July 2019

Local skin flaps are the best covers for digital soft tissue loss, meeting the goals of reconstruction, in providing adequate stable cover with similar skin quality, preserving adequate tactile gnosis sensibility, functional lengths, and acceptable cosmetic appearance. out of total 94 operated cases, at Aljala teaching trauma hospital and Ebn- Sina private hospital, between (2011 and 2016), are selected to report both objectively and subjectively the functional and cosmetic outcome, using local flap techniques in reconstruction of significant digital soft tissue loss, after an average follow up period of 1 year.

Uterine fibroids, also known as leiomyomas, are the commonest uterine neoplasms. Although benign, they can be associated with significant morbidity and are the commonest indication for hysterectomy. They are often discovered incidentally when performing imaging for other reasons. Usually first identified with USG, they can be further characterized with MRI. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the most accurate imaging technique for detection and localization of leiomyomas. On T2-weighted images, nondegenerated leiomyomas appear as well-circumscribed masses of decreased signal intensity; however, cellular leiomyomas can have relatively higher signal intensity on T2-weighted images and demonstrate enhancement on contrast material–enhanced images. Degenerated leiomyomas have variable appearances on T2-weighted images and contrast-enhanced images. The differential diagnosis of leiomyomas includes adenomyosis, solid adnexal mass, focal myometrial contraction, and uterine leiomyosarcoma. MR imaging also has a role in treatment of leiomyomas by assisting in surgical planning and monitoring the response to medical therapy. Knowledge of the different appearances of fibroids on imaging is important as it enables prompt diagnosis and thereby guides treatment.

Background: Hepatitis is a serious public health problem worldwide and major causes of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection accounts for 40-50% of HCC and 20-30% cases of cirrhosis in India. Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection accounts for 12-32% of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 12-20% of cirrhosis. Materials and method: It is a prospective study conducted in the department of Microbiology at tertiary care hospital, New Delhi over a period of one year from January 2018 to December 2018.About 5ml of blood was aseptically collected by venepuncture from each subject. All serum samples were tested for HBsAg and IgM anti-HCV by chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA).Those samples which were reactive by CLIA were again tested by rapid card test principle of which is immunochromatography. Results: Out of 3566 patients screened for HBsAg,126 patients were reactive to HBsAg, this includes 80 (3.58%) males and 46 (3.46%) females. Out of3524 patients were screened for anti-HCV, 157 patients were reactive to anti-HCV, this includes 96 (4.33%) males and 61 (4.67%) females. The distribution of HBsAg according to age showed that those between 21-30 years had higher prevalence of 7.39% followed by 11-20 years 5.38%, 70-81 years 3.82%, 41-50 years 3.11%, 31-40 years 3.06%, 51-60 years 2.57%, 61-70 years 1.74%, 1-10 years 0%, 81-90 years 0% and 91-100 years 0%.The distribution of anti-HCV according to age showed that those between81-90 years had highest prevalence of 7.41% followed by 31-40 years 4.95%, 51-60 years 5.30%,41-50 years 5.16%, 31-40 years 4.95%, 61-70 years 4.09%,21-30 years 3.75%, 11-20 years 2.16%, 71-80 years 1.57%, 1-10 years 0% and 91-100 years 0%. Conclusion: Keeping in view, the increasing burden of this disease, there is need to increase the public awareness as to how the infection can be prevented by taking simple precautions.

Introduction: Paragangliomas(PGLs) are rare neuroendocrine neoplasms originating from cells of the primitive neural crest. Head and neck PGLs represent nearly 20% of all PGLs. Retroperitoneal localisations are rare and represent less than 2% of all PGLs, and are known to be exceptionally nonfunctional. Case report: In this article we report a case of a 46-year-old female who presented, in 2013, a jugulotympanic PGL for which radiotherapy was delivered. In 2016, a second PGL occurred in the retroperitoneum and was completely resected by surgery alone. 6 year follow up showed a stability of the jugulotympanic PGL and no retroperitoneal recurrence. Conclusion: Current knowledge of different management modalities is especially relevant for patients with multicentric PGL. Notably, potential benefits and risks of available treatment options should be taken into consideration for every individual patient in order to provide personalized care. Recently, genetic screening particularly SDH mutations has shown a positive impact in the management of this disease as well as in predicting survival outcomes.

Within hours of the 9/11 terror attacks on New York and Washington D.C., American commentators were already comparing the event to a new ‘Pearl Harbor’. The comparison of September 11 with Pearl Harbor was natural because both were surprise attacks that killed many Americans, but most interesting about it was its implication: that an age of innocence and isolation had passed, and that American invulnerability was gone. Just as was the case after the Japanese attack, September 11 seemed fated to change radically and permanently the degree to which, and the way in which, the United States engaged with the rest of the world. Foreign policy arguably changed direction within days of 9/11 with the most immediate and most obvious change being the shift in focus towards terrorism. The focus had been foreign economic policy under Clinton but 9/11 produced a dramatic movement away from diplomacy and towards military solutions via the War on Terror. This change provides evidence of an immediate shift in US interests and this manifested in foreign policy. As such, this is an extremely important change post-9/11, especially as it emerged out of the first response to the attack and served to dictate US actions abroad for more than a decade afterwards. In this analytical article, the author examines the US foreign policy that changed in some very noticeable ways after the terrorist attacks on American soil on Sept. 11, 2001, most noticeably by increasing the amount of intervention in foreign wars, the amount of defense spending, and the redefinition of a new enemy as terrorism. Yet, in other reflective ways, the author also observes, how the foreign policy after 9/11 is viewed by major researchers as phenomenally a continuation of American policy since its beginnings.

The quality of herbal products which varies with the time under the influence of environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, moisture, other ingredient or excipient in the dosage form, microbial contamination, adulteration, lack of good manufacturing practices, poor quality control procedures, poor agriculture and post harvesting methods. Therefore qualitative and quantitative evaluation of herbal drugs can serve as an important tool for monitoring the safety herbal formulations. The present study was performed quantitative assay, method development and validation of Boswellic acids using HPLC and HPTLC and also its application in various marketed formulations of Boswellia. Method Validation was performed as per the ICH guidelines. From all the validation parameters it is very clear that the HPLC and HPTLC method developed was sensitive, accurate, precise, linear, rugged, robust, and convenient and it could be applicable for quality control studies of marketed formulations of Boswellia.

Background: Low back pain is a pain syndrome occurring on the low back regions are the result of a variety of reasons. It is often experienced by those who work with the wrong posture. Based on data known to the high proportion of physiotherapy visits disobedience do physiotherapy in patients LBP (71.7%) in the General Hospital Pirngadi Medan year 2016. Object: To identify relationship between family support and adherence to physiotherapy in low back pain patients. Methods: the research used descriptive correlation quantitative with cross sectional approach. The instrument used questionnaires. Data were taken on 125 respondents with the randomly selected a simple (simple random sampling) and analyzed by Chi-square test, Results: The result showed ratio prevalence 95% CI family support between adherence to physiotherapy were 1,792 (1,031-3,114), and correlated with significantly p=0.046. Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between family support with adherence to physiotherapy.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common chronic lung disease in premature babies, especially those with very low body mass. Being a multifactorial disease, BPD requires complex pathogenetic, syndromnal, and symptomatic pharmacotherapy. In addition to oxygen therapy, it should include anti-inflammatory and antibacterial treatment, sparing prescription of glucocorticosteroids. It is also advisable to use antioxidants, proteinase inhibitors, drugs for the relief of apnea, diuretics. When prescribing pharmacotherapy, it is necessary to take into account the severity of the disease, the development of complications, the tolerance of drugs, the therapeutic response of the infant’s body to treatment. However, the effect of treatment can vary from very good to extremely weak.

Introduction: Every eight seconds someone, somewhere in the world, dies as a result of tobacco use. It has been reported that there is an increased trend of tobacco habits among the heathcare students perusing healthcare education like any other youths. Methodology: A questionnaire based study to assess the prevalence of tobacco use among undergraduate students of Indira Gandhi Dental College Campus in Jammu on 170 students. Global Health professional students survey (GHPSS), survey questionnaire given by (CDC) centre for disease control Athlanta which is a standard pre-tested questionnaire for assessing prevalence of tobacco use among health care professionals around the world was used. Results: The present study showed 34.7 % prevalence of smoking and 17.6 % prevalence of chewing tobacco. This reflect alarming situation and demands urgent anti tobacco & tobacco cessation measures to be adopted by health professionals, who happens to be health promoters & health role models for society.

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, commonly found in males above the age of 60. Increased life expectancy due to better health care and aging population will see a proportional rise in case of PD in India during next three decades making it a major health problem. Objectives: There was no well designed longitudinal study on PD from Kashmir, North-India. Therefore, we planned to determine the prevalence, type of PD & associated probable risk factor for PD in the Kashmir valley, North India, on a stratified random sampling through a door-to-door survey. Material and Method: A prospective community - based study was conducted over a period of three years from May 2010 – May 2013 after obtaining approval from the Institutional Ethical Committee & informed written consent. The study population consisted of all subjects above 7 years of age. The screening was conducted in 2 stages, initially a validated questionnaire was pretested and subjects were interviewed & clinically examined by team of Doctors. In later stage, cases with both typical and atypical features of PD underwent detailed examination by a neurologist at SMHS Hospital, a tertiary referral centre and requisite investigation done wherever deemed necessary. Results: The total number of subjects screened were 13710, out of them 39 were found to have PD, with overall prevalence of 0.28 % (280/100,000). The peak prevalence of PD was in the age group of 70-79 years with male prepondance M:F ratio (1.4:1) , Predominant symptom was Tremor (74.4%) followed by bradykinesia. The distribution of parkinsonism in our study was idiopathic PD 59%, drug induced PD 17.9%, Parkinson plus syndrome 15.4% and vascular Parkinsonism in 7.7%. The Prevalence of PD was more in rural population compared to urban. Exposure to agricultural chemicals, Pesticides, and prolonged well water consumption were also possible risk factors for PD. Conclusion: The prevalence of PD in our part of world is less as compared to Europe and western world. This study documents the epidemiological data of PD in Kashmir valley (Hazratbal Block). It represents varied geographical, social, economic, cultural ethnicity among rural/urban population. There is low literacy rate, predominant rural population and insufficient health infrastructure where PD poses an invisible but major health problem for policy makers.

Background: Stoma is a disorder that occurs in the gastrointestinal tract and the opening results are made by surgery of the intestinal tract where the effluent (dirt, mucus) is diverted out of the body by using artificial openings. One of the stoma management strategy is education in the hope of increasing knowledge of self-care, by involving the patient's active role in the various self-care management strategies in managing and maintaining the patient so that the self-care ability can be fulfilled. Aims: to analyze the influence of education about stoma on self care ability in patients with colostomy. Methods: The results showed that there was a difference of self-care between before intervention with after stoma patient education intervention with p-value <0.05. Stoma education interventions have an effect on the improvement of self-care ability of patient with stoma. Conclusion: It is expected that the role and active efforts of health workers, especially nurses, to help stoma patients by providing education about stoma so that the involvement of patients in management of disease management can increase and give a positive impact on improving the health status of stoma patients.

A series of novel pyrazol-3-yl-pyrimidine, pyrazole, and pyran derivatives have been synthesized in good yields. Thus, the reaction of 5-oxo-1-phenyl-4-(2-phenylhydrazono)-4.5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-3-carbaldehyde(1) with malononitrile mixture with thiourea, guanidine hydrochloride, barbituric acid, thiosemicarbazide, or phenyl thiosemicarbazide in one-pot synthesis produced the corresponding compounds (2-6). treatment of (2) with o-bromobenzoic acid gave compound (7). Similarly, treatment of (1), malononitrile mixture with hydrazine hydrate, o-nitrophenyl hydrazine, isonicotinoylhydrazine, p-sulphamylphenylhydrazine, or phenyl hydrazine yielded the corresponding (8-12). In the same time, treatment of (1), malononitrile mixture with cyclohexanone, dimedone or acetophenone, afforded the pyrazolyl-pyran derivatives (13-15). In addition, treatment of (15) with methylhydrazine gavemethylaminopyridine-5-carbonitrilederivative (16). The Reaction of (1), malononitrile mixture with hydroxylamine hydrochloride gave 2, 3-dihydroisoxazole-4-carbonitrile derivative (17) and with oxamic acid gave5, 6-dioxo-5, 6-dihydropyridine-5-carbonitrilederivative (18). The structure of all target molecules (2-18) have been confirmed by various spectral techniques and elemental analyses. The synthesized compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity.

This paper presents synthesis, thick film fabrication and characterizations of the nanostructured SnO2 powder by disc type ultrasonicated microwave assisted centrifuge technique. The selected material is low cost and readily available. Synthesis procedure is quite simple. The obtained SnO2 particles are in nanometer scale and dispersed with very large surface areas. Nano-scaled grains exhibit high surface to volume ratio. Thick films of as synthesized powder were fabricated by simple screen printing technique followed by the calcinations at 500oC for 1 hr. Optimizing the particular conditions, the thick films can be used for gas sensing applications. The film samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive analysis by X rays (EDAX), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), etc.

Background: The epidemiologic transition from communicable to non-communicable disease has become a major public health concern. Diabetes is one of the causes for the increased burden of NCD’s. Among the many complications of diabetes, hypomagnesemia is a manifestation which is overlooked. Objectives: This study was designed to assess the effect of glycaemic index on serum magnesium levels. Methods: The Observational Cross-Sectional study was conducted in the Internal Medicine, of tertiary care center of Northern India, through October 2017-September 2018, among thenewly diagnosed type II diabetes mellitus patients. Results: The mean magnesium in patients with HbA1C levels <7 % was 2.07 ± 0.125, in those with HbA1C 7-9 % was 1.94 ± 0.318 and those with HbA1C >9 % was 1.92 ± 0.286. It indicates inverse relationship between serum magnesium and HbA1C levels. Conclusion: Comparison of serum magnesium levels with glycaemic index of newly diagnosed type II diabetes mellitus patients was done with the concluded that, serum Magnesium levels decline as the HbA1Clevels increases. Based on this finding we could recommend diet rich in magnesium to avoid complications.

Grape is one of the most commercial horticultural crops of the world. Grapes are very nutritious, rich source of minerals and different vitamins. It revels from the figure, the Thompson seedless raisins treated with Changes in the hydroxyl ion scavenging potential in the Thompson and Sonaka seedless raisins treated with different chemical compounds on the basis of percent inhibition are presented are shown in Figure. It revels from the figure, that the Thompson seedless raisins treated with K2CO3+sulphur has a greater hydroxyl ion scavenging potential than the raisins treated with other compounds, while Sonaka seedless raisins treated with CaCO3 shows higher OH- ions scavenging potential than the raisins treated with other compounds.

Dicoumarol (3) obtained from 4-hydroxy coumarin (2) through different routs has been found pharmacologically active and responsible for anticoagulant properties. Mechanistically interesting 2-nitroso-2-methyl-1,3-indandione dimer (11) has been synthesized by the nitration of 2-methyl-1,3-indandione (9) when the reaction is carried out at 00C. In a patent work phthalimide derivatives (13) synthesized from the reaction of phthalimide with hydrazones have been found to be potent insecticides. Phthalimide esters of the type (14) have also been synthesized and evaluated as potential prodrugs. In a substitution reaction 1H –isoindole-1,3-(2H) dione (12) replaces chloride from chloroacetonitrile to yield N-cyanomethyl phthalimide (15).

Background: Some factors which cause nurses’ intense turnover are organizational commitment and satisfaction. Nurses who have low commitment will withdraw from an organization and will eventually retire from the hospital. Likewise it is with job satisfaction where the feel dissatisfied with their job tend to leave an organization. When the condition of dissatisfaction continues, they will leave the organization. Aims: to find out the influence of organizational commitment and job satisfaction on nurses’turnover intention at Malahayati Islamic Hospital, Medan. Methods: The research used causality design. The population in this study were all nurses at the Malahayati Islamic Hospital in Medan, namely 160 people. The sample size was determined using the power analysis method and obtained a sample of 126 people. The sampling technique used proportional random sampling. The data were analyzed by using descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Results: The result of the research showed that the most dominant organizational commitment of nurses was affective commitment of 40 people (31.8%) and the strength of these commitments was mostly in the moderate category as many as 71 people (56.3%), quite satisfied as many as 59 of them (46.8%) and had moderate turnover intention of 52 of them (41.3%).It was also found that, partially, there was negative and significant influence organizational commitment on nurses’ turnover intention at p-value = 0.00 < 0.05, and there was negative and significant influence of organizational commitment and job satisfaction on nurses’ turnover intention simultaneously at p-value = 0.00 < 0.05. Conclusion: It is expected that hospital management can improve organizational commitment by increasing nurse affective, continuance, and normative commitment. Furthermore, management must also increase nurse job satisfaction through increasing nurse satisfaction with satisfaction with salary and remuneration, recognition and promotion and work conditions.

Purpose: To obtain the normal time period for 5 time sit-to-stand in diabetic neuropathy patients. Objectives: To study the performance of 5 time sit-to-stand test in healthy individual and diabetic neuropathy patient and compare the 5 time sit-to-stand test performance in healthy individual and diabetic neuropathy patient. Methods: Cross Sectional Study design assigned by convenient samplingwith30 Subjects in each group. Outcome Measure: Five times sit to stand test. Results: The average time of 5 time sit to stand test taken by healthy individual was 14.36 second and diabetic neuropathy patients was 21.06 second. Conclusion: The aim of the study is to compare the time taken by healthy individual and diabetic neuropathy with the help of 5 time sit-to-stand test. We conclude that diabetic neuropathic patients take more time compare to healthy individual to complete 5 time sit-to-stand test.

Land resources in montane highlands often represent common property prerequisites for the survival and sustenance of the human in communities that are dependent thereof. The Oku and Mbessa communities on the northern fringe of the Ijim-Kilum citadel have in the course of manning their respective base resources sowed a spectre of edgy perceptions and practices of ownership entitlements that have hatched land resource conflicts. Their recurrence and abatement attempts within the past three decades has rather enshrined ugly hallmarks of shady peace deals between communities to an extent that planners of contemporary community resources find it hard to stay aloof. This study posits that if the conflicts are not holistically resolved, such issuant and commonplace signatures would continue to exacerbate the current tragedy of the commons to profit advantaged communities in this increasingly global economy where general welfare of all and sundry ought to be valued and preserved.

Objectives: To determine a frame work for significant prison environment and health systems factors influencing transmission of HIV/STI/TB and Drug Abuse in prisons. Methods: Data base: Medline, CINAHL, Cochrane Library and WHO Journals, Reports/Policy. Documents that review the progress of prison health care were identified. The sources for the study were chronologically examined under historical development of prison health care trends since 1900. The documents were reviewed and organized around Knowledge, Attitude and Practice, Legal &, Prison Systems, Prisons Health Care, Interventional areas and Practice Topics or Issues, not the chronology of the research. Results: Prison health frame work on HIV/STI/TB environmental factors was extensively studied and was found suitable for the 21st century prison health care in accordance with the WHO guidelines. The construct was analyzed to provide the needed knowledge, attitude and practice. The problems for implementing prison health are: lack of committed leadership, lack of strategic planning and a locative efficiency by the Ministry concerned, coupled with no or lack of resources and amnesty decisions on patients. Conclusion: Better understanding of the three infectious diseases must produce effective prisoners and prison staff in reducing HIV/STI/TB transmission. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice facilitate early diagnosis of the disease. Inmates lack understanding of the transmission of these diseases. Overcrowding, poor nutrition, inadequate and lack of ventilation and light must be prevented or controlled. Prisons lack of clear policies on how to reduce transmission, modified attitude towards human rights and to strategically promote good prison health and also provide a basis for promoting equity of access to health care and quality systems, performance monitoring and evaluation of prison health care, practices and quality activities.

Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) that includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary Embolism(PE) is the major cause of mortality and morbidity in hospitalized patients, and It is often under diagnosed due to lack of information on VTE risk and prophylaxis. International recommendations suggested that active monitoring of VTE prophylaxis can improve the quality of it is practice in Hospitals and prevent death (Bottaro and Emery, 2012; Dorfman and Chan, 2006). Aim of the study: Study aimed to: 1) Assess the prevalence of VTE risk in acute hospital care setting in AL-Sulaimaniyah, 2) Determine proportion of at-risk patients receiving prophylaxis, 3) Assess the type of prophylaxis measures used and compare it with London Hospitals, 4) Implement an Internal prophylaxis Guideline in Kurdistan to put a positive impact on patients safety and lower the incidence of VTE occurrence in hospitals. Hoping to be depended by Iraqi health system. Patients and Methods: The current cross sectional study was carried out in two parts on 350 patients; 1st part conducted in AL-Sulaimaniyah Hospitals including Medical, General Surgery, and Orthopedic Teaching Hospitals on 250 patients from December 2012 to March 2013, and 2nd part was conducted in London Hospitals including Medical, General Surgery, Cardiovascular, Plastic and Orthopedic on 100 patients, from April to May 2013. Risk factors profile and total risk score determined are stratified in four risk groups based on Caprini Scoring Risk Assessment Model. Low risk (from 0-1point), Moderate risk (2 point), Higher risk (from 3-4 point), Highest risk (from 5 point and more). Descriptive statistics (numbers and percentage) were calculated for all variables, as well as analytical statistics was done to find the relations between variables by using fisher exact and Chi square test. A p-value < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Patients in AL-Sulaimaniyah Hospitals revealed that most of the patients were at highest risk score > 5, and only small percentage of them receiving prophylaxis (31%) The differences between prophylaxis measures used in two cities regarding most types of measurements in two specialty medical and surgical were highly significant (P value of all <0.001). Conclusion: Because lack of prophylaxis measures and non-implementing a Unique National Guideline like that done in London, the results of the study showed that the risks for DVT and PE were high in patients of AL-Sulaimaniyah Hospitals.

Introduction: Prediction of gestational age (GA) based on sonographic fetal parameters is the cornerstone of modern obstetrics. In the third trimester all the individual parameter measurements become less accurate but recent studies have shown that fetal transcerebellar diameter is one such parameter that has remained consistently superior in prediction GA in both singleton and twin gestation. Aims and Objective: To predict gestational age using TCD & HC measurement in third trimester &correlated the prediction of gestational age by comparing transcerebellar diameter (TCD), Head circumference (HC) and LMP. Materials and Methods: Present study was done on 100 pregnant women in the Department of Radiodiagnosis, SIMS, Hapur from the month of October 2016 to March 2017. Study group included antenatal women between 28 to 40 weeks of gestation by applying simple random technique.Ultrasonography (USG) was done between 28 to 40 weeks of POG, after filling PNDT form. Result: Pearson’s correlation coefficient was 0.894 for TCD and 0.856 for HC. Although correlation was found to be statistically significant in both TCD and HC groups but GA had better correlation with TCD than the HC (p<0.001). Conclusion: The present study has revealed that TCD shows good correlation with the LMP for the prediction of gestational age in third trimester, however TCD has a better correlation with LMP than HC for the gestational age estimation.

The paper examined the participation of women in Trade Union in Nigeria. The main argument is that rather than attribute the low participation of women in Trade Union on biological, cultural, economic and educational factors, Trade Union and indeed women should be held responsible. The paper relied on secondary sources of data and adopted structural functionalism as an analytical construct which presupposes the fact that the structures (parts) that make up a system perform specific functions for the adaptation, stability and sustenance of the system. The paper notes that the anti-democratic posture of trade union and indeed the passive and incompatible attitude among women are responsible for their low participation in Trade Union. The paper recommends among other strategies that women should embark on intensive and extensive awareness campaign and see themselves as formidable and indispensable force to be reckoned with not only in trade union but also in the socio-eco- political landscape of Nigeria.

Let R be a ring with unity and let M be an R-module. Let R(+)M be the idealization of the ring R by the R-module M. In this article, we investigate when Γ(Zα(+)M) and Γ(Z_(p^(α_1 ) ) α(+)Z_(p^(α_2 ) )) are divisor graphs.

Universidade da Paz (UNPAZ) is an academic institution and established since year 2003. In fact, happening, innovation and flexibility which is owned by the direction of every unit are rigid and at the time of decision-making related to the crucial actions that still have not been fullest due to fear of sections moved. Verbal abilities already possessed by every leader in every work unit, but due to cultural factors which all crucial decisions should be moved into a section so that it is centered on impact the quality loss that is owned by any leadership especially in the actions of decision-making, and it almost happened on all institutions of higher education. The research aimed to know the influence of employee motivation and leadership partially against the effectiveness of administrative service at the UNPAZ, Dili, Timor-Leste. This research uses the quantitative method with multiple regression analysis techniques that are supported with some research instrument test. As variable in this research is the ability of human resources (X1) and performance (X2) as the variable exogen (X), and service quality (Y) as an endogenous variable.

The activity concentration of Naturally Occurring Radio-nuclides such as 238U, 232Th and 40K in the collected soil sample from the selected area were measured by using Gamma ray spectroscopy employed by HPGe detector to perform the measurements. The average activity concentration values was found to be 46.93, 110.6, 847.65 and 2.43Bq/Kg for 238U, 232Th,40K and 137Cs respectively. These values were higher than the world average values given by UNSCEAR (2000). The average associated radiological hazard parameters indices Raeq, Hex, Hin, Dout, Din, AEDE and I of natural radio-nuclides were determined to be as follow 248.27, 0.728, 0.86,0.185, 1.035, 1.22 and 1.98 Bq/Kg respectively. Some results such as Dout, Din, AEDE and I were found to be higher than the recommended world average values UNSCEAR (2000) and others were Raeq, Hex and Hin below the standard. Accordingly, the investigated soil sites were not radiation hazard free.

Soil erosion is a natural phenomenon, where environmental determinants, such as climate, soil, topography, and vegetation affect the extent and magnitude of soil loss. Human impact on the natural system through deforestation, intensive land cultivation, uncontrolled grazing, and construction activities are often accelerating the rate of soil erosion. Spatial and temporal change of land use/land cover (LULC) is increasingly recognized as an important driver of environmental change such as soil degradation. Soil erosion models, for instance, RUSLE integrated into GIS has used to assess the spatial distribution of soil loss and identify areas of concern. This study was aimed at assessing the LULC change and soil erosion trends in the Wombeya watershed between 1986 and 2017. This study applies the RUSLE model to explore soil erosion in the watershed. In the last four decades, soil erosion has been increased from 146 t ha-1yr-1to 214 t ha-1yr-1. Crop field and homestead show an increase in the expenses of forest and grassland. However, for the complete understanding of soil erosion causes exploring other impacts such as climate change is essential.

Background: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is an important cause of stroke in young. The Exact etiology and prevalence of the disease are yet to be fully understood. However various risk factors that predispose to the development of CVT have been identified. Cerebral venous thrombosis is most commonly seen in females, now there is no gender disparity. Objective: To study the clinical profile in male CVT patients admitted to the Institute of Neurology, Madras Medical College, India Materials and method: Clinical characteristics of 203 consecutive male patients diagnosed to have CVT and proven by MRI were analyzed who were admitted in the Institute of Neurology, Madras medical college, India. Data obtained a s an Asian CVT registry questionnaire. Clinical profile and risk factors are studied. Results: The mean age of male patients with CVT was (38 + 6.9 years). Out of 203 patients, 147 patients (72.4%) were aged less than 40 years. The most common clinical feature encountered is Headache (93.5%). Papilledema was observed in 101 patients (50.2%). Trans-Venous Aphasia was observed in 21 patients (10.3%). Cranial nerve abnormality was observed in 70 patients (34.7%). Seizures developed in 101 patients (49. 7%) and the majority of them had 2 or fewer episodes (59%). The generalized tonic-clonic seizure was the most common semiology observed (82 patients). Focal seizures were observed in 17 patients and 2 had status epilepticus .61 patients (30%) had motor weakness on examination. Ataxia and vertigo noted in 8 patients (3.9%). All patients had evidence of venous sinus thrombosis in MR venography. The most common venous system is the superficial venous system (98.7%). The most common vein affected is superior sagittal sinus (68.3%) followed by Transverse sagittal sinus (53.6%). Iatrogenic antithrombotic therapy-related hemorrhage was seen in 6 patients (4 GI bleed and 2 Hematuria) and was not severe warranting transfusion. The nosocomial infection developed in 4 patients (2 UTI and 2 Aspiration Pneumonia).Malignancy is noted in one patient.4 patient expired in spite of therapy (2 due to aspiration pneumonia, 1 due to a rapid worsening of neurological status and 1 due to the development of pulmonary embolism). Conclusion: Compare to previous International study, Incidence of CVT in Male's are higher. Alcoholism is a major risk factor. Compared with previous Indian studies there is no significant difference in gender disparity, clinical profile and risk factors.

The article will address deals with some indexes of the flower dynamics and seed efficiency of Aegilops L. in conditions of Uzbekistan. Another aspect which will be covered is morphobiology features of some species of genus Hordeum L. are given in this article and Triticumaestivum L.

Introduction: Women using low-dose of combined oral contraceptive (COC) present fasting triglycerides, postprandial lipemia, and higher C-reactive protein. This condition seems to be related to the decrease in the action of the lipoprotein lipase enzyme due to decreased insulin sensitivity. Objective: To test whether there is a difference between the function of beta-pancreatic cells of women using or not COC and to verify the association between these indexes and the fasting lipid profile in this population. Methods: The sample was divided into two groups: COC group (COCG) composed of 22 women using low dose COC and without COC group (WCOCG). The correlation between the values of Homa-IR (HIR) and Homa-Beta (Hβ), which respectively evaluated insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell function- were verified with all variables of the lipid profile - triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL). For the intergroup comparison of the parametric variables, we used the unpaired bidirectional Student t test and non-parametric variables the Mann-Whitney test. Results: Highest HIR (0.03%) and Hβ (˂ 0.01 #) were observed for COCG. There was a moderate and positive linear correlation between HIR and total cholesterol (r=0.34 and p=0.02) and Hβ with triglycerides (r=0.41 and p<0.01), TC (r=0.40 and p˂0.01) and LDL (r=0.30 and p=0.04).

Objective: To evaluate the intra-hospital care to the victims of external causes and their outcomes in service of Medium Complexity. Method: Longitudinal, prospective study of quantitative approach. Data were collected by instrument, manual search in the medical record and direct interview with the victims. Results: Of these victims, 72.5% were young men, mean age 40.6 years, 67.0% of occurrences occurred during the day. The Charlson Comorbidity Index scored zero at 66.7%. The Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) demonstrated that 43.7% presented no risk of death, Injury Severity Scores (ISS) and Revised Trauma Score (RTS) evidenced mild trauma. The severity scales TRISS, ISS, RTS, Glasgow Coma Scale were not associated with the high discharge or transfer. The time of hospitalization and surgery was equal to or less than seven days for 60.6% and 55.1%, respectively. The surgery was statistically significant for the outcome of the patient. Conclusion: The victims of this study had characteristics of low health complexity, confirmed by the scales of lesions applied and low prediction of death. It is considered highly relevant and essential the service of care in the medium complexity, and the correct referral to an institution that behaves and resolves cases.

Ayurvedic Medicine is a system of traditional medicine native to India and a form of alternative medicine. In Sanskrit, word Ayus, means "longevity", and Veda, means "related to knowledge or science". It is an ancient Indian science that mainly involves the use of naturally occurring herbs and shrubs to provide a cure for medical ailments without causing any undue side effects. With the recent boom in holistic and herbal medicine and an ever-growing trend among the general population towards herbal remedies as an alternative to traditional pharmaceutical therapies. These alternative products include some standard dental products made with natural ingredients, herbal products and homeopathic products. The use of herbal products should be based upon sound basic science and sufficient evidence of safety and efficacy. So this review article includes various Herbal Extracts and their effects and clinical implications in Endodontics.

Background: Phantom tumour or Vanishing tumour stands for a localized transudative interlobar collection of pleural fluid in congestive heart failure. It is named so because of the resemblance to a tumour on the CXR and its tendancy to disappear following therapy for cardiac failure. It was first reported by Stewart in 1928 as ‘’interlobar hydrothorax ‘’. Case report: A 80 year old man presented Shortness of breath and swelling over legs generalized tiredness and dry cough since five days. He had no history of Tuberculosis nor any other co-morbidities On Examination he had clubbing of fingers, B/l Pitting Pedal Edema along with raised JVP. Chest was barrel in shape. Bilateral fine inspiratory crepitations were present in Lower Lung Fields. No Cardiac Murmurs were audible. Chest x ray PA View showed sharply demarcated oval homogenous dense shadow about 3x4 cm size in the Right Middle Lobe. USG Thorax was done and showed fluid in the interlobar fissure. Echocardiography was done and showed Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, Global Hypokinsia of Left Ventricle with LVEF of 45%, Mild Tricuspid Regurgitation, jerky septum in motion. Parenteral diuretic therapy was started along with fluid restriction. After five days of therapy repeat chest X rays revealed significant resolution of homogenous opacity with only thin strip of opacity of 0.5cm was remaining. Conclusion: This case confirms efficacy of the conservative medical treatment (loop diuretics and fluid restriction) for the localized interlobar effusion in congestive heart failure. Phantom lung tumor should be considered and excluded in any patient presenting with clinical features of congestive heart failure with an apparent lung mass on a CXR. Finally, it is necessary to highlight the importance of recognizing this condition in order to avoid unnecessary, expensive, and possibly harmful diagnostic and treatment errors.

Rural women's economic and social development is necessary for overall economic development of society and nation. Rural women are now increasingly run their own business yet their entrepreneurial potential, managerial skill and socio-economic contribution remain largely neglected. Women entrepreneurship development is the instrument of women empowerment. Empowerment through entrepreneurship leads to self-fulfillment and makes women aware about their status, existence, right and their position is in the society. In modern era, women are becoming socially empowered, and economically empowered through business ownership. Women entrepreneurship is gaining importance in India in the wake of globalization and economic liberalization. Women entrepreneurs tend to be highly motivated, self disciplined & self directed. On the other hand, empowerment of rural women is also very significant. Economic empowerment of rural women will lead to the development of our country and it is very necessary to give keen attention over the empowerment of women in the rural areas for the real development of our country in all spheres. Women's entrepreneurship is important for women's position in society, and economic development of women will lead to development of family, community and country. It opens up new avenues for creating employment opportunities for women and men. The present paper focuses on parameters to be focused to enhance the entrepreneurial skill of rural women and in turn their empowerment.

Microrhizomes were successfully induced in Zingiber officinale and their in vitro and ex vitro conversion potential was investigated. The six weeks old axenic plants derived from vegetative bud culture induced microrhizomes with 78% response when transferred to LS liquid medium supplemented BAP (8.88μM) and Sucrose (7%). The average number, yield and average weight of microrhizome was found to be 5.4g, 2.65g and 0.49g respectively. The microrhizomes stored at 4°C for 12 months resulted in fairly good conversion response both in vitro and ex vitro conditions followed by development into complete plantlets without any significant loss of conversion potential. The protocol described in this paper is reproducible and shall definitely facilitate the utilization of this technique in propagation and conservation of Zingiber officinale Rosc.

The current study aims at analysing the basic learning methods of Montessori kids and comparing the methods of learning between boys and girls. The Montessori education is concentrated on the self-directed activity, hands on learning and scientific observation of children. The two Montessori’s of south Bangalore Leo kids and Samskruti were selected as the study area. The age group considered was from 3-5 years and were grouped as PKG (Pre Kinder Garden), LKG (Lower Kinder Garden), and UKG (Upper Kinder Garden). Out of 115 children, 67 were boys and 48 were girls. The performance level of boys and girls were analysed under four different tasks and activities classified under identification criteria, memory skills, physical ability and mathematical ability. The total percentage of performance level of boys was 82.09% and girls was 83.66%. The ANOVA - one way classification was used between groups and within groups. The f value was calculated and was compared with F critical value. In the conclusion drawn, there is no significant difference between the performance level between boys and girls at early age of Montessori education.

The garbage dumps near human settlements of hunting and food gathering, emerged out as the nucleus of agriculture. Nearly ten Thousand years ago man learnt to grow the plants of his own choice from seeds & propagules as he saw them growing on garbage dumps. For present investigation Phaseolus mungo crop was taken. From stand point of determination of yield, sink parameters i.e. average number of pods per plant, average pod yield per plant, average length of pods, average number of seeds per pod, average weight of seeds per pod and grain yield gram / plot were calculated under different treatments. These experiments were laid in RBD with three replicates. From stand point of achieving maximum yield it is quite clear that weed free condition obtained through constant weeding is the best method.

The cooling for air conditioning or foodstuff refrigeration is ensured in most cases with compression refrigeration machines which are high electrical energy consumers. They are responsible of much greenhouse effects, especially when chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), or certain hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs) are involved as refrigerants due to their high global warming capacities. A promising alternative to these systems is the use of absorption type refrigeration machines. Indeed, these equipments provide a very low power consumption and allow the use of refrigerants with quite low global warming potential as water, or ammonia which are natural refrigerants. In tropical countries, solar energy can be associated for heat supply making the technology more competitive and eco-friendly. In this paper a focus was made in the modelling of an absorption machine using the water-lithium bromide (LiBr-H2O) binary mixture withinsouthern Beninese climatic conditions. The effect of the operating temperatures of the main elements of the device on the coefficient of performance (COP) were analysed. The parameters that ensure optimum performance have also been determined. The results showed that the efficiency of the internal heat recovery heat exchanger and the temperatures (at the heater and the evaporator) have a significant impact on the COP. The numerical study also made it possible to determine the temperature ranges for which the absorption machine may provide good performances in tropical environments.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) still remains the major public health threat in India. Early diagnosis, so as to initiate early treatment is a priority as any delay, may complicate the prognosis further leading to the failure of an effective control. India accounts for 6% incidence of pediatric TB cases in a population that has 40% as estimated latent TB cases. Pediatric samples as the key population. Tuberculosis remains the commonest cause of childhood meningitis in high burden countries (Raj et al., 2014). India accounted for highest number of TB deaths among children in the year 2015 followed by Nigeria and China. Out of which TBM stands to be the most common cause of morbidity. Extra pulmonary TB accounts for 25% out of the total TB cases reported among which the most severe form being the TBM. Though severe and difficult to diagnose due to lack of specific tests to get confirmed, CBNAAT is the only solution for microbiological confirmation of the disease for early treatment initiation and reduction of morbidity and mortality. Previously, due to lower case detection rates owing to inadequate diagnostic facilities of higher analytical sensitivity the mortality and morbidity continued to be in the higher range and empirical treatment modality was the main stay till the Cartridge based Nucleic acid amplification tests came into existence. The increase in the case detection for Tubercular meningitis at a manageable stage of the disease would help in decreasing the mortality rates. The study explores the increased case detection rates among pediatric population suffering from tubercular meningitis from referral units to Intermediate Reference Lab Kolkata. CSF from the pediatric patients has not been very difficult procedure though invasive specially in the pediatric age group and can be practiced at peripheral unit having CBNAAT facility. Methods: Cerebrospinal fluid from pediatric patients showing obvious clinical signs of meningitis were collected from tertiary unit linked to Intermediate Reference Laboratory Kolkata and tested on CBNAAT by Xpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rifampicin (MTB/RIF) (Cepheid) along with all the pulmonary and extra pulmonary samples based on the manufacturer’s instruction. The data were captured in the Xpert software automatically during the tests and exported to the Microsoft Excel sheets for further analysis. A defined study design against each and every objective was set up to analyze the effective detection of tubercular meningitis case and their resistance to Rifampicin along with the other pulmonary and extra pulmonary samples. Result and Conclusions: The study concluded that confirmation of tubercular meningitis cases by the help of CBNAAT. The detection of microbiologically confirmed tuberculosis by these specimen sent from the referral unit linked with IRL Kolkata for pulmonary and extra pulmonary cases along with tubercular meningitis cases is significant and facilitate the early initiation of treatment for tuberculosis and more so to those who are newly detected as MDR TB especially below the 6 months of age. About 5% prevalence and around 4.9% incidence is an alarming situation in the TB control scenario of West Bengal. The positive case detection among the CSF samples was found to be more in the 0.6 to one year group followed by the age group of one to five years. The percentage positivity of CSF is recorded as 2.38% and the percentage of Rifampicin resistance among positive cases from CSF was found to be 13.79% (n=28).

This review focus on several emergency drugs which should be always present in the pediatric dental office for the treatment of medical emergencies or to prevent their occurrence in dental clinic. Drugs used for adults can be inadequate for treatment of medical emergencies in a pediatric dental patient. So emergency drugs should be individually prepared for use or they can be commercially available as emergency drug kit. This drug kit should contain all emergency drugs with recommended dose for use by the pedodontist according to the needs of emergency and training of the dental practitioner.

The study area, Nirmal Chor is encumbered with both physical and socio-economic compels. It is the piece that such areas are too poor to be developed but actually, it has different. None but the thing is that these areas needed some inputs and ventures. The objectives of this paper are only to highlight some details and areas in which it can venture some possibilities and the methodology is wholly descriptive statistical method and also used simple random sampling and stratified random sampling have been taken as the research area holds a large number of people belonging with the homogeneous economic class.

Background: Patients presenting with chest pain are a common daily occurrence in emergency medicine. Chest pain is quite common and up to 25% of the general population experience it in some form during their lifetime. The causes for cardiac-mimicking chest pain are numerous, but the most common causes can be narrowed down by system: musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, psychological, and pulmonary. Proper management of non-cardiac chest pain will lead to better utilization of resources, reduced health care costs, and an increased quality of life for patients. Objectives: To study the clinical profile and outcome of patients presenting with non-traumatic chest pain to emergency in the Department of Internal Medicine of tertiary care centre of Northern India. Methods: The Observational Cross-Sectional study was conducted in the emergency department of Medicine, of tertiary care center of Northern India, from 1st July 2016 to 30th June 2017, among the patients presenting with non- traumatic chest pain and who satisfied the inclusion criteria. Results: Out of 271 patients who reported to emergency with complaints of chest pain, 98 (36.2%) patients had CVS cause of chest pain, 65 (24%) had GIT cause, 63 (23.2%) had MSK cause, 25 (9.2%) had respiratory cause, 14 (5.2%) had psychiatric cause and 4 (2.2%) patients had other causes of chest pain. Conclusion: As the chest pain is the most common symptom in general practice and the present study also suggests that cardiac causes should be considered as prime cause until they are ruled out. Therefore, thorough history and physical examination should be part of initial evaluation of all patients with chest pain. However further large clinical as well as epidemiological studies with robust study design need to be conducted to confirm and further elaborate on our observations.

The Flexner Report "Medical Education in the United States and Canada" is the publication on medical education among the proponents and detractors of this pedagogical proposal. This model has disadvantages within which the scientific approach is noted away from the integral vision of the human being. Clinical reasoning is the centerpiece of medical practice and is an undefined construct and that formal programs of medical schools do not include. It is extremely difficult to teach students to replicate the expert's reasoning, if they do not yet have their own experience, or with structured knowledge. This experience is only acquired by comparatively relating a clinical problem, with similar situations seen above. In medical education, the simulation focuses on placing the student in a context that mimics clinical reality and is defined as a technique that replaces or expands a real experience through a guided experience, replicating real-world aspects in a way interactive- At the undergraduate boarding school, a trained physician is expected to develop and competencies related to health problem care. The objective of this work is to evaluate the development of Clinical Reasoning in Undergraduate Internal Physicians, taking into account the use of clinical simulation within the different curricula. Material and Methods: A prospective multicenter experimental study was conducted, with under graduate in-house physicians, (MIP) students from four medical schools. Curriculums were analyzed, taking into account whether or not they included clinical simulation scenarios as a teaching tool. Sand formed two groups, MIP that were taught with simulation scenarios and had no teaching with simulation scenarios. They were evaluated in a real clinical scenario during the preparation of the medical history of a randomly selected patient in the General Surgery service. Results: 24 (100%) MIPgroup I evaluated with clinical simulation in their curriculum we obtained the following results: Regarding the Interrogation aimed at obtaining important data for the current condition 20 (83.3%), they obtained excellent score, 3 (12.5%) they scored well, 1 (4.2%), scored regularly, and 0 scored poorly. As for obtaining data for the integration of diagnosis, 21(87.5%) they scored excellent 1 (4.2%) got well score 0 got regular score and 2 (8.3) got poor score. Speaking of physical data collection, the result was: 20 (83%) with a score of excellent, 3 (12.5%) with a good score, 1 (4.2%) with a regular score and 0 with poor score. For diagnostic supplementation studies it refers to 21 (87.5%) scored excellent 1 (4.2%) scored well 1 (4.2%) scored regular and 1 (4.2%) got poor score. In treatment evaluation 23 (95.8%) got an excellent score of 0 had good score, 1 (4.2%) had a regular score, 0 got poor score. The 27 (100%) MIP group II without clinical simulation in its curriculum, the results were as follows: Regarding the Interrogation aimed at obtaining important data for the suffering actat, 3 (11.2%) got an excellent score, 5 (18.5%) scored well, 19 (70.3%) they got a regular rating, 0 got poor grade. As for obtaining data for the integration of diagnosis, 7 (26%) got an excellent score, 5 (18.5%) scored well, 9 (33.3%) scored regular, 6 (22.2%), scored poorly. Speaking of physical data collection, the result was: 4 (14.8%) with a score of excellent, 4 (14.8%) with a good score, 7 (26%), with a regular score and 12 (44.4%), with a poor score. As for diagnostic supplementation studies refersto ,4 (14.8%) scored 6 (22.2%) got a goodscore, 9 (33.3%) obtained a regulatory scoreof8 (29.7%) got poor score. In treatment evaluation 3 (11.1%) scored at 3 (11.1%) had a good score, 11 (40.7%), had a regular score, 10 (37%) got poor score. Conclusions: The fundamental axis of medical training is clinical reasoning; in the student and in the doctor his learning represents a challenge, since traditionally education medicine has been based on the memorization of contents. The antecedent of a curriculum that includes clinical simulation scenarios favors the development of non-technical skills within which clinical reasoning stands out. Internal physicians who were trained under an academic program with clinical simulation not only develop specific clinical medical skills and abilities, but also the application and development of clinical reasoning, during the stage of building the medical history.

Introduction: Pain from the lateral aspect of the elbow was first described in 1873, and has since then been given different names such as tennis elbow, lateral epicondylitis, epicondylitis, epicondylalgia and lateral elbow pain. The etiology and pathogenesis of tennis elbow is not known, but the condition is considered to be an overuse injury of degenerative nature (Jozsa and Kannus, 1997 et al.). The pathology found in tennis elbow is addressed to the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) muscle origin (Nirschl and Pettrone, 1979). Materials and Methods: 25 patients in the age group of 20 to 70 years of either sex presenting pain on the lateral epicondyle of either elbow after being clinically diagnosed as suffering from Lateral Epicondylitis / Tennis Elbow after having ruled out other possible causes of pain in this region presenting after 7 days of onset of pain with failed conservative management for 2 weeks attending OPD/ emergency of the Post Graduate department of Orthopaedics, GMC Jammu were included in this study from July 2017 to June 2108. The response to treatment was graded using Oxford elbow score. Observations: In the present study of 25 patients there were 13 males and 12 females with a mean age of 43.98 years ( Range between 22 to 74 years). It was observed that the pretreatment mean oxford elbow score was 38.32 (20.83-56.24) which improved to 46.73 (20.83-66.65) at 1 month, 58.60 (33.32-81.23) at 3 months and 70.15 (35.41-87.48) at 6 months. Discussion: Nonoperative treatment is successful in 95% of patients with tennis elbow. There have been several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have compared autologous whole blood with PRP injection, autologous whole blood with steroid injection and PRP with steroid injection. However, results as to whether PRP, autologous whole blood or corticosteroids is more beneficial are still unclear. Conclusion PRP: improves pain and function in patients suffering from LE where conservative management has failed.

Introduction: Shaken baby syndrome is a serious brain injury caused by forcefully and violently shaking a baby. The National Center on Shaken Baby Syndrome reported that > 500 shaken baby syndrome cases, either fatal or nonfatal, occurred in the U.S., the District of Columbia, 2013-2014.Objective: To assess the level of knowledge on shaken baby syndrome and its prevention among care givers of young child. Design: Descriptive research design was used. Participants: 100 care givers of young child were selected using Convenient sampling technique in Para area of MCH centre Tirupathi. Tool: Structured Questionnaire with 10 questions was used to assess the level of Knowledge of care givers of young child regarding shaken baby syndrome. 10 dichotomous questions used to assess the level of Knowledge on prevention of Shaken baby syndrome among care givers of young child. Results: The findings of the study revealed that 45%(45) had inadequate knowledge, 26%(26) had moderate knowledge and 29% (29) had adequate knowledge on shaken baby syndrome, 14%(14) care givers of young child had inadequate knowledge , 36%(36) had moderate knowledge and 50% (50) care givers adequate knowledge on prevention of shaken baby syndrome. Conclusion: The care givers of young child having moderate knowledge on shaken baby syndrome and its prevention. The nurses in the hospital should work out a plan for educational programmes based on their level of knowledge. A wide spread network should be provided, which should focus on the improving the knowledge of shaken baby syndrome. The study will help the health care personnel to conduct health education session for care givers of a child on shaken baby syndrome and its prevention.

The title of the article was stressed on “Rethinking Curriculum Implementation, Paradigm, Models and Teachers’ Works.” by Cho, Jeasik (1998). The Paper was has been Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association (San Diego, CA, April13-17, 1998). The paper was start with introduction and over view in line with the current conceptual map regarding the curriculum implementation scene in terms of the twofold fidelity and adaptive position of view. On another hand it was also address the outlook curriculum enactment. The paper also stressed on the issues of understanding the implementation of paradigm, conventional implementation of models revisited, a new constellation of teachers’ work, conclusion and references were provided in the paper in details by the author.

The study was undertaken with the prime objective of evaluating the role of World Vision in improving the livelihood of the rural community in Soddo Area District, Wolayta Zone. Descriptive survey design was used. Household survey was conducted among 175 households who were randomly selected from five kebeles (villages) on proportionate to their population size. Structured questionnaire was prepared, pretested and distributed among the sample respondents for collection of primary data. Furthermore, face to face interview was also conducted among 15 members who were purposively selected from local government officials and World Vision staff. Focus group discussion and critical observations of various variables were also conducted. The collected data have been analyzed by using the integration of qualitative and quantitative methods. Descriptive statistics were widely used to analyze quantitative data. Sustainable Livelihood Model has been used as a conceptual framework whereby the major livelihood components such as food security and agriculture, health, education, potable water supply and credit and saving schemes are discussed. The findings of the study revealed that the role of World Vision in the major livelihood components was found to be highly significant in the study area. Its attempt to provide potable water, however, has been hampered by the quality of the constructed water points. Community participation and government cooperation were found to be the best opportunities whereas, recurrent draught, low level of the community’s education and land size have been found to be the major challenges of livelihood improvement of the community. The communities in the study area believed that the World Vision contribute a lot for their livelihood improvement. It was recommended that the World Vision need to take appropriate actions to improve the quality of their water points through constructing deeper wells and raising awareness of the community. Introducing an integrated irrigation program has been advised as the major cause for this is related to rain fall irregularity. It is recommended that the World Vision work in collaboration with the community itself and with government on the possibilities of introducing adolescent education to the community. Alternative agricultural technologies relevant to small land size have been recommended.

Tourism is one of the most important sectors of investment which contribute to raising the gross national product, so developed countries seek to develop this sector. The study aims clarifying the vision of 2030 and highlighting the tourism investment of the Kingdom because of its geographic position and cultural, natural and Islamic resources. It also highlights the most important aspects of tourism investment in the Kingdom, including the services facilities offered to encourage investors as well as employment opportunities, and other activities with an integrated plan to maintain safety, and other aspects that enable tourism investment. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the countries that seek developing tourism because of its components. As a result of this endeavor, 2030 was reached to develop and improve the current tourism in the Kingdom and also investment tourism projects linking the two countries of Egypt and Jordan which will contribute creating development and a positive result for three countries. The study confirms the positive effects of tourism investment on national income on the three countries (Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Jordan) between the period (2007-2018). The study also confirmed the positive impact of tourism investments development as a result of the increase in the number of tourists. The study emphasizes the importance of activating tourism projects, including the Neom project, which links together the three countries studied. The study recommended the importance of spreading tourism awareness about the advantages of tourism in the Kingdom, the importance of knowledge to feasibility study to avoid risks in projects, and providing qualified staff related to tourism guidance to guide tourists and expatriates. The study recommends also the management and improvement of services to facilitate services to investors encouraging them to the investment.

Sensory marketing creates an impact on the sense of the consumer, where it also affects perception, judgment and behavior. The main objective of the Sensory marketing is to send a direct message to the consumer’s brain creating an interest, tempting the client to purchase that particular product creating a bond between the client and product. Since the five senses play an important role in the human life, establishing brands with great importance is a key factor in the ever increasing brands in the market. At the same time, Sensory brands help to create a powerful sensory relationship with the client. The literature on Sensory marketing suggests 5 different elements where sensory stimuli are created and consumers can be influenced. They are identified as Visual (Sight), Atmospheric (Smell), Auditory (Hearing), Tactile (Touch) and Gustative (Taste). The sensory elements create sensory expressions and influences grounded cognition and finally it impacts consumer behavior.

Human Resource Development (HRD) is a continuous process of enabling and ensuring the development of employees in a systematic and planned way. No organization can grow and survive in the present day environment without growth and development of its people. Developing the human resource by upgrading their skills, extending their knowledge and competencies would lead to organizational development. Human Resource is the most important and valuable resource of every organization. Dynamic people can build dynamic organizations. Efficient employees can contribute to the effectiveness of an organization. Competent and motivated employees can make things happen and enable an organization to achieve its goal. Therefore, organizations should continuously ensure that the dynamism, competence, motivation and effectiveness of the employee always remain high. The present study is an attempt to contribute to a better understanding of the HRD climate prevailing in submersible manufacturing organizations. The general climate, HRD Mechanisms and OCTAPAC culture are better in submersible pump organizations.

The rising number of incidences of psychological and nervous breakdowns and open psychiatric illnesses among children and adolescents are resulting into society’s, (parents and teachers in particular) inability to offer appropriate nurturance to them (children and adolescents). Parents and or caretakers with society at large are faced with difficulty to understand the childhood and adolescence stages. Effort has been put in place to try to maintain the known or familiar systems of parenting, nurturance and moral training, however, some seem to be a failure due to a number of factors such as modernity which allows exposure and modeling age-inappropriate behaviour. This article has assessed the principles of the rights of children with specific reference to Africa and Ugandan context. Children and adolescents in the contemporary society in Africa and in Uganda in particular are faced with many critical issues like inappropriate parenting/nurturance styles; unhealthy attachments and detachments; unresolved grief; traumatic events; addictions to drugs and substances; stress and conflicts; and peer pressure, child labor, child torture, child neglect. They therefore exhibit their vulnerability in behaviour. It concludes that raising the child requires an integrated and holistic approach supportive families, communities and government agencies by providing the basic needs of the children.

Background: Appropriate utilization and compliance of Surgical Safety Checklist reduces occurrence of perioperative surgical complications and improve patient outcomes. However, data on compliance of surgical checklists are scarce in the study area. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate compliance of checklist completionat ayder comprehensive specialized hospital, mekelle, Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional based cross sectionalstudy was conducted among 132 patients undergoing elective and emergency surgery from April to June 2017. Compliance and completeness rate with implementation of Sign-in, Time-out, and Sign-out domains was computed with SPSS 20 package. Results: A total of 132 operations were performed and checklists were utilized in 69.7 % (92/132) of cases. Among these, most checklists were employed during emergency procedures (72 %) and in plastic and neurology surgical specialty were (100) completed. The overall compliance and completeness rate were 69.7% and 2.2 % respectively. The sign-in, time-out and sign-out completeness rate were in 60.9% (56/92), 8.9% (8/92) and 7.6 % (7/92) respectively. Conclusions and recommendations: The compliance rate was satisfactory but the overall completeness rate was low. Moreover, frequent use of the checklist during emergency cases has been deemed to be of value by clinicians. Supplementary training and attention to actual checklist use would be indicated to ensure that this valuable tool could be used more routinely and improve communication. Conducting regular audit of checklist utilization is also recommended.

Background and Aim: Life expectancy of people is increasing hence the edentulous population as well. It is of utmost importance that the post insertion instructions to be given by the dentists and followed by the patients earnestly for the success of the prosthetic rehabilitation. In view of this the aim of the present study was conducted. Materials and methods: A self administered questionnaire was administered to the patients to assess their attitude and knowledge about denture care. Results: Out of the 260 patients assessed 76 were males and 184 were females. 114 (43.8%) patients were between the age of 51-60 years.112 (43.1%) of them used the dentures for 1-2 years.56 (21.6%) of them had quid habit and 7 (2.7%) smoked with their dentures.207 (29.6%) of them got the denture hygiene and maintenance instructions from their treating dentists.243 (93.5%) said they clean their dentures after every meal.114 ( 43.8%) used brush and water to clean their dentures.239(91.9%) stored their dentures in water at night.245 (94.2%) do not use any denture cleansing tabs.249(95.8%) do not use any oral rinse.245(94.2%) do not sleep with dentures on.100(38.5%) of the study participants visited their dentists for follow up yearly once visit.198(76.2%) said that the most important quality of denture is that is mastication. Conclusion: The denture care instructions and maintenance protocol in this study were found to be satisfactory. However, emphasis should be given on education and motivation of patients regarding the recall visits of the patients.

In this work the authors synthesized a new crystalline ceramic Titanium Substituted Manganese -Zinc Ferrite System Mn0.8+xZn0.2TixFe2-2xO4 with x=0.10 by conventional solid state reaction route involving mechanical mixing, ball milling, calcination and sintering. Most important dielectric properties of the material such as dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and impedance of the material are evaluated as a function of temperature and frequency. Variation of electrical conductivity with frequency is found out and it is verified to be in accordance with Jonscher’s power law.

Introduction: Dental anomalies in tooth number, shape, size and position usually result in problems in maxillary and mandibular arch length and occlusion, which may greatly influence orthodontic treatment planning. Digital radiography (Panoramic radiography) is most accurate for diagnostic purposes as it allows complete visualization of maxillary and mandibular teeth. Aim: The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of dental anomalies, that could bethe cause of malocclusion in the Vidarbhian population. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was carried out indepartment of Oral Medicine and Radiology of Swargiya Dadasaheb Kalmegh Smruti Dental college and Hospital Nagpur, Maharashtra and approval was obtained from the institutional ethics committee. A total of 1000 panoramic radiographs were scanned for evaluation of dental anomalies. Dental records and orthopantomograms (OPGs) were reviewed for the following dental anomalies: congenitally missing teeth (agenesis), supernumerary teeth, impaction, ectopic eruption, transposition, germination, fusion, dilacerations, taurodontism, dens in dente (Dens Evaginatus) and any other unusual condition. Results: Out of 1000 patients examined between the age group of 12 to 36 years of age 313patients had dental anomaly. The most common dental anomaly found was impacted teeth (23.1%) followed by Dilaceration(3.6%),Congenitally missing(1.7%), Odontome (1%), Distomolar (0.2%), Talons cusp (0.2%), Partial anadontia (0.2%), Amelogenesis imperfecta (0.2%) Supernumerary teeth (0.2%), Mesiodens (0.2%), Taurodontism (0.4%), Dens invaginatus (0.1%), Dentinogenesis imperfecta (0.1%), Dilated odontoma (0.1%). In the present study 687 patients among 1000 patients did not show any dental anomaly. Conclusion: The prevalence of dental anomalies in Vidharbian population was found to be 31.1%.

This paper presents a survey conducted on Sustainability of Small and Micro Enterprises. Small and Micro Enterprises (SMEs) has a vital place in the economic development of any nation. In the State of Oromia, for example Small and Micro Enterprise (SMEs) sector contributed over 50 percent in the economic development and created significant number of new jobs despite number of difficulties that the SMEs are facing. Past statistics indicated that two out of five unable to survive during the first six months. This study investigates the way SMEs handle the challenges and sustain to exist in the computing business. This study employed simple random sampling to collect data from 57 registered and licensed small and micro enterprises. Data collected using Questionnaire and interviews was analyzed and presented. Access to finance, land, Electricity, trained workforce, transportation, political instability, licenses & permits and tax rates are major challenges of small and micro enterprise (SMEs). Before and on job training for members of small and micro enterprise (SMEs) is found so essential to capacitate the members for strengthening and identifying business areas where SMEs can further play a part in promoting research projects that can help them to copy or adopt technologies already exists in order to enhance their production and become competitive in the labor market as well as mange to the enterprises sustain. In spite of challenges and different measures taken since its inceptions, SMEs are increased in number and sizes; however they are still facing hard conditions. Disparities among the SMEs are significantly escalating by creating excessive pressure on enhancing the productivity of the SMEs and hamper the important role it can play in the economic sector. As similar studies indicate, such challenges can be addressed if the government is to providing various support services such as setting strategies to overcome the challenges; fair price to their products, better-quality customer service and continuously on job training can enhance the sustainability of small and micro enterprises.

The public assembly buildings like outdoor and indoor stadiums are prone to acoustical defects arising out of multifold reasons observed during many stage events. This investigation was carried out with an aim to do away with the obstructions intervening during the gala events. The factors identified to influence the acoustics of buildings are geometrical properties of the building, materials used for construction and interiors, openings in buildings, orientation and positioning of sound systems, number and capacity of sound systems and so on. Considering all these parameters into account, an investigation was made with a scientific approach of setting up of sound systems that suits well for any building geometry built with the conventional construction materials. The results of the study proposed non-linear polynomial equations for orientation and positioning of surround sound systems to generate a highly audible and ambient atmosphere.

This paper aims to study the viability of converting a putrescible goat stomach into novelty leather in order to produce small leather goods adding value to the waste of goat. In this study, eight pieces of goat stomach were taken which were turned into leather through the stages done in general leather processing such as soaking, liming, de-liming, bating, pickling, tanning, dyeing, finishing etc. After that some physical (tensile strength, stitch tear strength, tearing strength and colour rub fastness) and chemical tests (chromic oxide content, fat content and pH) were performed. Comparing the results of physical tests with the grain leather of goat it has been found that the goat stomach leather has poorer strength due to the different composition of raw hides or skin and the stomach of animals. The results of different chemical tests revealed that pH and fat content (%) were good enough compared to standard value but chromic oxide content (%) was lower than the standard value. However, the goat stomach leather can be used as novelty leather to manufacture fancy leather products, key ring, hair clip, bracelet, watch belt, purse etc.

An attempt has been made of study the effect of different biofertilizers such as Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) on yield and yield components of Maize (Zea mays L.) varieties viz.Eco-92 and African tall. The experiments were carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The yield parameters like weight of cob, diameter of cob, length of cob, number of rows per cob, weight of grains, number of grains per cob, weight of 100 grains, grain yield Kg/ha . Result showed that, maize yield and yield components were significantly different at (p≤0.05) higher in application of biofertilizers treatments. However, treatment with combined application of Azotobacter+PSB biofertilizer (A+P) biofertilizers had the highest weight of cob and grain yield Kg/ha as compaired to control. Overall, Azotobacter and PSB biofertilizers improved the quality and quantity of yield.

Brassinosteroids (BRs) can be lucidly considered as the 6th group of plant growth regulators (PGRs) capable of plant growth and development as well as potential alleviators of abiotic stresses in plants. Curcuma longa L. commonly known as turmeric is a medicinally important ingredient in the Indian Cuisine. It is cultivated in Nizamabad district which comprises of semi-arid tropical soil on a large scale. The present study is depicting on the role of homobrassinolide, a potential brassinosteroid in alleviating the stress caused by semi-arid tropical soil of Nizamabad and increasing the growth of Curcuma longa L. plants.

This experimentation was carried out the effect of tannery effluent on seed germination of Abelmoschus esculentus .L (Ladies finger) seeds under the tannery spiked soil condition. The treatments were made by mixing measured amount of tannery effluents in ground water i.e.5%,10%,15%,20%,25%,and 100% concentrations on seed germination of Abelmoschus esculentus .L (Ladies finger). The seed germination experiments were carried out in completely randomized design (CRD) with six effluent concentrations (treatments), each experiment carried out in triplicates. The seeds were grown in different effluent concentrations and the effects of different concentrations of effluents were compared to that of ground water (control). After the experiments, 80th day, the seedlings were collected and growth parameters like germination percentage, shoot length, number of leaves and auxillary buds were observed as decreased with higher amount of 25%(v/v) up to 100% (v/v) concentrations. The same trend also observed in biochemical parameters like protein, carbohydrate and chlorophyll content respectively. In conclusion, the Abelmoschus esculentus .L growth and biochemical parameters were minimum effect with 20%(v/v) concentration comparing to control. As a result the optimum concentration of tannery effluent contaminated soil was found to be 20%(v/v). The toxic chromium Cr(III) was transferred to different parts of the plant as non-toxic Cr(III). Finally it was observed that the effluent can be used for irrigation purpose after appropriate dilution with ground water.

Endophytes are known for their antifungal activity. Aspergillusflavus is a dominant endophyte isolated from stem and leaves of Acacia nilotica. .Aspergillusflavus screened for their antifungal activity against some plant pathogenic fungi. Antifungal activity was checked by using Dual culture method on PDA medium. The zone of inhibition was calculate. The maximum inhibition was recorded against Rhizoctoniasolani followed by Fusariumsolani, Aspergillusniger and minimum inhibition was recorded against and Pythiummyriotylum.

Tripikon is a pipe usage model as a means of modified infiltration ditch as an effort of water pollution minimization. The purpose of this research was to analyze the decrease of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Most Probable Number (MPN) Coliform level of domestic waste in tripikon infiltration ditch at narrow field. This research was an experimental research with a group of pre and posttest design. The result of this research was it indicated a decrease of BOD level in tripikon, thus, it was in accordance with Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation Number 68 in 2016 concerning with domestic waste quality standards, which the maximum was 30 mg/ L. Likewise MPN Coliform level in infiltration ditch was still below the maximum level of waste water (3000 per 100 ml). The decrease of BOD level was 36.8%.

Introduction:-According to WHO, Obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally, with more than 1 billion adults overweight- at least 300 million of them clinically obese and a major contributor to the global burden of chronic disease and disability. Obesity is an increase in body weight as the result of excessive accumulation of body fat and obesity results when the caloric value of food intake exceeds energy output. Overweight and obesity are considered the core of many diseases. Although numerous techniques are available for evaluating body fat, the variables for BMI are easy to measure. Along with the pharmacological therapy, many complementary therapies are also available for treating overweight. So, honey mixture was given to overweight young adults. Aim: - Aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of honey mixture on overweight young adults at University College of Nursing, Faridkot, Punjab. Methods: - A quantitative approach with one group pretest-posttest research design was selected for the present study. With simple of 37 overweight young adults 1were selected with BMI 25-29.99 Kg/m2 and Socio demographic data sheet and tool were selected to assess the effectiveness of honey mixture on overweight young adults. Results:-The present study revealed that interventions honey mixture was helpful in reducing BMI among overweight young adults. Comparison of interventions was done ,which showed Pre intervention mean score was 26.25 and post intervention mean score was 25.46 respectively which was significant at p value <0.05.

Background: Anemia is a commonly encountered health problem in India. Beta thalassemia and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are one of the important causes of microcytic hypochromic anaemia. Their differentiation is important because they not only require different management but also have different implications to the community. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is currently the gold standard in diagnosing haemoglobinopathies. However, in a resource poor country like India HPLC may not be widely available, especially in rural areas. Mentzer’s index is commonly used to differentiate IDA and thalassemia. The objective of this study is to correlate the HPLC findings withthe red cell indices andMentzer’s index and study its sensitivity and specificity in differentiating IDA from thalassemia trait. Methods: A cross sectional study was done on 500 anemic patients in a tertiary care centre in Western Maharashtra. Complete blood counts, HPLC was done on patients’ blood samples and Mentzer’s index was calculated. Statistical analysis of data was done by SPSS 16 software. Results: The sensitivity and specificity of Mentzer’s index in differentiating thalassemia from IDA is 39.06% and 79.86% respectively. Conclusion: Mentzer index is a not a reliable marker in diagnosis of thalassemia as it has low sensitivity and specificity. RBC indices have a better correlation and may be used as surrogate markers for the diagnosis of IDA along with serum iron studies in cases where HPLC is not available.

The synthesis of N-[3-(prop-1-yn-1-yl)phenyl] benzenesulfonamide was performed and its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was determined. Minimalinhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 12.5 µg/mL and 25.0 µg/mL were obtained respectively.

This is a clinical case of a maxillary right first molar with four root canals using a hyflex edm rotary file system. A successful endodontic treatment of a tooth depends on shaping, cleaning and filling of the canal system.With the innovative mechanism of HyFlex EDM files which are produced using process called Electrical Discharge Machining. The EDM process results in a file that is extremely flexible and fracture resistant. In fact, HyFlex EDM files are up to 700% more resistant to cyclic fatigue compared to traditional NiTi files

Objective: Cardiovascular risk prediction models are very effective way to assess the 10 years cardiovascular disease risk prediction among the populations. The present study determined the validity and utility of two important risk prediction models Framingham Risk Score (FRS) and Globorisk among Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) subjects with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and without CVD. Methods: Consecutively 208 subjects with T2DM were recruited and they were categorized into 2 groups: Group 1 consisted of 103 patients with CVD and Group 2 consisted of 105 patients without CVD. 10-years CVD risk estimations for both groups were assessed using two risk calculators. FRS and Globorisk. Risk equation, Sensitivity and Specificity were examined by comparing areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to evaluate the discriminative ability of competing risk model. Results: Out of 208 study subjects analyzed for CVD risk by 2 models. FRS CVD risk assessment was better compared with globorisk, where FRS showed nearly 56.3% of high risk individuals with a statistically significance (p=<0.0001) when compared between CVD and Non-CVD subjects. Conclusion: Framingham risk score showed better performance than globorisk score. FRS model can be better tool than globorisk in predicting the high cardiovascular risk subjects with T2DM.

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is popular worldwide as a source of food, fiber, fuel and fodder. Sorghum is a grass plant related to Maize and Sugar cane (Paterson et al., 2009), also having great importance as fodder for cattle. Sorghum is a nutritionally rich fodder crop. For livestock production sorghum fodder usage is increasing extensively as it is a drought tolerant and water use efficient crop. Present study was aimed at studying the variation in traits related to stove yield and quality in sorghum. The recombinant inbred lines (RIL) of biparental cross CSV 20 X Pant Chari 5 were characterized for 16 traits in two seasons. All collected data pooled and statistically analysed for assessing the variation and association among traits. Plant height, seed yield, leaf length, leaf width, lignin content, fiber content, ash, digestibility and stoveryield showed increased variation. Significant association of fodder yield with days to flowering and plant height were noted. Fiber content were associated with stem girth. Lignin content was negatively correlation with digestibility. Digestibility and protein content were positively correlated. The parental lines were diverse for stover yield, lignin content and digestibility.

The rhabditid genera, Heterorhabditidis, Steinernema and Oscheius are used for insect control due to their high and rapid infectivity and easy manipulation. They are safe for non-target vertebrates as well as environment. They are easily applied using standard equipment. All these advantageous characteristics as a bio control agent have triggered the rapid development and commercialization of entomopathogenic nematodes.

Fishes constitute an economically significant group of aquatic animals due to their importance in providing food to riverine communities and urban centers. As a food, fishes provide a wide range of nutritional gains, including fish meat, fish protein, manure, shagreen, isinglass, glue and other products. The term “fish” is usually a convenient description for a group of poikilothermic (cold blooded) aqutic vertibrates under the chordate phylum that breathe with gills (Nelson, 2006). Actinopterygians, the bony or ray finned fishes, are without a doubt the majority of fishes found in freshwaters. Fishes devided into 3 classes- • Agnatha-Jawless fish such as hagfish and lampreys. • Chrondrichthyes-Fish whose skeleton is made of cartilage such as sharks, rays and skates. • Osteichthyes-Fish whose skeleton is composed mostly of bone such as bass, perch, catfish. Fish biodiversity can be defined as variety of fish species. Fish biodiversity encompasses freshwater ecosystems, including lakes, ponds, reservoirs, rivers, streams, groundwater and wet lands as well as marine ecosystems including oceans and estuaries. Fish biodiversity includes all unique species, their habitats and interaction between them. Due to the life history traits fishes are suitable as early warning signals of anthropogenic stress on natural ecosystem dynamics, or conversely, as indicators of ecosystem recovery and of resilience. Their presence in large number and variety in lentic bodies is a good indication that water is virgin and suitable for human consumption and utility.