection can be used as complementory approach to conventional plant breeding.

Globally, countries have made major strides in education in increasing enrolment to achieve Universal Primary Education. In Kenya, the Government reintroduced Free Primary Education in 2003 to enhance access, retention, participation, progression and completion. In 2002 dropout rates in Vihiga, Sabatia, Emuhaya and Hamisi Sub Counties were 1.8%, 1.6%, 2.5% and 1.4% respectively. In 2007, out of 7,967 pupils admitted in class I only 4,097 completed class 8 in 2014. This means that 48.83% of the pupils had dropped out. In Emuhaya dropout rates were high before introduction of Free Primary Education funding and even after introduction of Free Primary Education funding the dropout rates experienced were still generally high. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which Free Primary Education funding can predict dropout rate in public primary schools in Kenya. The study established that there was a strong negative relationship between Free Primary Education policy and dropout rates with coefficient of -0.743 which was significant at p value of 0.05 (r= -0.743, N=65, p <.05). It accounted for 54.4% of the variation in dropout rates. This means that increase in Free Primary Education funding reduced dropout rate by 54.4%. The study concluded that Free Primary Education policy had reduced dropout of pupils in public primary schools in Emuhaya Sub County. The study recommended that Free Primary Education fund be disbursed on time to schools.

Background: Evidence Based Dentistry (EBD) is a patient-centered approach to treatment decisions, which provides personalized dental care based on the most current scientific knowledge. Many dental professionals in Egypt did not study critical evaluation of research material in Dental Schools. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine knowledge, attitude and barriers of dental practitioners towards EBD. Materials and Methods: This is a questionnaire based cross-sectional study which was conducted at The School of Dentistry, Mansoura University. The questionnaire was divided into four parts; the first part included demographic data, the second one included questions about participants' EBD knowledge, the third part included questions about participants' attitude, and the forth one included questions about participants' barriers toward utilization of EBD. Results: there was no significant difference between males and females concerning their familiarity with EBD (p=0.987), also increasing age of participants did not affect their familiarity (p=0.083). The most familiar category was those with doctoral degrees (20.8%), and practitioners with 6 to 10 years experience were more familiar than others (20.5%). The most familiar evidence terms were case series and case reports; however the least one was hierarchy of evidence. There was no significance difference between participants who depended on clinical experience and those who depended on EBD (0.806). About 31 % of the participants depended on electronic databases to get their information. Greater than 50% of the participants had positive attitude toward EBD. Time was the greater barrier against EBD. Conclusion: it is highly recommended to include EBD into undergraduate curriculum of all Dental Schools in Egypt.

In Kenya, the Government reintroduced Free Primary Education in 2003 to enhance access, retention, participation, progression and completion. In 2002 repetition rates were 9.8%, 8.0%, 10.8% and 8.4% respectively. In Emuhaya dropout rates were high before introduction of Free Primary Education policy and even after introduction of Free Primary Education policy repetition still persisted. The objective of this study was to establish the impact of Free Primary Education policy on repetition rate in public primary schools in Kenya. The study established that there was a strong negative relationship between Free Primary Education policy and repetition rates with Pearson’s r correlation coefficient of -0.832 which was significant at p value of 0.05. It accounted for 68.7% variation in repetition rates. This means that increase in free primary education funding reduced repetition rate by 68.7%. The study concluded that Free Primary Education policy had reduced repetition rates of public primary schools in Emuhaya Sub County. The study recommended that Free Primary Education fund be disbursed on time to schools. The findings of this study are useful to stakeholders in education as it informs them on the need to assess implementation of Free Primary Education so as to achieve its objectives fully.

When the heart stops the blood supply to the brain is quickly cut off – and in operating theatres this moment would be recorded as the official time of death. But studies show that the dead person’s mind and consciousness continue to work, at least for a short time – meaning the deceased can recognize their own death. Stem cells can remain alive in human corpses for at least 17 days after death, researchers say. Indeed there is some evidence to suggest the ‘dead person’ may even hear their own death being announced as they lie on the operating theatre table. Stem cells are self-renewing, undifferentiated, non-committed, primitive cells till they receive a signal to develop into specialized cells, a stem cell cannot work with its neighbour to pump blood nor it can carry oxygen but it can differentiate into those cells that does this function. Stem cells have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth in addition in many tissues they serve as a sort of internal repair system, dividing essentially without limit to replenish other cell as long as the person or animal is still alive. When a stem cell divides each new cell has the potential either to remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, such as a muscle, a red blood cell or a brain cell. Research on stem cells continues to advance knowledge about how an organism develops from a single cell and how healthy cells replace damaged cells in adult organisms. Stem cell research is one of the most of the fascinating areas of contemporary biology, but as with many expanding fields of scientific inquiry, research on stem cells raises scientific questions as rapidly as it generates new discoveries.

The government of Nepal proposed the introduction of a computer for selected students in Primary schools since 2008. With the project OLPC (one laptop per child), the aim of the Ministry of Education in Nepal was to help each student of a class with a lap top computer from their first to their last year at Primary schools. Given the enormous cost of this programme, it was very important that schools would make the best use of ICT. My study therefore, is designed to find out whether this was so and if not why not. I chose as subjects of the study English language teachers in Makawanpur District, based on the hypothesis that any problems which might arise with the implantation of the plan would be found principally in the negative attitudes of teachers involved. This work aims at establishing the reasons for the failure to normalize the use of computers in the English language classroom analyzing in depth the data proceeding from the interviews carried out among sixteen teachers of English from public Primary Schools.

An investigation on the effect of the Azadirachta indica on the gills of Heteropneustes fossilis was carried out in the laboratory. fishes were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of Azadirachta indica for 24,48,72 and 96 hrs. The LC50 values of Azadirachta indica calculated for Heteropneustes fossilis for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours are 10.5, 8.5, 7.0 and 6.5 ml/L respectively. The gills were removed for histological examination. The results showed that in normal gills of Heteropneustes fossilis shows Primary gill lamella, secondary gill lamella, Inter lamellar space and epithelial cells were observed but with increase exposure, the damage or separation of secondary gill lamellae, epithelial cell hyperplasia, fusion of secondary gill lamella, swelling of secondary gill lamellae and edema, necrosis, hyperplasia, degeneration of cartilaginous bar was observed.

Tuberculosis is one of the commonest maladies which have plagued developing countries like India with its various clinical manifestations. Here we describe a case of disseminated tuberculosis with involvement of brain and lymphoreticular system in form of generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly and testicular mass. After biopsy confirmation he was started on Antitubercular treatment to which he responded adequately. However the same patient suffered from slowly progressive weakness and muscle wasting of bilateral upper and lower limbs symmetrically. On further investigations he was found to have Anterior Horn Cell disease a common type of motor neuron disease. Simultaneous occurrence of both these diseases in same individual has been seldom reported in scientific literature.

The work is devoted to the construction of the basic equations of hydromechanics of two-phase flows with external mass transfer. The flow of a two-phase liquid is regarded as a continuum consisting of a large number of different groups of particles. The derivation of the phenomenological equations of motion is given taking into account both the external attached (or detachable) mass and the phase transitions within the medium. By applying fundamental conservation equations, the equations of mass, momentum and energy transfer for individual phases and the medium as a whole are obtained. It is shown that from the obtained systems of equations, in the absence of sources (sinks) of mass, momentum and energy, as a particular case, the known equations of hydromechanics of two-phase flows follow. The obtained equations of motion are valid for describing the component of the mixture and the medium with any physical and mechanical properties. For closure them, one can use thermodynamic and rheological equations of state, as well as expressions for the heat flux, interphase forces, the mass of phase transitions, and heat transfer between phases.

An anthropometric study of male Indonesian who use economy class train in East Java was conducted. Fifty eight body dimensions, age, body weight, and hand squeeze strength for chair design importance were measured for 200 Indonesian males, comprising Javanese (100) and Madurese (100) tribes. The two tribes were compared to identity similarity and contrast existing in their respective body dimensions. Descriptive statistics provided mean, standard deviation, percentile value and coefficient of variance of each population. The survey also revealed that the mean values of Relative Sitting Height (RSH), body surface area (BSA), and hand squeeze strength of Javanese male farmers were higher than the Madurese have. However, their body mass index (BMI) of Javanese ware lower than Madurese BMI. For ergonomically design for train passenger seats are as follows seat height 37.9 cm, seat depth 40.2 cm, seat width per passenger 40.0 cm, height of back rest 86.2 cm, angle of tilt back rest is 105° to 115°, width of backrest is 43.3 cm, height of armrest is 18.2 cm, length arm of armrest is 26.7 cm, footrest width is 4.4 cm, legroom is 54.1 cm.

Kinetics of Polymerization of N,NʹMethyleneBisacrylamide (MBA) initiated by Ce(IV) – Vanillin redox system, was carried out two different temperatures 30oC & 36oC in dilute sulfuric acid medium under nitrogen atmosphere. The rate of oxidation of Vanillin by Ce (IV) in the presence and absence of β-CD were studied. The effect of various concentrations of monomer [MBA], oxidant [Ce(IV)], reductant[van], medium[H+] and varying ionic strengths NaHSO4 on the rate of polymerization, rate of Ce(IV), consumption (-RCe) and the percentage monomer conversion were studied. The rate of polymerization (Rp)in the presence and absence of β-CD has been investigated The kinetic study of Michelis-menton mechanism for formation of intermediate complex between reactants allows the oxidation data to be calculated from the plot of Line Weaver-Burk. The rate of polymerization(Rp) was also calculated by iodometry method. On the basis of experimental results a suitable mechanism has been proposed.

Many plants are important to cure various human ailments. India has a rich source of naturally occurring herbal plants which have huge as well as great pharmacological functions. A lot of medicinal plants are used in treating various disorders. Herbal medicines play a vital role in Ayurvedic, homeopathic, Oriental and Native American Indian medicine. Various pharmaceuticals companies conducting extensive research on plant materials which have high potential value. Cedrus deodara commonly called as cedar is precious plant belonging to family pinaceae. Cedrus deodara is a medicinal herb with a lot of beneficial as well as pharmacological activities which prove to be a boon in solving various health issues

Purpose: To evaluate outcome and describe the management of inferior oblique inclusion associated with recurrent strabismus. Methods: Twenty two patients reoperated upon lateral rectus muscles for correction of horizontal deviation (residual or recurrent exotropia or esotropia) with abnormal vertical deviation (hypotropia or hypertropia) that suspect inferior oblique inclusion or diagnosed during reoperation. Each patient was managed with release of inferior oblique along with appropriate horizontal muscle surgery. Results: After release of the inferior oblique muscle the vertical deviation reduced in primary positions from 15±7.3 PD to 7.5 ±4.3 (P<0.001) in patients with hypotropia and from 16±6.3PD to 8.5 ±3.6 (P<0.001) in patients with hypertropia, with stability of ocular alignment for a minimum of 6 months. Inferior oblique muscle was released only without recession or anteriorization in 8 patients (36.2%) and recessed from1mm to 4mm in 7patients (31.8%) and anteriorization was done in 7 patients (31.8%). Conclusion: Release of inferior oblique from lateral rectus had good favorable outcome was achieved only in cases with partial inclusion with low scores of fibrosis. Limitation of vertical movement could not be completely resolved in cases with total inclusion with marked fibrosis. Inferior oblique inclusion is preventable complication if taken in consideration during surgery on the lateral rectus muscle.

Purpose: To evaluate femtosecond assisted implantation of MyoRing and Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking in an Intrastromal Pocket in One Session for management of progressive post Lasik ectasia. Methods: In this study, 20 eyes of 14 patients with progressive post Lasik ectasia a MyoRing (Dioptex, GmbH, Austria) was implanted using a femtosecond laser and Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking in an Intrastromal Pocket in One Session. Uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity, refraction, keratometry, central corneal thickness, corneal biomechanical profile, and corneal aberrometry were evaluated preoperatively and at 1, 3, and 6 months, and 1 year postoperatively. Results: Twelve months postoperatively there was a statistically significant improvement in Uncorrected distance visual acuity and Corrected distance visual acuity (1.01 ± 0.31, 0.50 ± 0.11 to 0.29 ± 0.01, 0.3 ± 0.14 respectively) (P<0.001). Mean keratometry changed significantly from 51.18±4.82 to 42.91±2.91 (P< 0.001), and sphere (-4.97± 3.06 diopters Improved to -0.55 ±1.63 diopters (P 0.001). Cor¬neal hysteresis and corneal resistance factor showed no significant change during follow up Mean ± SD follow-up was 13±5 months. Conclusions: Combination of these two minimally invasive MyoRring and Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking in an Intrastromal Pocket in One Session procedures had the capability in halting the progression of post Lasik ectasia and can be considered an acceptable method to achieve corneal remodeling and alternative to lamellar or penetrating lamellar keratoplasty.

In Kenya according to countrywide survey students as young as 13 years of age are subject of drug abuse. According to National Authority for the Campaign Against Alcohol and Drug Abuse (NACADA) students use all tricks possible to abuse drugs during school visits, during school entertainment or at night in their dormitories. Children initiate alcohol and substance abuse at the age of 13 both at home and school. The commonly abused drugs are alcohol, khat (miraa), tobacco, bhang, kuber and even heroin in some quarters. This is mainly revealed when students engage in drinking sprees and sex orgies. It is commonly alleged that children of single parents are easily lured into use of drugs. In Kakamega East Sub County, between 2006 and 2011, eighty percent of the schools had experienced cases of drug abuse. Therefore, the objective of this study was to establish the influence of single parenting on student involvement in drug abuse in secondary schools in Kakamega East Sub County. The study established that respondents disagreed marginally on the view that single parenting influences student involvement in drug abuse as overall percentage for disagreed was 45.9, agreed 42.2 and undecided 11.4. The commonly abused drugs were alcohol, khat (miraa) and cigarettes. The less commonly abused drugs were bhang’, kuber, spirits and inhalants. The study concluded that single parenting had influence on student involvement in drug abuse. The study recommended that school administrators should involve single parents in dealing with cases of drug abuse.

Background: There are few reports on peratrial device occlusion of large secundum atrial septal defect in adults and long term follow-up post occlusion. Objectives: This study aims to provide evidence of safety, efficacy, feasibility and simplicity of peratrial device occlusion of large secundum atrial septal defects in adults. Method: Ninety patients with maximum diameter of ≥ 30mm of secundum atrial septal defects underwent peratrial device occlusion. A 2 to 3cm incision was made in right 4th parasternal intercostal space. The pericardium was suspended. A specially designed short delivery sheath loaded with device was advanced through the purse-string sutures placed on projecting part of right atrium. The device was deployed under transesophageal echocardiographic guidance. Results: The procedure was successful in all patients. The age ranged from 18-70 years (mean 40.6 ± 13.6). The body weight ranged from 43 - 87 KG (mean 61 ± 10). The maximum diameter of ASD ranged from 30 – 43 mm (mean 32 ± 2.4). The one of rims was short (≤5mm) in 19/90 patient and sufficient in remaining 71/90 patients. The mean size of implanted devices was 36 ± 2.7 for all patients. The device was replaced with a smaller and larger size in 7/17 and 10/17 patients respectively. The total intracardiac manipulation time was 8.1±7.9 minutes. The total procedural time was 57±14 minutes. The total occlusion rate was 91% immediately after occlusion, 97% at 6 months, 98% at 1 year, and 100% at ≥2 years follow-up. There were no early or late complications during the follow up period of 6-72 months (mean 54 ± 36months). Conclusions: Peratrial device occlusion of large secundum atrial septal defect is safe, effective, feasible and simplest of atrial septal defects’ procedure. The long term results are very promising. The short rim and consequent selection of larger device had no negative effects on outcomes.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the maternal and foetal outcomes of patients whose pregnancies were complicated by Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes (PPROM) over a period of three years. In this retrospective study, 135 pregnant patients with PPROM were selected (PPROM). Among them 126 pregnancies were singletons and 9 were twin pregnancies. Patients’ age ranges from 20 to 44 years and mean age was noted to be 31 years. The gestational age of the patients at the time of PPROM ranges from 21 to 36+6 weeks (before 37 completed weeks). The mean gestational age at the onset of membrane rupture and at the time of delivery was 31+4 and 33+2 weeks, respectively. Neonatal outcome was determined by the following four parameters: perinatal mortality, weight of the newborn, Apgar score, and last but not least, admission to Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Similarly, maternal outcome included: maternal morbidity including puerperal pyrexia and clinical chorioamnionitis, mode of delivery, and maternal mortality. Of the 135 patients, 96 (71.1%) of them had frequent hospital visits. In this study, a large number of patients delivered after one week of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), and, most importantly, no maternal mortality was witnessed. Overall, perinatal mortality was shown to be 9%.

The aim of this study is to determine the factors that prevent the participation of the students of Istanbul Developmental University School of Physical Education and Sports in their leisure time activities and determine whether they differ according to some demographic variables. For this purpose, 250 students from School of Physical Education and Sports who are trained at Istanbul Gelişim University's departments of Coach Traning, Sports Management, Recreation, and Exercise and Sport Sciences constitute the sample of the study. The data collection tool used in the study consists of 2 parts. In the first part, a personal information form was developed by the researcher to reveal the demographic characteristics of the participants. In the second part, ''Leisure Constraints Scale'' developed by Alexandris and Carroll (1997) and adapted to Turkish by Karaküçük and Gürbüz (2007) was used as data collection tool to determine the participation constraints of students on recreational activities. SPSS 21 packaged software was used to analyze the obtained data. The data were collected and then analyzed by coding with the SPSS 21 packaged software. T-Test and ANOVA Test were used while analyzing the data. As a result of the study, the factors that constrain the leisure time of the students according to gender, age, department, class, and monthly income variables were correlated and factors preventing the participation of the students in the leisure time activities were determined.

Crop residues, the fibrous by-product of harvested crops has significant implications for current and future socio-economic and environmental outcomes. It is a precious and/or scarce resource that applied for multipurpose use, although competing applications of crop residues has been creating multifaceted challenges in Ethiopia. This review paper aimed to gather and compile scientific findings and facts about crop residues use in different parts of country. Having multiple determinants, the type and use of crop residue is quite different from region to region and place to place. The types of residues used are mostly field crop left overs, legumesand pulse haulms. Smallholders used their crop residues for animal feed, fuel, construction, soil amendment and for sale with varied proportion. Many literatures confirmed that, crop residue use in Ethiopia is mostly for livestock feed and biofuel source. Decline in natural pasture accompanied by loss of its valuable species and shortage of firewood, inaccessibility of alternative energy source at rural areas are the major causes of using crop residues for livestock feed and fuel source at the expense of soil fertility management in Ethiopia. In one way or another, competitive use of crop residues without retaining adequate amount on farm resulted in poorsoil biological, physical, and chemical properties thus; decline in soil nutrient status and aggravated soil erosion which in turn decrease crop productivity and worsening food security at large. Obviously, theproduct of crops and animals as well as energy isconsistentlydemanded. From the sustainability stand point of views, mixed type of farming should be operated in complimentary way. Based on the existing trend in crop residues use in Ethiopia, smallholders should allocate and retain proper share of their crop residues for soil fertility management purpose and above all, theuse of crop residues should be viewed from conservation agriculture (CA) practice.

Contamination of environment by radionuclides in territories under urboecosystem conditions is an actual problem. The search for new express methods for radioactivity determination of environment is an important task of research. The present work evaluated the ability to use Eucalyptus globulus leaves to act as bio-monitor for environmental radionuclides air pollution. The accumulation features of radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th, 40K) in the leaves of camphor trees (Eucalyptus globulus Labill) growing in areas near Al-Nasr quarry for phosphate production, Upper Egypt during the physical year 2016 have been considered. The activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in samples of soils, plant leaves and deposited dust have been compared. These activities were measured using high resolution gamma- spectroscopy (Hyper Pure Germanium detector) with consideration for the background level. On the basis of radionuclides analysis, leaves of E. globulus exhibited different accumulation coefficients according to the distance from the quarry. The relationship between the radionuclides concentrations in leaf deposited dust and soil samples was estimated by Pearson coefficients to resolve two main mechanisms of radionuclide accumulation, atmospheric deposition, and root uptake. Differences in local conditions at the sampling sites were not significant. E. globulus physiological responses due to radionuclides stress were determined. The results of investigation recommended the use E. globulus leaves as an indicator of radioactivity air pollution.

India is the large and second most populous country in the world. It has a large population with low literacy levels and constituently low level of awareness and HIV/AIDS is one of the most challenging public health problem ever faced by the country. HIV has had a unique impact on women as well as adolescent girls, as women are more vulnerable to HIV infection due to the gender disparities in the society and to their biological susceptibility. A report by UNAIDS (2004) In our country there are 8.3 crores girls in the age group of 11 to 18 years which constitute 17% of the total female population of 49.69 crores among them 39% (9.3 Lakhs) of HIV positive(Unicef). New infections in females are occurring faster than in males. The dreaded AIDS virus has been spreading like wildfire in Aska Block, around 415 AIDS patients have been found the total of 30,176 HIV affected people, in the Odisha State, Ganjam district tops the list of most HIV victims in the state of Odisha with 12,017 people (2017). The research design adopted is quantitative, descriptive and cross sectional. The study attempts to describe female adolescents’ knowledge, understanding and attitude towards HIV/AIDS. More than half of the adolescents under study have negative attitude towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) and had very bitter feelings towards them even they believe that they should be boycott because it was very tedious to include them in the mainstream in the society. One fifth of the adolescents believe that they should be killed. The levels of understanding of adolescents with regard to HIV/AIDS and the people are affected with is to be raised significantly. Innovative non-classroom tools and techniques like peer educators, street plays, film screening could be used.

This study investigated the effects of season on malaria parasite prevalence, morbidity in Taraba state, Nigeria. Using a retrospective study design, the study relied on secondary data obtained from Meteorological Station Taraba State and Health facilities from 2005 2014. The research findings showed that season greatly influence malaria transmission. Rainfall plays an important role in the distribution and maintenance of breeding sites for the mosquito vector. The mean rainfall from 2005-2014 were 1885.80mm, per 1000 mean malaria morbidity was 228.90. Years with peak malaria morbidities (years 2006, 2011 and 2014) had least annual rainfalls (1488.20-1677.00mm). Monthly malaria morbidity had a significantly negative linear relationship with rainfall (r = - 0.827, p 0.001). Malaria morbidity for the decade increased at rates 0.298%.This study provide information on the malaria situation in Taraba State which will be useful to the National Malaria Control Programs and publichealth service providers in formulating policies that may promote the mitigation of malaria in Taraba State, Nigeria.

There are dozens of rules and regulations pertaining transparency that have been set due to the increasing need to ensure timely and reliable disclosures of information that companies must meet. With recent collapse of companies and fall in market value of companies, corporate transparency is emphasized to curb corruption that inevitably happens when only a chosen few have access to important information. Therefore, the current study sought to examine the moderating effect of firm size on the influence of corporate transparency and financial performance of listed companies in East Africa. The study adopted correlation research design. Both correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to analyse the data. Results of the study revealed that there was positive relationship between financial transparency, risk transparency, governance transparency and social transparency and financial performance. Firm size had inverse relationship with financial performance. Moreover, it had no significant moderating effect on financial transparency, risk transparency, governance transparency and social transparency.

Surrogacy tourism or infertility tourism is a type of medical tourism in which couple with infertility travelling to other countries for hiring wombs of woman. There were lots issues in India when surrogacy tourism was a boom. This paper aims to provide a torch to the surrogacy tourism in India before the introduction of "The Surrogacy Tourism Regulation Act 2016" and evaluate the provisions of "The Surrogacy Tourism Regulation Act 2016." This paper is prepared based on secondary data collected from various sources.

Penal mediation as an alternative to settlement of criminal cases in Indonesia has not been regulated in the Law. However, such concept actually has existed long time ago along with the existence of customary court in Indonesia. In addition to its natural beauty, Bali also has a steady and unique tradition in solving its community’s problems. Hence, philosophically, it is very interesting to study the existence of penal mediation in Balinese customary community tradition in order to see their ways to solve criminal cases thus leads to an ideal concept of penal mediation which can be applied in Indonesian positive Laws. This study employs normative legal research by starting its analyses from the existence of empty norm. Based on the analyses it is noted that the penal mediation concept in Bali can be found in awig-awig or pararem (Balinese customary law) of the Balinese customary village (desa adat pakraman). It is carried out by deliberation of consensus in a village meeting (sangkepan or paruman) which results in peaceful settlement and can also be sanctioned as an attempt to restore balance or correction due to the crime. In this regard, the mediator may be in the form of trusted individual or Village Official (the Head of Village/Perbekel, kepala dusun) or Customary Village Officials (customary village administrators (Prajuru Desa Pakraman: Bendesa, Klian Banjar)). Therefore, the applicable principles in customary law need to be adopted to achieve ideal applicable future concept of penal mediation in Indonesian positive Laws.

At the pre-primary school level in Nigeria, different languages are being used as the medium of instruction. It was observed that while learners in a particular school adopt language of immediate community, another one in another location use English language to learn. On the basis this that the languages use by pre-primary school learners in Nigeria was conceived. Vygotsky’s sociocultural learning theory was used to understand the study under investigation. Qualitative approach was adopted. This was followed by interpretive paradigm. Eight teachers with a sound knowledge of pre-primary education were purposively selected. Semi-interview question was developed to gather information from the teachers. The data was subjected to thematic analysis. From the study, it was revealed that teachers used language of immediate community, mother tongue and English language to teach in the pre-primary school. Additionally, that language was used to identify, present, discuss on object in the class and also development of literacy skills of the children.

Agricultural mechanisation implies the use of various power sources and improved form tools and equipment, with a view to reduce the drudgery of the human beings and draught animals, enhance the cropping intensity, precision and timelines of efficiency of utilization of various crop inputs and reduce the losses at different stages of crop production. The end objective of farm mechanisation is to enhance the overall productivity and production with the lowest cost of production. Agricultural mechanisation is also an important input to agriculture for performing timely farm operations; reducing the cost of operation; maximizing the utilization efficiency of inputs, improving the quality of produce; reducing drudgery in form operations; improving the productivity of land & labour and for improving the dignity of labour. The present study examined the relevant background information on population dynamics, socio economic status, status and availability of form power and machinery and cropping intensity towards agricultural mechanisation in India and reveals the facts that the mechanisation technologies were first adopted by the large formers (over 10 ha form size) followed by medium scale formers (with 4 to 10 ha form size). The sale of tractors and power tillers in India has shown exponential increase over years. The combine share of agriculture workers and drought animals in total form power availability in India reduced from 60.8% in 1971-1972 to 10.10% in 2012-2013. The form power availability and productivity increased from 0.25 to 1.84 Kw/ha and from 0.52 to 1.92 t/ha, respectively over the years from 1971 to 2012. Therefore, India adopts a policy of selective mechanisation under diverse conditions, which makes the agriculture mechanisation a challenging task.

The study was carried out to assess the constraint and opportunities of bee keeping in Ilu Abba Bora Zone, Oromia Regional State, South western Ethiopia. Eight districts were selected for the study following random sampling approach with the sample size of 544. Both primary and secondary data were used to generate qualitative and quantitative information. The data was analyzed using appropriate Microsoft excel and presented in table, bar graph and pie chart. The results of this study indicated that beekeeping in the study area has been practiced as sideways with other agricultural activities. The average amount of honey harvested per hive per year in the district from traditional, transitional and modern hive was 9.17kg, 19.81kg, and 29.05kg respectively. Majorities (33.26%) of beekeepers were used traditional bee keeping system, whereas few (15.69%) used modern bee keeping system. All respondents (100%) were used honey as the main hive product and service and 49.92% of the respondents were used honey and bee wax in combination while the least percentage of the respondents (1.43%) were used honey and bee brood in combination. The modern and transitional hives give more honey production annual as compared to traditional hive. The major constraints in the study area were pest and predator, pesticide application, high cost of modern hives, lack of hive equipments and lack of training. Highbeecolony, high coverage of honey flora, good climate condition, support from nongovernmental organization, increasing price of honey, support from extension worker and availability of local materials for hive making were the opportunities observed in the study for beekeeping development. Further studies are needed on the quality of the honey in the districts.

The side-effect of Azadirachta indica (A. Juss) on certain biochemical parameters of a freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis was studied for a period of 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr, at sublethal concentration. During the exposure period the protein and glycogen content in the liver, muscle and intestine of treated fish showed decreasing trend.The alterations of these biochemical parameters can be effectively used as nonspecific biomarkers against plant extract toxicity stress and also help safer usage of plant extracts in aquaculture farms.

Biological degradation affected different types of organic materials that located in museums, storages and libraries. According to their hygroscopic and sensitive properties towards the environment conditions, the microorganisms are activated resulted in different deterioration aspects on the organic materials. Leather artifacts represent most of these organic materials in museums. It is known that the tanned leather is more resistant to the bio-deterioration than untannedleather. But it was noticed thatchrome tanned leathers are more resistant than the vegetable tanned leathers when both exposed to bio-deterioration. Chromiumleathers were being used primarily in the form of leather artifacts e.g.sandals, luggage and other such items.This study aims tomake a comparison between both types of tanned leather;explain what is discriminatethe chrome-tanned leathers resistance towards microbiological deterioration according to chrome toxicity; also measuring the mechanical properties (tensile strength – elongation)of the samples under microbiological accelerated ageing cycle; and finallyaddress a surveyof most common microorganisms that infected the archaeological vegetable/chrome tanned leathers in museums.

In sub-Saharan Africa, Salmonella cause of acute gastroenteritis and invasive disease. The aim of this study was to assessthe diversity the distribution and antibiogram profile of Salmonella isolates in two cities of Niger. Salmonella strains isolated from patients duringthe period 2015-2016 were biotyped using Api20E and serotyped withspecific antisera. All strains were subjected to a set of 18 antibiotics to study their antibiogram, using the Baeur–Kirby disk diffusion method.Biochemical analysis revealed ten (10) phenotypic clusters. Serotyping resulted intoseventeen (17) different serotypes with Paratyphi A as the most prevalent (14.75%) of all Salmonella strains followed by Paratyphi B (11.48%), Typhimurim (9.84%), Typhi (6.56%), Paratyphi C (3.28%), Poona (3.28%).The proportion of Paratyphi A in infants (< 5 years old) represented 50%.Overall, high resistance to ampicillin (49.06%), amoxicillin (47.06%), trimethoprime-sulfamethoxazol (45.60%); chloramphenicol (35.30%);colistin (20.75%) and amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (20.60%) was observed.This study showed the diversity of Salmonella biotypes, serotypes and antimicrobialssusceptibility.The level of the antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in Niger is quite high. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish a close monitoringof resistance in Salmonella in Niger to assist in recommendations on the use of antimicrobials in both human and animals.

Uric acid is elevated in type1 diabetes mellitus. It has also been associated with diabetic complications. Objectives were to study the significance of glycemic control and serum uric acid levels in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and to correlate between duration of diabetes and serum uric acid levels in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. 50 cases with type 1 diabetes mellitus with 50 age and sex matched controls were selected and Serum uric acid (SUA) levels were estimated by the uricase method. Our results showed significantly increased levels of SUA levels in type 1 diabetic cases mean 3.62mg/dl compared to controls mean 2.11mg/dl. SUA was also significantly increased in poor glycemic control (HbA1c >10) mean 4.33mg/dl. The mean SUA levels in diabetes with more than 10 years duration is 5.16±1.89. It was concluded that increased levels of serum uric acid levels are seen in type 1 diabetic patients irrespective of age and sex. In poorly controlled diabetics the serum uric acid was significantly increased. There was significant increase of serum uric acid in diabetic patients of more than 10years duration indicating chronic complications. So large number of studies is required to conclude that serum uric acid can be an early marker for diabetic complications, but this can be used as a prognostic marker along with other markers.

Heavy metal pollution due to industrial effluents is gaining worldwide attention. Tannery industry is common in many parts of the world and major sources of heavy metals, it pollutes groundwater and ecosystems and produce major heavy metals and sodium chloride. Our study showed the effect of tannery effluents on two halophytes Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort. and Sesuvium portulacastrum L. grown in pot experiment conditions. The aim of this work was to investigate some biochemical systems response of these plants to tannery effluent treatments. Analysis was carried on biochemical constituents, photosynthetic pigments, carotenoids, protein, phenol, amino acids and proline contents of S. maritima and S. portulacastrum leaves. Four months after sowing, plants were subjected to different concentrations of tannery effluents (0, 30%, 60% and 90%) and samples were analyzed at intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120 days. Results demonstrate that all the biochemical parameters increased progressively with increasing concentrations of tannery effluent. These results indicate that stress of tannery effluents induced biochemical changes in both halophytes with stimulation of heavy metal concentration. This study suggests that, when compared to Sesuvium portulacastrum, Suaeda maritima plants can be a good source for the phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted tannery effluent contaminated areas.

In the paper stability losses of the packer with a girdle construction have been investigated by taking into account compactness mechanism. Expanding and constricting cases of conical surface of the packer with a girdle construction have been studied, stability problem of the packer has been solved via numerical estimation by using finite differences method. With this purpose, continuity condition of the deformation has been written for packer construction (cylindrical and conical surface of the packer) and added to stability losses condition. In the first approach the solution has been carried out in boundary and junction nodes of the packer (where cylindrical and conical surfaces combine), however, in the second approach by finite differences method. During packing process stability losses limit has been studied for the first time for a girdle construction.

The present investigation was carried out to assess the prevalence of water borne diseases & water quality of Godavari River and Reservoirs of Nanded District in Maharashtra. The quality of water consumed and incidence of disease is based on perceptions by the respondents where the various stakeholders were considered. The water quality of the reservoirs and associated water borne diseases appeared to be dependent on different attributes such as the age, literacy and resources used by the tourists visiting the shrine during the peak festive season and residents of the villages for consumption of water. A correlation of water quality of the reservoirs and the growing incidence of water borne diseases among local residents largely depends on multiple factors like the hygiene, education/literacy, proper resources of water supply and treatment and economic conditions of the villagers etc. In order to prevent the frequent recurrence of water borne diseases among the pilgrims and local residents, proper measures in terms of health enforcement and strict norms needs to be adopted while delivering tap and water services that is abstracted from the reservoirs for the visitors and public at large.

The epidemic growth of wireless technology and mobile services in this era is creating a great crash on our life style. Some early efforts have been taken to utilize these technologies in surveillance. The purpose of this project is to built a intelligent transport system using LoRa, GPS, Movable sensor and cloud computing. LoRa is a advanced protocol used to transmit data to the cloud server.This technology will enable public or multi-tenant networks to connect a number of applications running on the same network. It can track buses in city by placing LoRa in the buses along with GPS, and speed sensor. The cloud server for the city receive the location information, and alerts the forth coming bus stops in the route of the bus, of the bus’ number, route and expected time of arrival, which are displayed in mobile application. This system thus describes is a cost effective and easy to implement for tracking buses in real time by using IOT.

Environmental sensitivity index corrosion mapping of Ndoni river, Ahoada river, New Calabar river, Tombia river, Buguma river and Bonny estuary was carried out with the aim of developing an environmental analysis index corrosion map of the shorelines as well as corrosion rates of the different shores comprising of fresh water, brackish water and estuarine environment. Methods developed by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Nigerian oil Producing Trade Sector (OPTS) was useful in this study.8 ESI types were found in the area which includes 1b, 3a, 4a, 6b, 9b, 9c, 10a and 10b.Animal biodiversities prominent in these shores include Sea turtle, White crab, Shorebirds, Crocodile, Iguana, Snail, Toad, Frog, Millipede, Earthworm, Tilapia and Jellyfish. The relationship between number of socioeconomic features and biological species along the shores using Spearman’s correlation coefficient (r) value is 0.93. The corrosion rates of the metal coupons in the various shores of Ndoni river, Ahoada river, New Calabar river, Tombia river, Buguma river and Bonny estuary is 0.053g, 0.059g, 0.109g, 0.125g, 1.630g and 2.680g respectively. The results from this study can serve as a good decision support program for environmental managers because it can provide information on socio-cultural and corrosion rates of the environment.

Uploading anonymous data over untrustworthy cloud service providers (CSP), the privacy and security concerns emerge over the authenticity of the query answer and the leakage of the Data Owner (DO) identity. Providing signature of data owner is always a good solution but the signatures can reveal identity of data owner. In this paper we try to review some techniques and methods which can be used collaboratively to satisfy the aforementioned requirements. These techniques are ring signature scheme for anonymous data upload, Merkel Hash Tree (MHT) for data authentication and non-repudiable service protocol using online trusted authority (TA). To protect trading behavior between the user and the cloud service provider, non-repudiation protocol is used during the transmission of the query answer and the verification object (VO).

Sonchus oleraceus (moleita) from the family Asteracae was investigated for its antioxidants activities. The ethyl acetate extract of the plant showed 89% radical scavenging activity (RSA). The extract was subjected to column chromatography. Solvent mixtures were used from least to highest polarities (petroleum ether till methanol). 12 fractions showed high antioxidant activity. Radical scavenging activity was tested with DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl). The structures were identified with modern spectrum techniques as 1H NMR, 13CNMR, 2D proton NMR(cosy),HSQC (heteronuclear single quantum correlation) and IR frequencies. Compound (1) is 7-hydroxy, 6 –C-glycoside, 3’ hydroxyl pyridine-flavon (0.530 gm). Solvent system for isolation was (Tol: Eth.Acet: Formic Acid). Compound (2) is tannic acid dimer (0.11 gm). Solvent system for isolation was Ethyl Acetate: Methanol (4:6).

Background: The prohibitive cost of hospitalization is one of the causes of impoverishment in India. Every year, about 2-3 percent population of India is being pushed into below poverty line because of out-of-pocket expenditure on hospitalization (Garg and Karan, 2009). Presently, around two-thirds of the total health expenditure in India is out of pocket (NHA, 2013-14). Therefore, the study on cost of hospitalization is paramount important from a policy perspective. Study Objectives: The objectives of the study were to examine the inter-state disparity in the cost of hospitalization, to study the gross and net differentials in the cost of hospitalization and to examine the source of finance for hospitalization in India. Materials and Methods: This paper is based on the unit level data of NSSO 71st round survey. NSSO is the main survey agency at national level in India and responsible for collecting data on socio-economic and health for the purpose of planning and policy making. The present survey was based on a sample size of 65,932 households across the country. Both bi-variate and multi-variate statistical techniques were used for data analyses using Stata and SPSS. Results: In India, the cost of hospitalization is rising over the years. The average total cost of hospitalization in nominal terms has increased more than two and half times both in rural and urban areas during the decade of 2004 to 2014. The net differential in the cost of hospitalization among various sub groups of population was relatively lower than the gross differentials. In 2014, the gross total cost of hospitalization in private facilities was nearly 4.5 times that of public facilities. Household income/saving and borrowing were the two major source of finance for hospitalization for nearly three-fourth and one fifth households in India, respectively. Conclusions: Strengthening public health sector in the country is the need of the hour. The increasing use of the low cost public health facilities would help in achieving the twin objective of the new national health policy: reduction of out-of-pocket spending on health care and reduction of poverty. Ultimately it is a step forward to attain the objective of ‘universal health care’ as envisaged in the SDGs.

With the development of the Internet and the abundance of sources available to students, plagiarism has become more prevalent and widespread in the academic community. There are now a number of special software recognition programmes which can detect academic misconduct and plagiarism. Many scientific studies have been conducted investigating the possible reasons behind why plagiarism is being employed more readily by students. The afactors and therefore it is a complex system. Research states that there are five elements which can result in undergraduate student’s plagiarism. These are known as the five ‘S’s: Student, Supervisor, Syllabus, System, and Society. Each of these elements affects the student in one way or another either negatively or positively and can lead to academic dishonesty. This research tries to review these studies to consider the reasons that motivate student plagiarism and ultimately to create a framework which empowers decision-makers and educators to prevent students plagiarising during their university studies.

Background: endoscopic assisted open reduction and internal fixation (EAORIF) viatransoral incision was introduced as alternative to the traditional retromandibular approach with least intra, early and long term complications. The intraoperative and long term complications such facial nerve injury and facial scar respectively was proved to be less likely with EAORIF. However, the early complications in terms of edema and pain were not compared. Aim: The current study aimed to compare EAORIF versus conventional ORIF regarding early postoperative complications interms of pain and edema. Methodology: 12 patients suffering unilateral extracapsular condylar fractures were included in our study. Patients were divided in to two groups according to surgical approach used for ORIF (group 1: retromandibular approach. Group 2: EAORIF via transoral incision). Postoperatively pain and edema were evaluated through 2 weeks then compared among two groups. Results: Most patients of both groups suffered moderate edema as well as pain that relived gradually through 2 weeks without statistical significant difference between the treatment groups. Conclusion: EAORIF via transoral incision did not have an advantage over the retromandibular approach in minimizing edema or pain following open treatment of condylar fractures.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the most common chronic diseases in nearly all countries, and continues to increase in number and significance. As the prevalence of diabetes increases, the prevalence of long-term diabetes-related complications is also likely to increase especially diabetic foot ulcer. An overall aim of diabetes care is that people should be able to live a good life despite having diabetes. Several somatic diseases, such as diabetes, commonly coexist with anxiety and depression, and these mental disorders are often comorbid. This picture becomes even more complex, as evidence suggests a bidirectional association between depression and diabetes. Aim of the study: Assess the prevalence of comorbid depression among diabetic foot outpatients. The data were collected from 103 diabetic foot patients during follow up at Diabetic Center in Prince Mansour Military Hospital, Taif Region, KSA. Cross sectional study design was used and The Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ 9) was used to evaluate depression status of patients. Conclusion: Depression is significantly associated with diabetes from incidence to mortality; especially diabetic foot ulcer. It may thus be recommended that all patients with diabetes should be screened for depression. The depression and diabetes are causally related and deserves attention from clinicians to ensure better management and improve diabetic patient quality of life.

Carbon Fibre Reinforced Concrete (CFRC) beam width examination has been analysed in the latest study. CFRC materials are the commonly used material in the structures more than other materials to determine the problems in concrete structures. They give strength and stiffness to concrete beam. ANSYS tool has been employed in the current study to solve concrete problem. Result of thickness of the CFRC has been defined in the current paper by studying the deformation and strain generated. Four different set has been designed all having the same outer dimensions. To change the thickness of CFRC concrete beam dimensions has been decreases and results have been compared with the beam which is made of concrete only. Base beam dimensions are 350×300 mm2 and length is 3500mm. Three thickness of CFRC have been assumed 2mm, 3mm and 4mm. From the results it has been found that beam with beam with 4mm thickness CFRC shows less deflection with respect to the other beams, which indirectly means CFRC beam, has higher strength with respect to simple concrete beam. Weight comparison of all the beam has also been conceded out which represents that with 4mm thickness CFRC is lighter in weight compared to the others.

Every systemneed to maintain record of events of everything that happen.We should call it Logs. Thislogs are useful in auditing the system & troubleshooting problems. Most of the system & platforms uses Linux based OS to provide their services because of higher availability & open source. The Linux based syslog protocol generates & collect the syslog messages & writes them in text files with their priority, facility & security. This text files (log files) are in normal text format. We convert them to relational database format with sequence of date & time for our convenience to find or search Specific meta data.

The quality evaluations for the field works concerning previously conducted site exploration studies in Jordan were deeply investigated through this research; where the major aim was to provide recommendations regarding the improvement of the quality for these works, and consequently to improve the performance of the residential project that to be carried out at the study site. The methodology of this research included implementing several activities. The first of these was reviewing for the international standards in implementing the field works related to site investigations, in addition to collecting several previous reports concerning site investigations for residential buildings in Jordan. The second activity was the design and distribution of the questionnaire that included opinions in performing the field works for these investigations in accordance with the international standards. The third activity was related to analyzing the collected data using SPSS Software for the purpose of quality evaluations. And the last activity was the submittal for conclusions and recommendations. Based on the analysis of results regarding the conducted survey, this research concluded that many factors may affect the quality of the field works related to site investigations in Jordan. In general, the most of these were the lack of commitment with the requirements of the Jordanian Code of Site Investigation, in addition to the lack of commitment to carryout field tests based on the latest specifications. Accordingly, it was recommended that site investigation offices should accurately perform the Jordanian site investigation code for the purpose of raising the level of performance and quality of their products. It is also recommended that site investigations offices should review and update the engineering specifications of the field and laboratory tests in order to upgrade their performance towards the international standards.

In this chapter, we have considered a bulk service queueing model with removable serve. We have discussed a Markovian queueing system with a single server and units / customer serve in batches. The server is removed from the system as soon as the system becomes empty for a duration which is exponentially distributed randomly. We derive the time dependent solution of mean number of arrivals in the system or exactly ‘i’ customer arrive in the system. The study state solution is also discussed.

The evolution of Electronic gadgets and high performance electronic devices are primarily dependent on the battery of the device. Though with the advancement of technology, it seems that it’s quite difficult in remote places where electrification is still a distance dream and emergence of solar energy has paved way for the use of these electronic devices even in remote places. In this paper design and development of a solar powered Buck Converter using MC34063 for 5V battery charging has been presented. The built prototype is a low cost, compact, and portable with good efficiency which can be easily built for even general application. The hardware implementation along with software and experimental results are presented in this paper.

In data communication, security is the most important issue in today’s world. This project is a combination of stegano graphy and cryptography, which provides a strong backbone for its security. This present work focus is enlightening the technique to secure data or message with authenticity and integrity. In this project work, the secret message is encrypted before the actual embedding process starts. The entire work has done in MATLAB. The hidden message is encrypted using a simple encryption algorithm using secret key and hence it will be almost impossible for the intruder to unhide the actual secret message from the embedded cover file without knowing secret key. Only receiver and sender know the secret key.N-bit LSB substitution technique is used as embedding and extraction method. We propose that this method could be most appropriate for hiding any secret message (text, image, audio, video) in any standard cover media such as image, audio, video files (Harshitha, 2012). And also performance factor such as PSNR, Utilization factor are computed and performance analysis has been made by plotting graph of these factor against no of LSB bits replaced during embedding process.

Personality is dynamic organisation, which creates a person's characteristic patterns of behaviour, thoughts, and feelings on the other hand Adjustment is a very important factor for better academic achievement and for effective educational pursuit. As more and more cases of depression, drug abuse and suicide are increasing among college going student, this study aimed to analyze and compare the Personality with level of adjustment of college students residing in hostels. Both, college and society in this period plays an important role in shaping and moulding the personality of the adolescents. The research was conducted in Pune city, Maharashtra, India. The sample consisted of 120 hostellers of Graduation (1st year) irrespective of their age. The sample was divided into two groups. The first group comprised of boys (60) and the second group comprised of girls (60) Hostellers. The tool used in the study was "Adjustment Inventory by H.S. Asthana and 16 PF Test for measuring Personality type. Results revealed that boys hostellers were more outgoing, intelligent, emotionally stable, enthusiastic, persistent, venturesome, socially bold, self sufficient where as girls are more apprehensive, insecure, worrying, troublesome, overprotected, tense and dependent and boys score higher than girls on their various adjustment level.

The present study focus on the Impact of effective teaching learning among the students, Analytical and descriptive method applied to measure the relationship. Descriptive and Inferential techniques adopted.

Creative thinking skills in mathematics are widely recognized for their critical importance in terms of learning a range of mathematical contents through problem-solving approaches. As fundamental means of developing mathematical knowledge, such skills should therefore be of serious concern and have a prominent role in the education of K-12 students, Junior High School students in this regard. This research presented efforts, by applying Numbered Heads Together (NHT) as a cooperative learning alternative, which enabled such a wide range of students in different environments to sufficiently comprehend such skills and later to extend them. Quasi-experimentally designed with Control Group Pre-Test and Post-Test Design, this research sampled 130 8th grade students of two schools in Ambon, with each representing high-ranked and medium-ranked schools. The hypothesis, that NHT set off such skills, was tested at 95% significance level. The research ultimately found that; (1) the students’ creative thinking skills were different in the experimental class and control class; (2) learning with NHT was better than conventional method.

This paper explored the extent to which financial instability impacts on sustainable economic growth in Nigeria. Specifically, it identified the particular financial instability indicators that severely impede the growth of the economy. To evaluate the objectives, the variables were tested for stationarity and since they were not integrated of the same order, Vector Autoregression, impulse response and variance decomposition analyses were appropriately employed. The result of the analyses shows that broad money velocity (M2/GDP) and money supply errors (MSERROR) significantly reduce the growth of the economy. In other words,the growth of the economy is a negative and significant function of broad money velocity and CBN money supply errors while stock market prices, Exchange rate, Inflation mis-targeting and banking system return on asset (ROA) exert negative but insignificant impact on economic growth. The result of the impulse response analyses suggest that the level of money stock velocity has dominantly made negative significant impact on real GDP and also revealed that RGDP responds negatively to a shock in CBN money supply mismatch. Thus, all indications emanating from our findings reveal that instability in the Nigerian financial sector impct negatively and insignificantly on economic growth. In other words, financial instability deteriorates the growth of the economy. The researchers therefore call on the Central bank of Nigeria not only to adopt appropriate broad money velocity for the country, but to also narrow its money supply mistargeting if financial instability in Nigeria should be reduced to boost economic growth.

This paper focused on Secondary student’s perception of causes of conflicts between students and their colleague, also between students, school Management. Two research questions and two hypotheses were formulated for the study. The sample comprised two-hundred and thirty (230) students. A structured questionnaire titled ‘Causes of conflicts among secondary school Questionnaire (COASSQ) was used to collect data. Mean and t-test statistics were used to answer the research questions and test the hypotheses formulated. The study revealed that, causes of students-students conflicts included, corporal punishment by senior Students, rape and drug abuse, stilling of students properties disputes over a female students friend ships, socio economic class of student. Some of the identified causes of student to School management conflicts were lack of qualified teaching Staff, lack of social amenities, bad relationship with students and Staff, lack of School counselor, and indiscipline of students. All the forms of conflict can be resolved through the counseling to resolve students-student conflicts and to resolve. Students to management conflicts:

Land use means the surface utilization of all developed and vacant land on a specific point at a given time and space. This change may be due to two most probable reasons. Firstly, the requirements of the society may be the cause for bringing change in the land use. Secondly, the technological impact also promotes changes that an individual as well as the society is able to maximize the advantage. “Land use leads one back to the village farm and the farmer to the fields, garden, pastures, fallow land, forest and to the isolated farms lead as geography deals with spatial relationship between these aspects and planning (T.V. Freeman 1968)”. It is due to the land use changes to meet the variable demands of the land by the society in its new ways and conditions of life. A Geographical Analysis on General Land Use Pattern in Thiruvarur District of Tamilnadu for the years between 2010 and 2015. Out of the total geographical area, 64% to 77% area occupies under Net area sown. Forest is identified only in Thiruthiraipoondi Taluk without any change.

This paper offers a doable framework to repackage the Agriculture and Fisheries programs to be more attractive to achieve a remarkable number of enrolees and graduates. This also aims to redeem the programs from the stigma of being low paying, back-breaking professions into economically-sustainable careers. This paper is a product of a higher education innovation and transformation project for the Philippine Higher Education Career System – Executive Development Program. The paper conceptualizes curriculum in a systems approach which establishes three processes attuned to the most important phases of the student lifecycle management. These are the ‘Take-in process’ – introducing the 3G marketing and recruitment strategy which intends to make the programs more attractive and well-subscribed; the ‘Take care process’ - innovating curricula into outcomes-based and interdisciplinary, ICT-integrated and entrepreneurship-infused as it adopts the ‘parable-of-talents concept’; and the ‘Take-out process’ – innovating support programs for income opportunities and employment of graduates. The innovative and transformative concepts presented in this paper are outcomes of series of round table discussions, interviews, consultations, focus group discussion (FGD), benchlearning, university dynamics laboratory, and immersion. The paper also draws on relevant literature on the previous initiatives of curricular reinvention. The stakeholder-participants are the SUCs leaders, agriculture and fisheries professionals, students (prospective and enrolled), parents, faculty, staff, guidance counsellors, government officials, industry partners, and community folks.

Sixteen female footballer (n=16) who represented India in ISF World School Championship held at Prague, The capital of Czech Republic from 21st May to 29th May 2017 were selected as the subject for the present study and there range of mean age, mean height and mean weight was 17.5 ±.84 years, 152.8 ± 4.60 cm and 49.7 ± 6.45 kg respectively. Videography technique was employed in order to register the performance of the subjects in In – Step Kick for the study. Selected kinematics variables (table 2 and table 3) and four selected phases (Figure 1) of whole skill i.e. of Initial phase, Hip extension phase, Knee extension and ball touch phase and Follow through phase were analysed. The selected phases and the stick figures of the selected movements and the centre of gravity of different phases were located by Kinovea software. The selected angular kinematic variables were obtained at Initial phase, Hip extension phase, Knee extension and ball touch phase and Follow through phase. Angles of selected joints were measured by the help of Kinovea software at the nearest of degrees. The performance of each subject of In – Step kick was collected on the basis of three judge’s evaluation. The average of three judges was considered as the final point obtained by each footballer. Further, to easy calculation it was reduced out of ten points. The finding showed, the linear and angular kinematic variables showed significant relationship in Shoulder joint (Knee extension and ball touch phase - .954, Follow through phase - .614), Hip joint (Hip extension phase - .578) and Knee Joint ( Hip extension phase - .644) found more than the tabulated value other than that all the variables in remaining phases were less than the tabulated value. The findings of table 3 also showed significant relationship in Center of gravity at Hip extension phase (.918), Center of gravity at Knee extension and ball touch phase (.511) and Total time of execution of the skill (.941) and other remaining variables were found insignificant with the performance.

Corrosion rate of stainless, mild and carbon steel coupons in New Calabar River and Ndoni River was monitored monthly for a period of one year. Corrosion rate was determined by weight loss. Carbon steel had corrosion rate of 72g/yr, mild steel 39g/yr, stainless steel 1.3g/yr in New Calabar River while carbon steel had corrosion rate of 44g/yr, mild steel 27g/yr, stainless steel 0.64g/yr in Ndoni River. Micro-organisms isolated include Sulphur reducing bacteria, Iron bacteria and Sulphur bacteria. In New Calabar River weight loss of stainless, mild and carbon steel showed these trend for rainy season (April-October) respectively; (0-0.112)g, (1.864-2.139)g (2.113-4.230)g. The dry season (November-March) showed these trend respectively; (0.117-0.141)g, (2.147-8.001)g, (4.272-15.171)g. In fresh water weight loss of stainless, mild and carbon steel for rainy season (April-October) respectively showed the following trend (0-0.030)g, (0.695-1.568)g, (1.000-2.316)g, while the dry season (November-March) respectively showed these trend (0.044-0.111)g, (1.586-5.771)g, (2.325-9.131)g. In New Calabar River corrosion rate of stainless, mild and carbon steel showed these trend for rainy season (April-October) respectively; (0-0.016)g/month, (1.864-0.306)g/month, (2.113-0.604)g/month. The trend for dry season (November-March) respectively was (0.014-0.012)g/month, (0.268-0.667)g/month, (0.534-1.264)g/month. In Ndoni River, the corrosion rate of stainless, mild and carbon steel for rainy season (April-October) respectively showed these trend (0-0.004)g/month, (0.695-0.244)g/month, (1.000-0.331)g/month while the dry season (November-March) respectively showed these trend (0.006-0.009)g/month, (0.198-0.481)g/month, (0.291-0.761)g/month. Total Dissolved Solids, Total Suspended Solids, Total Organic Carbon, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Conductivity, Salinity, Oil and Grease, Chloride, Sulphate Sulphite, Temperature, pH were monitored for rainy season and dry season in both New Calabar River and Ndoni River. The study was able to show that corrosion rate was higher in New Calabar River than Ndoni River in same steel types comparatively especially in the dry seasons. Stainless steel if not yet in use should be encouraged in pipeline work in oil industries and other related works since it is less bio- corrosive in both New Calabar River and Ndoni River. Lots of emphasis should be laid on microbial influenced corrosion since it has proved to be a menace in corrosion.

Survive: the great challenge throughout the centuries. Food was considered the restrictive law of man since the earth was not able to produce all the necessary food. Meanwhile, wars have bloomed a new model of agriculture based on mechanization, on the use of fertilizers and agrochemicals, and on extension. However, it brought risks to the farmer's health. The purpose of this study is to draw a parallel between the extension, its reflexes and the challenges regarding the education of the farmer about the dangers of the use of agrochemicals in a market society. Taken from secondary data, it was observed that the classic model of extension fulfilled its role by diffusing a productive model to the capitalist model. In addition to neoliberal policies, this process limits extension services in Brazil, increasing the dangers to the farmer's health and the chances of biomagnification.

Economic development projects brought innumerable benefits but also had unintended detrimental effects on people and natural resources. Human activities have resulted in the disruption of social and communal harmony, the loss of human livelihood and life, the introduction of new diseases, and the destruction of renewable resources. These and other consequences can go against the positive benefits of economic development. Social impacts are the impacts of developmental interventions on human environment. The impacts of development interventions take different forms. While significant benefits flow in from different development actions, there is also a need to identify and evaluate the negative externalities associated with them. Such impacts not only need to be identified and measured but also need to be managed in such a way that the positive externalities are maximized and the negative externalities are minimized. In view of this, the present paper focuses on the principles and applications of Social Impact Assessment in detail.

Several case series have discussed the outcomes of the operative management of AFFs. Weil et al reviewed clinical data from 15 patients with 17 AFFs associated with long-term BP use who were treated surgically. Fracture healing after the initial procedure among patients treated with intramedullary nails was 54%, with 46% of patients requiring reoperation. The authors attributed this high failure rate to qualitative bone defects caused by long-term BP use.

On the basis of theory of planned behavior, this paper investigated local residents from four dimensions and analyzed their individual perceptions and behavioral intentions from such dimensions, starting from individual perception of environment. In addition, the study is conducted relative to an intermediate mechanism, i.e., environmental behavioral intentions. The conclusions of the research help ascertain the key influential factors of the environmental perception and behavior of local people and provide crucial guidance for improving the environmental perception and behavioral intentions. The current study also provided case support for examining the relationship between the local residents and the economic development or environmental changes and can facilitate the resolution of the currently prominent environmental problems in China.

Multicultural education creates equal educational opportunities from diverse gender, religion, social, and ethnic groups. This study assesses the experiences of students towards situations of multicultural education in Jose Rizal Memorial State University (JRMSU) System as basis for development of educational equity policy framework. Actual situations and practices rendered to students were the main focus of the study. The quality of these situations and practices was assessed using five areas, i.e., equality in learning, culture, faculty, curriculum and students. Descriptive research was used with the survey questionnaire as the main tool in gathering the data needed for this investigation. Descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage were used in describing the data. In measuring the difference between the groupings of the respondents was analyzed through the use of Chi-square test w/ Yates’ Correction. Findings reveal that majority of the respondents rated YES, which means that they experienced positively the situational practices of multicultural education in JRMSU in terms of Equality in Learning, University Culture, Faculty, Curriculum, and Students. Furthermore, result found that there is no significant difference in student respondents’ experiences when they are grouped according to ethnicity and religion. To maintain the positive reactions of students on the equality that they enjoyed in JRMSU, an educational equity policy framework was proposed. The University would enhance its national and international reputation maintaining students with exceptional achievement and maximizing their potentials for equity outcomes. This benefits the creative and intellectual life of the University, and support engagement with the University’s diverse communities.

This study aimed to assess the level of preparedness in and acceptance of the Experiential Learning Courses (ELC) implementation in compliance with the National Competency-Based Teacher Standards (NCBTS). It focused on the assessment of four groups of respondents: namely, the school heads, the cooperating teachers, the graduates and the faculty of the College of Teacher Education of Batangas State University. Weighted mean, ANOVA and Scheffe Test were used in the study. Results show that the faculty members were fully prepared on the ELC implementation and acceptance of the ELC implementation was high. A proposed management plan was then conceptualized.