March 2018

Background: The functional gastrointestinal disorders (EGID) are the most common condition seen in gastroenterology clinics and they constitute a significant number of primary case visits. FGID symptoms are common in the community, only a small percentage seeks medical attention. The psychosocial factors which play a crucial role in FGID are acute chronic stress, personality structure and coping skills. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of symptoms of chronic functional gastrointestinal disorders. Methodology: A population sample of 500 was taken from each of the six districts of Kashmir valley. An effort was made to keep the population sample similar with respect to age, gender, educational background, smoking, alcohol consumption history of NSAID intake and past history of medical / psychiatric problem. An aliquot of subjects fulfilling the criteria for functional gastrointestinal disorders but with any alarming sign / symptom of bleeding PR, nocturnal pain and / or loss of appetite in any age group but especially in the elderly age group were taken for detailed clinical examination and the following relevant investigations. Results: The difference in the age (years) was statistically non-significant. There was a non-significant difference in distribution of sex in six districts. The prevalence of all functional G.I. symptoms except excessive gas / bloating was higher in females than in males. In Kashmir valley, 20.3% of study population was having abdominal pain before 1990 while as it was present in 48.2% after 1990. Loose water stool recorded an increase from 3. 75 to 9.4% which is statistically significant. Although Nausea / Vomiting also increased from 9.2% to 11.6% but the difference was statistically not significant. Conclusion: We observed sudden clustering of various functional gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal symptomatology among the inhabitants of the valley and the paramilitary personnel deployed in this region during this period of turmoil.

Background: Diabetes mellitus has become a major health problem worldwide. Through Various Studies it has been have found that diabetes and thyroid disorders mutually influence each other and both disorders tend to coexist. The aim of this was study was to find out the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending an outpatient department and medical wards of hamdard institute of medical sciences and research institute new Delhi. Material and methods: The study was conducted on 300 patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus above 30 years of age. All the patients were evaluated for thyroid dysfunction by testing thyroid profile (T3, T4and TSH). The correlation of prevalence of thyroid dysfunction with gender distribution, age distribution, HbA1C was done. The observations and interpretations were recorded and results obtained were statistically analysed. Results: It was found that prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was 17. 3% in diabetic patients, most common was subclinical hypothyroidism (9%). Thyroid dysfunction was found to be more in females 73. 1 %, as compared to males 26. 9%. There was significant association between prevalence of thyroid dysfunction with HbA1c. Conclusion: On the basis of observations of this study it is recommended to routinely screen patients of diabetes for presence of thyroid disorders to prevent long term morbidity and mortality.

In present study, aim was to determine the bacteriological profile in Neonatal Sepsis and antimicrobial sensitivity of the organisms in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of Tertiary care Hospital and to identify risk factors for neonatal sepsis. This study included records of all cases of clinically suspected septicemia in neonates admitted to the NICU from September 2015 to August 2016 (n=101). Result: The risk of sepsis in birth asphyxia and gestational age was about 2 times higher as compared to the control group and p- value was significant at 0.05 levels. Out of the total 95 cases having perinatal fever (n = 95, 94%), 34 (34%) were culture positive and 61 (60%) were culture negative, which was statistically significant. Conclusion: Klebseilla (Gm – ve) (23%) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gm + ve) (15.3%) were the most common organisms causing neonatal sepsis in our settings. Ampicillin and Gentamicin for 1st line, Ciprofloxacin and Piperacillin and Tazobactam for 2nd line, Meropenum and Vancomycin for 3rd line drugs for empirical antibiotic therapy.

Introduction: Dental caries is one among the major health problem affecting 60 to 90% of school children. Early and timely intervention is required to prevent the occurrence of dental caries. It is important that primary dentition is maintained in the dental arch provided it can be restored to function and remain free from disease. The purpose of this study is to explore the dental health knowledge, awareness and attitude of patient’s parents towards pulp therapy of primary teeth. Aim: to access dental health knowledge, awareness and attitude of patients parents towards pulp therapy of primary teeth. Material and Methods: it’s a time bound study which would be conducted for a period of 3 months. The study will be conducted in department of pedodontics and preventive dentistry ajids Mangalore. All the parents of child patients requiring pulp treatment procedure visiting the dental opd over this time period will be personally interviewed with a questionnaire. Their response will be computed and the results will be statistically analysed. Results: in this study pain was the prime reason for the population (59.7%) to make their 1st dental visit. Parents felt the need to save the pulpally involved primary teeth and there was willingness to save the pulpally involved primary teeth 95.5%, very less 4.5% felt it was not required to save the primary teeth as it will be replaced by permanent successors. Conclusion: a norm of regular semi-annual/annual dental check-up has to be set up as the parents get there child to dental clinic when the disease is advanced, hence we need to create awareness among the population about the significance of maintaining a healthy primary dentition.

The research aimed to: (1) obtaining physicsmobile learning of local culture-based (Fiddle) with appropriate android assisted (2) improving the verbal representation and (3) the diagram representation abilities of Senior High School students. This research used 4D development model; (a) defining, (b) developing, (c) designing and (d) disseminating. The material was presented in an android application. The learning media feasibility had tested by experts, material experts, media experts, and physics teachers. The main field test subjects were 71 students. The effectiveness of physics learning media was obtained from the gain score of students’ pre-test and post-test. Manova was used in data analysis techniques. The results showed that the learning media categorized as “very good”. There was difference of final score between the experimental class after used the physics learning media product of local wisdom-based (Fiddle) and the control class.

Squamous cell carcinoma is the commonest Carcinoma in mucosa. Squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant epithelial neoplasm characterized by variable clinical manifestations metastasis. It most common site in the oral cavity is the lip followed by lateral border of the tongue. Squamous cell carcinoma is radiosensitive and chemo sensitive, but surgery remains the main Modality of treatment. Here we report a successfully treated case of squamous cell carcinoma of left maxilla. Patient was a52 year male who had a swelling in the left palatal region for 6 months. Clinical examination revealed anulceroproliferative lesion involving left palate, alveolus region. Left level 1b (submandibular) lymph node was palpable and hard in consistency with no tenderness. The diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma was made after incisional biopsy. Treatment of wide excision of tumor, associated cervical lymph node dissection by radiotherapy. The prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma maxilla is high when carcinomatous lesion are diagnosed and treated early. In this instance routine dental examination play an important role in early detection of squamous cell carcinoma.

The purpose of the study to examine the behavior problem and effect of behavior modification therapy, and parenting positive enrolment on school going children, and relation to their academic skills. Adolescence (boys and girls) who referred by doctors for behavior difficulties, and poor scholastic performance,(more than 6 months), referred at Shrivastavaclinic, chhindwara Madhya Pradesh were included in the study (N=156). An Analysis of variance showed that the F ratio is larger than the F crit value. The F crit is the critical value as extracted from the f-distribution in statistical tables based on two values of degrees of freedom df of 2 and 465. p < 0.05 significant (Means are different) different means say that there is an effect of level of parenting enrolment and behavior modification therapy help children with behavior difficulties and improve their academic skills. Study showed that positive parenting enrolment and behavior modification therapy program improves positive communication with children, healthy attachment, emotional adjustment, including intelligence, sustained attention, memory, or executive functions; affect activities, including increasing learning and applying knowledge and improving attending and completing tasks; or enhance participation, including moving across educational levels, succeeding in the educational program.

Dental avulsion is a dento-alveolar lesion consisting of the total displacement of the tooth from its alveolus. It causes many functional, aesthetic and psychological damages and constitutes a dental emergency. It presents a dubious prognosis, and is still considered a challenge for dental surgeons. Treatment depends on several factors, however, dental reimplantation should be the first-choice therapeutic possibility when possible. This paper reports the case of a patient with moderate cerebral palsy, who in a skateboard accident had his right upper central incisor fully avulsed. Late dental reimplantation was performed, with therapeutic protocol including high- and low-power laser application, drug endodontic therapy and 4-year proservation. It was concluded that late dental reimplantation is a therapeutic possibility that facilitates, is effective and is recommended for avulsed teeth, rescuing the aesthetics, and psychologically replacing the patient in his social life, mainly because he is a patient with special needs, promoting improvements in his quality of life.

Aims: Odontogenic lesions comprise a complex group of lesions of diverse histopathologic types and clinical behaviour. These tumours are characterized by the presence of secretory material. Some of these secetory materials may show calcification. The secretory materials have been attributed to a wide range of material including enamel, dentin and cementum or bone, however the exact nature is still unknown. Methods like IHC though available are expensive, technique sensitive and questionable in certain circumstances. To identify the nature of secretory material in selected odontogenic tumours by using a histochemical stain called modified Gallego’s stain using hard tissues of the tooth as the control. Methods: The study will constitute a total of 12 histopathological proven cases (3 cases each) of various odontogenic tumours like adenomatoid odontogenic tumour, calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour, calcifying odontogenic cyst and cemento-ossifying fibroma containing secretory material as identified in heamatoxylin and eosin stained sections. The tissue sections from the above cases will be subjected to a histochemical stain called as modified Gallego’s stain using hard tissues of the tooth as the control. Results: Adenomatoid odontogenic tumour, calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour, calcifying odontogenic cyst we found dentinoid like material and cemento-ossifying fibroma we found bone and cementum like material.

Background: This study was envisaged to emphasize the importance and necessity of preoxygenation in all cases before induction. The commonly used 3 minute tidal volume breathing (TV) and 4 deep breaths (DB) in 30 seconds techniques were compared using pulseoximetry. The effect of preoxygenationon vital haemodynamicparameters with these techniques and also the effects, if preoxygenation is not done, were also evaluated. Material and Methods: This randomized clinical study was done in a tertiary care medical college hospital. Ninety adult patients(18-45 years) of both genders, ASA grade I-II, undergoing elective surgery were included and studied in three groups with 30 patients randomly allocated to each group. Group I-Received no preoxygenation, but ventilation was done during apnoea using AMBU with oxygen 2 liters/minute with 4 maximal chest inflations. Group II-Received preoxygenation with 100% oxygen in the form of 4 vital capacity breaths in 30 seconds and ventilation was done during apnoea with 4 maximal chest inflations of 100% oxygen. Group III- Received preoxygenation with 100% oxygen, for 3 minutes in the form of tidal volume breathing and ventilation was done during apnea with4 maximal chest inflations of 100% oxygen. The pulse, blood pressure and oxygen saturation were recorded before induction, after premedication, after preoxygenation, after induction and intubation. The values were compared statistically using paired and unpaired t-test and one-way analysis of variance test as applicable. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant at 95% confidence interval. Results: During induction there was a fall in saturation in patients of Group I with a meanSpO2 after intubation of 94.71% ±3. 61 and the lowest value recorded being 88%. In the Groups II and III, the SpO2 was maintained at a level of 100% throughout induction. There was a rise in pulse and blood pressure after intubation in all the groups as a result of intubation response. The rise in blood pressure in Group I (mean SBP=144.6±16.8, mean DBP=95. 46±11.49) was higher though not significant, as compared to the other two groups. (Mean SBP in Group II=142.63±13.03, mean DBP in Group II=92. 33±23.72, mean SBP in Group III=136.73±8.1, mean DBP in Group III=93. 4±10.16). (p>0.05).The vitals started approaching the baseline values and blood pressure reached baseline values significantly faster in preoxygenated groups as compared to Group I (p<0.05). Conclusions: Preoxygenation is a must before induction in all patients. Both 3 minute tidal volume and 4 deep breaths in 30 seconds techniques are equally effective in uncomplicated inductions. Ventilation during apnoea provides added oxygen reserve. Besides protection from hypoxia, preoxygenation contributes to hemodynamic stability.

In Toamasina, our study emphasizes that addiction was really a mask of depression which is in high level in 71% of alcoholic-addicted, in 63% of cannabis-addicted, in 34% of tobacco-addicted and in 78% of people addicted in illicit psychotrop drugs. Even if it was the contrary in some studies on literacy, as far as our studies was concerned, in order to improve taking care of drug-addicted people in Toamasina, and it seems also available to cases the other Malagasy areas, we should even recommend to detect systematically depression mood in them, and if it is the case, it should be treated at the same time as the desintoxication cure properly, in order to prevent committing suicide. According to the epidemio-clinical profile of this association of addiction and depression mood in Toamasina, and also because of their multifactor etiologies, its treatment should need then multidisciplinary concertation (Psychiatrist, General physicians, Psychotherapist, social workers).

Scapula, the triangular flat bone links the axial skeleton to the appendicular skeleton of upper limb along with clavicle. It shows modifications in its shape in the evolutionary process from quadrupeds to bipeds. Present study was carried out with the objectives of determining important measurements like breadth, length, infraspinous length of scapulae and finding out indices like scapular index and infraspinous index which may help in comparative anatomy and defining the race. The scapular measurements can be used for comparative anatomy and manufacturing of prosthetic products and surgical procedures such as prosthetic positioning. Further in depth studies about scapular measurements, including radiological may help in determining the race just by using the indices. These indices are used both in comparative anatomy and the study of characteristic of race, sex and age in man. This study was carried out in the department of anatomy of Government Medical College, Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir. Total of 60 human scapulae were studied. Data obtained from the study was analyzed and results were calculated. The mean and SD of Scapular breadth were 98.16mm and 11.60 respectively. The breadth range of 100mm-105mm (28.3%) had the maximum number of scapulae while the minimum number were noted in the 115mm-120mm (3.33%) range. The mean length of the scapula and SD observed were 137mm and 20.09mm respectively. Maximum number of scapulae was in the range of 140mm to 150mm while least number was in the 100mm to 110mm range. The Scapular index was in the range of 63.80mm-95mm. Mean and standard deviation were 72mm and 11.41mm respectively. Maximum number of scapula were found in two groups i.e, in the range of 65mm to 70 mm (35%) and 70mm to 75mm (35%), while only 1 was in the range of 90mm to 95mm (1.6%) and no scapula was in the range of 85mm to 90mm.Infraspinous index was in the range of 79.04mm to 125mm. Mean and standard deviation were 92.83mm and 15.86mm respectively. Maximum number of scapula was found in range 85mm to 95 mm (45%) while as minimum number of scapula were in the range of 115mm to 125mm (1.6%). Mean infraspinous length was 106.76mm. Measurements like scapular length, breadth and infraspinous length and indices like scapular and infraspinous index can be used in comparative anatomy.

Osteoporosis is a disease of bone which is usually seen in middle aged post-menopausal women. The osteoporotic bones are weak and prone to fractures. Osteoporosis in simple terms means “porous bone”. It is a silent disease. Oral health maintenance for adults with osteoporosis is important. Bone weakness and loss usually affects the ridges that hold dentures resulting in ill-fitting dentures. These patients require new dentures more often than those who have strong, healthy bones. Regular dental visits and a healthy lifestyle is necessary in strengthening and maintenance of good bone health. A well balanced diet with high amounts of vitamin-D & calcium along with regular physical activity is recommended in such patients.

Community-oriented dental education provides variable constructive learning experiences for students while working in real life situation. This type of pragmatic approach of teaching and learning will present a student, acquaintance with genuine and tangible facts and data about individuals and groups. Oral health services are no exception, therefore, it becomes imperative to give all clinical students skill and practice of working in most basic units of health primary care centres and the sub centres. The article highlighted key issues of community based learning (CBL) approaches by providing a brief idea of various thought of CBL, different clinical education models which can be executed in existing health professionals’ curriculum. Further significance of Community-based research seeks to recognise and build on strengths, resources and relationships that exist in the communities. Community based learning approach offers various advantages not exclusively to students, to faculty, staff and community eventually gives a chance to guide values of the dental faculty and students and to orient them towards public services, engagement, ethics and the public health.

A considerable amount of clinical and experimental evidence suggests that many biochemical pathways are strictly associated with Phenytoin. It increases the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which could be counteracted by the antioxidants such as Vitamin C and E supplementation. In this study, ¬¬Phenytoin was administered at the dose of 80 mg/kg/day in the pregnant rats during fetal organogenesis period. Whereas, Vitamin C and E were supplemented throughout the pregnancy at the doses of 1.60 gm/kg/day and 0.8 gm/kg/day respectively. Phenytoin treatment induced the morphological changes in fetus with flexure defect and unequal sized limbs. It also decreased the fetal body and brain weight. However, Phenytoin plus Vitamin C and E treated group gave birth to normal fetuses with significantly increased body as well as brain weight. Interestingly, Malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the maternal rats was also significantly reduced, one of the possible causes of reduced fetal-tissue damage. So, it strongly suggests that Vitamin C and E as antioxidants possess the protective effect over Phenytoin induced teratogenesis.

Currently regeneration of tooth and periodontal damage still remains a great challenge. Stem cell-based tissue engineering raised novel therapeutic strategies for tooth and periodontal repair. Stem cells for tooth and periodontal regeneration include dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs), dental follicle stem cells (DFSCs), dental epithelial stem cells (DESCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). To date, substantial advances have been made in stem cell-based tooth and periodontal regeneration. Translational investigations have been performed such as dental stem cell banking and clinical trials. In this review, we present strategies for potential applications of stem cells in periodontal therapy.

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate two new formulation tooth pastes (Colgate Sensitive Pro Relief and Clinprotooth Crème) on repairing enamel erosion produced by a soft drink (Coca Cola), using Confocal Microscopy. Methodology: This in vitro study was conducted on 30 extracted premolar teeth which were free of caries and defects. The samples were assigned to 6 groups, each containing 5 teeth. Group 1: intact enamel, Group 2: enamel + soft drink, Group 3: enamel + Colgate Sensitive Pro Relief, Group 4: enamel + soft drink + Colgate Sensitive Pro Relief, Group 5: enamel + Clinprotooth Crème and Group 6: enamel + soft drink + Clinprotooth Crème. Groups 2, 4 and 6 were immersed in 6mL of the soft drink for 2 min at room temperature before rinsing with deionized water. Four consecutive intervals of the immersion procedure were carried out at 0, 8, 24 and 36 h for a total of 8 minutes. The toothpastes were then applied onto the surface of the specimens of groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 without brushing for 3 min at 0, 8, 24 and 36 h and then washed with distilled water. In groups 4 and 6 the toothpastes were applied after demineralization with Coca Cola. The Root Mean square roughness will be obtained from Confocal Microscopy images and statistical analysis was done by ANOVA test. Results: Comparing Groups 4 (Enamel + Soft Drink + Colgate Sensitive Pro Relief) and Group 6 (Enamel +Soft Drink + Clinprotooth Crème) with Group 2 (Enamel+ Soft Drink) a statistical difference (P<0.05) was registered, suggesting effectiveness in protecting enamel against erosion of the products investigated. Conclusion: The application of the tested toothpastes can be considered effective on preventing enamel erosion produced by a soft drink, however Colgate Sensitive Pro-relief appears to be more effective.

Introduction: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is one of the most prevalent premalignant conditions in India and difficult to treat. Recently many plants and fruit extract has been used. Tulsi (Occimum sanctum Linn) ‘basil’ is one such plant with many medicinal values. Although the disease is advancing rapidly, its reliable treatment modality for its various stages has not yet evolved. So the aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy of tulsi and oral antioxidants (SM FIBRO) in the treatment of OSMF. Aim: To evaluates the efficacy of tulsi and oral antioxidants (SM FIBRO) in the treatment of OSMF. Materials and method- A randomized clinical trial of 100 OSMF patients were carried out in the department of oral medicine and radiology to evaluate the efficacy of occimum sanctum (TULSI) and oral antioxidants (SM FIBRO) in the management of oral submucous fibrosis. Result: The result of study showed statistically significant improvement in mouth opening, burning sensation, cheek flexibility and tongue protrusion in tulsi plus antioxidant group. Conclusion: Tulsi and oral antioxidant combination is safe and promising treatment modality for oral submucous fibrosis.

Percutaneous transcatheter closure is considered alternative to surgery which is technically simple, with shorter procedure time and hospital stay, no median sternotomy scar and faster recovery with comparable rates of complications, Percutaneous transcatheter device closure of ostium secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) was first performed in 1976 by king and mills. However, this method of closure is associated with infrequently rare early and late complications like device embolization, air embolism, cardiac tamponade, arrhythmias and thrombotic complications. Here we report a rare complication of silent embolization of the ASD occluder device into the right ventricle after 24 hours of successful device closure.

Immediate Implant placement is becoming a popular treatment modality of modern day implant dentistry. The main challenge for the clinician has been the preservation of the residual alveolar bone and prevention of its resorption following the removal of tooth. The socket-shield technique (SST) represents an alternative approach in which a thin section of the remnant root is retained facially at the time of immediate implant placement to preserve buccal periodontal ligament and bundle bone. This review discusses all the literatures available on the socket-shield technique and judge its clinical prognosis and biological acceptability.

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are known from antiquity. Population studies throughout the world have shown a rise in the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) with age, especially the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria is on rise in diabetic individuals. An attempt has been made to find out the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in diabetic individuals from rural area of Latur district. A total of 424 clinical samples of mid-stream urine (212 from asymptomatic individuals of diabetes mellitus and 212 from control group) were processed to find out the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria using standard procedures. Of the 212 cases from study group, 35 (16.50%) were positive and among the control group, seven (3.30%) were positive. In a study group, 23.94% were from the age-group 46-65 years and in control group, 4.10% were from 46-65 years. The ASB was found significantly higher in study group (P=0.04). In a study group, the prevalence was higher in females (29.63%) than males (8.40%); however, in a control group the prevalence was higher in males (4.28%) than females (2.10%). The results indicate that the prevalence of ASB is significantly higher in diabetic individuals and is more commonly seen in higher age groups and females.

Introduction: Nowadays, drug-addiction realizes one of major public health problem because of its treatments' coasts and its health and families' disturbances. The goal of our study is to describe drug-addicted people profiles viewed in Anjanamasina Madagascar Mental Health Care on 2011 to 2015. Methods: It was a retrospective descriptive and transversal study, carried on 01st January 2011 to 31th December 2015 in Anjanamasina Mental Health Care. Patients' files were checked and on which, wereanalysed: gender, old-group, kinds of drugs, works, living regions, surroundings attitudes and self-insight. Our population wasconstituted by all patients received drug-addiction diagnosis in the end of their care. Results: Thirty cases of toxicomania were found. Cases raised between 2011 to 2012 and then its decreased. 98,5% were men and 1,5% women. They had between 14 to 60 years-old. Youth and adulthood were the most concerned. Teenagers between 15 to 19 years-old represented the 36,19% of cases. They took especially cannabis on 56,52% of cases, alcohol on 26,55%, alcohol and cannabis associated on 16,92%. More than half of them were on joblessness. Thirty-five lived on a rainy and productive land. 95,52% had at least one drug-addicted people in their surroundings. 47,5% came from disturbed families with fighting and violence against their parents and their partners. Thirty percent had difficulty on adaptation and 15% had psychiatric co morbidities. Discussions: Our study shows the same cases as on literacy especially the gender, the important young people touched. Cannabis was the most used product such as worldwide report which would due to joblessness and families’ relationship violence. Summary: Understanding information about the profile of drug-addicted people in Anjanamasina Mental Health Care is important to improve prevention and care against toxico mania in Madagascar.

Fistula in ano, is mostly a chronic and complicated disease. In a field of surgery, patients faced most frequent problem is fistula in ano. It is notorious disease and having more recurrence rate. In Ayurveda, ksharsutra therapy is very effective treatment for fistula in a no. In ayurveda, It was mentioned as mahagad. Fistula originates from anal glands, which are located between the internal and external anal sphincter and drain into anal canal. If the outlet of these glands becomes blocked, abscess can form which can eventually extend to skin surface. The tract formed by this process is fistua. There are many options available for treatment of fistula in a no but due to lack of knowledge patients undergo wrong treatment and worsen disease so focus is drawn on various treatment described in Ayurvedic Samhita as well as modern science to came certain conclusion for making treatment of specific condition of these diseases.

Background: Microvascular complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients and currently their prevalence is increasing in newly diagnosed diabetics1,2,3,4. These complications develop after a long period of asymptomatic hyperglycemia5,6 but are also being diagnosed in newly diagnosed T2DM with varying prevalence. This higher prevalence may be because of delayed diagnosis or earlier development of complications5,6,7, and at present there is limited nationwide data regarding prevalence of microvascular complications in newly diagnosed diabetes patients. Aim: To study the prevalence of microvascular complications in newly diagnosed T2DM patients. Methods: This cross sectional observational study of 150 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics (<6 months duration) was conducted in department of medicine of BRD Medical College Gorakhpur. Every patient was screened for microvascular complications following standard protocol and detailed clinical evaluation was also done. Results: In the study of total 150 patients with mean age 57.9±11.4 years, prevalence of nephropathy, neuropathy and retinopathy was 41.3%, 31.3%, and 14.7% and these complications were associated with risk factors such as hypertension, positive family history, higher HbA1c level and illiteracy. Conclusion: Our study showed high prevalence of microvascular complications in type 2 diabetics at the time of diagnosis in Indian population. In this view, screening must be done in all diabetics for microvascular complications at the time of diagnosis.

Background: Diagnosing thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) can be challenging because the symptoms vary greatly amongst patients with the disorder, thus lending to other conditions including a double crush syndrome. Adjunct diagnostic studies frequently confirm the diagnosis of VTOS (venous thoracic outlet syndrome) and ATOS (arterial thoracic outlet syndrome), but not of NTOS (neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome), so a new diagnostic scale was applied for NTOS. Aim of the study: evaluation of the new diagnostic scale for management of neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. Patients and methods: the new diagnostic scale was applied on a forty patients with neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. They were selected from Al-Azhar University hospitals between Jan 2008 and December 2017.Conservative treatment was decided for all patients for one month, then surgery for the failed cases, then evaluation after 6 months for all the 40 patients. Results: All patients scored below 5(30 patients= 75%) responded well to conservative treatment. While Patients scored 5 and 6(both are 10 patients =25%) had no response to conservative treatment. So, surgery was done.6 months follow up showed improvement of all the studied cases. So this suggested novel scale helped us to decide when to decide conservative treatment and when to do surgery. Conclusion: This suggested novel scale helped us to decide when to decide conservative treatment and when to do surgery.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) refers to the development of parenchymal lung infection after a patient has undergone intubation and received mechanical ventilation (MV) for ≥ 48 hours. The Quantitative Research approach was used in this study. Pre-Experimental one group pre-test and post-test research design was selected for this study. The study population consists of all the staff nurses. Out of 300 samples in pre-test 24 (8%) of them had poor knowledge, 174 (58%) of them had average knowledge, 83 (27.7%) of them had good knowledge, 19 (6.3%) of them had Excellent knowledge. There was a significant association found between the level of knowledge and the selected demographic variable such as “monthly income” and “area of experience”.

A study was carried out to assess the phytoplankton diversity of Pagara reservoir of district Morena of Madhya Pradesh from June 2016 to May 2017. During the study period total 20 species, belonging to six families, were identified. Out of these 9 species belonged to Chlorophyceae, 3 species belonged to Bacillariophyceae, 3 species to Myxophyceae,, 2 species to Euglenophyceae and 1 species to Dinophyceae. Chlorophyceae was the most dominant family with 9 species and Dinophyceae was the least dominant family during the study period.

Background: It is now generally accepted that Vitamin D Deficiency (VDD) is a worldwide health problem that affects not only musculoskeletal health but also a wide range of acute and chronic diseases. The role of VDD in predisposition of TB has been suspected since a long time. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the levels of Vitamin D, to find out the prevalence of VDD and the determinants associated with it among newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients attending Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) center centre RHTC (Rural Health Training Centre) Najafgarh. Methodology: A cross sectional DOTS center based study was conducted among 400 Tuberculosis patients. The study tool comprised of a pre-designed, pre-tested, semi-structured, interviewer administered questionnaire in Hindi. General physical examination and systemic examination was done for all the study participants.3 ml of blood was drawn from the ante-cubital vein using a 24G hypodermic needle and a 5cc plastic syringe. The Calbiotech, Inc. 25-hydroxy (25-OH) Vitamin D ELISA was used for quantitative determination of total 25-OH Vitamin D in human serum and plasma. The data was entered into Microsoft Excel after preparing a Master-chart. Data analysis was done using SPSS software licensed version 21. Chi-square test and Fischer exact test was used to determine the association. Results: Out of 400 study participants, median age was 31 years ranged from a minimum of 7 years to a maximum of 90 years. Males were 66% and females were 44%. VDD was found in 90.5% patients and VDD was significantly associated with vegetarianism, inadequate consumption of dairy products, inadequate sun exposure and low BMI. Conclusion: VDD was highly prevalent in Tuberculosis patients attending DOTS centre Najafgarh Delhi. Main contributing factors were inadequate sun exposure, vegetarianism, inadequate consumption of dairy products & low BMI.

A DNA barcode is a short DNA sequence from a standardized region of the genome used for identifying species. The essential aim of DNA barcoding is to use a large-scale screening of one or more reference genes in order to assign unknown individuals to species, and to enhance discovery of new species (Hebert et al., 2003). Biological taxonomists apply this principle to species classification. The first application of using the DNA sequences in systematic biological taxonomy (also called DNA taxonomy) was conducted by Tautz et al., (2002) and then , Hebert et al., (2003) proposed the concept of DNA Barcoding and suggested its use for a single mtDNA gene, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI), as a common sequence in animal DNA barcoding studies. A unique DNA is a stretch of DNA present in only a single copy in a cell. Genomes contain all the vital genetic solutions discovered by our ancestors in response to all the environmental challenges that they had successfully overcome in the course of evolution. These solutions are maintained by natural selection in the form of unique DNAs. These DNAs give us a chance to successfully overcome similar environmental challenges again and again. The goal of this article is to provide an overview of the rapidly expanding applications of molecular markers (unique sequences within the COX 1 gene) for identifying mosquito species. In the present study, we identify unique sequences in the mosquito COX1 gene using SAS tool.

The storage life of uniform and healthy green Pea pods (Pisum sativum L.) inside a cold storage unit called Ecofrost and at ordinary room conditions was studied from 23 November to 8 December 2016. The pea pods, harvested in the evening session at the horticulture maturity conditions, were then transported within 2 hours and 30 min in an air-conditioned vehicle to the Agricultural Research Laboratory of Ecofrost Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Pune. The selected pea pods were kept in the cold storage unit i.e. Ecofrost. The study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of cold storage conditions (0°C and 93% RH) on the post-harvest weight loss of green peas. The results recorded the lowest average weight loss for the peas (within zip-lock bag with 2% ventilation) inside Ecofrost, around 6.28kg / day / tons for six days of storage. Maximum average weight loss of 113 kg / day / tonne was observed at ordinary room conditions for nearly the same period. Peas stored in the Ecofrost demonstrated a maximum storage life of 12.5 days and became inedible after 15 days (without zip lock bag), to 14 days (within zip-lock bag with 2% ventilation) with very slight (less than 30%) shrivelling and became inedible after 16.5 days.

The consumption of beverages and ready to drink products have emphasized the need to enhance the research and development of beverage industry. This research work aims at development of a ready to drink Spiced Coconut Milk (SCM) thereby replacing the dairy beverages. From a detailed research on the coconut based products available in the market, this new product have been developed with the incorporation of spices and jaggery. In this research, the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is applied to optimize the composition and process conditions of the Spiced Coconut Milk. This method is a collection of statistical and mathematical techniques for empirical model building.

This study aims to find out how the image of self-acceptance on BatakToba parents who have children with severe autism in Medan. This study was conducted on two families of Batak Toba tribe who have the first son of men and crave heavy autism. The sampling technique used purposive and snowballing sampling. The number of informants consists of 2 (two) families who have the first son of men, autistic people and Batak Toba tribe. The research method used is qualitative research method descriptive approach. Techniques of collecting data using interviews, observation and documentation. Analysis of data used is the analysis at the initial level, at the time of data collection and after completion of data collection. The result of this research is in the first family, when knowing that the first child is autistic, the father of the child does not accept the reality so that the feeling of anger, disappointment, embarrassment with the social community (family name community) and feel unsuccessful in building a household ideal. In this family also often occur quarrel between husband and wife. Husband assumes that the wife cannot keep her pregnancy during childbearing process, so feelings of guilt also arise on the wife. This happened for 5 years. In the next development the father begins to accept that his son is an autistic person, caused by the social support of the family and those skilled in the child with special needs. What strengthens families is that autistic children can also be self-sufficient, successful and equal to children in general.It's the same with the second family that this family feels a huge disappointment. This disappointment arises because for this second family, the first son of a boy is the child who will take their clan and give offspring to them. The family is more concerned that the kinship world (patriarchal system) becomes a force for them. Shyness often keeps them from attending family events and even hiding children into rooms when other families come to visit. This happens for 7 years when doctors declare their child is a severe autistic person.The next stage is the stage where the family has received their status as an autistic family. This stage occurs when the family opens up to see that many children are equal to their children but have achievements in the art. The family also often attends seminars from parents with autism, which ultimately leads to the stage of self-acceptance has deficiencies and advantages in the family. Religious support from relatives also contributes to this second family.

Infertility is one of the leading risk factor to affect relationship satisfaction among married population. Current study aims to measure the association relationship between Relationship Satisfaction and Positivity among Infertile Women. Sample was consisting of 70 infertile women with mean age 41.06±8.60, age ranged from 21 to 57. Participants were approached in outdoors of different public hospitals of Faisalabad. Relationship satisfaction was measured by Relationship Assessment Scale-Urdu and Positivity scale-Urdu used to measure Personal Optimism and External Security. Descriptive statistics and bivariate correlation were run in SPSS 21. Findings indicates that Relationship satisfaction has significant positive relationship with external security at p<0.05. Personal Optimism and External Security are highly and positively associated at p<0.01. So, relationship satisfaction is linked with external security but not with personal optimism among infertile women.

Vaccination is induction of immunity by injecting a dead or attenuated form of a pathogen. Periodontal diseases are one such group of infectious bacterial diseases, against which vaccine research is still going on. The complexities in the etiopathogenesis of the periodontal diseases have been the prime obstacle in the hunt for vaccine. The availability of periodontal vaccine would not only prevent or modulate the course of periodontal diseases, but also enhance the quality of life of people for whom periodontal treatment cannot be easily obtained.

Telenursing is a very specialized field of Nursing practice that has advanced in response to the introduction of recent new technologies and modalities with in the health care delivery system. Telenursing has been defined as the use of telecommunication technology in nursing to enhance patient care in remote areas. As health care has become more costly and complex now-a-days due to more challenges to access, telenursing is applied to alleviate these types of problems.

When the level of fiber is increased, it is important to evaluate the impact of this addition upon the nutrients digestibility. The present study evaluated the effect of variation in the amount of total dietary fiber in sow diets, provided from 74 to 87 days of gestation, on the digestibility of nutrients. Thirty-three sows were used in a randomized experimental design. The amounts of total dietary fiber in three treatment diets were 15.6; 22.3 and 28.2%. To increase the amount of dietary fiber, rice grain and soybean meal were partially substituted for defatted rice bran and soybean hulls. The daily consumption of nutrients and energy was similar between the 74 to 87 days of gestation, differing only in the volume of ration consumed, which was 2.1; 2.2 and 2.4 kg/day. During gestation, the increase in total dietary fiber resulted in a significant decrease in the apparent total tract digestibility of total dietary fiber, insoluble dietary fiber e soluble dietary fiber. Increasing the amount of total dietary fiber reduced the digestibility of nutrients, mainly of the total dietary fiber and insoluble dietary fiber.

This study investigated the effect of aqueous extract of cannabis sativa on lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) and creatinine level which are cardiac markers in male Wistar rats. The extract was administered orally at a single dose of 100, 200 and 400 mgkg-1 body weight to the experimental animals daily for 3 weeks. The increase in creatinine level and LDH activity was dose dependent. This present study showes that administration of C. sativa leaf extract at 100, 200 and 400 mgkg-1 increase the activity of LDH and creatinine level which may be deleterious to the heart.

Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] is an important food crop with ability to enhance soil fertility. In northern Ghana, cowpea is the second most important crop after groundnut and a cheap source of protein in the diet, hence it is critical to improve production of the crop. This study assessed the demography, farm characteristics and extent of cowpea cultivation in the Upper East region of Ghana. Multi-stage random sampling technique was used to identify 200 respondents, 179 cowpea farmers and 21 agriculture extension officers in five cowpea growing districts involving closed and opened ended questions. Majority of the farmers (60.9 %) were males between the ages of 21 and 60 (85.5 %), who had no formal education (63.1 %). The agricultural extension officers (AEOs) involved in the study were all males, ranging from 21 years to 56 years, with Higher National Diploma (HND) (47.6 %). In all, 79 % of the cowpea farmers had average cowpea farm sizes of 1-5 acres indicating that cowpea cultivation in the region is on small scale, mostly by subsistent farmers. The level of cowpea cultivation is probably on the increase in the region due to recent access to improved seed and ready market. Farmers employ the use of pesticides and crop rotation in controlling pests and diseases on cowpea. Weed control on cowpea farms is mostly by the traditional weeding using the hoe and cutlass and the use of herbicides. The mode of conservation of cowpea grains includes the use of sieved ashes (42.9 %), insecticides (23.8 %) and plant extracts (9.5 %), involving dried powdered neem tree leaves. On the whole, cowpea is a promising economic crop towards food security and income generation but farm sizes are small. Therefore, cultivation of cowpea has to be given the needed priority and support for farmers to expand their farms to increase productivity.

The histological effect of neem oil on the intestinal tissue of the fresh water catfish Heteropneustes fossilis was investigated. Fishes were exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of neem (Azadirachta indica) oil for 24,48,72 and 96 hrs. The normal intestine of Heteropneustes fossilis is characterized by outer peritoneum of serus longitudinal muscle layer, circular muscle layer, submucosa and mucosa. The mucosa is produced into large number vill, but exposure to neem (Azadirachta indica) oil leads to degeneration of columnar epithelium and necrosis of epithelial cells, damage villi, shrinkage of submucosa and necrosis in circular muscle

Background: The Electronic Health Record known as EHR is the essential document to ensure quality treatment in time to the beneficiary. Normally implementation of EHR involves huge expenditure though it is need of the hour. Our model of EHR known as Minimal Health Record (MHR) under the Chief Minister’s Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme (CMCHISTN) is being implemented without any additional financial support is being deliberated here. Objectives: Creation and sustaining the EHR model with minimal effort and expenditure using the available information and resources. Methods: The information available in the discharge summary given by the hospitals as a part of claim documents is being used to develop our no-cost EHR i.e. Minimal Health Record (MHR). Results and Conclusion: Our EHR that is called Minimal Health Record (MHR) under CMCHISTN is possible without any additional effort and expenditure, where the individual service provider is generating it as a part of service provision, regulated by standards of the Government and the data is made available to the beneficiary.

Animal models have contributed new data and findings in medical sciences, including periodontology. Selection of the ideal animal model depends on the similarity of the periodontium and the disease condition to that of humans. There is no single model which can represent periodontal tissues exactly similar to humans. The most common animal models used are dogs and non-human primates, although other animals (rats, mice, hamsters, rabbits, miniature pigs, ferrets, and sheep) have also been frequently used. Dog models have contributed significantly to the current understanding of periodontology. In this review, we have highlighted few important aspects of animal models with a brief description of models used in periodontology.

Introduction: The incidence of diabetes mellitus is increasing tremendously throughout the world especially in developing countries. This disease affects various organs like eyes, nerves, kidneys and heart. Pulmonary complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) have been poorly characterized. Moreover, the duration of glycemic control have varied impact on the pulmonary function. Aims and objectives: To study the effect of DM on PEFR and its relationship with duration of the disease. Material and method: The study was carried out in the department of physiology M.G.M Medical College Aurangabad. Total 90 subjects were included in the studies &were grouped in 3 groups of 30 subject in each respectively. Group I consist of 30 age and socio-economically matched apparently healthy non diabetic subject were randomly selected from the OPD mainly the relatives of patients. Group II consist of 30 type 2 DM patients with the duration of 5 to 10 years of disease. Group III consist of 30 type 2 diabetic patients with duration of 10 to 20 years of disease. The PEFR of all the subjects were measured by spirowin, a computerized spirometer. Blood samples were taken for heamatologicl and biochemical parameters. The data were analysed by one way ANOVA, unpaired students “t” and Pearsons correlation coefficient tests. Results: The mean percentage of predicted values of PEFR in non diabetic male was within normal range. But it was significantly (p <0.001) lower in both the groups of type 2 diabetic male compared to those of non diabetic male. PEFR was lower in the patients of longer duration as compared to those of shorter duration. Conclusion: PEFR is lower in type2 diabetic male and is inversely related to the duration of the disease.

Cerambycidae is one of the biggest families of Coleoptera. Members are popularly known as Longhorn Beetles, world-widely distributed from sea level to mountains. In the districts of West Bengal diversity, detailed ecology of many species is inadequately documented. Thus, main aims of the present study were documentation of species, habitats and other ecological behaviors in District Howrah, West Bengal, India through regular field survey method. A total of 13 species of Longhorn Beetles belonging to 12 genera of two sub families’ viz., Cerambycinae and Lamiinae were documented in between February 2013- October 2017 from the district Howrah, West Bengal, India. Among 13 Cerambycid species five species are newly recorded from the area, viz., Xystrocera globosa (Olivier, 1795), Apomecyna saltator (Fabricius, 1787), Cremnosterna Aurivillius, 1920, Pseudanaesthetis langana (Pic, 1922) and Rondibilis J. Thomson, 1857. We can conclude from our study that as a non forest district Howrah contain a good number of species of Longhorn Beetles. Our study gives a baseline data for the Longhorn Beetles of Howrah district which will help for further study on them.

The analysis of dust polluted leaves were carried out .The effect of dust on phenolic and protein contents of plant leaves were determined in different plants .The estimation of Phenolic compounds and Protein compound was carried out in leaves. Total fifteen plants were assayed for the presence of amount of biochemical components in dust deposited leaves. The survey of dust polluted leaves were made in the campus of the Govt. Vidarbha Institute of Science and Humanities in Amravati. It is found that Bauhinia variegata L. has shown minimum amount of phenolic contents in dust polluted leaves (2.212µg/µL) while in Polyalthia longifolia L .(son.).Th. it was found 112.93 µg/µL. The Protein content in dust polluted leaves were found minimum in Bougainvillea spectabilis L (6.55 µg/µL )and maximum in Ficus benghalensis L(178.96 µg/µL ) .It is observed that size and surface texture of leaves affect the capturing of dust particles and maximum dust deposition on the leaves which affect directly and indirectly on the physiological activities taking place in the leaves .

Urban greening refers to any vegetation effort including the planting of trees, shrubs, grass or agricultural plots whose design is intended to improve the environmental quality, economics opportunity or aesthetic value associated with a cities landscape. For the present study tree Bauhinia purpurea, linn.; were selected for the physico-chemical parameters of tree canopy soil, mineral profile of the litter formed by the selected tree canopy, microbial flora of the selected tree canopy soils were analyzed. Hence, the present study the aim is to improve our quality of life in an increasingly densely populated, fast-living world. People have to find then way back to natural and green open spaces that become more and more important for our personal development, wellbeing and recreation due to increasing urbanization.

Purpose of Study: The purpose of this paper is to review literature on the factors behind Asian firms, an example for emerging African firms to emulate. Design and Methodology: This is a literature review. Research limitations/Implications: The idea of SMEs is an old one, as old as when the first business was thought of by the human race. But the factors, philosophy and strategy behind the SMEs success of Asian firms is unique to Asian firms. The review was limited in terms of the theories that explain the process of success of the small and medium enterprises. Practical Implications: The concept of starting a business has to come naturally from the individual without influence of family members, friends, work associates or government policies. This enables the entrepreneur to stands a better change to persevere when conditions are not favouring business performance. Originality/Value: The paper fills the gap in the literature review in that it highlights what has been done by majority of Asian firms and their success secrets and how the same may be replicated by African start-up and emerging firms.

Rupture of Measles is highly contagious diseases. It is caused by paramyxovirus, with a secondary attack rate in excess of 80% that usually affects children. WHO (World Health organisation) with NPSP (National Polio Surveillance Project) and Measles Elimination and Rubella Control Programme is working rapidly in the field of measles elimination in the Bihar. Government of Bihar with IDSP (Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme) is also involved in the measles immunization and surveillance. Objective:- The purpose of the study is to study the epidemiology of measles in the Bihar during January 2016 to December 2016. Material and Methods:-Study was carried out between Jan-2016 to Dec- 2016 on the data of WHO-NPSP Measles and Rubella Elimination Programme. Department of Microbiology, Patna Medical College, Patna has WHO accredited Lab for Measles and Rubella Testing. WHO case definition is used to define measles cases / outbreak. Conclusion: -The finding highlighted proper surveillance and routine immunization of measles in Bihar.

Context: Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is widely used for fabrication of removable dental prosthesis, but it is still insufficient to fulfil the mechanical requirements for dental applications. Aims: Comparative evaluation of addition of carbon nano fillers and graphene and its effect on impact strength and flexural strength of Autopolymerized Acrylic resin. - an in vitro study Methods and Materials: Characterisation of carbon nanofillers (MWCNTs) and graphene were done to check the purity, diameter and size using FT RAMAN & FESEM. Monomer without microaddition acted as control group. Nanofillers by weight were added in monomer in different percentages 0.50% by weight for group b and group c and combination of 0.25% by weight of graphene and 0.25% by weight of carbon for group d. Nanofillers were subjected to probe sonification apparatus for uniform dispersion. Polymer and monomer containing nanofillers were mixed according to the groups and packed in the mold and processed according to conventional method.80 specimens were fabricated and divided into four groups according to the test.The retrieved specimens were kept in artificial saliva before testing. Universal maching and izod impact testing machine was used to check impact and flexural strength. Statistical analysis used: Kruskall Wallis ANOVA and Mann Whitney test. Results: 0.5% by weight of carbon nanofillers showed highest flexural and impact strength of PMMA resin followed by graphene and by combination of 0.25% by weight of carbon and0.25% by weight of graphene nanofillers.

A description of the transition metal ions especially copper(II), iron(III), uranium(VI) and thorium(IV) based on the toxicity of the elements on human organs is included. A brief description of the electron rich species interacting with copper (II), iron(III), uranium(\/I) and thonum(IV) metal ions is also included.

In this work, the structural and vibrational studies for the most stable conformer of the anticancer drug Bis-chloroethylnitrosourea (BCNU) or Carmustine have been carried out at the DFT/B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level using the Gaussian 09 software. It was predicted to exist predominantly in non-planar structure. The FT-IR (400–4000 cm-1), FT-Raman spectra (300–4000 cm-1) and UV-Vis spectra (200-400 nm) of BCNU were recorded and analyzed in light of the computed vibrational parameters using DFT (density functional theory) and the PEDs (Potential energy distribution) computed with the help of the GAR2PED software. The total and partial density of state and overlap population density of state diagrams analysis are presented for the BCNU molecule. Furthermore, molecular electrostatic potential, are performed. In addition to these, reduced density gradient of the BCNU molecule is performed and discussed. Stability of the molecule arising from hyper conjugative interactions, charge delocalization has been analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The HOMO-LUMO energy gap reveals that the energy gap reflects the chemical activity of the molecule. The thermodynamic functions of the title compound have been performed by B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p). In addition, hyperpolarizability and molecular docking calculations were performed in order to find its role in non-linear optics and anticancer activity.

Lanthanide(III), Cerium(III), Praseodymium(III), neodymium(III), Samarium(III), gadolinium(III), terbium(III), dysprosium(III) and yttrium(III) complexes of Schiff bases derived from ferrocenyl keto acid and 2quinolinoyl hydrazine (H2L) and Ferrocenyl keto acid and 8quinolinoyl hydrazine (H2L1) have been prepared. The complexes are of the type [Ln(HL)L](H2O)n, [Ln(HL1)L1](H2O)n (n=12) and [Ln(HL1)L1] and these have been characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, conductance measurements. Magnetic moments thermal analysis, infrared and electronic absorption spectra. Nephelauxetic ratio () and covalency factor (b1/2) have been determined for neodymium(III) complexes, which indicate some covalent character in these complexes.

The unabated growth in crimes in India causes concern to apply meta-analysis and demonstrate the predictors of anti-social behaviour. The ability to estimate whether someone prompts to commit a crime in the future through a meta-stacked framework which can handle imbalanced Big-data is presented in this paper. Several ensemble classifiers investigate various questions concerning the professional and private lives and evaluate them for parameter tuning on cross validation. The learning algorithms apply posterior probability on factors which affects the human crimes the most to predict if the people in the test data will commit a crime, accounting for the psychological aspects of human activities and study of those. Results show improved accuracy of 95.78 % by employing the MSEPA(Meta Stack Ensemble Probabilistic Algorithm) presented in the work.

Background: Hyperlipidemia is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is primarily treated by statins. The present survey was conducted to understand the prescribing practices of physicians and cardiologists in managing patients of dyslipidemia with various statins. Methods: This was a prospective, cross sectional, questionnaire-based survey of Indian physicians and cardiologists managing the patients of dyslipidemia with statins. The questionnaire consisting of 10 questions related to the use of statins in the management of dyslipidemia in real-world clinical settings was prepared, validated and then administered to physicians and cardiologists attending CSI 2016. Results: Responses from 358 physicians and cardiologists were received. Compared to other statins, most physicians experienced maximum reduction in the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (56.7%), triglycerides (47.2%) and maximum increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (48.3%) with rosuvastatin. Rosuvastatin was reported as the most preferred statin by the physicians in their clinical practice for primary prevention (50.6%) and secondary prevention (49.4%) of CVD followed by atorvastatin (38.5% and 31%, respectively). Physicians preferred rosuvastatin over atorvastatin in patients with diabetes mellitus or metabolic syndrome (53.4% vs 27.7%), while atorvastatin was preferred over rosuvastatin in patients with chronic kidney disease (44.4% vs 32.4%) and chronic heart failure (46.9% vs 34.6%). Amongst the statins, the highest dose tolerable was that of rosuvastatin 40 mg (39.9%). Conclusion: The survey findings suggest that rosuvastatin was the most preferred stat in among cardiologists and physicians, followed by atorvastatin in the management of patients with hyperlipidaemia and for primary and secondary prevention of CVD.

This study sought to assess how leadership-related factors such as emotional intelligence, project leader motivation, leadership power and influence, leadership competence and project leader team work affect project performance. Total Kenya Limited like other oil marketers has faced leadership challenges in the undertakings of its projects. As a result of poor leadership the company continues to face drastic uncontrollable market factors such as ultra-modern and expansive retail network by its competitors, entry of other oil companies in the non-fuel business projects, inadequate fuel storage capacity due to increased demand, use of modern fuel dispensing facilities by other oil marketers, government price control measures among others that necessitate strong leadership skills for ultimate performance of the company. The aim of this study was to illustrate how emotional intelligence, leader power and influence, project team work, team leader motivation and competence influenced the performance of projects in Total Kenya. The study involved use of descriptive research design. A sample of 85 employees was drawn from a target population of 170 employees in the operations and project development department using stratified random sampling. A questionnaire was used to collect data where each respondent filled and submitted a structured questionnaire that was given to them. The findings were analyzed and presented by way of charts, frequency, mean, regression analysis, graphs and tables. The results were then to be used to improve project efficiency and develop good leadership plans of managing projects in the oil industry. The findings of the study revealed that project leaders in Total Kenya; are not emotionally intelligent and competent, do not embrace teamwork spirit among their members, lacks teamwork motivation and do not use their power and influence properly. However, further study should be carried out on multiple projects in other oil companies to provide a more insight on the effect of leadership on project performance.

An ad hoc wireless network is a temporary and dynamic environment where a group of mobile nodes with radio frequency transceivers communicate with each other without the intervention of any centralized administration or established infrastructure. Due to the limited transmission range of each mobile node, communication sessions between two nodes are usually established through a number of intermediate nodes, which are supposed to be willing to cooperate while forwarding the messages they receive to their destination. Unfortunately, some of these intermediate nodes might not be trustworthy and might be malicious, thereby forming a threat to the security and/or confidentiality of the exchanged data between the mobile nodes. This paper proposed a partially distributed dynamic model for security against such misbehaving nodes and ensured secure routing in mobile ad hoc networks and it also proposes to make network time delay efficient. The proposed scheme is partially distributed in the sense that supplementary information is propagated amongst nodes implicitly during route establishment rather than the flooding of explicit packets. This supplementary information (in the form of GMC) is used as a cautionary measure against misbehaviour of a node rather than directly considering the accused node as “misbehaving”. Co-operation is induced first, using a dynamic time-out based mechanism that threatens misbehaving nodes by blocking all communications with them in accordance to the severity of their misbehaviour. The timer for which a node is blocked depends upon past communication with that node and the frequency of its misbehaviour locally, i.e., LMC and globally, i.e., GMC. Different weights are assigned to both LMC and GMC for efficacy of system performance. Secondly, a dynamic credit allotment mechanism that reciprocates a node’s behaviour by allotting Chips to it is employed. It precisely examines the overall behavior of a node in the network by considering not only its forwarding behaviour with the host node but also supplementary information received regarding its behaviour from other nodes. It was also concluded that if we use least spaning tree for the MANET then the time efficiency has been increased.

The creation of landslide susceptibility maps is a critical step in helping organizers, local authorities, and policy makers with disaster planning. As such, the reliability of these landslide susceptibility maps is essential for decreasing loss of life and property. Increasing populations and settlements in sloped areas have generally enhanced the effect of landslides. In this study, a geographic information system and analytical hierarchy process were used to determine landslide susceptibility zones in Burdur province. For this purpose, ten parameters; distance to fault, wetness index, slope aspect, distance to stream, rainfall, distance to road, curvature, land cover, slope gradient and lithology were selected as conditioning factors associated with active landslides. The results of this study indicate that 11.63% of the investigation area has a high susceptibility and 1.57% has a very high susceptibility. The findings of this study are important for long-term land use planning, emergency decisions, minimization of potential landslide hazards, and saving lives.

In a globally dynamic business environment, continual training is a key driver of sustainable employee performance in the 21st century organizations. A survey of Kenya firms revealed that on average, businesses allocate 3% of their operating budgets to private security services and security upgrade. The main objective of the study is to determine the influence of training on employee performance in the Private Security Industry in Kenya. The study sought to improve employee performance, efficiency, and effectiveness in service delivery. The study adopts descriptive research design and positivism research paradigm; study unit of observation was the Private Security Guards. The target population is 150,000 and the sample size was 213. Kaiser-Meyer-Oklin was used to measure of sample adequacy. Purposive and systematic random sampling technique was adopted. The pilot test of 10% of sample size was used. Test for validity was done through Bartlet’s sphericity test. Reliability was determined through Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha. Triangulation was adopted in data collection tools. The study adopted descriptive data analysis, use of statistical inferences and hypothesis testing. The Data Analysis was done with the help of STATA Version 13.0. The quantitative data was presented through tables and descriptive statistics analysis, correlation, regression and ANOVA was adopted in the analysis. The study found a practical and statistically significant positive relationship between training and employee performance at regression coefficient of 1.112, t-value = 2.63 and P-Value 0.010. Interpretation: the magnitude of the coefficient of training is 1.112; this implies that, ceteris paribus, a one unit change in the score of training leads to 1.112 units change in the score of employee performance. Hence, training is a key driver in the PSI. The study recommends focus on offering relevant and effective training, identifying approved training centers, have a well developed standard training curriculum and improved terms and condition of employment.

On a global basis, the combined agricultural emissions of Nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) account for about 20% of the annual increase in radiative forcing of climate change. Quantification of these gas emissions from soil is difficult because of their large spatial and temporal variability. Field experiments were carried out at Tamil Nadu, South India during 2010-2011 quantifies the green house gas (GHG) emissions from conventional flooded rice – rice and futuristic maize – rice cropping systems with minimum tillage. Futuristic system reduced seasonal methane emission in rabi rice by ten times (66.6 to 6.5 kg CH4 ha-1) as compared to conventional rice-rice system. Significant amounts of N2O emission were also observed during the early stage of the kharif rice under conventional system (9.98 kg N2O ha-1) that might probably due to nitrate accumulation from previous black gram crop. Seasonal N2O emission in maize increased from 2.47 to 8.07 kg N2O ha-1with increasing N levels from 0 to 300 Kg N ha-1. The CO2 emissions measured were only from dark respiration since opaque chambers were used. It was only in the maize plots that significant CO2 emissions were detected. The CO2 emission rates were higher at initial stage of crop growth with maximum rate of 10066 mg m-2 d-1. Overall, the annual Global Warming Potential (GWP) was found to be three times higher in conventional system (6289 CO2 equivalents ha-1 yr-1) as compared to futuristic system (1944 CO2 equivalents ha-1 yr-1). In both systems, GWP was higher in kharif season than in rabi season. Under conventional system, GWP was 4624 CO2 equivalents ha-1 in kharif and 1665 CO2 equivalents ha-1 in rabi whereas under the conventional system it was 1743 CO2 equivalents ha-1 in kharif and 201 CO2 equivalents ha-1 in rabi. System rice equivalent yield increased by around 58% under the futuristic as compared to the conventional system mainly due to better rice yields during rabi rice under the futuristic as compared with the conventional system.

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is a major medical, social, and economic problem in both developed and developing countries. It often affects all life domains from fairly basic self-care activities to advance and complex social interactions, work, and leisure activities and eventually has a profound impact on quality of life. The aim of the study was planned to investigate the health-related quality of life with chronic low back pain patients and to examine the effect of clinical and activity levels of patients on the quality of life. Materials and Methods: Our study consisted of 400 patients who had a diagnosis of chronic low back pain in Orthopedics and Traumatology Department of DEU Medical Faculty Hospital. A total of 400 patients (200 male) and (200 female) were included, ranging in age from 18 to 62 years (mean ± SD 27.25 ± 10.68). Demographic data, occupational status, education status, body mass index (BMI). Pain were evaluated in our study. Visual analogue scale (VAS), functional status and quality of life were used in the Nottingham health profile questionnaire (NHP). Also the functional independence measures (FIM) were evaluated. Result: patients and control groups were examined according to demographic characteristics; There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of the sex ratios of the cases and the BMI values (p> 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between groups in terms of age, occupation and educational status of the cases (p <0.05). The VAS, NHP scores of the patient group were statistically higher than the control group, age and VAS pain scores (p <0.05). The total FIM scores of the patient group were found to be statistically higher than the total FIM scores of the control group (p <0.05). With the VAS values of the cases; There was a statistically significant correlation between NHP scores in the positive direction and total FIM score values in the negative direction (p <0.05). There was a statistically significant correlation between total FIM scores and all other variables in the negative direction (p <0.05). Conclusion: In patients with chronic low back pain, the increase in pain severity resulted in a reduction in functional status and quality of life.

In India there are more than 1300 accidents happening each day and more than 400 people are losing their life. In which many people are dying just because they can’t reach the hospitals at time. It is mainly because the emergency vehicles like ambulance get stuck in traffic signals for a long time, which costs life. So to avoid this problem, we have come up with an idea to design an advanced system that controls traffic signals during emergency situations and provide easy passage for emergency vehicles. When an emergency situation comes, the module contained in the emergency vehicles will send an emergency signal to the traffic control unit at a particular distance away from the signal. Upon recieving this emergency signal, the traffic control unit identifyes the distance betwen the vehicle and the traffic signal and also the path in which the emergency vehicle is coming. Then the traffic control unit turns grenn light on the path in which the emergency vehicle is coming and turns red on other paths. So that, by the time the emergency vehicle reaches the signal, the path will be clear and it can pass through the signal easily thereby saving lives. This is the main working procedure of the system.

E-learning is witnessing a big pace in education field and has a significant role in higher education due to the rapid and huge development in technology. Smart book is one of these developments that has enriched the educational process and has its influence on students’ performance. This research studies the effect of smart e-book on the pass rate of students in an IT course at the Arab Open University branches in six Middle East countries and investigates and deduces the factors that affect the obtained results.

The term high-strength concrete (HSC) is generally used for concrete with compressive strength higher than 41MPa. ACI Committee had defined High Strength Concrete (HSC) is the concrete that can attain specified compressive strength for design of at least 41MPa, or more. With the development of high grade cement and availability of proper mineral admixtures and chemical admixtures, it has become quite common to adopt concrete with compressive strength of 60MPa and above. Development of high strength concrete has made it possible to build taller and long span structures. But it has been proved that the comparatively higher compressive strength of High Strength Concrete is an attractive profit from engineering characteristics and economic point of view whereas, the strength behaves against the ductility of concrete by welcoming brittleness pronouncedly. To improve the ductility of High Strength Concrete, a strategy is to introduce steel in High Strength Concrete which results in development of a material with reasonable tensile strength and greater toughness which prevents the initiation and propagation of cracks. Plain concrete and High Strength Concrete possess a very low tensile strength, limited ductility and little resistance to cracking. Internal micro cracks are present in the concrete and its poor tensile strength is due to the propagation of such micro cracks. In plain concrete, structural cracks (micro-cracks) develop even before loading, due to drying shrinkage or other causes of volume change. The width of these initial cracks is few microns, but their other dimensions may be of higher magnitude. When loaded, the micro cracks propagate and open up, and additional cracks form in places of minor defects. The development of such micro cracks is the main cause of inelastic deformations in concrete. The addition of small closely spaced and uniformly dispersed fibers to concrete would act as crack arrester and would substantially improve its static and dynamic properties. This type of concrete is known as Fiber Reinforced Concrete.

Providing feedback in language learning is an essential step in the learning process, but the question has always been what type of feedback and when and how to provide it. Some support the idea of providing direct corrective feedback, while others support the idea of indirect corrective feedback. This study investigated two Grade 7 EFL classes with one operating as the control group and the other as the treatment group; the former received direct correction where the teacher provided the model, and the latter received indirect correction where the teacher indicated the occurrence and location of the error. Then the teacher gave the treatment group their papers back to rewrite them at home and bring them back to get the final grade. Both groups were given pre and post-tests to check their achievement. The purpose of the study was to check whether indirect feedback and "rewrite" as a way of feedback is a better way for language learning than traditional corrective feedback. The results showed that indirect correction contributed more to language learning. Finally, the researcher interviewed the teacher and asked about her experience with the two classes after the implementation of the experiment. She reported that students in the treatment group not only improved their writing, but they became more motivated as a result of the "rewrite".

Translation is an art of transcreating the source text and making it readable for the target language audience. In other words, it is a process of decoding the source language text and encoding it in the target language. The main objective of this paper is to discuss the problems faced by the translator while translating poetry. The essence of poetry lies behind the experience of the poet. Similarly, the translation and the translator may not have the same experience, which has been undergone by the original author. Yet, there may be loss of emotions that the translator must be well-read and should have the mastery over the languages. The problems faced by the translator will be discussed in detail in this paper with regard to the theoretical approach.

The controversy surrounding the POSCO project has clearly emerged as a struggle around material issues of livelihood and the economic future of local communities in coastal Jagatsinghpur and the Khandadhar hills of Keonjhar and Sundergerh. The local community in the three gram panchayats of Dhinkia, Nuagaon and Gada Kujanga clearly see the agrarian economy, based primarily around betel vine, as one that assures them a future. However, the Government of Orissa claims that the POSCO project, among others, is a crucial part of the economic advancement of the State. Large industrial projects such as POSCO are often seen as valuable to a local economy because of the employment they generate. Both sides – those opposed to the POSCO project and those promoting it argue their positions based on claims centered around the local economy. Therefore, there is an inherent comparison that is already in place. When those promoting the project argue for it, the underlying message is always that this will benefit the local community and its economy, and therefore the fears that are being expressed are faulty. On the other hand, those opposing the project express the fear that the new economy that will be imposed on them is bound to make their lives worse.

Whatever else education is deemed to be, it is incontestable that it at least involves the transmission of knowledge. Considerable time and effort is thus devoted to this task in our schools. Teachers are trained to be sufficiently equipped with skills in a specialized subject area, thereby passing on to their students the knowledge they have acquired. Educational leaders have done much to ensure that knowledge is transmitted effectively in schools, and this task minimally requires that those who teach are proficient in the art and science of teaching. Notwithstanding this pedagogic orientation, we shall argue that it is logically ironic, if not paradoxical, that leadership in education has focused so much on the transmission of knowledge that we are left with little, if any, understanding of what knowledge itself is. We thus know much about the art and science of teaching, but we remain philosophically naive on the critical question of what it really means ‘to know’. The reason we believe this is such an important question for educational leaders, and indeed for us all, is that whatever account is given of knowledge, it is clear upon reflection that knowledge is not value-free. In what follows we shall argue that the dominant forms of knowledge and the modality of technology which are essentially reconfigured applications of it, are perniciously value laden. To put it euphemistically, the ideological pills we sometimes unwittingly swallow with the pedagogic elixirs we imbibe end up being far more intoxicating than we ever expected. Without understanding the values covertly imparted with the knowledge we transmit in our schools, the way in which we inform, shape and condition the moral and socio-cultural consequences of our propaedeutic proficiencies will remain unknown to us. This being so, we will have no philosophical sense of whether the knowledge we transmit does a service or disservice to the deeper goals and purpose of education. Once the philosophical rationale which provides the purpose for teaching is lost, so is the purpose of learning. Without grounding education in a philosophical framework of purposive principles, education becomes exploited by vested interests as the primary tool by way of which society unreflectively reproduces itself. Education, that is to say, is co-operatised and managerially regulated as an ideology of consumerism within which all relationships are ultimately commodified for utilitarian, not humanitarian purposes. In the final analysis we remain in ignorance of whether what is taught in our schools is genuinely worth knowing. In turn we lose sight of the truth that what we teach is a form of knowledge which, by its very nature, is fundamentally depersonalising, disconnecting, self-fragmenting and alienating, and perhaps not worth teaching at all. When this happens, the next query is whether schools of this kind are worth having at all.

The intent of this study was to assess the shortcomings of implementation of National Agricultural Extension Policy (NAEP) reforms on agricultural food production and poverty status among small-scale farmers in Siaya and Kilifi Districts. Ex-post facto survey design was used and three semi structured questionnaires and one focus group discussion guide were used to collect data from policy makers as key informants, administrators in extension service provision and extension workers. Findings indicated that effective implementation of NAEP was hampered by failure to legalise NAEP as a government policy document prior to implementation, the process used for capacity building the extension workers was ineffective due lack of planning by planners and this resulted in inadequate funds, the restructuring of the Ministry of Agriculture, staff movement during implementation process which destabilised the process of implementation, and absence of organizational support for NAEP implementation. The paper recommends development of policies that will ensure the Ministry of Agriculture prepare a policy that will encourage training of specialists in policy making process and induction of new officers and continuous training for serving officers to be familiar with policies that are introduced into the system. Employment of planners and training and collaboration activities intended for the purpose of ensuring effective implementation of policies should be planned for in the budget and effectively implemented. This will avoid the mistakes that are made during policy making and have adverse effect during implementation process and use of trickledown of information that delays or hampers implementation of policies.

Two years B.Ed course has brought drastic changes in the field of teacher education. One among that is school exposure for 2 weeks in the semester 1 and 2. School exposure programme is a pre-requisite for a trainee teacher. It is rightly regarded as the most crucial part of any teacher education programme. It provides a platform for trainee teachers to the real classroom situation. It involves an actual practice in engaging and exposing themselves in planning, preparing instructional materials for regular subject teachers. Trainee teachers’ have undergone two weeks school exposure programme in different types of schools (state, CBSE, ICSE and government). The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and usefulness of school exposure programme. The researcher has collected data from 50 trainee teachers through simple random sampling. Objectives of the study were (i) to identify the role and management of the department (ii) to find out the problems and challenges emerged during school exposure programme (iii) to impart certain skills of teaching during the programme (iv) to suggest measures for the better improvement of the programme. The research questions were also framed followed by objectives. The investigator analyzed the obtained data by suitable statistical test and interpreted the same. The results of the study showed that this kind of programme is of crucial importance and has positive and remarkable impact on the trainee teachers for the further knowledge.

This study aimed to find out the taxonomy of social acceptability indicators for K to 12 Program. The descriptive survey design utilizing a questionnaire-checklist was used in the study. The respondents of the study were teachers and parents of selected Public Elementary Schools in the three districts of Zamboanga del Norte during the School Year 2015 – 2016. There were 240 teacher-respondents and 240 parent-respondents employed in the study. Out of 240 respondents, 80 were taken in every district. The statistical tools used in the study were the frequency and percentage count. The study revealed that the teachers and parents have different views regarding the taxonomy of social acceptability indicators of K to 12 Program with respect to pupil development, teachers’ preparedness, curriculum relevance and material resources. This implies that they have different priorities and level of acceptance of the program. The most encountered problems in the implementation of K to 12 Program were in sufficient facilities and equipment and lack of awareness among parents. It is recommended that additional classrooms should be built for accommodation of incoming bulk of students. Parents should be well-informed on the implementation for K to 12 Curriculum to make them aware of the quality of education being given to their children. Adequate physical facilities should be provided in the implementation of K to 12 Curriculum for better teaching-learning process.

Frost is one of the most serious threats to the subtropical horticulture in the Western plains and lower Himalayan region. Modulations in leaf water and lipid content and their linkage to low temperature acclimation process have been worked out in twenty five subtropical fruit plant species through relative electrolyte leakage (REL) studies. Acclimation values of different species were calculated on the basis of REL (%) observed under open field and polyhouse grown plants. Mechanism of frost stress tolerance in different species has also been highlighted through these studies. The species studied have been found fall under six distinct categories as far as modulation in leaf water, lipid and acclimation level acquired (adjudged through the decrease in relative electrolyte leakage upon freezing exposure) was concerned. In many of the species studied this mechanism has been explained but some of the species still need further investigations for verification of the processes associated with the acquisition tolerance to the low temperature stress in these plants.

Consumer’s rights are inalienable rights that must be protected by the consumers, business organizations and the government. Public policies emanate from the government of a state and are geared towards regulating business relationships among the citizenry or distributing social amenities to individuals and communities. The CPC was established by the CPC Act,1992 and charged with the responsibility to promote, protect, and safeguard the rights and interest of consumers with respect to the consumption of goods and services. Consumer protection in Nigeria had remained at the lowest ebb in spite of the prevalence of administrative and regulatory framework. This work observes that although the CPC Act recognized the right of consumers, it does not specifically provide how these rights should be enforced, as they were merely implied and subsumed into the function of the CPC. Consumer awareness of these protective laws is low, which is evidenced in the near absence of litigation against sellers even in cases of obvious infringement. Ordinarily, the CPC should be proactive in safeguarding the rights and welfare of consumers in Nigeria. This work is an expository examination of the CPC Act in Nigeria and appraises the role of CPC in the protection of Consumers in Nigeria. The paper also discusses the major problems encountered by consumers in production process, the causes of disparity in power relation between the producers and consumers, the role of regulatory and administrative bodies in solving these problems, the effectiveness, redress and enforcement mechanisms and the control of monopoly. The ultimate goal is to determine the reasonableness or otherwise of tinkering with the CPC Act, 1992 for better Consumer Protection in Nigeria.

The ecosystem services provided by coastal zones have been severely affected by anthropogenic activities. The purpose of this study was to determine both the perception of residents of a coastal town on their environmental issues; as well as the empirical knowledge that they have developed over the years, with which environmental education strategies can be established for the sustainable use of their natural resources. The study was carried out in three localities settled around the Nuxco lagoon, Guerrero, Mexico, applying surveys to settlers and interviews with key informants. The results show that the inhabitants perceive strong anthropogenic pressures both in their locality and in the water body, which is an essential part of their economic activities and sustenance for their families. The perception and the environmental knowledge manifested must be considered in environmental education programs and in the design of strategies for the mitigation and prevention of anthropogenic impacts in the community.

This paper is intended to provide an overview of the importance of adaptation to climate change and to present the adaptive capacities of Albania smallholders. Extreme weather events for example floods in winter and droughts in summer are occurring more frequently and inducing big losses in rural areas of Albania. Climate change poses the risk of much greater impacts in Albanian farms due to its demonstrated conditions and low level of adaptive capacities. Overall the questionnaires resulted that smallholders in Albania besides; poor irrigation system; insufficient use of water resources; high production cost, are now suffering from an increase of extreme weather events throughout the year. From the interviews of 185 smallhoders in the Shkodra region and discussion with15 experts, we concluded that smallholders had faced many challenges as result of changes of climate patterns and showed low level of adapting capacities. As a consequence, according to questionnaires and experts, minimal adaptation measures were taken by both farmers and government hence more governmental intervention was needed.

Teaching Malay Language Literacy Program is part of the Literacy and Numeracy Screening (LINUS) Program to be carried out to the pupils of level 1 in primary school. These skills are very important and needs to be mastered by all pupils of level 1 pupils before they can proceed to level 2. The failure of pupils to master these skills will certainly affect their proficiency in other subjects. This study aims to determine strategies implemented in teaching of Malay language literacy of level 2 in schools situated in Sarawak. The key point that has been focused in this study is the implementation of teacher's teaching in terms of strategy that is in line with the expectations to improve the academic performance of Sarawak's inland schools. This study is a case study using a qualitative approach with purposive sampling techniques. A total of three teachers who taught Malay language level 2 were selected as interviewed respondents and supported by observation and documented data analysis. Data were analyzed using ATLAS. tiversion 7.5.18 software. The findings of the study found that structured teaching was very effective in teaching Malay language literacy for Penan school. The implications of this study indicates that Malay language level 2 teachers need to plan their teaching in accordance with school climate. The Ministry of Malaysian Education should be concerned about infrastructure facilities in Sarawak's interior schools to keep up with the schools in the city. With the complete facilities in the interior schools can certainly provide the comfort of teachers and help to improve the academic performance of the students as a whole.

Although lower extremity is used as primer in football, upper extremities are very important for stability, speed and accelaration. The anthropometric properties of the athletes are one of necessary prerequisites for success that affect the performance. The hand grip strength is accepted as an objective measure for evaluation of upper extremity performance. The aim of our study is to investigate the effects of upper extremity’s anthropometric properties, age, height and weight of football players on hand grip strength. 25 male football players participated in this study who are training at least 8 hours a week and have been playing football for at least 5 years. Football players’ age, height, weight, anthropometric measurements (length of the upper extremity, circumference of the arm and forearm) and hand grip strength were measured. Measurements were performed for both dominant and non-dominant extremities. As a result, a significant correlation between length of the right upper extremity and the right hand grip strength was found (p<0,05). There was no significant correlation between age, height, weight and hand grip strength of football players (p>0,05). There was no significant difference between grip strengths of dominant and non-dominant extremities (p>0,05). When the obtained data were evaluated, it was thought that the relationship between length of the right upper extremity and the right hand grip strength of football players exists due to being dominant side. It was concluded that anthropometric measurements may have an effect on muscle strength but does not provide sufficient information about muscle strength and therefore muscle strength should be evaluated separately.

Climate Change has been considered as the prominent global effect in the present scenario, impacting all spheres of the planet. Global warming has been considered as an global concern. Even in Sikkim too, its impact are occuring in reality. This paper tries to study on the perception of residents of Samdur, Gangtok ward 16, East Sikkim about their awareness on climate change and its impact on human health. Through the survey, it was found that about 90% people were aware of the ongoing climate change and believed that climate change was duely to be the change in weather, furthermore they were also acknowledged with the impacts of climate change on human health and their trending disease pattern and mainly opted cold, fever, malaria to be rising. Respondents observe unmanaged waste, smoke from automobiles; factories and burning of household and commercial waste are contributing to degradation of environment as well as responsible for escalating climate change. Various suggestions and measures were also given and multiple examples were narated about historical climate and disease pattern and believed using of renewable energy, maximising afforestation, managing waste and sensitizing about climate change and its impact on human health would help in awaring people.

Rupture of diaphragmatic hernia is a Current literature on education for sustainable development records a number of skills for education for sustainable development in a variety of branches of learning with the exclusion of teacher education. This paper highlights the requirement for discussions on this topic by exploring the skills for education for sustainable development in teacher training, thus providing educators with a structure of reference and reflection for planning, implementing and reflecting on education for sustainable development actions and stimulating reflection or discussion on skills in education for sustainable development activities. Therefore, this article aims at addressing the issue based on the skills that education for sustainable development teachers need, both in the formal and informal area of education.

Objectives to establish socio-economic status of the population/household of katihar district, Bihar. The socio economic status (SES) is an important determinant of health, nutritional status, mortality and morbidity of an individual. SES also influences the accessibility, affordability, acceptability and actual utilization of available health facilities. Paper finding depend upon primary data collection demographic features of household survey & age-wise distribution of male & female population of katihar district.

Cipla Pharmaceuticals is the global company. The case study discusses the path of internationalization of the company over ages.

India is the second largest producer of vegetables (Next to China) in the world with a production of 40 million tonnes from four million hectares of land area. This high level of production can supply only 120gms of vegetables per capita per day as against the recommended dietary allowance of 200gms vegetables per capita per day. The study of vegetable marketing in terms of marketing channels, price spread in Jaipur district of Rajasthan indicates that farmers mostly adopt channel 2 in marketing of their surplus produce having mashakhores as one of the intermediaries. Farmers transport their surplus to Jaipur mandi through road by hiring private truck which ply regularly on this route.

Cluster Frontline Demonstration were conducted to study the evaluating the performance of improved cultivar, seed treatment, sulphur application, diseases, insect and pest management on production as well as productivity and profitability of mustard. Cluster frontline demonstration (CFLD’s) were conducted during 2015-16, 2016-17 and 2017-18 with evaluation the performance of Chhattisgarh Sarson-1, variety of mustard in Raigarh, Pussore and Kharsia blocks of the district and record the feedback information of farmer’s. The results revealed that average yield of mustard under cluster frontline Demonstrations were 11.30, 10.65 and 10.40 qha-1 as compare to 8.25, 7.90 and 7.85 qha-1 recorded in farmer’s practice, average yield increase of 36.99, 34.81 and 32.48 per cent, and additional return of 10440.00, 9525.00 and 8735.00 Rsha-1, respectively. Therefore, the results clearly indicates that the use of improved varieties and package and practices with scientific intervention under cluster frontline demonstration programme contribute to increase the productivity and profitability of oilseeds in Chhattisgarh state.

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of public procurement practices on procurement performance of CDF projects in Kwale County government in Kenya. Procurement professionals have always walked on a tight rope in order to implement objectives and goals. Their ability to accomplish these procurement objectives and policies indicate that procurement officials are influenced by political, legal- internal and external factors. The tendering process can be a minefield of potential litigation without proper procedures and regulations, where contractors complain of the lack of a fair and consisted approach to tendering and accusation of favoritism and corruption. Public procurement is a major development mechanism, the potential which has not been fully designed in pursuit of value for money and efficiency in the use of public funds. The purpose is to support the attainment of high economic growth and ensure delivery of service. The reform strategy for economic development was not achieved without the participation of community in transparency and accountability in delivery of non-core public service. The study was based on procurement competencies, e-procurement, procurement ethics and supplier relationships as specific objectives. The study targeted 206 respondents from various departments and Kwale county residents. The study employed governance and performance theory, corporate culture theory and supply chain management theory. Descriptive research design was employed to formulate the best methodology to be used. A pilot study on the questionnaire was done in order to validate the questionnaire and correct any errors which may have been made. The sample size for the study was 136 derived using slovin formula. Secondary data was collected from both published and unpublished records. Data screening was done to identify any missing data and it will further be tested for reliability. Reliability was tested using Cronbach’s Alpha. Inferential statistics such as Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analysis was used for further analysis. Data was analyzed using statistical packaging social sciences software (SPSS) version 22 to find the relationships and averages of the data in addition to tabular presentations for understandable presentation. From the finding procurement staff competencies was believed to be a vital catalyst for the ethical conduct of the entire procurement staff in the counties. E-procurement is one of the procurement practices which includes activities such as e-ordering, e-sourcing and e-payment in the procurement practices horizon where the entire county should put more concentration during formulation. Basing on the results, it is recommended that, the county government should continue with such activities of providing adequate training and seminars to the staff to enhance their competencies. However based on the results other studies are recommended on procurement staff competencies which are viable for the research. The study recommends the county government to invest more in electronic procurement transformation to reduce cost and reduce time in procurement transactions which is big win for the counties all the county. The study recommends that county government leaders, managers and other corporate professional players have significant role of ensuring that they formulate viable procurement strategies and practices that initiate performance for the entire organizations.

The objective of this work is to carry out a bibliographic survey about the scientific production on indigenous education in the state of Rondônia, Brazil. It is important to recognize the discussions about the theme, which is so current and necessary for understanding intercultural educational processes. The hypotheses that guided this work were that the academic production on the subject is vast, due to the Amazonian nature of the federal university and research lines of its graduate programs and secondly that these works will have a colonialist perspective on such processes. The method used was the bibliometric where the productions of theses, dissertations were analyzed from the authors' formation, method, conclusions and other elements. While results have reached the conclusion that there is a wide production on the subject in the graduate programs at the Federal University of Rondônia, however, there is still room for productions that have perspectives for the public programs directed towards the indigenous education from the perspective of the public managers and the indigenous people affected by them.

Phonological awareness is the sensitivity to the segmental nature of the speech, an understanding that spoken language comprises of discrete units ranging from entire words and syllables to smaller intra-syllabic units of onsets, rimes and phonemes. Acquisition of phonological awareness skills has been found to be essential for the development of literacy. Measurement of phonological awareness has become crucial because, these abilities consistently predict reading ability in typically developing children (Ehri, 1999; Wood and amp; Terrell, 1998). Several studies have indicated that socioeconomic status and phonological awareness are related, but not many studies in this area, especially in Malayalam language, have examined the possibility that age moderates this relation (McDowell, Goldstein, 2007) i.e., that the effect of SES on phonological awareness is different at different ages. Therefore, the present study attempted to study the phonological awareness in different socio-economic status and age groups in Malayalam speaking children. 480 subjects were considered for the study and they were in the age range of three to seven years. They were divided into four groups, i.e., group I (3-4 years); group II (4-5 years); group III (5-6 years); group IV (6-7 years). Each group further divided into two subgroups again based on socio economic status: mid and high. Out of them 240 subjects were attending kindergarten and rest of them were attending Grade I and Grade II. The results of the analysis revealed that, the scores of the subjects for each of the tasks increased with an increase in age, the scores of the subjects from high socio economic status were higher when compared to scores of subjects from mid socio-economic status and no significant difference was found between the performance of males and females for all groups.

This study integrated dispositional characteristics of an individual with work-life balance research. Based on the premise that dispositional characteristics is a major contributor to work-family conflict, this research examined resources likely to reduce work-family conflict women entrepreneur experience. Work family conflict (WFC) and work family enrichment (WFE) and the dispositional characteristics (DC) influence in work life balance (WLB) were explored as potential resource. The 50 women entrepreneurs were taken for studied. The sample was diverse in terms of their business. However, the majority of the women were married (82%) with children (90%). The results demonstrated that different aspects of WFC, WFE and WLB related to different personality indicators.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the type of failure and nature of failure in crown and bridge prosthesis and to asses is there any correlation between type of failure and nature of failure in crown and fixed partial denture. Materials and Methods: Convenient judgement sampling of patients who reported to the department of prosthodontics with complain of failures in crown and fixed partial denture were selected for the study from 2013 - 2017. A sample questionnaire were prepared to collect relevant data. The percentage of crown and bridge failure was categorized and tabulated. Data was entered in excel sheet. SPSS version 17 was used to perform the analysis. Chi. square test was employed to find the association between type of failure in Crown and bridges type and between type of failure & nature of failure. Level of significance was set at 5%. Results: A clinical survey was conducted to determine the nature and type of failure in crown and fixed partial dentures. The result shows a significant association between type of failure and all crown types. [Chi. Sq. 22.2502 p=0.01] and significant association between type of failure and all bridge types [Chi Sq. 24.8624; P=0.005]. It also shows significant association between nature of failure and type of failure. Conclusion: Within the limitation of this survey, it was found that when the type of failure and nature of failures were analyzed there is a correlation between type of failure and nature of FPD failure.

The maxillary first premolar, which is said to be a metamorphic tooth between incisors and molars, normally has two roots with two root canals. But, an endodontist must always be expecting aberrant anatomical variations as these teeth may have a third canal present, which is easy to miss if the tooth anatomy is not understood and the canals are not searched meticulously. This article presents one such anatomical variation in maxillary first premolar, which presented with three roots and three root canals.

The use of radiation in dentistry is now pervasive and routine. From long time back, manual techniques and advancements have surpassed a huge leap based on radiation influenced diagnosis, treatment protocol and follow up. So, as essential tools across all branches and specialties of medicine. The inherent properties of ionizing radiation provide many benefits, but can also cause potential harm. Its use within medical practice thus involves an informed judgment regarding the risk/benefit ratio. This judgment requires not only medical knowledge, but also an understanding of radiation itself. This update provides a global perspective on radiation science, risks for endodontists and its safety strategies.

Aim: To evaluate and compare the amount of debris extruded apically during Endodontic retreatment using manual Hedstrom and rotary k3, ProTaper Universal Retreament instruments. Materials and method: 45 Extracted human single straight rooted mandibular first premolar teeth were used in this study. After the conventional access cavity preparation and working length determination, cleaning and shaping was done with a modified step back flare technique using Gates Glidden drills and K-files to a master apical file size of #30 and stepped back in 1-mm increments with four subsequent instrument sizes #35, #40, #45, #50 K-file. Obturation was done with 0.02 taper Gutta percha points and AH PLUS root canal sealer in a cold lateral condensation technique. Plastic Eppendorf tube of capacity 2ml was used as the collecting container for any debris or irrigant extruded apically from the tooth during retreatment. Grouping was done as follows Group I- Control group – No gutta-percha removal, Group II-Gutta-percha removal with Hedstrom files, Group III-Gutta-percha removal with K3 files, Group IV-Gutta-percha removal with Protaper Universal Retreatment files. The Eppendorf tubes were stored in an Incubator at 37 ºC for 21 days to evaporate the irrigant before weighing the dry debris. The tubes with the dried debris were weighed using the Analytical balance. Weight of extruded debris= Weight of Eppendorf tube with dried debris MINUS Pre-weighted weight of empty Eppendorf tube. Results: Observations were then statistically analyzed using Analysis of variance (One way ANOVA) and the difference among four groups were evaluated by students ‘t’ test for pair wise comparision. There was a statistical significant difference among all the groups in the amount of debris extruded except group III and IV. Conclusion: All retreatment techniques resulted in debris extrusion during Endodontic retreatment. Retreatment with manual Hedstrom files resulted in significantly greater extrusion of debris when compared to rotary K3 and ProTaper Universal Retreatment instruments.

Stem cell technology is one of the most recent technologies, receiving considerable attention in fields of dentistry because of growing requirement of esthetic and functional reconstruction of oral tissues. Potential advantages of stem cells in regenerative treatment have been demonstrated in many studies. Stem cells can renew themselves, thus providing new strategies to regenerate missing tissues and treat disorders. Aim of this article is to provide knowledge about stem cells and its applications in prosthetic dentistry.

Background: Migraine is one of the most common neurological disorders in general population worldwide. There is no imaging or other tests for diagnosing migraine, so clinicians mainly rely on patients' own self-reported symptoms therefore we have undertaken this study. This research offers important insights into potential mechanisms behind migraine and hypothesizes adiponectin as a potential biomarker for migraine, which can become first laboratory investigation that can aid in diagnosis of migraine. To our knowledge; this is the first survey that aimed at evaluating the symptomatology of migraine and adiponectin levels in patients over 45 years of age. Aims and Objectives: 1) To compare serum Adiponectin levels in migraine patients and healthy controls. 2) To correlate serum Adiponectin levels in migraine patients with other clinical parameters including Migraine Impact and Allodynia. 3) To compare clinical characteristics of migraine attacks occurring in elderly (45 years and above) and in younger migraineurs (20 to 44 years). Material and Methods: A cross sectional observational study, Patients with Migraine diagnosed according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition and controls without headache constitute study population. Patient’s between ages 20 to 44 years were considered in Early - onset migraine group and those 45 years and above were considered in Late – onset migraine group. All these patients were subjected to detailed history, Clinical examination (BP, BMI etc.) & Sociodemographic profile was noted. Lipid profile was done. Migraine Disability Score (MIDAS) & Allodynia Symptom Checklist (ASC) 12 scales applied. ELISA was done for serum adiponectin level determination. Results and Conclusions: Serum adiponectin levels are raised in migraine, higher in late onset migraineurs compared to early onset patients; in chronic migraineurs compared to episodic migraineurs and in migraine without aura compared to migraine with aura patients. But precise pathophysiological role of ADP in migraine remains to be elucidated. There was increased prevalence of migraine in those with high BMI and those who fall in the category of overweight and obese. Also total serum cholesterol levels were raised in migraine patients. There was significant positive correlation between migraine related disability and allodynia symptoms with serum adiponectin levels.

There has been an increase in recognition of the negative aspects of smart phone overuse in the young students. These negative aspects include significant effects on sleep, self-regulation and stress. This emerging issue motivated me to analyse the relationship between the aforementioned factors and smart phone usage. The investigation includes data collected from students in the age group of 19 through 22 using an online questionnaire. The participants are divided into high smart phone users and low smart phone users based on the self reported rating scale. Tests were also used to identify their sleep patterns which include sleep latency, subjective sleep quality, duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, daytime dysfunctions and use of sleep medications. In addition to that, self report scales were used to identify self-regulation capacity and stress among the participants. Characterization of the overall relationship between usage pattern related effects is illustrated in this research. This study showed significant positive co-relation between perceived stress and smart phone usage. Smartphone usage is also negatively correlated with sleep quality and self regulation capacity among students. There is also a difference between the self regulation capacity, perceived stress and quality of sleep of high and low smart phone users.

Assessments on the conditions of biological organisms in an aquatic ecosystem evaluate the condition of waterbodies desirable for aquatic life uses. This study was carried out to survey the biotic community and water quality of Dicayo. Specifically, this aimed to determine the level of physico-chemical parameters measurements such as the temperature, pH, nitrate, total suspended solids, total coliform, depth and width. Moreover, this sought to identify the flora and faunal composition and determine the significant difference on the quality of water and biological composition among the sampling sites. Descriptive method of gathering data was done with the aid of chemical, biological and physical laboratory analyses. Indices of diversity and dominance were determined using Shannon Index. Results revealed that the physico-chemical parameters were within the standard of the DENR but the total coliform did not meet the standard. The river is supported by its floral and faunal composition wherein 61 plant species, and 8 classes of animal species were identified. Catch Per Unit Effort value was highest for fish net with a mean of 0.367 kg/manhr. The biodiversity indices of flora and fauna showed moderately diverse level. Further study should be done to ensure the maintenance of water quality in the river.

The electrochemical oxidation of PP (polyphenols) in Oil Mill Wastewaters (OMW) has been studied on Tin oxide (SnO2) electrode in chloride containing solution. The degradation follows the pseudo-first-order kinetics indicating that the process was controlled by mass transfer. The supporting electrolytes containing nitrate and carbonate exhibited slower kinetics than those obtained using chloride. The PP can be electrochemically degraded effectively in chloride containing solution. The removal efficiency of PP was found to increase with the decrease of temperature and with the increase in both current density and NaCl concentration. The effect of temperature shows that for 25°C and 45°C a removal efficacy of PP was found to be 91% and 79%, respectively. For 1 % NaCl, 1.5 % NaCl and 2% NaCl solutions, the achieved removal of PP was 91%, 86% and 82%, respectively.

Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic development of any country. In the case of the developing countries the energy sector assumes a critical importance in view of the ever increasing energy needs requiring huge investments to meet them. Energy conservation and energy efficiency are separate but related concepts. Energy conservation is achieved when growth of energy consumption is reduced, measured in physical terms. Energy conservation can there for be the result of several processes or development such as productivity increase or technological progress. On the other hand energy efficiency is achieved when energy intensity in a specific product, process or area of production or conception is without affecting output, consumption or comfort levels. Promotion of energy efficiency will contribute to energy conservation and is there for an integral part of energy conservation promotional policies. An energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis of energy flow in a building, process or system with the objective of understanding the energy dynamics of the system under study. Typically an energy audit is conducted to seek opportunities to reduce the amount of energy input into the system without negatively affecting the outputs. Auditing involves evaluating the information gathered research possible conservation opportunities and make recommendations on mechanical structural operational and maintenance improvement. Energy saving upto 50% or more is often possible in a typical installation using VFDs and distribute the loads connected to a power system to operate at different times(priority based load shedding).

Due to rapid urbanization and uncontrolled growth rate of population, municipal solid waste Management (MSWM) has become acute in India. MSWM, though an essential service, is given low priority. Although presently many cities in India taking a step forward and adopting new technologies like Thermal treatment which reduces the load on landfill site and increase the life span of it. Reduction in landfill site is also reduces the contamination of ground water due to landfill leachates .Hence the present work is aimed at assessing the sub surface water quality index (WQI) for the groundwater of surrounding areas of landfill site & WTE plant kathonda Jabalpur. This has been determined by collecting groundwater samples and subjecting the samples to a comprehensive physicochemical analysis. For calculating the WQI, the following 9 parameters have been considered: pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, Total dissolved solids, Alkalinity. Hence this paper presents the comparative study of the results of ground water pollution due to individual solid waste landfill site and landfill site along with Waste to energy plant.

Needs analysis is generally believed to be important in ESP context because it enables practitioners and materials writers to find out about their real learners’ needs. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the mismatch between the Cutting Edge course book and the needs of Prince Sultan Air Base students. A total of 70 students from different technical sections at Prince Sultan Air Base participated in the study. Two types of data collection methods were used in this study: quantitative (questionnaire) and qualitative (interview). The results obtained revealed that the current course book being used at PSAB does not meet their needs because the activities provided are not relevant to the specific needs of their field which is basically military and aviation. Finding and adapting a textbook that is clearly linked to their students needs and to the course objectives was suggested as one possible solution. In the context of PSAB, data from the interview and survey showed the need to assess the contents of the course book in relation to the needs of the learners. It also indicated the strong demand of the students for supplementary materials that allow linguistic input to match their needs. Finally, offering supplementary materials and content-based instructions for those students bridges the gap between the language training and practical performance needs in real situations.

Image processing has become an essential component in many fields of biomedical research such as tumor detection, automatically determining the volume of a heart chamber, screening lung scans for possible diseases. Different techniques for automatic detection of liver tumor involve various steps: image acquisition, segmentation, classification using neural network and optimization, and identification of tumor type. This paper presents a new approach to detect and segment liver tumors. The detection and segmentation of liver tumors can be formulized as novelty detection by pre-processing, segmentation feature extraction. The main objective of the proposed method is to precisely identify the presence of tumor cells in liver images as an early indication of malignant cells that may cause to the demise of patients. The proposed hybrid kernel classifier is compare with existing techniques which shows it have better accuracy, sensitivity and specificity.

A thorough knowledge of root canal anatomy along with the anatomical variations that may be present is essential for success of endodontic therapy. Unusual presentations in the number of the roots or the canals should be expected in every tooth. Mandibular second premolars are thought of as having a single root and canal. Studies have stated that the prevalence of three canals with three orifices in this tooth is 0.4% Knowledge of variations in root canal anatomy and accurate diagnosis with novel diagnostic aids like cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) assist in thorough debridement and three dimensional obturation of the root canal system, thus increasing the success rate of nonsurgical endodontic treatment. This article describes the successful management of the right mandibular second premolar with three separate roots diagnosed using CBCT.

Background: A number of evaluations (at small and large scale) regarding selfmedication have been carried out but very few of them reflect the opinions of the medical students. Objectives of the Study: To find out the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding selfmedication among students of 4th year MBBS NMC, Pakistan Study Design: Cross-sectional observational study. Setting: The study was carried out among 4thyear MBBS students of NMC, Multan and data was completed and analyzed in the department of community medicine NMC, Multan, Pakistan. Duration: Study was conducted from 30th May, 2014 to 21st June, 2014. Study Population: Students of 4th year MBBS NMC, Multan. Inclusion Criteria: Students of 4th year MBBS. Exlusion Criteria: Students of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and final year MBBS are excluded from the study. Sample Size: Sample size was 210. Results: • Age of 4thyear students ___3.33%(16-18 year), 30.95%(19-21), • 60.48%(22-24), 4.76%(25-27) & 0.48%(28-30) • Gender distribution of 4th year students__28.57% male students and 71.43% female students. • Self-medication among 4th year students__ 45% male and 36% female students self-medicate while 55% male and 64% female students do not self-medicate. • Educational status of Parents of 4th year students __30.14% are master, 35.17% are graduate, 7.66% are intermediate, 15.55% are matric and 11.48% are under matric. • Frequency of self-medication__ 12.34% students always, 66.67% off & on while 20.99% very rarely self-medicate. • Reasons for self-medication __ 92.59% students self-medicate for convenience while 7.41% for cost savings. • Common complaints for self-medication __ 40.15% complaints are of Headache, 36.50% are of fever while 23.35% are of common cold. • 2 • Commonly used drugs for self-medication __ 44.67% panadol, 19.38% dispirin, 12.92% ibuprofen, 12.08% metronidazole and 10.95% augmentin are used. • Adverse reaction by self-medication __ 93.83% students did not observe adverse reactions while 6.17% observed adverse reactions. • Conclusion: From the study we concluded that self-medication is commonly practiced in 4th year students of the institute. There is a dire need to create awareness and educate the students about the dangers of self medication.

The primary role of nursing education in any country is to produce a critical mass of nursing workforce; and the scaling up of educational programmes as part of nursing education transformation is essential to produce high quality nurses in the profession. However, there is no assumption that changing qualifications will automatically have a profound effect on the shortage of nurses. The aim of this debate is to highlight the impression of the new nursing qualifications on the production and supply of nurses. The debate focused on a reflective examination of the current position of the implementation of new nursing education programmes in South Africa. The reflection included the new nursing qualifications with a period from 2015. The focus was limited to first entry programmes. It is evident that in the near future the profession will experience a shortage with the supply of nurses.

Background: T4 syndrome is one of the commonest causes for upper back pain leading to pain and dysfunction. The condition being common in physically active persons, it can lead to substantial difficulties in performing their regular and simple activities. It can even affect them psychologically, leading to a depressed life. Aim of the study: To emphasis the effect of maitl and mobilization in patients with T4 Objectives of the study This study is aimed to find out the effect of maitl and mobilization in decreasing pain and functional ability by using VAS (visual analogue scale) and DASH (Disability of the arm shoulder and hand) scale respectively with T4 syndrome. Methods: A quasi-Experimental study conducted in 30 samples. The subject were selected based on convenient sampling technique. Results: Statistical analysis showed there is a significant difference between the pre and post test scores at p<0.001 in terms of functional ability and pain reduction in patients with T4 syndrome. Conclusion: From this study it can be concluded that T4 syndrome can be effectively treated by the Maitland mobilization and there is an improvement in the thoracic mobility, and reduction in pain as concluded by the VAS and DASH scores. Thus it can be concluded that Maitland mobilization is an effective therapeutic option in the treatment of T4 syndrome.

Synovial chondromatos is (SC) is an uncommon disorder defined as reactive cartilaginous proliferation, characterised by synovial metaplasia (Yu, et al., 2004). With intra-articular proliferation of cartilaginous nodules originating from the synovial membrane. It mainly affects large joints such as knee, hip, shoulder, and elbow. Its manifestation in the Temporomandibular joint (TMJ), is a rare finding, occurring predominantly in females. CT, MRI and arthroscopy facilitate the clinical diagnosis of SC, but pathological analysis is mandatory to confirm the disease (Martín-Granizo et al., 2005). This paper reports a case of a 35 years old woman who presented with a long-standing history (1 year) of pain in right TMJ. There were no limitations to jaw opening. Initial clinical and Radiological picture done outside our hospital suggested a picture of osteosarcoma, for which she received treatment. Histological and follow-up features of this lesion diagnosed it as SC of the TMJ.

Even though enhancing appearance and improving psychosocial status have been put forth as important motivating factors behind the decision to initiate orthodontic treatment, the exact reasons for initiating orthodontic treatment may vary across cultural and socio-economic backgrounds. Hence the current study was undertaken to determine the motiving factors for patients who seek orthodontic treatment. In order to determine the motivating factors for seeking orthodontic treatment, a questionnaire based survey a was conducted on the patient reported for orthodontic treatment to the Department of Orthodontics, S D M Dental College and Hospital Dharwad. After evaluation of response of 100 participants it was seen that, enhancement of dento-facial appearance and improvement in self-confidence was cited as the most important motivating in 75% of the patients. While 15% of patients approached treatment for health reasons, only 10% sought orthodontic treatment for functional reasons. Long duration and fear of pain of the treatment was the reason for not seeking orthodontic treatment. As patient cooperation is one of the main factors which determine the outcome of orthodontic treatment it becomes important to consider these motivational factors before initiating orthodontic treatment.

The abandonment of treatment is a major problem in low-resource settings and the monitoring of the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in low-resource settings is difficult due to a high rate of follow-up after initiation of treatment. The aim of this study was to identify the factors influencing the output of the patients who started ART treatment processing circuit. Methods: This study was analytical type unmatched case-control. Were considered cases (patients observed a therapeutic interruption of 3 consecutive months or more) and patients still on ART were considered witnesses. The study was conducted in three health areas including: Bipemba, Mpokolo and Nzaba City Mbujimayi. The period of thisour study from 19 to 26/06 / 2017. The significance level was set at p <0.05. Results: The risk factors identified in this study were the false wrong belief of HIV / AIDS as a curse; lack of knowledge of the risks non observing PLWHA; from the drug to the last contact; difficulty meeting the social worker; the staff of the unavailability of the treatment taking site, the unstable housing and consumption of toxic substances (drugs and alcohol). Conclusion: This study showed that the remarks made by the patients having interrupted at one-point antiretroviral treatment are diverse and varied as regards the reasons for the breakup.

Introduction: Liquid based cytology which is at present the standard protocol in cervical cytology samples is also being increasingly used for evaluation of non-gynecological specimens. There are few studies comparing LBC with conventional smears (CS) in salivary gland (SG) fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNAB) and most of them have been done on Thin Prep. This study compares the cytomorphological details of Sure Path and conventional cytology in cases of pleomorphic adenoma. Aim: The aim of our study is to compare conventional smears and liquid based cytology (SurePath) in FNA of Pleomorphic adenoma in terms of cytomorphological details, adequacy and ease of interpretation. Materials and Methods: We conducted a prospective observational comparative study which included 47 cases of Pleomorphic adenoma. Both CS and LBC (SurePath) smears were prepared as per standard protocols and examined. Results and conclusion: In terms of adequacy and cellularity, conventional smears were better than LBC. Diagnostic accuracy of both the techniques in cellular cases however was comparable. Ease of interpretation was better with conventional smears due to abundant chondromyxoid stroma, an important clue in the diagnosis of pleomorphic adenoma. Nuclear details and background were better in LBC as compared to CS.

Overdentures are the choice of treatment for most of them, but the only snag is its cost. The use of overdenture therapy preserves the sensation of proprioception, preserves the edentulous ridge, maintains the border seal and provides the patient with good speaking ability and chewing efficiency. The retention and stability of such prosthesis is enhanced greatly in bar supported overdentures. However, Magnets and Designs replicating male and female components of a stud attachment have also been used widely in the field of dentistryas they can be manufactured in small dimensions as retentive devices in overdenture technique, maxillofacial prosthesis, and obturators. This article deplicts cases showing semi precision techniques for magnet, Bar and Stud supported overdentures. This manuscript is showcasing a study, which is a cheaper, but effective way to provide the best to the patient.

Aim: First premolar extraction is the treatment option usually for bimaxillarydento-alveolar protrusion patients. Tongue space and length tends to be reduced after the retraction of anteriors and thus this study was done to determine the effects of first premolar extraction and retraction of the anteriors on the upper airway dimension. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was carried out on the available pre- and post-orthodontic treatment records of adult patients who had bimaxillarydento-alveolar protrusion. The study material consisted of 31 patients with bimaxillarydento-alveolar protrusion and underwent fixed orthodontic treatment with extraction of upper and lower first premolar teeth. Digitized cephalometric radiographs were used to measure airway dimensions with the help of Dolphin 2d software. A paired t-test was used to compare the effects at p<0.5. Results: Results showed significant reduction in tongue length (p<0.5), Superior, middle and inferior airway space. SNA, SNB, ANB, Inter-incisal angle, Wits appraisal, Lower incisor Protrusion and Upper incisor – Palatal plane showed significant changes. Conclusion: Even though there is statistically significant airway reduction, it is clinically non-significant. Unless the airway is severely compromised, first premolar extraction and retraction of anteriors does not greatly affect the airway dimensions.

Lymphomas are malignant neoplasm of lymphocytes and their cell precursors. The two main forms of lymphomas are: Hodgkin’s lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). The NHLs are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) being the most common variant of NHL. It is an aggressive lesion that can either develop de novo or as a transformation from a less aggressive form of lymphoma. In the oro-pharyngeal region, DLBCL usually involves Waldeyer’s ring (WR), paranasal sinuses, mandible and maxilla. Primary extra-nodal presentation of this entity within jawbones are rare and their initial manifestation is in the form of non-tender swelling. Other systemic symptoms may include night sweat, fever, and unexplained weight loss. Histopathologic evaluation together with immunophenotype and cytogenetic studies may reveal the histologic variant. Immunohistochemistry has an important role in distinguishing cell type and differential diagnosis. Treatment for primary extra-nodal lymphoma of the mandible typically consists of a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Proper evaluation and investigations are required for correct diagnosis so that patient may receive the treatment in early stage and attain good prognosis. Here we present a case of 48 year old male patient diagnosed with Diffuse B-cell lymphomaalong with its clinical, radiological, histopathological and immunohistochemical features.

A study was conducted during the period from August, 2015 to April, 2016 to survey the occurrence of viral diseases in chicken in and around Shillong, Meghalaya, to study the pathology and finally to diagnose them by using common molecular techniques. A total of 370 dead and sick birds were collected from different organized and unorganized poultry farms in and around Shillong, Meghalaya. Of these, 109 cases (i.e. 29.46%) were diagnosed as viral diseases. Only 5 cases out of 21 clinically suspected cases could be diagnosed as Fowl pox (1.81%) basing on the clinical history, gross and histopathology and confirmed by PCR. The maximum cases were mostly in birds of 9-12 weeks (40%), followed by 3-9, 9-12 and above12 weeks of age (20%) with very low morbidity (5-7%). The general symptoms recorded were depression, dehydration, emaciation, and reluctance to move due to wart-like growth on the eyelid impeding their vision. In some chickens, egg production was affected. There were no significant gross lesions except for the wart-like nodules, crust and erosions on featherless parts. Most characteristic microscopic changes were hydropic degeneration and hyperplastic epithelium of stratum spinosum with presence of pathognomic eosinphillic intracytoplamic inclusion bodies called Bollinger bodies. There were areas of congestion and necrosis under the suferficial layer of skin. PCR was also used for confirming the disease by detecting the viral genome (i.e. 4b gene). The present study suggests that fowl pox is occurring in chicken population in and around Shillong, Meghalaya.

A study was conducted during the period from August, 2015 to April, 2016 to survey the occurrence of viral diseases in chicken in and around Shillong, Meghalaya, to study the pathology and finally to diagnose them by using common molecular techniques. A total of 370 dead and sick birds were collected from different organized and unorganized poultry farms in and around Shillong, Meghalaya. Of these, 109 cases (i.e. 29.46%) were diagnosed as viral diseases. Out of 75 chickens suspected for IBD based on the clinical history, signs, gross and histopathology, 48 cases (12.97%) could be confirmed by RT-PCR using a primer of length 643 bp targeting the VP2 gene. Most of the cases were seen in age group of 3-6 (47.92%) weeks, followed by 6-9 (20.83%), 1-3 (18.75%) and 9-12 (12.50%). The morbidity and mortality rates recorded during the study period ranged from 3.5 - 5.4% and 38.5 - 52.6% respectively. The characteristic signs recorded during the study included dullness, depression, anorexia, ruffled feathers and yellowish white or greenish yellow diarrhoea. Most of the birds were disinclined to move and pecked at their vents. On post-mortem, most of the birds showed darkened discolouration of thigh and breast muscles with paint brush like haemorrhages. Bursa were enlarged and swollen with accumulation of thick mucoid, creamy or bloody exudates. Some birds showed congestion and haemorrhages at the junction of bursa and proventriculus. Microscopic examination of bursa revealed complete lymphoid depletion, formation of cyst filed with necrotic debris, heterophils and diffused haemorrhages. For confirmatory diagnosis, virus detection was done by RT-PCR.

Extra oral sinus of dental origin can occur when the purulent by-products of pulpal necrosis spread along the path of least resistance from the root apex of the tooth to the skin on the face. Patients that present with a cutaneous sinus have usually visited a general physician or dermatologist first, as the lesion can often mimic a dermatologic pathology. The presentation and symptoms may cause confusion, and at times leading to unnecessary surgical interventions. Hence, diagnosis of an extraoral draining sinus of odontogenic origin and referal to a dental surgeon is very important for treatment of this condition.

A study was conducted during the period from August, 2015 to April, 2016 to survey the occurrence of viral diseases in chicken in and around Shillong, Meghalaya, to study the pathology and finally to diagnose them by using common molecular techniques. A total of 370 dead and sick birds were collected from different organized and unorganized poultry farms in and around Shillong, Meghalaya. Of these, 109 cases (i.e. 29.46%) were diagnosed as viral diseases. From 87 clinically suspected cases for ND, 56 cases were diagnosed as positive (15.14%) basing on the clinical history, gross and histopathology and finally confirmed by RT-PCR using a specific primer for F gene having a length of 1662 bp. Most cases of ND were found to occur in 6-9 weeks old birds (35.71%), followed by 3-6 (21.43%), 9-12 (19.64%), 1-3 (12.50%) and above 12 weeks old birds (10.71%) with percent morbidity and mortality of 35-50% and 25-35% respectively. Depression, emaciation, greenish or white diarrhea, torticollis, conjunctivitis, paralysis, drop in egg production and soft-shelled egg with respiratory signs were commonly observed. In few cases, chicken exhibited edema of the head, face and wattles. The changes in the proventriculus included pin point hemorrhages at the tips of the proventriculus glands, petechiae and ecchymoses in the mucosa. In both intestinal wall and caecal tonsils haemorrhagic ulcers were seen. Hemorrhagic tracheitis with congestion and catarrhal exudates were found in some cases. The spleens were enlarged, friable and dark red or mottled, while the kidneys were enlarged, congested and swollen with urate deposition. Significant microscopic changes were hemorrhages and necrosis of the proventriculus mucosa with mononuclear cell infiltration. Caecal tonsil revealed hemorrhages, infiltration of heterophils in the lamina propria, lymphoid depletion and formation of germinal centers. There were sloughing of tracheal mucosa with loss of cilia and congestion, congested and pneumonic lungs, while brain sections revealed non-suppurative encephalitis and perivascular cuffing. The present study suggests that Newcastle disease is occurring in chicken population in and around Shillong, Meghalaya.

Lipoleiomyoma as we know it, accounts for merely 0.03- 0.2 % of uterine leiomyomas. Predominantly described in the uterine corpus, there have been reports describing their occurrence at uncommon sites like ovary and broad ligament. Cervical leiomyomas however account for 1-2% of all the fibroids encountered clinically and lipoleiomyomas arising from the cervix are even rarer. Our case is unique since it is a giant lipoleiomyoma of cervix in a young patient who presented with prolapse. A 37 year old, female presented with continuous vaginal bleeding from past 3 months, abdominal pain since 1 month and a mass protruding out of vagina since last 1 week. On further investigations while ultrasound was suggestive of an adnexal mass, MRI suggested the presence of cervical leiomyoma. Total abdominal hysterectomy with unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed on histopathology; a final diagnosis of cervical lipoleiomyoma was given. We report this case due to its rarity in terms of uncommon presentation, deceptive characteristics on radiology and its unusually large size and we also emphasize the role of imaging and histopathology with immunohistochemistry in diagnosis of this rare variant of leiomyoma of cervix .

Purpose: To evaluate the normal values of corneal densitometry of healthy subjects in order to assess a normative database. Methods: This retrospective non-randomized single-center was conducted on healthy subjects who performed a topographic examination before refractive surgery and showed no corneal or other ocular pathology. A slit-lamp examination was carried out before Scheimpflug topography scanning to exclude any corneal opacity. Parametric paired Student t-test and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test with Bonferroni correction was performed. Results: 311 healthy patients with a mean age of 39.4 +/- 15.7 [11; 82] years at the time of the inclusion were recruited. Mean total densitometry was 18.8 +/- 3.2 [13.2; 33.7] and a statistical difference was found between each layer and corneal rings. Graph distribution of the average corneal densitometry represents a gentle slope with a mild peak in the anterior stroma. Anterior densitometry was significantly higher than central and posterior densitometry (25.2+/- 4.4 [17.3; 46.2] vs 16.6+/- 3.1 [11.5; 31.2], p<0.0001 and 14.8 +/- 2.8 [9.6; 27.8], p<0.0001 respectively). Strong correlation was calculated between age and corneal densitometry, with a significant increase in corneal density with age (p<0.0001). Conclusion: We propose in this study Scheimpflug database of normal corneal densitometry. This can provide a useful objective measure of corneal transparency and may help routine clinical practice.

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of ashram school teachers toward oral health. Settings and design: Descriptive study. Materials and methods: Ashram School teachers (n = 79) of Wardha district were recruited into this study. The subjects completed a questionnaire that aimed to evaluate teachers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices on oral health. Statistical analysis: The results were statistically analyzed and percentage was calculated. Results and conclusion: The participants’ oral hygiene habits were found to be regular. The majority of teachers showed good knowledge on oral health. Most of the teachers in this study recognized the importance of oral health. The majority of teachers did incorporate the importance of oral health in teaching and educating children in the school. But, not all teachers are involved effectively. So, the teachers should be trained comprehensively regarding importance of oral health and creating awareness on oral health promotion for their students in combination with health care personnel.

Depression is one of the commonest mental problems affecting the general health as well as the oral health. Around 300 million people throughout the world are suffering from depression. Individuals with depression are often less motivated to maintain their oral hygiene resulting in dental caries, periodontal diseases, oral lichen planus, burning mouth syndrome etc. Patients coming to dental clinic with obvious oral problems might have undiagnosed depression. Hence, it is the dentist’s responsibility to communicate with the patients to detect any underlying psychological disorders. Proper communication will help the person to feel free to discuss about his mental state and the dentist can refer him for psychological counselling in order to regain his mental and oral health.

Brassica juncea, commonly known as Indian mustard is a species of mustard plant (Brassica juncea, 1992). Powdered seeds mixed with castor oil is used as a soothing agent for application on burns, itch and insect bites; oil is used for massage in fever, insomnia, headache, lethargy, chest and back pain. The cooked leaves are eaten as vegetables to improve appetite (Singh, 1986). Presenting a peculiar case where a woman inserted mustard seeds in her eye as a traditional method to remove foreign body from eye leading to multiple foreign bodies embedded in eye. This is the first ever case reported of such type.

Background: Hepatitis B and C virus infections have become a serious problem of public health and a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries. Globally, two billion people (about one-third of the world's population) have been infected by Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitudes and risk perceptions towards HIV, HBV and HCV infected patients among KKU interns, undergraduate dental and medical students. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted, included clinical levels students and interns in medical and dental collage of King Khalid University. Convenient sampling technique was used to collect the data from all available students and interns who agreed to participate in the study using pretested questionnaire. Results: The study included 536 medical and dental students (268 for each) with ages ranged from 20 to 26 years old and mean age of 23.3 1.3. Female students constituted 67.2% of the sample. About 47% of the students had good level of knowledge regarding HBV infection, 31.2% of them were of good level of knowledge about HCV while 29.9% had good level of knowledge regarding HIV infection. Conclusion and Recommendation: The overall knowledge, attitude and practice of dental and medical students showed satisfactory outcomes. However, female students were more aware than males and medical students were at lower awareness area than dental students.

Introduction - Oral health is an important aspect of health for all children, but it is all the more important for children with special health needs. Visually impaired individuals are at a greater risk of developing oral diseases like periodontal disease and dental caries because of greater difficulty in attaining good oral hygiene. Method - In our study, a total of 42 Non sighted and sighted children were asked a questionnaire in their language in order to evaluate the Oral hygiene practices and Oral health knowledge. Later, DMF/def index and OHI-S index was recorded to determine Oral health status. Results - There was no significant difference in Oral hygiene practices, and Oral Health Knowledge amongst both the groups however the blind group had high caries score and poor oral hygiene as compared to the sighted group and the difference was statistically significant. Conclusion - Non-Sighted children are burdened with the heavy load of dental caries and periodontal problems as compared to sighted children in spite of having similar oral hygiene practices and oral health knowledge

At present, the electronic commerce and the customer alliance network shopping and network analysis is becoming increasingly popular, mainly is the result of highly developed and popular wireless communication. The work of software mainly includes artificial intelligence and the Internet of things, and the knowledge of artificial intelligence will be used in the research of the Internet of things. Assembly language mainly includes sequential branch cycle programming, subroutine definition and call. The core component of microcomputers is microprocessors. Intel introduces Pentium MMX (multi energy Pentium), Pentium Pro (high energy Pentium), Pentium two generation, three generation, four generation and so on. And Itanium. IBM is also known as the blue giant. The IBM PC series microcomputer has the characteristics of advanced design, rich software, complete functions, cheap price and openness. The system function call mainly includes two kinds of DOS and BIOS. In the DOS operating system, there are two layers of internal subroutines for users to use, and they are the basic input-output subroutines, BIOS and DOS layer function modules. Many functions of DOS are similar to those of BIOS calls. They both have similar writing formats, but DOS provides more necessary tests. Therefore, DOS operation is generally easier than the corresponding BIOS part. Assembly language mainly involves BCD code and ASCII code. Software engineering mainly involves the use of visio_project_powerdesign mapping, library management system feasibility study report and project development plan writing, data flow diagram and system flow chart production. Project 2003 project management and Gantt chart. "Ticket booking system" is an important issue in the field of software engineering. The UML modeling under software engineering is modeled with Visio, powerdesign, and rationalrose. The aerospace science and technology industry is also an important application of the Internet of things.

Freshwater catfish Heteropneustes fossilis was exposed to sublethal concentration of Azadirachta indica for a period of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. The normal kidney of fish showed perfect nephron with interstitial lymphoid tissue but after exposure to NEEM (Azadirachta indica) a Biopesticide, showed the apparent damage in renal tubules along with disintegration of the cytoplasmic material in the epithelium., Glomerular shrinkage, Increased tubular lumen, Pycnotic nuclei, vacuolization as well necrosis.

In this work we have done, in the Helsinki Declaration, which was recently published in Brazil by the World Medical Association (WMA), we aimed to reveal the issues that could create ethical problems especially for researchers. This declaration, which contains ethical principles related to medical research on humans, has provided considerable guidance to many investigators and researchers since 1964. Complicated advances relate to research involving human studies. When medical research is decided on human beings, the health and the protection of the rights of volunteers must be subject to ethical standards. Otherwise there is a possibility that ethical problems that will be talked about too much.

Introduction: The association between arterial hypertension (HT) and hyperuricemia is very common. It has been reported that 25-40% of patients with untreated HT and more than 80% of patients with malignant HT have high SUA levels .Hypertension has itself been recognized as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity .Normal values of serum uric acid for women are 2.5 to 7.5 milligrams/deciliter (mg/dL) and for men 4.0 to 8.5 mg/dL. SUA and blood pressure are such two indicate to a possible correlation between them which further needs to be elaborated in Indian scenario. Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional, observational, comparison study in the normotensive and hypertensive patients visiting medicine outpatient department at a tertiary healthcare setup. A total of 100 patients were studied. Patients were enrolled into two groups, Group 1: Hypertension and group 2: Normal control. Each group was allotted 50 participants. The patients were included if they satisfied the JNC VII criteria for hypertension. They were excluded if they were having any other condition known to cause raised serum uric acid levels and secondary hypertension. Results: With the result based on the study carried out we concluded that there can be a direct relation between hyperuricemia and hypertension. Also the study showed that the SUA levels were significantly increased in patient with stage 2 hypertension in comparasion with those with stage 1 hypertension, showing that the severity of hypertension also related to the SUA levels. Conclusions: Based on the study carried out we concluded that SUA can be used as an early biochemical marker to determine the severity and duration of hypertension.

The term fibro-osseous lesion (FOL) is a generic designation of a group of jaw disorders characterized by the replacement of bone by a benign connective tissue matrix. This matrix displays varying degrees of mineralization in the form of woven bone or of cementum-like round acellular intensely basophilic structures. Diagnosis of these lesions based on histologic appearance alone has considerable limitations. Adequate clinical and para clinical observations, such as patient’s age, sex, location of the lesion, duration of symptoms, imaging characteristics, and histologic fi ndings are necessary to arrive at an accurate diagnosis. The aim of this review is to study the various classification systems given by various authors which will enable us to adopt a uniform terminology and improve communications between clinicians, pathologist and surgeons.

Aim: Pneumatosis intestinal is (PI) is a radiological finding that usually portends untoward outcomes and often warrant aggressive surgical interventions, as it could signify ischaemia. When it occurs as a post-operative complication of surgery, it creates a management dilemma. Our aim was to assess the clinical outcomes of conservatively managed post-operative pneumatosis following upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancer resection in a tertiary Upper GI cancer centre. Methods: Patients who developed an acute abdomen and had a computed tomography (CT) diagnosis of PI following an UGI cancer resection, between 2008 and 2016 were identified. We analysed contributing factors and clinical outcomes of its operative and non-operative management. Results: Of 717 oesophagogastric resections in the eight-year period, there were nine (1.25%) patients with pneumatosis. Four had oesophageal cancer and five had gastric adenocarcinomas. Four had two-stage oesophagectomies, two had sub-total gastrectomies, two had total gastrectomies and one was attempted resection inoperable. All had jejunostomy feeding tubes (JFT) and four had neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. Post-operatively, CT scans revealed six patients with small bowel pneumatosis, two with colonic pneumatosis, and one had pneumatosis in both small and large bowels. Of the six patients with small bowel pneumatosis, two had portal venous gas and one each occurred at the site of JFT insertion and at the jejuno-jejunal anastomosis. Eight patients recovered from PI with three needing re-operations and 1 died within 24 hrs with PI and acute coronary syndrome. Conclusion: PI is an uncommon complication and can manifest as acute abdomen following UGI cancer resections. Most patients can be managed conservatively when carefully selected and assessed.

Aim: To retrospectively evaluate the prevalence, morphology, and calcification pattern of the elongated styloid process in a hospital based population in the region of Chennai. Materials and Methods: 350 digital panoramic radiographs were retrieved randomly from the archival records and evaluated. The length of the styloid process was measured from the point where the styloid process left the tympanic plate to the tip of the process despite the styloid process being segmented or not. Based on the radiographic appearance, the elongated styloid process were classified according to their morphology and calcification pattern. The collected data was subjected to statistical analysis using student’s t test and chi-square test. Results: The mean age of elongated styloid process was 42.93±4 years. Elongated styloid process was more prevalent in males when compared to females (p<0.05). Type I (elongated) was the most common morphology of elongated styloid process assessed (52.4%) and the most common pattern of calcification assessed was calcified outline (41.9%). Conclusion: Styloid process elongation significantly increases with increasing age with an increased male predominance. Styloid process elongation may be coincidental asymptomatic radiographic finding. The panoramic radiographs are economical, easily accessible and useful diagnostic aid for early detection of elongated styloid process with or without symptoms.

The internal jugular vein is preferred for central venous cannulations due to its superficial position in the neck.Even though there is good success rate for landmarks based technique, close proximity to important structures like common carotid artery always poses a threat of inadvertent vascular puncture. This study aims to evaluate the variations in theposition of the internal jugular vein in relation to the common carotid artery with ultrasound guidance.The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. Data from 200 patients who were scheduled for elective surgeries were obtained with the aid of ultrasonography. Anatomical variations of the internal jugular vein in relation to the common carotid artery, antero- posterior and transverse diameters of IJV, depth of the internal jugular vein from skin and congenital anomalies if any, were studied. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 11 software. Continuous data were tested using Paired t-test and the statistical significance for categorical/qualitative data was tested using Fishers exact test. The data with P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. In our study the most common location of IJV was lateral to the commoncarotid artery. Small sized internal jugular vein (diameter ≤ 7 mm)was found in 9.5% of patients on the right side and in 13.5% patients on the left side and the difference was not statistically significant. Also, the transverse diameter and depth of IJV from the skin was more on the right side and was statistically significant.