June 2015

Background: Fall injuries are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. In the Bangladesh capital, Dhaka, there are numerous manholes and ditches in the road, which are a very dangerous hazard for anyone who falls in them. In many cases, these dangers are not protected or covered over. Objective: To explore the issue of urban falls, how the emergency rescue process is initiated and what the lessons learnt are from the tragic event involving a four year old boy who fell down an unprotected well. Methods: We are describing a case report for a four year old boy who fell into a pipe measuring 17” in diameter and 300ft in depth, which was on the roadside for a deep well water pump. Content analysis was captured and analyzed from the local and international media sources. Results: The Bangladesh Fire and Civil Defence Service responded and on the scene within 30 minutes after the disaster occurred. They tried to rescue the child in many ways, but sadly after 23 hours of trying, the child was finally rescued but had already died. Conclusions: An unusual case of a fall related injury of a child who died due to drowning in this study. The experience and lessons learnt from the tragic event is useful for the development of strategy to treat emergency management in low income settings.

Temporomandibular muscle pain disorder comprise a broad array of peculiar disorder that produces symptoms of unpleasant feeling, discomfort and pain of temporomandibular joint and muscles of mastication. Self management instructions routinely inspire patients to restrict movement and rest their masticatory muscles by intentionally limiting their usage, the self management instructions also promote cognizant and encourage patients to reduce their parafunctional habits. The aim of this in vivo study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the moist heat fomentation therapy in relieving the symptoms of temporomandibular muscle pain dysfunction and to establish therapeutic value of a non invasive self managed treatment modality for temporomandibular joint muscle pain dysfunction.

Objectives: To determine the clinicopathological features and histopathological grading of oral squamous cell carcinoma in local patients. Material and Methods: A total of 127 patients presenting with various histological subtypes and grades of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma were recruited. Clinical and gross examination findings including age, gender, laterality, site of tumor and ulceration had been recorded. Microscopically tumour subtype and histological grading according to Anneroth’s grading system was carried out. Results: The mean age of patients was 51.46±12.286 years and male to female ratio was 1.5:1 with 76 (59.8%) males and 51 (40.2%) females. The most common presenting complaint was non healing ulcer which was present in n=84 (66.1%) patients. Out of 127 patients well differentiated and moderately differentiated tumours were seen in (n=57, 44.9%) in each grade respectively whereas only (n=13, 10.2%) were poorly differentiated. The predominant site of involvement was tongue (46%) followed by buccal mucosa (39%). The statistical relation between gender and site of involvement it was found to be significant (p=0.01). Conclusion: The most common sites for OSCC are tongue and buccal mucosa. The most common histological subtype is conventional squamous cell carcinoma while well differentiated and moderately differentiated tumours form the largest number.

Consumption of drinking water with high concentration of sulphatewas resulted in osmotic diarrhoea, especially in infants. The aim of this applied-analytical study was to investigate sulphate removal from urban drinking water using batch reactor electrochemical. I examined sulphate removal efficiency in different operating cases of the variables current density (1 to 8 mA/cm2), electrodes material (aluminium, copper, iron, steel, and zinc), pH (6 to 8), and time (5 to 40 min). I determined sulphate according to procedure detailed in standard methods. Batch experiments showed that the maximum sulphate removal obtained using zinc-copper as the anode-cathode electrode arrangement. The increase in current density from 1 to 8 mA / cm2 in at optimum electrode and pH increased sulphate removal from 71 to 100%. The increase in time from 5 to 40 min at optimum electrode and pH increased sulphate removal from 67 to 100%.

Background: Stone – associated squamous cell carcinoma is rare unlike other urothelial tumours, and it is a disease of neglect seen in the elderly harboring stone for a long time. It is usually aggressive with fatal outcome. Patients and Methods: The study reviewed all patients with stone – associated squamous cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder managed in the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, State Specialist Hospital Maiduguri, and Specialist Hospital Damaturu between January 2005 and December 2014. Emergency presentations were resuscitated with analgesics, antibiotics, intravenous fluids, blood transfusion, and hemodialysis where necessary. Operable patients had surgery under general anesthesia. Results: A total of 13 patients were studied age ranged from 33 – 88 years, with a mean of 69.08 years, and male to female ratio of 3.33: 1. Duration of symptoms ranged from 2 – 27 years. Complications at presentations were UTI in 92.31%, anemia in 84.62%, impaired renal function in 61.54%, and vesico- cutaneous fistula in 15.38%. The clinical stages (Marshall’s) at presentation were stage 2 in 15.38%, stage 3 in 53.8, and stage 4 in 23.08%. Histology revealed squamous cell carcinoma in all patients, 38.46% were moderately differentiated, and 30.77% poorly differentiated. The postoperative complications were acute renal failure in 23.08%, and metabolic acidosis in 30.77%. There were 23.08% mortalities. The one year survival rate was 46.15%. Conclusion: Stone – associated SCC occur in patients with long - standing bladder stone that had no access to healthcare or neglected.

Background: Infertility is a major concern in clinical practice due to its impact on the psychosocial life of the patient. Varicocele has been established as a leading cause of infertility. The study reviewed varicocele associated infertility and the outcome of its management. Aim: To review varicocele associated infertility and the effect of varicocelectomy on the outcome of management. Patient and methods: All patients with varicocele associated infertility managed in UMTH between January 2007 and December 2011 were studied. Results: Forty seven patients were analysed. Age ranged from 21 – 53 years with a mean of 37.28 years and SD of 6.89, with peak age group 31 – 40 years. Associated medical conditions were hypertension, diabetes and obesity. Bilateral varicocele was seen in 37. Seminal fluid analysis showed normal in 27.66%, oligospermia in 32.30% and azospermia in 34.04%. Hormonal assay revealed normal findings in 44.68%, hyperprolactinaemia in 23.40%, low testosterone in 19.15% and both hyperprolactinaemia and low testosterone in 12.76%. Testicular biopsy showed normal 6.38%, arrest of spermatogenesis at various stages in 14.89%, while in 12.77% there was no evidence of viable spermatogenesis. Responses to treatment were complete in 34.04%, partial in 38.30%, while 27.66% did not respond to treatment. The optimum response was seen 18 months after varicocelectomy.

PRES develops frequently in patients of eclampsia/severe PET. Hypertension is absent in ∼25% of patients and, when present, does not typically reach the level of failed autoregulation.When neurological symptoms occur in a patient of eclampsia or severe PET,MRI/CT should be requested to make early diagnosis of PRES for effective treatment and thus complete recovery.

Background: Gonadotropin (FSH) and testosterone abnormalities are usually associated with abnormal spermatogenesis. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate Follicle stimulating hormone and Testosterone among Sudanese infertile population. Methods and Materials: The frequent descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted during the period from October 2014 to March 2015 in which a total of ninety infertile men all over three years of infertile condition and ten age-matched controls with proven fertility were selected for the study. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone levels were estimated by fully automated AIA 360 (TOSOH) using the manufacturer kits. The participants' semen sample were collected and proceeded according to WHO manual guidelines. The data and the hormonal results were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Results: A hundred participants volunteered in this study, ten of them were fertile and ninety were infertile. All of the participants fall into age ranged from (25-60 years). Out of 90 infertile males, 69(76.7%) were azospermic and 21(23.3%) were oligospermic. In comparing FSH and Testosterone levels of infertile and fertile group, it's appear that there is a significant statistical relationship (P value = 0.000). When comparing the means of FSH, and Testosterone regarding infertile subgroups of azospermia and oligospermia it found that there was statistical significant relationship of Testosterone hormone (P value = 0.01), unlike FSH hormone which revealed insignificant relation (P value 0.54) Conclusion: Elevation levels of gonadotropin (FSH) hormone and decreasing levels of Testosterone hormone will directly affect the spermatogensis process leading to condition known as infertility.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is an unusual syndrome characterized by fever, splenomegaly, jaundice and the pathological finding of hemophagocytosis (phagocytosis by the macrophages of erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets and their precursors) in bone marrow and other tissues.HLH may be diagnosed in association with malignant, genetic or autoimmune diseases but is also predominantly linked with Ebstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection. Hyperproduction of cytokines including interferon gamma and tumour necrosis factor-alpha by EBV infected T lymphocytes may play a role in the pathogenesis of HLH. Here we present a young female who presented with HLH associated with EBV infection. The rapid deterioration of clinical condition with multisystem involvement mandates a strong suspicion for the possibility of HLH. Such a clinical scenario in the presence of high ferritin and triglycerides with low fibrinogen helps in timely diagnosis and prompt initiation of immunosuppressant therapy; thereby improving the outcome of a fatal disease.

Background: Acne vulgaris, a common skin disorder is treated by multitargeted approach. There is scarce data evaluating adapalene in combination with other drugs. Objectives: We compared the efficacy and safety of efficacy of topical combination of 1% Clindamycin and 0.1% Adapalene with 2.5% Benzoyl peroxide and 0.1% Adapalene in mild to moderate acne. Methods: 80 patients, attending outpatient department of dermatology with mild to moderate acne vulgaris as per Indian Acne Alliance grading were randomised into two groups with 40 patients in each group. Group A received topical 1% Clindamycin and 0.1% Adapalene and group B received 2.5% Benzoyl peroxide and 0.1% Adapalene. The efficacy of the drugs was evaluated at 4, 8 and at 12 weeks follow up by spot counting of acne lesions on face. The number of inflammatory lesions (pustules, papules) and non inflammatory lesions (open and closed comedones) were noted and compared between the two groups. Results: The mean number of lesions namely comedones, papules, pustules and nodules were counted for each group during each visit and compared between the groups. There was no statistically significant difference in the reduction of lesions between both the groups (p > 0.001). There was slightly higher irritation with the adapalene benzoyl peroxide group but was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Hence both the combinations can be safely prescribed to the patients.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of life skill training on mental health, positive thinking and marital adjustment of married women in mobilization bases of Karaj city. The study was an experimental one with pre-test-posttest control group design. The data were collected by running the General Health Questionnaire (Goldberg and Hiller, 1979) , Munch's scale of happiness (Kuzma and Stones, 2000) and marital adjustment scale (Spanir , 1976 ) on 265 women who were selected through random clustering method. Out of 265 women, 138 persons were at a lower level at the same time in terms of the mentioned variables. Then, 80 participants were selected through simple random sampling technique and assigned into experimental and control group randomly. Experimental group was subjected to life skills training in 10 session including3 skills of self-awareness, effective communication, and problem-solving. At the end of training, a posttest was conducted on two groups, and the number of participants was 60 after falling and dropping. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. Results showed that the effect of life skill training on the combined dependent variable and also dependent variables was significant independently. The findings indicated the improvement of mental health, positive thinking, and marital adjustment of married women due to the impact of skill life training. Effect size analysis showed that skill life training affected positive thinking more.

Aflatoxins (AF), the toxic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, are a major concern in the poultry production. The dietary aflatoxins reduce weight gain, feed intake, and increase feed conversion ratio. Aflatoxicosis significantly reduced the carcass traits. Affected birds show poor vaccine response and low antibody titre, as both cellular and humoral immunities are affected .Although numerous detoxification methods have been tested, none seems able to fulfill the efficacy, safety, safeguarding of nutritional elements and costs requisites of a detoxification process. This paper reviews the detoxification methods by using esterified glucomannan (Mycosorb) in aflatoxicated birds

Today’s children are tomorrow’s citizen. A healthy child is a priceless asset of the country. The normal growth of a child is dependent on the knowledge of their parents, especially of their mothers. Growth is nothing but the physical maturation of the child. During childhood, growth is a complex process. Unless better understood, parents feel anxious and can’t deal with it. Methodology: A descriptive- cross sectional study was undertaken to assess the knowledge of mothers of school children, Nellore. The sample size was 200 mothers of school children and the Non-probability convenience sampling technique was used for selection of the subjects. Semi structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge of mothers. Results: The results regarding knowledge of mothers regarding normal growth revealed that with regard to knowledge of mothers regarding normal growth 25 (12.5%) have poor knowledge,106 (53%) have average knowledge, 69 (34.5%) have adequate knowledge. With regard to socio-demographic variables, 89 (44.5%) were between 27-30 years, 70 (35%) studied higher secondary education, 101 (50.5%) had more than two children, 90 (45%) were private employees, 80 (40%) earn Rs.6500-9000, 134 (67%) were residing in rural area, 149 (74.5%) are non-vegetarians, 96 (49%) got information from relatives. Conclusion: The mothers of school going children have inadequate knowledge regarding normal growth.

Purpose: The study focused on identifying the precipitant factors related to the onset of seizure attack in person with epilepsy (PWE) and to develop a teaching module on preventable precipitating factors (PF). Materials and Methods: A semi structured interview schedule was used to assess the seizure PF among 100 patients with epilepsy in the last and past seizure attack attending the epilepsy clinic of Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi. (AIMS) Descriptive and inferential biostatistics was used to analyse the data. Results: 72% of the participants identified at least one PF. The first three PF reported in the last seizure attack and past attack were sleep deprivation 58(58%), missing anti epileptic drug 34(34%) emotional stress 21(21%), and sleep deprivation 45(45%), missing anti epileptic drug 21(21%), emotional stress 17(17%) respectively. Conclusion: Prompt recognition and management of seizure precipitants has practical implications for treating patients with refractory epilepsy. Such patients can be counselled to avoid the specific seizure precipitants.

Cystic hygromas are manifestations of early lymphatic failure. They appear as simple or multi-septated fluid collections, most commonly at nuchal region. Prenatal diagnosis of cystic hygroma can be made within 2nd trimester of pregnancy. Hydrops fetalis is defined as accumulation of fluid in serous cavities and/ or edema of soft tissues in the fetus. Incidence of fetal hydrops is approximately 1 in 2500 to 3500 neonates with incidence co-existence of hydrops and cystic hygroma even rarer. We here present a case of a fetus of 14 weeks gestational age with diagnosis of large cystic hygroma complicating to fetal hydrops.

Fahr’s syndrome is a rare condition presenting with symmetrical bilateral intracranial calcifications. A 62 year old female presented with psychosis and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Her neurological examination was normal. Computerized Tomography of brain revealed extensive symmetrical calcifications in bilateral basal ganglia, thalami, bilateral centrum semiovale subcortical white matter, pons and dentate nuclei.

Sepsis and severe sepsis are one of the leading causes of significant morbidity and mortality among the critical patients despite the use of broad spectrum antibiotics and fluid resuscitation therapies. Microbiological cultures which are considered the gold standard to diagnose sepsis require time. The rapid diagnosis of sepsis still remains a challenge for the clinicians thus requiring the role of a biomarker for early and rapid detection and also the prognosis in septicemia. Procalcitonin has been proposed as sepsis biomarker as it rises early in sepsis and has also been found to have a significant role in antibiotic stewardship and monitoring the efficacy of the treatment. The level of procalcitonin along with the clinical and other laboratory parameters can help in early detection and management of sepsis. This short review intends to provide an overview of the procalcitonin and its importance.

Obesity has emerged as one of the leading medical challenges of the 21st century. Obesity occurs as a result of imbalance between energy input and output and is tightly linked with metabolic diseases. Hypothalamus, a critical portion of the brain, regulates varied number of physiological processes including energy balance and nutrient metabolism. One of many theories explaining obesity proposes that weight gain is caused by dysfunction of the hypothalamic neurons that regulate energy homeostasis. A possible cause of neuronal dysfunction is inflammation. This inflammation has been implicated in leptin and insulin hormone resistance resulting defective food intake. An epidemic of obesity has forced us to evaluate the role of hypothalamic inflammation in the health implications of obesity.

Research findings of microbial monitoring at the archaeological site of Monte Sannace have indicated high levels of bacteria, especially on the inner walls of the painted tombs, as tomb no. 8 (range: 16 - 56 CFU/ml). Tomb no. 105 was rich in organic matter (range: 10.34 - 16.33 g/Kg), organic carbon (range: 6 - 9.47 g/Kg) and biological growth was not very high (range: 0 - 15 CFU/ml). Research findings have demonstrated that deterioration in each kind of tomb was very different. In no. 8 deterioration was caused by natural agents and, at the same time, by anthropogenic factors: the roof as well as chemical products used for conservation has helped speed microorganism growth. Principal aim of this study was to provide information on the degradation processes and to predict areas at risk in conservation. We also studied potential risk of biological colonisation of newly exposed rock samples. Surveys were performed in three stages: before, during and after restoration.

A cancer biomarker refers to a substance or process that is indicative of the presence of cancer it may be a molecule secreted by a tumor or a specific response of the body to the presence of cancer. Background: The aim of the present study is to investigate the feasibility and potential of the molecules Cytokeratin 20, Cytokeratin 17, Cytokeratin 10 and Anillin as tumor specific markers to rapidly detect cancer. Materials and Methods: The expression of biomarkers was analyzed by preparing RNA and synthesized cDNA. Specific primers were synthesized for the biomarkers Cytokeratin 10, Cytokeratin 20 Cytokeratin 17 and Anillin and semi quantitative gene expression was carried out using mMLuv reverse transcriptase. Results: All the three biomarkers showed an enhanced expression compared with normal fibroblasts while the expression of cytokeratin 10 did not show much expression in HCT116 while Cytokeratin 20 and Anillin showed better expression in both cell lines. Conclusion: All the biomarkers showed comparatively good expression indicating the use of these genes as potential makers for detection of cancer.

This investigation was undertaken to elucidate the toxic effect of carbendazim CBZ and the role of garlic supplementation in wildlife sentinels. Forty quails were acquired comprising two and four week’s old birds (20 per age group). The quails were placed in to 5 different groups (each for 6 & 8 weeks) comprising 4 birds each. Pesticide dosage was 1.25mg/g body weight. 1 gram of garlic was administered per bird. Blood samples were analyzed using the microhaematocrit and cyanmethaemoglobin methods. Cholinesterase (AchE) was quantified as butyryl cholinesterase activity, oxidative stress markers assayed and tissue changes examined microscopically. The quails treated with CBZ were alopecic. There was paralysis in the six week old quail. Poor egg quality was observed in the 8 week old quails Age differences were observed in the haematological parameters. There was increase lipid peroxidation (MDA), demyelination and gliosis in the brain, villi atrophy and cryptal hyperplasia of the intestine. Testicular hypoplasia and disruption of the tubular basement membrane in the testis. These changes were moderately ameliorated by garlic. This study confirms the chronic low dose treatment of Carbendazim in quails.

The aim of this article is to examine the location as well as the pattern of patronage of bus stops in Ilesa. The objectives of the study were to identify the location of bus stops, examine the impact of these locations on traffic flow, examine the level of patronage and the appropriateness of these locations to planning standard. Data were located using random sampling and hierarchical sampling for the commuters and operators respectively. The GIS technique was also used to site the location of bus stops in the study area. The data were analyzed using SPSS package and ArcGIS 9.3. The results of the findings show that the bus stops were sparse in some areas while other areas were closely located in terms of spatial location. It also revealed that occupation type and distance of residence to work place of the respondents influenced the patronage of the bus stops. It was recommended that the accessibility to bus stops should be considered by standard spacing and walking distance. It also recommended that the master plan (if existing) must incorporate the location pattern of bus stops if the living standard of the people is to be substantially improved upon.

In the present article an attempt has been made to analyze large scale production of tobacco mixed gutkha and panmasala by several spectroscopic techniques. In the Asian countries like India the materials used by the peoples at the extreme level as their regular diet. Due to their regular consumption and addict numerous disadvantage has been come out in the light. Number of research article flaunting that in the materials like tobacco and panmasala (Raj Shrestha Ashwini Kumar et al., 2012) such as rajngandha etc. trace amount of heavy metals and transition metals are present, presence of these metals has adverse effect on human health. This article summarizes recent efforts to estimate and amount t hazardous substances present in these materials (1, 2). In primary investigation the metals present in tobacco and panmasala (1, 2) were quantitatively estimated, then the metals were characterized by AAS. Some organic substances are estimated by using HPLC. Tobacco is a plant within the genus Nicotiana of the Solanaceae (nightshade) family. Harmful effects of tobacco consumption can derive from the thousands of different chemicals in the smoke, including cadmium nickel, arsenic, iron, zinc many other transition and heavy metals. The heavy metals were estimated by using AAS from both samples (1,2). HPLC data used for the characterization of samples and indicates presence of organic hazardous chemicals including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (such as benzopyrene), formaldehyde, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), phenols, and many others (Supadminidevi et al., 2012). Tobacco also contains beta-Caroline alkaloids.

One 7-years-old, three days postpartum, 3rd lactating, approximately 375 kg body weight jersey (Bos Taurus) cow was diagnosed as toxic metritis with mastitis following rectal examination and isolation of Arcanobacter pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and E. Coli organisms both in uterine discharge and milk samples besides pyrexia (107⁰C), anorexia, reduced milk yield with hot inflamed udder, copious dark reddish, fetid uterine discharge. On 4th day after treatment cow was confirmed to be suffered from intra-erythrocytic babesiosis and theileriosis based on clinical investigation (pyrexia with pre-scapular, pre-femoral and subcutaneous lymphnodes swelling) and revealing of organisms in blood smear.The cow was treated with Ceftiofur (@2.2mg/kg b.wt. daily for 7 days IM), NS (@20ml/kg b.wt. daily till fever persisted), Megludyne (@2.2mg/kg b.wt. daily for 3 days IV) and Anistamine (@15ml daily for 3 days IM) injection against toxic metritis and mastitis along with intra-uterine and intra-mammary infusions of Lenovo AP (@60ml daily for 3 days) and Cefoperazone sodium (@10ml as single dose) respectively. Diminazine aceteurate (@7mg/ kg b.wt.IM) and Buparvaquone (@2.5mg/ kg b.wt. IM) was given to control the babesiosis and theileriosis. The cow was found recovered normally without recurrence till one month of treatment.

Soil containing the earthworms (Alma nilotica), host of the target ciliate Dicoelophrya nkoldaensis Fokam, 2012, was dug monthly for six months. Worms where counted in situ to establish earthworm’s volumic density (VD) and subsequently dissected to evaluate ciliate abundance (AB). Ten soil physicochemical parameters were analyzed: Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), Mg2+, Ca2+, Available Phosphorus (AP), K+, Na+, organic carbon (OC), organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), Moisture (M), and pH. The studies reveal that, the mid gut was noticed to be the preferential zone of for Dicoelophrya nkoldaensis. Correlations between mean ciliate abundance in the worm’s foregut and physicochemical parameters demonstrated a significant negative correlations with TN (r = -0.360; P < 0, 05), AP (r = -0.328; P < 0, 05), K+ (r = -0.334; P < 0, 05) and pH (in H2O) (r = -0.401; P < 0, 05). In the mid gut, a significant positive correlation with (M) (r = 0.356; P < 0, 05), a highly significant positive correlation with Ca2+ (r = 0.553; P < 0, 01) and a negative highly significant correlation with TN (r = -0.4277; P < 0, 01). In the hind gut, a negative significant correlation was observed with TN (r = -0.564; P < 0, 05) and a positive highly significant correlation with Ca2+ (r = 0.456; P < 0, 05). Correlations of soil physico-chemical properties with worm VD demonstrated a highly significant positive correlation with CEC (r = 0.634; P < 0, 01) and Mg2+ (r = 0.443; P < 0, 01) a significant negative correlation with both OC (r = -0.314; P < 0, 05) and OM (r= -0.312; P < 0, 05) and a significant positive correlation with potassium (r = 0.350; P < 0, 05). These results suggest that the preferential zone of Dicoelophrya nkoldaensis in the digestive tract of earthworms, considered as a microhabitat, is influenced by the physicochemical parameters of the soil ingested.

Problem-based learning (PBL) has become the most significant innovation in medical education of the past 40 years. In contrast to exam-centered, lecture-based conventional curricula, PBL is a comprehensive curricular strategy that fosters student-centered learning and the skills desired in physicians.PBL is an effective way of delivering medical education in a coherent, integrated program and offers several advantages over traditional teaching methods. It is based on principles of adult learning theory, including motivating the students, encouraging them to set their own learning goals, and giving them a role in decisions that affect their own learning. Predictably, however, PBL does not offer a universal panacea for teaching and learning in medicine, and it has several well recognized disadvantages. In this article we discuss about the definition of PBL, stimulus for this type of learning, role of the facilitator, advantages and disadvantages of PBL.

The quality of food intake by an organism play an important role in maintenance of health and fitness. Nowadays the trend towards health, figure and fitness has increased. Therefore, in the present study D. melanogaster reared on different sugar based media used to test the effect of artificial sweeteners on locomotory activity (larval crawling and adult climbing). It was noticed that larvae fed on artificial sweetener had significantly lesser crawling activity than those larvae fed on normal and Sucrose based media. Similar trend also was found in adult climbing ability as there is increase in age of flies of fed on different sugar based media. Further, it was noticed that flies fed on Sucrose had the least quantity of whole body glucose and highest quantity of lipid compared to other sugar based media. In contrast, flies fed on artificial sweeteners and normal based media had a greater quantity of glucose and the least quantity of lipid. Thus, this study suggests that artificial sweeteners have less calories, however, when it is consumed with the normal diet it affects the locomotor ability. Therefore, it is not suggestive to take the artificial sweetener to maintain the fitness of an organism.

Study background: There is an increased incidence of Type-II Diabetes and Coronary artery disease (CAD) in the Indian subcontinent during the past few decades.1 Abnormalities in the Lipid profile considered to be atherogenic include hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-Lipoprotein and hypercholesterolemia. Recently sub-fractions of the Lipoproteins are found to be predictive of CAD especially in type-II Diabetic patients. Aim of study: The present study consists of estimating Apo-A1 lipoprotein levels in Diabetic patients with CAD and without CAD. Study type: comparative study. Study sample: includes 60 type-II Diabetes patients with or without CAD from King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam. Result of study: Apo-A1 levels are found to be significantly lower in type-II Diabetes patients than normal controls. Apo-A1 levels are also lower in those with CAD than those without CAD in type –II Diabetes patients.

Aim: Assesment of serum Calcium and enzyme concentrations in sickle cell disease in patients nearKing George Hospital in Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh. The levels are in blood samples during stable state as well as during the crises state. The values are compared clinincal manifestations during in both conditions of Sickle cell patients. Methods: 50 sickle cell patients were selected for study and blood samples for estimation of Serum calcium, uric acid, total bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and haemoglobin and also estimated in 28 of these patients during the Crises. 30 Normal persons were taken as control. Results: Serum calcium tended to be lower in sickle cell patients than in healthy controls, while uric acid was higher. Crises did not make any difference to serum calcium but they increased the uric acid level significantly. All the other variables measured were significantly abnormal and more so during crises. Conclusions: The variations in these cases compared to normal controls and also increase in their levels during Crises could be having Diagnostic value as well as for monitoring the disease in these patients (Nduka et al., 1995).

Seed germination inhibition in green gram (Phaseolus radiatus) by compounds inhibitory to cell division has been previously shown to be an in vitro assay mechanism for the screening of antimitotic drugs with anticancer potential. While these studies sought to demonstrate the retardation of cell growth and proliferation as a function of drug treatment, the inhibition of selected hydrolytic enzymes in germinating seeds as a means to further substantiate the biochemical efficacy of these drug molecules forms the objective of the present study. The enzymes selected include amylase and alkaline phosphatase- both of which are enhanced during seed germination as well as in different human metabolic disorders. Treatment with Kokilaksha (abbreviated as K-drug), a herbal drug derived from Asteracantha longifolia, resulted in significant dose-dependent reduction in the specific activities of both the hydrolytic enzymes within the germinating seeds. Further, significant inhibition of water uptake by imbibition as well as delayed morphogenesis was observed in the K-drug treated seeds, monitored over 24-120h. Similarly the effects of vincristine against these parameters were also studied, for comparison. Since the K-drug shows promise in treatment of human metabolic disorders, involving the elevation of amylolytic and alkaline phosphatase enzymes, the same deserves clinical investigation.

Chemical dip treatments viz; Calcium Chloride @ 0.25%; 0.5 % and Neemexcel @ 500 and 1000 ppm along with control (dipped in plain water) coupled with two different storage conditions i.e. Zero Energy Cool Chamber (ZECC) and Ambient storage were evaluated for postharvest rotting and quality of fruits for the extension of shelf-life and fruit quality of apple cv. Red Delicious, for 120 days. Results reveals that on farm storage of apples was highly successful by ZECC as fruits treated with 0.25% CaCl2 and 1000 ppm Neemexcel showed 6.21 times lesser weight loss, with minimum rotting, changes in physico- chemical traits up to acceptable as compared to their counterparts in ambient storage, with a benefit of Rs. 2.33, and lowest PLW (6.80%) and maximum flesh firmness (5.01 kg/cm2) in fruits with least rotting incidences. Therefore, this technology holds promise for the resource poor farmers in India.

Sustainability transformation as a powerful concept has become “hot spot”. Although recent studies on sustainability transformation are mostly based on resilience theory and/or transition theory theoretically and empirically, its conceptual grounds, theoretical development and practical relevance are still in infancy. In this explorative theoretical paper, based on the premise of ensuring consistency between ontology, methodology and practice, I try to face these challenges to synthesize and integrate ecological resilience theory, transition theory, realist social theory, and social-ecological theory to develop and build theory on sustainability transformation in SES to uncover specific conditions, mechanisms and patterns underlying sustainability transformation. My first step to explore this theory is to re-develop and re-conceptualize resilience thinking theory (resilience as adaptability, as transformability, and as persistence) so as to liberate resilience thinking theory from “capacity” to “dynamic process”, from “passive and negative regime shift” to “positive and active regime shift”, from “non agents of agency” to “agents of agency”. I propose Social-Ecological Transitional Resilience Thinking Framework, that is, resilience as adaptation, as transformation and as transition. The second attempt is to integrate this framework with the morphogenetic approach to constructMorphogenetic Social-Ecological System Framework (MSES)with the purpose of furnishing a theoretical framework for transformative change and process onto SES.

Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are high molecular weight polymers with long chain composed of sugar residues and secreted by microorganisms into the surrounding environment. Bacterial EPS has a complex mixture of macro molecular poly electrolytes including carbohydrates, proteins and sometimes nucleic acids, each comprising variable molecular mass and structural properties. Stem and root nodulating isolate of Aeschynomene indica plant was identified by 16S rRNA sequencing as Rhizobium mayense. Efficiency of Rhizobium mayense was studied using Yeast Extract Agar as a basal medium with different carbon sources and the incubation was done at 30⁰ for 48 hours. The dry weight of EPS was found to be 1.4119 gm /100 ml in Yeast Extract Mannitol Agar. Surface topology of EPS was found smooth by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Alcohol precipitated EPS was further purified using Sephadex G200 and Sephadex G100 gels. The physicochemical characterization of purified EPS was studied and the structural characterization was confirmed by FT-IR, 2D NMR, HPLC and GC-MS analysis.

An assessment was done to investigate the effect of farmyard manure, DAP, neem cake and leaf extract on biochemical (viz., chlorophyll, protein and carbohydrate) parameters of paddy seedlings. The biochemical parameters were measured on 30th and 45th day. The values indicated that the chlorophyll ‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’ and total chlorophyll contents were higher in T4 on 30th day and 45th day. Similarly, the protein content was higher on 30th and 45th day in 0.5 ml extract of T4 plants. In 1 ml of sample, on 30th day, the protein content was higher in T1 and on 45th day, it was higher in T4. The carbohydrate content of plants also increased in plants supplied with leaf extracts.

In ethanolic medium and in the presence of the basalt and gabbro as new naturally reusable heterogeneous catalysts, an easy and efficient one-pot multicomponent protocol, 6-amino-5-cyano-4H-pyrans 1 were synthesized. Also, we report here that compounds 1 are useful and easily available as starting materials for the preparation of functionalized azines in a series of ring transformation in which the amino group furnishes the required nitrogen rings. Structures of the all isolated products 1 - 22 were established based on their elemental and spectroscopic analysis.

The breaking (demulsification) of 50-50% w/o petroleum emulsions of two oils (A and B) by Green (chemical and centrifuge) methods were studied in comparison to conventional (chemical) method. The green methods consisted of silicon based chemical demulsifiers and high-speed centrifuge operated at 12,000 RPM, while the conventional method consisted of Amine group based demulsifiers. In chemical method, the concentrations were varied (0.5%, 1.5% and 3%), while in centrifuge method, the processing time was varied (10 and 30 minutes). The efficiency of these methods was determined by measuring the amount of water separated from the emulsion after being treated. The maximum separation efficiencies for Silicon demulsifiers were 93 and 88% for oils A and B respectively, and that of Amine group demulsifiers were 72 and 86% for oils A and B respectively, While centrifuge demulsification gave maximum separations of 39 and 24% for oils A and B respectively. Based on these results, Silicon based demulsifiers are very effective and reliable method to treat emulsions for different types of oils with different composition, and have the potential to be used as an alternative method in the demulsification or breaking of water-in-crude oil emulsions.

In my paper I will evaluate features for processing Map reduce of Data science which ensures business alignment, growing skills, share knowledge and manage best practices and also cost effectiveness of the Hadoop. Data science is about to build data products not just answering the questions and products empower others to use the data. May help communicate your results, may empower others to do their own analysis actually data science is able to take data and able to understand it, to process it. To extract value from it, to visualize it, to communicate it that’s going to be a huge imprint skill

In this article, an inventory model is developed under the situation in which a credit period is offered by the supplier to the purchaser. It is assumed that deterioration rate is a function of time and demand rate in the power law form of the price is considered. Shortages are allowed and are partially backordered with an exponentially decreasing time dependent backlogging rate; moreover variable holding cost and the effect of inflation are also taken into consideration. The model is illustrated with numerical experiments and convexity of the total average costs are revealed graphically, additionally sensitivity analyses with respect to the changes in system parameters are also discussed.

Derivation of modified Reynolds equation is obtained for the hydromagnetic squeeze films with lubricant additives on the basis of hydromagnetic flow model and Stokes Microcontinuum fluid model. An example of porous rough rectangular plates is used to guide the Stochastic modified Reynolds equation with lubricant additives and MHD effects. The equations are solved analytically using the stochastic method developed by Christensen. It is found that, there exists a critical value of the aspect ratio above which the roughness effects are more pronounced due to size effect of the lubricant additives in the presence of transverse magnetic field. Further, this critical value is dependent on the microstructure size of the additives and magnetic parameter. The coarser the microstructure, higher is the critical value of the aspect ratio in the presence of magnetic field. It is found that the squeeze film characteristics are more pronounced for rough porous rectangular plates with increasing values of magnetic parameter.

Heart is a pumping organ, it pumps blood in the arteries which is circulated throughout the various parts of body. The blood pressure is the force with which blood moves through arteries (the vessels which carry blood from heart to the rest of body). When heart muscle pumps, the force of the blood against artery walls it is called the systolic blood pressure. When heart relaxes between beats, the force of the blood decreases and blood pressure drops, this is called the diastolic blood pressure. When blood pressure is higher than normal value, it is called hypertension (High blood pressure). The high blood pressure has many damaging effects on vital parts of body. There are many reasons for the hypertension and in most of cases the exact diagnosis remains challenge. With the invention of new techniques, it would be possible to diagnose specific cause of blood pressure and it would be possible to develop selective therapies with fewer adverse effects, resulting in effective blood pressure reduction.

5G is a technology used in research papers and projects to denote the next major phase of mobile telecommunication standards beyond the 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. 5G is not officially used for any specification or official document yet made public by telecommunication companies or standardization bodies such as 3GPP, WiMAX Forum, or ITU-R. New standard releases beyond 4G are in progress by standardization bodies, but at this time not considered as new mobile generations but under the 4G umbrella. To develop an application for Character Recognition on Android based Mobile Phones. An image which is containing some text is given or can be captured by the camera and our task is to extract text from the image.

Life time measurements for Egg Allumin [EA] with two different anti-viral drugs Amantadine [A] and Quercetin [Q] in SPAN40 have been carried out by Time resolved fluorescence spectrofluorimeter. The decay parameters have been calculated. The average lifetime (τ) and χ2 values have also been calculated and tabulated.

The study was premised on a comparative analysis of institutionalised and non-institutionalised orphaned children with reference to their wellbeing .A sample of 5 rural primary school teachers, where most of the institutionalised orphans learn and another purposively selected 5 primary school teachers where most of the non-institutionalised orphans learn, was made. Another part of sample comprised 10 orphans, 5 from the local orphanage centre and another 5 from non-institution. All the 20 participants were individually interviewed and audiotape. Data was transcribed and thematically anaysed. It was found out that non-institutionalised orphaned children had worse academic challenges and were often burdened by problems and chores at home and their keenness to learn was hindered by absenteeism and sometimes coming to school on empty stomachs thereby losing concentration. They lacked resources to meet the basic needs, education and health care all of which resulted in poor school attendance and educational achievement was negatively impacted upon. Orphans from both institutions reported being abused emotionally, physically, and sexually by the caregivers, school teachers and the guardians (relatives). Poor health and malnutrition negatively affected orphaned children. Other children looked down upon orphans and in the process disassociating themselves from them (orphaned children) and this negatively affected their intention to be in the same academic groups when they are marginalized, sidelined especially when sharing materials. This negatively affected their self-perception and image. It was concluded that non-institutionalised orphaned children were marred with more challenges than the institutionalised orphaned children. It was recommended (among others) stiff penalties to be applied by Government on child abuse perpetrators.

This article evaluates the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and the critical roles played by the United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) that sought to sow the seed of peace and democratic governance in the Balkans. The article discusses the structural fissures that spawned the conflict in Bosnian-Herzegovina and the contemporary developments that spurred the outbreak of the civil conflict and its concomitant devastation in the Balkan enclave. The first section introduces the structural context of the Bosnian conflict whiles the second part evaluates the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Examination of the performance of the United Nations Mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina (UNMIBH) as well as the Dayton Peace Agreement constituted an integral part. The last compartment of this article unearthed how to apply the lessons learned in the Bosnian Peacekeeping Mission to achieve political resolution in other conflict-plagued regions.

An organized and systematic approach is required to evaluate, diagnose and resolve esthetic problems predictably. It is of prime importance that the final result is not dependent only on the looks alone. Our ultimate goal as clinicians is to achieve pleasing composition in the facial aesthetics by creating an arrangement of various esthetic elements. Treatment planning according to the facial architecture and dental configuration allows function and harmonious aesthetics to be improved. The primary objective of aesthetic dental treatmentis to generate a natural healthy appearance for an otherwise damaged dentition. In order to fulfill this complex task, an interdisciplinary approach is required to synchronize periodontal, orthodontic, restorative and occasional plastic surgical treatment modalities which results in comprehensive treatment plan. A detailed diagnosis of the given facial architecture and dental configuration with analysis of the individual patient aesthetcs are required to initiate the treatment plan. This article reviews the various principles that govern facial aesthetic.

Last few weeks have seen a frenzy of debate taking place around the topic of Net Neutrality. While customers accuse the service providers (ISPs and telecom companies) of trying to “control Net” through their new “Zero Pricing Plans”, the service providers have been adamant that the new regulations are meant for the optimization of bandwidth. The topic of Net Neutrality needs to be explored from various angles; then and only then alone would it be possible to reach a fair conclusion regarding the issue. The aim of this paper is to put these various perspectives (regarding the issue) in place.

The aim of the research was to analyze the attention of university teachers participating in a continuing training program. The research was conducted in October 2014. It consisted of recording the sustained attention of 30 teachers in a training process in a public university in Mexico, using the technique of participant observation. On average seven out of 10 teachers who receive training pay attention to the teacher's presentation during the first hour of class and do only six in the second hour. It concludes that teachers take literally very similar to the contemporary university student role, serving a variety of ways during exposure teacher trainer. Several teachers are indifferent to the work of his colleague.

The electronic money, in the strictest sense, is a revolutionary financial service that provides great advantages to its users. Itsuse in the social masses incorporates it in the financial system creating real opportunities for development and social inclusion. It attends to all population stratification from any economic situation requiring financial services toorderits economy efficiently.

There has been an unprecedented increase in groundwater withdrawal around the world on account of tremendous agricultural and industrial expansion leading to severe degradation of groundwater quality and quantity. There is an imminent need to implement efficient water management systems aided by effective water quality monitoring programs. Tools like Water Quality Index (WQI) which represents the combined influence of individual water quality parameters supported by the Geographical Information System (GIS) helps the environmentalists and policy makers to make effective predictions and decisions. The objective of the current study was to monitor, evaluate and classify the water types based on WQI and GIS mapping to assess the drinking water quality in Kothacheruvu mandal of Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh. The physico-chemical analysis of bore-well water samples were done and compared with the drinking water standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). The latitude and longitude of the sampling location were taken to develop geospatial maps on the GIS platform. Fluoride and Nitrate were found to be the main contaminants in the region. WQI calculations revealed that 83.3% of the groundwater in the study area was unfit for drinking purpose without appropriate water pre-treatment.

RCH I - The program was formally launched on 15 October 1997 RCH phase I I began from 1st April 2005. Maternal Health • Strategies • Essential Obstetric Care • Emergency Obstetric Care

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that is rapidly becoming a major threat to population all over the globe. Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or because cells of the body do not respond properly to the insulin that is produced. Antidiabetics from natural source play a key role in treatment of diabetes. Herbal plants are power house of sources for anti-diabetic principles. The present study aimed the anti-diabetic activity of combined extract of liquorice and jatamansi. Liquorice previously proven for anti-diabetic activity. But in this study carried Synergistic ant diabetic actions of combination extract liquorise and jatamansi in Alloxan induced diabetic rats. The overnight fasted non diabetic rats are treated with alloxan monohydrate 50mg|kg body weight among them rats with plasma glucose level >150mg|dl were selected for diabetic study. The liquorice & jatamansi extract which is prepared in solvent ether is administered for test group along with glibenclamide for standard group which is sulfonyl urea’s for about 7days. Test sample showed significant decrease in blood glucose level of diabetic rats at the dose 200mg|kg body wt. compared to diabetic controlled rats. Glibenclamide also showed decrease in blood glucose level at the dose 5mg/kg body wt. Hence our present study revealed the synergistic action of liquorice & jatamansi near to the standard and minimal side effects and less cost with easy available of drugs

Iso-chromosome of long arm of X chromosome i(Xq), which occurs due to abnormal transverse cleavage of the centromere during cell division, found in some cases Turner Syndrome. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of isochromosome X in patients with short stature with or with- out primary (PA) and secondary amenorrhea (SA) in our population. An observational study done comprised of female patients who had been referred to our cytogenetic outdoor of Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences (VIMS), Kolkata, India with the history of short stature with or without amenorrhoea between 2012, January-2014, December and designed as original article. The female patients aged between 10-25years having short stature with or with-out primary or secondary amenorrhea who were referred to the cytogenetic outdoor for chromosomal analysis from the departments of Pediatric medicine, Endocrinology, Gynaecology from different hospitals of Eastern India were included in the study. Lymphocyte culture depended karyo typing done using conventional method. We have documented seven such cases of is chromosome Xq among 50 female patients presented mainly with short stature with or without primary or secondary amenorrhea. Our study re-emphasizes the importance of chromosomal analysis in short stature female patients with or without primary or secondary amenorrhea to remove the diagnostic dilemma of the clinician.

Testicular torsion is a surgical emergency. Early diagnosis and timely intervention salvages the testis. Methods; 50 patients of acute scrotum were admitted in general surgery department who were ≤25 years of age. After Detailed history, thorough examination, relevant investigations and Doppler ultrasound, patients were divided into two groups. Group A included patients who required immediate surgical intervention and Group B included patients who were managed conservatively. Type of surgical procedure, Postoperative period, hospital stay and follow up findings were noted. Results: Youngest patient was 10 months old and eldest was 24 years old. Most common presentation was scrotal pain seen in 49 patients followed by scrotal swelling in 48 patients. All patients underwent baseline investigations and Doppler untrasound scrotum. Group A pncluded 27 patients; 23 testicular torsion, epididymo-orchitis 1 patient, torsion of testicular appendage 1 patient, incarcerated inguinal hernia 1 patient and traumatic haematocele 1 patient. Average Hospital stay in this group was 4 days. On follow up at 3 weeks all patients were symptom free and wound was healthy. Group B included 20 patients of epididymo-orchitis, 2 patients of torsion of testicular appendage and one patient of idiopathic scrotal edema. They were provided rest, antibiotics, antnflamatory drugs and proteolytic enzymes. All patients in group B resolved by conservative management and were discharged at average of 3 days. At follow up all patients were settled and symptom free. Conclusion; Early diagnosis and timely intervention prevents gangrene and hence loss of testis.

The proliferating trichilemmal tumor is an uncommon neoplasm presenting as a solitary lesion over the scalp. It is usually a benign neoplasm. We describe a case of proliferating trichilemmal tumor which presented as an ulcerated solid swelling of the scalp over the vertex, with bony erosion reaching the superior sagittal sinus.

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is a potentially preventable complication. The aim of this study was to detect the incidence of surgical site infection in clean surgeries, risk factors involved, and organisms isolated. Study design: From June 2009 to January 2010, patients admitted for surgery under General, Orthopedic, and Cardiovascular surgery departments in a tertiary care Hospital were included in the study. The exclusion criteria included, age less than 18 years and more than 80 yrs. The parameter studied were age, sex, presence of diabetes, congestive heart failure, chemotherapy, tobacco use, remote site infection, length of preoperative stay, antimicrobial prophylaxis and duration of surgery. Appropriate sample from suspected sites of infection were cultured and antimicrobial susceptibility of cultured organism was tested. Patients were followed up after discharge telephonically. Results: Two hundred and seventy patients were studied. Of these 10(3.7%) developed SSI. The cases were Mastectomy (11.11%), Inguinal hernia (7.24%), Hip replacement (4.76%), Laminectomy (4.34%),CABG (3.33%). Organisms isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (4), CoNS (2), E.coli (2), Pseudomonas sp. (2). Preoperative hospital stay was associated with significantly higher infection rate (p-0.001). Underlying chemotherapy, diabetes, remote infection, duration of surgery were associated with increased risk of surgical site infection. Discussion: Preoperative hospital stay was found to be the most important factor leading to surgical site infection. Diabetes, chemotherapy, congestive heart failure, duration of surgery, though not statistically significant, appeared to be important. Half of the isolates were multiresistant strains, they could be hospital acquired. Preoperative “Higher” antibiotics do not lower postoperative infection rate.

A rapid, simple, selective and sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed for the determination of Teicoplanin in human plasma using Imipramine as internal standard (IS). The method was developed with turbid ion spray (TIS) in the positive ion and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The assay procedure involves a simple liquid – liquid extraction of Teicoplanin and Imipramine from human plasma by using methyl-tert-butyl ether. The mobile phase was acetonitrile: 10mM ammonium formate, pH 4.5 in the ratio of 90:10%v/v. Chromatographic separation was achieved on Gemini C18 (50×4.6mm,5µ) column with a flow rate of 1.0ml/min. The MRM transitions monitored for Teicoplanin and Imipramine were 324.70/108.90 and 280.80/86.00 respectively. The developed method was validated as per FDA guidelines. Linearity was observed from 306.022- 199205.354pg/ml with correlation coefficient of 0.9969. The percent recovery for the drug and IS was found to be 78.31 and 64.96% respectively. Stability studies like freeze thaw, bench top, short term and long term were performed and the results were found to be within the acceptance limits according to FDA guidelines.

Objective: To determine the frequency of HP seroprevalence and infection in ß-TM patients both symptomatic and asymptomatic for RAP and to compare between ß-TM patients and controls presenting with RAP. Materials and Methods: The study included 2 groups group I consists of forty ß-TM patients Aged (3 – 18) years. They were subdivided into Group Ia (symptomatic for RAP) and Group Ib (asymptomatic for RAP) each group consists of 20patients. Group II (control group) consists of 20 children complaining of recurrent abdominal pain with no chronic illness whose ages and gender were compatible. Serum samples were examined for anti-HP antibody using HpIgG ELISA test. Stool antigen test (qualitative immunochromatographic assay containing momoclonal antibodies) was applied to seropositive patients to assess the rate of associated active infection. Results: The overall prevalence of HPIgG (+ve) was equal in ß-TM and controls (45%). compared to stool results which was higher in thalassemia (37.5%) than controls (30%) but not statistically significant. Withstool antigen test, statistically significant difference regarding pain site, splenectomy and serum ferritin. Conclusion: HP seroprevalence was similar in thalassemic and controls. active infection was higher in thalassemic than controls and affected with splenectomy and high serum ferritin.

Background: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the most commonly used imaging modality in the evaluation of knee injuries. So, this study was planned to use MRI in determining the incidence of knee lesions in traumatic knee patients and their relation with the age and sex of the patients. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was performed for a period of 1 year after taking the permission from institutional ethics committee in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Patients referred to the Department of Radiology with post traumatic knee joint symptoms were recruited. Patients’ socio-demographic data, clinical history and physical examination findings were recorded to correlate the findings. MRI Acquisition Knees were imaged by using Siemens Avanto MR machine with a superconducting magnet and field strength of 1.5 tesla using dedicated knee coil (Flex). Results: Total 63 patients were examined by MRI and the most common age group was found to be 21-30 years. 88.89% knee lesions were found in male. Joint Effusion was found to be most frequent lesion in symptomatic knee constituting 94.64%. Amongst the ligament injury, ACL was found be highest approximately 50% in patients with complete tear in 57.14%. Amongst the menisci injury medial meniscus injury was found be highest approximately 72.72 % with grade III in 43.75%. Conclusion: MRI was found to be good diagnostic tool for evaluation of traumatic knee lesions.

Nursing students are valuable human resources. Detection of potential fear of negative evaluation among nursing students is crucial since it can minimize the quality of life. Fear of negative evaluation is the apprehension and distress arising from concerns about being judged negatively, despairingly or hostilely by others. Quality of life means satisfaction with life or satisfaction of needs. Aim of the study to examine the impact of fear of negative evaluation on quality of life, among faculty nursing students. Design: This study demonstrates a descriptive co-relational design. Setting: The study was conducted in Faculty of Nursing, Menoufia University, Egypt Governorate. Subjects: A convenience sample of all undergraduate nursing students accepts participation enrolled in first and fourth in the above mentioned setting. Tools: Two tools were used for data collection. Tool 1: consists of two parts; part (a) to collect socio-demographics data and part (b) Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Tool 2: Quality of life Scale. Results: Indicated that the highest percentages of fourth grade students (85.5%) had moderate level of fear of negative evaluation. Conversely, the majority of first grade students (68.7%) had moderate level of fear of negative evaluation. They were highly statistically significant, strong negative correlation between students’ overall level of state fear of negative evaluation from one side and their overall level of quality of life (r = -0.355, p<0.001). Conclusion: the study concluded that fear of negative evaluation have an effect on students quality of life. There was statistical significance difference between first and fourth grade students regarding fear of negative evaluation and quality of life Recommendation: Designing and implementing an educational program about fear of negative evaluation for nursing students. Further research could be looking to see if the students’ attributions affect the fear of negative evaluation. Further research to study the effect teachers' role on allays anxiety and fear of negative evaluation among faculty nursing students.

Study Objective: To compare the clinical effects of 3.5ml of 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine and 3.5ml of 0.5% isobaric levo-bupivacaine intrathecally in total abdominal hysterectomies. Design: A prospective randomized study. Materials and Methods: 100 patients belonging to ASA physical status I & II (each group 50 patients n=50) were randomly selected for the study. The time of onset of sensory and motor block, hemodynamic status, duration of analgesia and adverse effects if any were compared in both the groups. Group I patients received 3.5ml of 0.5% isobaric Bupivacaine. Group II patients received 3.5ml of 0.5% isobaric levo-bupivacaine. Results: The time of onset of sensory block of levobupivacaine was 8± 3.5 and bupivacaine was 7.2± 2.6 min (P< 0.05). Onset time of motor block of levobupivacaine was 12 ±1.5 and bupivacaine was 10±1.7 min (P< 0.01). Hemodynamic changes did not differ in patients of either group (p >0.05).The duration of analgesia in group I was 280±40 minutes and in group II was 248±46 minutes which was statistically significant (p<0.001). The side effects were minimal in both the groups. Conclusion: Intrathecal administration of isobaric bupivacaine 0.5% produces rapid onset of anesthesia, longer duration ofanalgesia compared to isobaric levo-bupivacaine.

Use of diaper among infants and children is essential and universally accepted. However, many children face difficult condition by developing diaper dermatitis. Development of technology helps substantially lessen the severity of diaper dermatitis, but additional care and improvements are essential. Etiology includes overhydration, irritants, friction, diarrhoea, antibiotic use, increased skin pH, and increase duration of use of diaper. Early identification and treatment decreases associated morbidity and mortality. The important factor is awareness of parents and care takers regarding etiology and management of this condition. A literature search was conducted using key words diaper rash, diaper dermatitis, nappy rash, irritant contact dermatitis, perineal skin breakdown, zinc oxide, baby powder, and cornstarch through Google Scholar, Pubmed, CINAHL, Ovid and other relevant sites. Similarly, different relevant literature published in English language were also reviewed. The literature search yielded numerous articles dating from 1985 to 2015 of which we evaluated the refined ones. This review provides the scientific basis of etiology, contributing factors, comparison of diaper types and recent developments of diaper types and management.

We are reporting a case of HIV 2 infection from Kolkata, West Bengal, India. There are case reports of HIV 2 infection from western and southern parts of India, but reports from Eastern India are rare. Also this is an isolated case of HIV 2 infection in which diagnosis to death was very rapid. The patient was admitted with a diagnosis of HIV-2 infection and CD4 count of 42. He was diagnosed to have Pulmonary Tuberculosis and anaemia. The patient was discharged with proper treatment. He was admitted after one month with extreme deterioration in his condition and some more opportunistic infections. He succumbed. Total period of contact with us from diagnosis of HIV-2 to death was a little above one month.

Aim of present study was to compare the adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity and Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH) in various types of arthritis conditions with synovial effusion. No. significant difference was observed in ADA activity in synovial fluid of control and study groups in various arthritic conditions. The highest value of ADA activity and LDH was observed in synovial fluid of patients with tubercular arthritis followed by rheumatoid, septic, osteo and post traumatic arthritis. Thus measurement of ADA activity and LDH in synovial fluid can be used as a parameter of differential diagnosis of arthritis and monitoring the disease activity.

Aim: To evaluate and compare the sealing ability of a new material, biodentine with MTA when used as a furcation repair material. Material and method: Thirty recently extracted mandibular molars with non-fused well developed roots were collected and intentional furcation perforations were made with a bur. The perforations were repaired with MTA andbiodentine. These specimens were then immersed in 2% methylene blue dye. After their removal, they were sectioned and examined under stereomicroscope to evaluate dye penetration. Results: Demonstrated that furcation perforation repaired with MTA showed decrease in microleakage compared with that of biodentine, However there was no statistical significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: Both MTA and biodentine showed good sealing ability when used as furcation repair material.

Background: Psychological stress is a major cause of lost working days in the world and can lead to stress related disorders among the productive age group. Knowledge on the impact burden of work related stress and the stressors like physical, psycho social environment is important in improving the mental health of the working population. Objectives: This study was done with the objectives of assessing the burden of work related stress and its risk factors among various working population. Methods: This study was carried out as a community based cross sectional study among different occupations like doctors, police personnel, IT professionals, bank employees and teachers in the field practice area of department of community medicine using standardized questionnaires USDAW and PSS – 10 item questionnaires by personal interview after getting informed consent. Results: This study was done among 415 working population from different occupations and the study revealed moderately high prevalence of work stress among all occupations but medical and paramedical professions showed more than other occupations which was statistically significant. The stressors significantly associated with work related stress were physical environment, shift work, inadequate break times, lack of control on their work, repetitive work and overcrowding. Conclusion: The findings of the study suggest that the physical and psychosocial environment is not conducive in many of the occupations. There is an urgent need for the employers to take care of the felt needs of the working population an increase the awareness to reduce the future burden of stress related disorders and to promote the mental health of the workers. What this paper adds?? 1. Increasing trend of Workplace related stress 2. To assess and compare the burden and risk factors associated with workplace related stress among different occupations 3. Surprisingly Software professionals had less stress and teaching and nursing professionals had maximum stress in this study 4. This study included various occupations which was very less done by other Indian studies 5. Awareness on stress management is the basic requirement in all occupations.

Background: Nosocomial infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). A Nosocomial outbreak of neonatal septicemia occurred in theNICUs of a tertiary care hospital in Kashmir during Nov-Dec 2008. Aims and objectives: The present study was undertaken to study various aspects of this nosocomial infection outbreak. Materiel and Methods: This was a retrospective observational study carried out in NICU of a tertiary care referral pediatric hospital in Srinagar Ja nd K, India.Total of 31 patients who developed nosocomial sepsis during the study period of 2 months were taken as subjects. The neonates whose diagnosis at admission was probable sepsis or who were obviously septic were excluded from the study. Cultures from all the newborns were obtained by sterile vein puncture technique and incubated for 24-48 hours for identification of the organism and determination of sensitivity pattern by disc diffusion method. Antibiotics tested included cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, aminopenicillins, vancomycin, sulbactam and quinolones. Routine investigations like Haemogram, urine culture, CSF exam and culture, X-ray chest, CRP and liver and renal function tests were done when indicated. Results: 31 neonates developed sepsis during the hospital stay. Klebsiella was the predominant organism isolated in 25 cases (81%).Acinetobacter was isolated from 2 cases (6.5%) E-coli from 2 cases (6.5%) and Pseudomonas and Staph.aureus in one case each. All the cases that grew Klebsiella from blood had thrombocytopenia (platelet count<50,000) with the predominant presentation being purpura and upper GI bleed. Cholestasis was frequently seen associated with Klebsiella sepsis. All the isolates were uniformly resistant to aminopenicillins. Aminogylcoside resistance was also very high i.e. 90%. Cephalosporin’s showed an intermediate resistance pattern with some showing 80-90 %( cefotaxime-ceftriaxone) and some showing only 30-40% resistance (cefperazone-salbactam and ceftazidime). The outbreak was caused by Klebsiella which was multi drug resistant with sensitivity only to quinolones. The number of neonates infected was thirty one and the mortality was 55%. Majorty of the neonates had thrombocytopenia and cholestasis. The outbreak was traced to a common source of an intravenous solution used for diluting drugs. Our study helped to change nosocomial infection control policy in this hospital. Conclusion: The outbreak was caused by Klebsiella which was multi drug resistant with sensitivity only to quinolones. The number of neonates infected was thirty one and the mortality was 55%. Majorty of the neonates had thrombocytopenia and cholestasis. Our study helped to change nosocomial infection control policy in this hospital.

Quality of life (QOL) is a vague concept. It is multidimensional and theoretical in nature. It incorporates all aspects of individual’s life. The main aim of the present study is to explore the sociodemographic correlates (i.e. gender, marital status, socioeconomic status, religion, educational status and social support) of quality of life. The World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire, short version (WHOQOL-BREF) was administered to 100 adults. WHOQOL-BREF comprised of four domains i.e., physical health, psychological health, social relationships and environmental domain. Independent t-test was used to analyze the data. Result indicated that male (29) and female (71) subjects did not significantly differing on overall QOL. Significant differences were found between married (31) and unmarried (69) people on overall QOL as well as all the four domains (physical health, psychological health, social relationships and environmental domain) of WHOQOL-BREF. Significant differences were found between higher socioeconomic status (59) and lower socioeconomic status (41) subjects, and Muslim (87) and Hindu (13) on overall QOL and its three domains (physical health, psychological health, and environmental). Literate (45) and Non-literate (55) subjects differed significantly on physical health and Environmental domain. Significant difference was found between low social support group (51) and high social support group (49) only on psychological health domain.

Background: The concept map (CM) has been documented as a learning tool in nursing education. However, there is no instrument available to assess how nursing students perceive its assistance in problem based learning (PBL). Aim: The aim of this study was to develop an instrument to evaluate the perception of CM used in PBL for nursing students. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted which used a self-report questionnaire. Data from 213 nursing students in a PBL course was gathered. Results: The CM-PBL scale was developed, and contains 33 items with five subscales: 1) increase of learning efficiency; 2) integration of knowledge in a holistic view; 3) presentation of individuality; 4) enhancement of learning motivation; 5) promotion of learning satisfaction. CM-PBL has an explained variance of 59.386 %. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients and intra-class correlation coefficients for the overall and subscales were above 0.8. The CM-PBL scale presents to be a reliable and valid instrument to evaluate the perception of CM used in PBL for nursing students.

Aims and objectives: Accurate functioning of the papillary muscles and their chordae is very essential to maintain good competence of the valves. Their dysfunction can lead to valvular incompetences. A comparative study of papillary muscles of ventricles of human, sheep, goat, cow and pig is done. Through this comparative anatomic approach, the morphology of the human tricuspid valve complex, its similarities and differences to those of the animal hearts studied becomes more apparent. Methods: The hearts were opened to view the interior of the ventricles. Diameter of the tricuspid valve was measured in all the hearts. The number of papillary muscles, their positions, length and thickness in man and other mammals were noted. The number of chordae tendineae attached to each papillary muscle and the cusps along with their attachment to different zones of the cusps were observed and counted. Results: The number and position of the papillary muscle was similar in all the specimens but the number of bellies of each papillary muscle varied. Length and thickness of the papillary muscles were more in cow and least in pig. Chordae tendineae number attached to the papillary muscle and to the cusp was more in pig and man. It was least in sheep and goat. Interpretation and Conclusion: The internal structure of the heart differs from species to species. Although some differences exist, the heart of pig appears very similar to man.

Background: Osteoarthritis) OA (is one of the most common chronic disability diseases which affect patients with high prevalence especially women in Arab world. Aim of the study, first, to evaluate the effectiveness of integrated home-based nursing intervention on osteoarthritis outcomes among women with knee osteoarthritis versus hospital care intervention. Second, to examine the relationship between work activity levels and osteoarthritis scores among studied women. Subjects and Methods: A Quasi-experimental study was used .It conducted in physical medicine and rheumatology outpatient clinic in Menoufia University Hospital. A simple random sample of 150 women with bilateral knee osteoarthritis was included. These women were divided into three groups randomly and matched for age. Results: Regarding to total WOMAC scores, an improvement was among the three groups, however, the improvement was statistically significant was noticed among group II (hospital group). But using walk and balance scales, the improvement of walk and balance scores were much higher in group III (home group). Concerning work activity levels for hospital group, the total WOMAC and balance scores improved among women those with high activity. But women with sedentary life activity scored high in walk scale. While for home group, the total WOMAC and walk, balance scores were improved among women those with high work activity. Conclusion: Although Home-based interventions and Hospital care interventions were successful programs in caring of women with knee osteoarthritis, however, continuation with integrated Home-based nursing interventions after hospital care interventions were efficient programs in managing pain, sign and symptoms for women with knee osteoarthritis. Recommendation: Health education sessions for osteoarthritis patients in out-patient clinics implemented by nurses are needed. Design an illustrated booklet to demonstrate different interventions and modalities for osteoarthritis patients. Demonstrate the patient's role in managing osteoarthritis at their homes.

Introduction: Neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation can be documented by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with the use of synaptophysin (SYN) and chromogranin (CGA) in some lung carcinomas with conventional non-small cell morphology. These tumors are referred as non-small cell lung carcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation (NSCLC-ND) or non-small cell lung carcinoma with occult neuroendocrine differentiation. The finding of NE differentiation in some NSCLC has led to the hypothesis that these tumors may form a subgroup with a prognosis and response to treatment between NSCLC and SCLC. (Pelosi et al., 2003; Wick et al., 2011; Howe et al., 2005) Aim: To find occult NE differentiation in NSCLC using CGA and SYN. Materials and Methods: The IHC markers, CGA and SYN were done on 37 NSCLC cases which compromised of 23 Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and 14 adenocarcinomas. Semiquantitative assessments of staining intensity and percentage of tumour cells positive were made. An Intensity Distribution (ID) score of > 1 with any marker was used as the criterion for evidenceof NE differentiation. Results: NE differentiation was seen in 40.54% of NSCLC. 50% of adenocarcinomas and 34.8% SCC showed NE differentiation. SYN and CGA positivity was seen in 29.7% and 24% NSCLCs respectively. Adenocarcinoma showed significant immunoreactivity for SYN (p=0.042) while SCC showed significant immunoreactivity for CGA (p=0.035) Conclusion: In our study, 40.5% of NSCLC showed NE differentiation. NE differentiation was seen more in adenocarcinoma than in SCC. Synaptophysin showed significant association with adenocarcinomas and chromogranin with SCC.

Nader, Paris Island and Marul lettuce cultivars grown on polyethylene mulch and bare soils treated with either Nitrobein, Rhyzobactrein, or Hupotas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the responses of these cultivars to mulching and organic substance treatments. The obtained results revealed that lettuce grown on mulched soil significantly reduced IAA, GA3, ABA, CK, N, K, Ca, B, Na, and Fe in varying lettuce tissues. Owing to the increased root zone temperatures caused by polyethylene mulching in late summer. However, during ensuing winter mulched lettuce recovered and substantially improved yield, head fresh weight, TSS, Chlorophyll, seed yield and weight of 1000 seeds. Organic substances highly improved the growth performance of lettuce, particularly Rhyzobactrein, which sowed the best-performed yield and most other detected parameters. Nader was the most potent cultivar, where Paris Island and Marul failed to perform folded heads. Bitterness, Tip burns and Cu were not detected in all treatments and lettuce tissues. Dual and treble interaction treatments included in results and discussion sections

The presence of mycotoxins in cocoa beans and chocolate products is emerging as an important public health. There is a réal need for more information about the occurrence of mycotoxigenic fungi in cocoa beans. The mycoflora of cocoa beans in two producing regions was assessed and its potential for ochratoxin A (OTA) production was evaluated. A total of 37 fungal strains were isolated by plating method. Six species of moulds belonging to four genera were isolated from all cocoa samples tested: Absidia, Rhizopus, Aspergillus niger, A. carbonarius, A. ochraceus, A. flavus, A. versicolor, A. clavatus, Penicillium chrysogenum. The OTA content producing for ochratoxigenics species was also determined. Three OTA-producing strains were isolated, belonging to the species Aspergillus carbonarius, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus ochraceus OTA was detected in medium, up to 54.04 µg/kg. The highest content of ochratoxin A was observed with the species A. ochraceus. The results of this study highlight the risk associated with the presence of ochratoxinogenic in cocoa from Côte d'Ivoire.

Study Objectives: To check whether Does breathe held at maximal expiration could decrease pain and improve the range of motion, QOL and breathing function in non specific low back ache patients. Low back pain is a very common problem in general population. 70-85% of people have back pain at some time in their life. (Andersson, 1997) Low back pain is defined as pain localized between the 12th rib and the inferior gluteal folds, with or without radiation to legs. (Thompson et al., 2000) The mechanism of low back pain may be due repetitive loads on back causes decrease in the elasticity of disk. (Thompson et al., 2000; Andreas Prescher, 1998) Fissures and tears occur within annular fibers, which decrease the ability of the disk to provide stiffness during movement. Available literature demonstrate the definite impact of low back pain on psychological and functional status affecting health related quality of life of patients. (Kovacs Francisco et al., 2004) Some authors have evaluated the cause or effect relationship between the altered biomechanics of spine leading to back pain. (Lane et al., 1993; O’Neill et al., 1999) In addition, recent evidences suggest that diaphragm contribute biomechanically to maintain trunk stability It has been found that diaphragm by activation of the phrenic nerve resulted in an increase in intra-abdominal pressure with subsequently enhanced spinal stiffness. (Hodges et al., 2005) Diaphragm plays two roles - acts as trunk stabilizer and help in respiration. (Hodges and Gandevia, 2000) Valsalva maneuver has several effects that improve spinal stability. Design: An Experimental Study. Methods: A total of 40 subjects were recruited for the study on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria after obtaining informed consent. The subjects were divided into two groups Group A (Breathe Held at Maximum Expiration n=20), and Group B (Traditional Core Stability Exercises n=20). Outcome Measure: Pain using Visual Analogue Scale, ROM using SLR and Breathing function using SEBQ and Quality of Life using WHO QOL-Bref Scale. Results: Analysis of Pain, ROM, Breathing Function and QOL showed that both the group proved to be effective in decreasing the Pain, ROM, Breathing Function and QOL level independently. When results were compared between the groups, Group A showed better improvement than Group B. However the results were statistically insignificant. Conclusion: This study depected that breathe held at maximum expiration technique is effective on decreasing pain, improving ROM and breathe function along with QOL in patients with LBA.

The current experimental study was carried out to determine the physico-chemical parameters of Solani River at Roorkee district Haridwar, Uttarakhand. For this purpose three sampling sites were selected to analyze various parameters like temperature, pH, total solids, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total hardness, free carbon dioxide and chloride. Among these parameters TDS and BOD was observed beyond the desirable limits of BIS at all the sampling sites. Maximum value of TDS (847.23 mg/l) was found during March month at the sampling site SS1 and maximum value of BOD 4.7 mg/l was found during April month at the sampling site SS1. The present study concluded that the TDS and BOD in water sample were above the desirable limit and rest all other parameters were within the desirable limits.

Type 1.5 diabetes also known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is an important form of diabetes which occurs in about 10% of patients classified as type 2 diabetes and not initially requiring insulin. β- cell dysfunction in type 1.5 diabetes is caused mainly by Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GADA). β- cell stress results in an induction of Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) expression, where Hsp 90 is a regulator of Class II antigen processing and presentation. In silico docking studies and drug likeliness analysis have shown that docking target protein Hsp 90 α with the ligand mangiferin had a protective role against autoimmune destruction. This study paves way for treating the autoimmune diabetes at the immunity level.

Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a highly prevalent chronic degenerative disease, which is indicated by insulin resistance (IR) in insulin-target tissues, and aberrant insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. Several common polymorphic genetic variants have been concerned in type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance, though the results of previous researches performed on different ethnic groups and populations are greatly contradicting. Two of the most common polymorphisms studied widely are the Ala54Thr variant of Fatty Acid Binding Protein 2 (FABP2) gene, and the Pro12Ala variant of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ) gene. A number of other non-genetic factors also significantly affect insulin resistance, like body composition, regular levels of physical exercises, gender and age. In this review, we discuss both genetic and non genetic factors, the relationship between insulin resistance and T2DM, how the polymorphisms in two candidate genes FABP2 and PPARγ affect the T2DM, IR and other diseases in different populations and ethnic groups.

In the present study heavy metal resistant bacteria were isolated from soil collected from the FaoUm-Qasr district in Basra governorate, South of Iraq. On the basis of morphological, biochemical, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogeny analysis, the isolate was authentically identified as Bacillus thuringiensis. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the isolate against cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) was determined on solid medium. B. thuringiensis showed significant resistance to high concentrations of Pb of 1800 mgl-1 and 50 mgl-1for Cd. The bioaccumulation capabilities of B. thuringiensis for Cd and Pb were monitored at different ion concentrations andcontact times. The transmission electron microscope study confirmed the accumulation of (Cd) and (Pb) by B. Thuringiensis causing morphological changes, including speculation.

Back ground: Because of the incidence and the health –related problems of post- menopausal osteoporosis it has become a social problems requiring appropriate management strategies. The present study is an attempt to estimate the levels of calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium, potassium, alkaline phosphatases and vitamin D of post-menopausal osteoporotic women. The present study was carried out to find out the association of minerals with post-menopausal osteoporotic women. Methods: 100 post- menopausal osteoporotic women and 90 non osteoporotic women of age and sex matched healthy controls were obtained from King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam during the period January 2015 to April 2015. The levels of calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium, potassium, alkaline phosphatases and vitamin D were estimated by using kits (Calmagite Method) (For invitro diagnostic use). The data was analyzed by online free calculator(quantpsy.org.) Med calculator (www.open epi.com). Results: The odds ratio shows only small risk for 75-85 years age group of post- menopausal osteoporotic and non osteoporotic women. The odds ratio p-value shows statistically insignificant result with the age of post-menopausal osteoporotic women. For calcium and alkaline phosphotases statistically significant mean p-values were obtained. Conclusion: The study confirms findings of earlier studies carries out in India and other countries. The present study reveals that serum calcium levels are significantly reduced in post-menopausal osteoporotic women than non osteoporotic women, whereas serum ALP levels are significantly increased.

Tropical forest ecosystems are one of the richest terrestrial ecosystems which support a variety of life forms and maintain huge global biodiversity. The phytosociology is one of the important aspects for analyzing the structure, composition and phytodiversity for thoroughly understanding the vegetation dynamics. Both structure and diversity of vegetation have strong functional role in controlling ecosystem processes like biomass production, cycling of water and nutrients. Phytosociological studies revealed that the southern hill top tropical evergreen forest has high species richness and diversity. The study of plant community implies knowledge of structure and composition of the component species. The combined influence of plant height, basal area, density and number of species on ‘complexity index’ is the evaluation of vegetation physiognomy. The present study analyses the compositional attributes of Neyyar wildlife sanctuary. The phytodiversity is one of the important aspects for analyzing the structure, composition and for thoroughly understanding the vegetation dynamics. Both structure and diversity of vegetation have strong functional role in controlling ecosystem processes like biomass production, cycling of water and nutrients.

Moringa leaves have been known as a potential protein source. Moringa plants could be an alternative source of protein with the potential to overcome the problems of malnutrition. This is because the flour has a protein content of Moringa leaves which are three times higher than milk powder. Hence an effort was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of Moringa oleifera Leaf Protein Concentrate (MLPC) on the health status of moderately anemic adolescent subjects. MLPC was prepared and made into capsules and supplemented to experimental group I (n=5) and standardized MLPC incorporated recipe was given to experimental group II (n=5) for a period of 15 days and the control group (n=5) was not given any supplementation. The result revealed that experimental group I who received the MLPC capsules has showed significant raise in haemoglobin than experimental group II. Therefore, Moringa oleifera Leaf Protein Concentrate was recommended for the improvement in the health status of moderate anemic adolescent girls.

Quick Service Restaurants are a key segment of the organized Indian Food Services market and have expanded rapidly over the years. This is because the young population of India(356 million as per a UN Report, Nov 2014) is brand conscious and these fast food chains provide quality food at affordable prices. They have become an aspiration for the rural masses as with the penetration of mobile phones and internet, even they are aware about international brands and cuisines and are a regular hangout place for the urban lot. The present paper focuses on the factors that will trigger growth in this segment, challenges that the businesses in this trade will have to overcome, the level of competition and the kind of investments being made, etc. All these factors would help in understanding the Quick Service Restaurants segment in a refined manner and provide insight in framing a winning strategy for the players in this sector.

Static bioassays were conducted in laboratory to evaluate variation in acute toxicity between technical grade (92 % a.i) and commercial formulation (10 % EC) of cypermethrin to four freshwater organisms viz. the crustacean Cyclops viridis, the oligochaete worm Branchiura sowerbyi, the gastropod Pila globosa, and one week old tadpole larva of the toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus. Commercial formulation (F) of cypermethrin was found more toxic than the technical (T) grade cypermethrin. Based on 96h LC50 values of T and F cypermethrin C. viridis was found most sensitive (0.08 and 0.04 μg/L) and P. globosa as most tolerant (1416 and 545 μg/L) to cypermethrin. Toxicity of T cypermethrin in water existed up to 48h except for C. viridis and B. sowerbyi, in which toxicity existed till 72h exposure. Toxicity of F cypermethrin existed till 96h in all species except C. viridis in which F cypermethrin became non-toxic after 72h. It was concluded from this study that acute toxicity of cypermethrin to aquatic organisms varied with the formulation and 10% EC of cypermethrin remained viable in freshwater aquatic ecosystem for longer period.

Static bioassays were conducted in laboratory to evaluate variation in acute toxicity between technical grade (92 % a.i) and commercial formulation (10 % EC) of cypermethrin to four freshwater organisms viz. the crustacean Cyclops viridis, the oligochaete worm Branchiura sowerbyi, the gastropod Pila globosa, and one week old tadpole larva of the toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus. Commercial formulation (F) of cypermethrin was found more toxic than the technical (T) grade cypermethrin. Based on 96h LC50 values of T and F cypermethrin C. viridis was found most sensitive (0.08 and 0.04 μg/L) and P. globosa as most tolerant (1416 and 545 μg/L) to cypermethrin. Toxicity of T cypermethrin in water existed up to 48h except for C. viridis and B. sowerbyi, in which toxicity existed till 72h exposure. Toxicity of F cypermethrin existed till 96h in all species except C. viridis in which F cypermethrin became non-toxic after 72h. It was concluded from this study that acute toxicity of cypermethrin to aquatic organisms varied with the formulation and 10% EC of cypermethrin remained viable in freshwater aquatic ecosystem for longer period.

Vector control is an essential requirement in control of epidemic diseases such as malaria, filariasis, dengue, etc. that are transmitted by mosquitoes. Excessive use of synthetic pesticides causes emergence of pesticide resistance and harmful effect on non-target organisms. This has necessitated an urgent search for development of new and improved mosquito control methods that are economical and effective as well as safe for non-target organisms and the environment. Herbal insecticides of plant origin become a priority in this search. The present study is to evaluate the larvicidal activity of both aqueous and solvent extracts of twenty two plants were tested against mosquito larvae (Culex quinquefasciatus). Mortality percentages and LC50 were calculated. Among plants under experimentation, Spilanthes calva and Adenocalymma alliaceum were potentially effective.

Earthworms are eco-friendly and play a variety of roles in agro ecosystem. The gut of earthworm is the factory to manufacture the beneficial microbial densities and their products. The excreted nutrients enrich thousand times more than the surrounding soil. Experiments have proven that crops grown in earthworm inhabitant soils had increased the yields from 25% to over 30% than in earthworm free soils. Researchers had reported that bacteria living in the gut of worms would breakdown many hazardous chemicals such as hexachloro cyclohexane (HCH) into detoxified forms maintaining the biological buffering of the soil. Most of the agricultural lands are recorded for lower abundance of earthworms (or) leading to abandon the croplands due to the lack of favorable conditions influencing the growth of plants. Investigation of the interaction of actinomycetes with soil invertebrates is one of the ways to study the development in biogeocenoses. The earthworm gut is favorable for the development of actinomycetes due to neutral pH, optimal humidity and temperature. Cellulose is considered as one of the most important sources of carbon on this planet. Cellulose degradation and its subsequent utilization is important for global carbon sources. The value of cellulose as a renewable source of energy has made cellulose hydrolysis as the subject of intense research and industrial interest. The bioconversion of cellulosic materials has been receiving attention in recent years. It is now a subject of interest for the contribution and to the development of a large-scale conversion processes beneficial to mankind. Agricultural waste and in fact all celluloses can be converted into products that are of commercial importance such as ethanol, glucose and single cell protein. Cellulase enzyme has been reported as one of the commercialized products from the bioconversion of cellulosic materials. The role of microbial activity in the earthworm gut, cast and soil is very essential for the degradation of organic wastes for the release of nutrients to plants. During vermicomposting organic matter undergoes, physico-chemical and bio-chemical changes by the combined effect of earthworm gut flora and also other microbial activities. Earthworm transforms the constituents of organic waste into a more useful vermicompost initially by grinding and digestion by aerobic and anaerobic microflora. Much of the research on vermicomposting had been focused on the changes in the chemical parameters.

Tanning industries produces large quantities of waste water which on direct discharge causes severe environmental pollution. Basic chromium sulphate used in the tanning process is not consumed fully and about 30-40% of it is washed away to the environment and thus creates severe environmental problem especially to the aquatic system. Here a simple method is developed to remove the chromium content of the tannery waste water. Waste water discharged from tannery has different character (pH) at different stages of the tanning process. The chrome liquor (discharged during chrome tanning process) has pH of about 3.5 to 4.0 while the lime liquor (discharged during lime tanning process) has pH of about 11 to 13. Neutralization of these liquors through mixing with each other results precipitation of chromium which was removed by simple filtration. Neutralized liquor was found to have chromium content 2 ppm while the original chrome liquor had 3600 ppm.

This study aims was simultaneous identified and quantified, used a HPLC method, eight active pharmaceutical ingredients, Cyanocobalamin (Vitamine B12), Benzyl alcohol, Chloramphenicol, Prednisolone, Tylosin A, Tylosin B, Tylosin C and Tylosin D. In a very short time, and with very low cost, all eight compounds was separated and quantified used this HPLC method (UV-VIS detection). The method is enough sensitive to quantified and monitorised related substances/degradation product according to VICH GL 11(R). The method can be easily applied in any analytical laboratory, because it uses common reagents, a chromatographic column frequently used, octadecylsilylsilicagel (C18) and common equipments in pharma laboratories (HPLC, multiwavelengths UV-VIS detection).

Swirl flame stabilisation of lean premixed fuels has been studied and applied to gas turbines for a number of years, giving considerable benefits in terms of reduced pollutant emission, especially of NOx. However, there are still problems that can occur during the combustion process including those related to flashback (especially with hydrogen enriched fuels) and combustion induced instabilities. Swirl of the primary system is optimised to minimize pressure drop, flame contact with the injectors and swirl system, whilst avoiding flashback. Pure hydrogen or hydrogen enriched fuels give rise to especial problems owing to the high flame speed of hydrogen, potential for flashback in conventional or simply modified combustors and often requirement for multi fuel operation. Solutions adopted commercially are normally compromised, leaving considerable room for improvement. This paper describes a combined practical and modelling approach to study and reduce the effect of flashback in practical swirl burners using both a flexible experimental combustor, coupled with extensive Computational Fluid Dynamics modelling to guide experimental progress. The results proved that by adding CO2 the flashback limits can be improved, whilst H2 enriched flames are more difficult to control. Several varied CRZs developed in the field as a consequence of the nozzle configuration, showing high dependence not on the Swirl number, but the type of flow expansion. It was confirmed that the flame can be manipulated to avoid physical contact with the burner solid surfaces, the Swirl number being a particularly important parameter. The size and shape of the CRZ can be readily manipulated to satisfy particular requirements.

Swirl Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is a form of cloud computing where the Cloud Service Provider (CSP) provides virtualized computing resources through the internet. A client may ask for an IaaS service, deploy the image of its Virtual Machine (VMi) which contain sensitive computation. However, the customer have no means of verifying that its VM run in a secure environment. To address this problem we propose a design of Trusted VM deployment (TVMD) model, in which the customer can deploy its VMi into a set of trusted Node (N) on the IaaS perimeter and enhance backend attacks. This paper show how clients can gain trust into services provided by the CSP by leveraging trust in a neutral third party : an External Trust Coordinator (ETC) that certify that the Node (N) run in a set of trusted node in the IaaS perimeter secured by the ETC through a Trusted Module Platform (TPM).

The natural polysaccharide chitosan has been extensively studied for predicting its efficiency as drug delivery systems for tumor. The ‘smartness’ of chitosan to release drug molecules specifically near to the tumor sites; makes it different from other drug carriers. The computational modeling and simulation technique has been adopted to predict the efficiency of the drug delivery system with different anti-cancer drugs. Interaction profile, stability profile, surface profile, potential profile and drug-release profile have been studied. The results highlight the efficiency of chitosan in using as a drug delivery system for anticancer drugs.

The natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite is capturing view in many industrial applications like automotives and many other human centric oriented frugal innovation products and fundamental research. Fiber reinforced polymer composites have a wide variety of applications as a class of structural materials because of their advantages such as ease of fabrication, relatively low cost of production & superior strength as compared to neat polymer resins. The fiber which serves as a reinforcement in polymers may be either synthetic or natural. Although synthetic fibers such as glass, carbon, nylon, polyester etc [1]. Possess high specific strength; their fields of applications are limited because of their higher costs of production. Recently, there is an increasing interest in hybrid composites that are made by reinforcement of two or more different types of fibers in a single matrix, because these materials attain a range of properties that cannot be obtained with a particular kind of reinforcement. Further, material costs can be reduced by careful selection of reinforcing fibers. Natural fibers have been proven substitute to synthetic fiber in transportation domain such as automobiles, railway coaches and aerospace because of their low thermal expansion, high tensile strength, high strength to weight ratio. Other applications include military, building, packaging, consumer products and construction industries for ceiling paneling, partition boards [2]. Currently, the Mechanical treatments of the fibers are carried out as they further enhance the properties of the composites. This paper deals with review of fiber treatment on mechanical properties of different natural fibers reinforced polymer composites.

Manufacturing sector is the backbone of any economy. It fuels growth, productivity, employment, and strengthens agriculture and service sectors. Astronomical growth in worldwide distribution systems and IT, coupled with opening of trade barriers, has led to stupendous growth of global manufacturing networks, designed to take advantage of low-waged yet efficient work force of India. HR practitioners believe that the engagement challenge has a lot to do with how employee feels about the work experience and how he or she is treated in the organization. It has a lot to do with emotions which are fundamentally related to the bottom line success in a company. There will always be people who never give their best efforts no matter how hard HR and line managers try to engage them. But for the most part employees want to commit to companies because doing so satisfies a powerful and a basic need in connect with and contribute to something significant. The study helps to gain an understanding of employee engagement measures, factors affecting employee engagement, practices to improve employee engagement and advantages of having engaged employees. This study includes the procedure as: Visiting the company and discussing with HR and Preparing an appropriate Questionnaire for identifying Employee Engagement within the organization.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of technology, work experience, education and training, both simultaneously and partially on the performance of production workers in East Java, and the most dominant variable affecting the performance of production workers in East Java. In this study, there are three independent variables consisting of technology, work experience, education and training, as well as the dependent variable is the performance of the production workers. The analysis performed in this study involved testing of research instruments, classical assumption test, multiple linear regression analysis, and hypothesis testing. Calculation of multiple linear regression analysis produces coefficient determination R2 = 0.320 that has a probability value of F calculated equal Sig. F = 0.000. Because ρ ≠ 0 and the probability F test is smaller than the research test level (Sig. F <α ie 0.000 <0.05), then Ho is rejected and Ha accepted which means the simultaneous effect of variables of technology, work experience, and education and training on the performance of labor production in East Java is significant. Partially, two independent variables consisting of technology and work experience have a positive and significant impact on the performance of production workers in East Java, while education and training variables negatively affect the performance of production workers in East Java. The most influential variable is the dominant technology with variable t value for 6.517, greater than the t value of other variables.