August 2017

Background: Thyroglossal ductal anomalies classically manifest as painless midline anterior neck swelling. Diagnosis is usually based on clinical presentation. Objective: The aim of present study is to review cases diagnosed with thyroglossal ductal anomalies and the subsequent approach to management. Methods: The medical records of patients diagnosed with thyroglossal duct cysts and fistula from January 2001 till June 2016 were retrospectively analysed. Results: A total of 43 patients were included of which 28 were males and 15 were females accounting for male to female ratio of 1.9:1. The age ranged from 4 days to 15 years. Twenty three cases (53.48%) presented with discharging thyroglossal fistula while twenty cases(46.51%) as a painless cystic neck swelling. The most common site of the cyst was infrahyoid in 25 cases (58.14%). Conclusion: Thyroglossal ductal anomalies should be diagnosed and managed surgicall yearly to prevent fistula formationand recurrence. Sistrunk operation is the surgery of choice at our centre.

The Meigs' syndrome is defined as the presence of ascites & hydrothorax associated with a benign ovarian tumor mostly fibroma that disappears after the removal of the tumor. Joe Vincent Meigs (1892-1963), a professor of the Harvard Medical School of Gynecology drew attention to the syndrome (Lurie, 2000; Griffin, 1996). Meigs' syndrome is a strange clinical entity that is also considered to be an uncommon complication of fibroma of the female genital tract. The more frequently observed type of ovarian tumor is the fibroma. Ovarian fibroma represents 2 to 5% of ovarian tumor and out of this only 1 to 2% of cases present as Meigs syndrome. Ascites in ovarian fibroma present in 10 to 15% of cases while hydrothorax in only 1% of cases. It is accepted that the uterine tumors such as the fibromas, although common, can be associated to ascites and hydrothorax, as well as leiomyoma of the broad ligament. The presumptive diagnosis of this pathology is basically clinical in spite of the priceless value that imaging techniques like ultrasonography, contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) have in confirming the presence of ascites, pleural effusion and the characteristics of the ovarian tumor. Cytomorphology of the pleural and ascitic liquid is also used as well as the serum levels of carcinogenic antigen-125 (CA-125) to discard the malignancy of the ovarian tumor that is associated with the syndrome. The definitive diagnosis is usually postoperative. All the signs and symptoms of Meigs' syndrome disappear with the surgical excision of the ovarian tumor by means of the abdominal surgery.

Primary pancreatic hydatid disease is rare. The diagnosis may be difficult when the presentation is that of an unexplained epigastric mass, despite suggestive of radiological and ultrasonic features. We describe a 32-year-old female in whom the definitive diagnosis was only made on histopathology.

Regenerative periodontal surgeries are performed to stimulate lost periodontal tissues that were affected by periodontal disease. Surgical procedures involving root conditioning, autografts, allografts, xenografts, non-bone graft materials and even barrier membranes for guided tissue regeneration (GTR) have been used successfully in regenerative procedures. Enamel matrix derivative (EMD, Emdogain®) is one such modality, which has been designated as Osteopromotive, is used to promote periodontal regeneration, consisting of a formulation of amelogenin proteins derived from six month- old piglets. Being a xenograft and its tendency for stimulating immune reaction has led to numerous studies in-vitro and in- vivo both in animals and humans. Studies have been conducted not only focusing on the safety and effectiveness but also in terms of wound healing and in combination with other regenerative materials available. Through this paper, an attempt has been made to analyze the derivative of enamel matrix, Emdogain

The COPD condition experience co-morbid symptoms of cardiovascular disease, diabetes meleitus, anemia, depression, anxiety, GERD, obstructive sleep apnoea, cachexia, muscle wasting and osteoporosis. Depression is the major co-morbidity in COPD and are associated with poor prognosis. The occurance of depression in a community have a strong relationship with low level of education, poor socio-economic condition and advance in age. COPD exacerbations have a negative impact on pulmonary functions, health related quality of life and patient survival. Frequent exacerbations are more seen in depressive patients than in normal patients. Severe dyspnoea, progressive irreversible condition and associated hypoxia may be responsibe for the organic causes of depression in severe COPD patients. Simple questionnaires are used to diagnose depression in COPD patient. Antidepressant drug therapy are effective in the treatment of moderative severe depression in patients with COPD.

Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of buccal fat pad as interpositioning material in surgical management of oral submucous fibrosis. Search strategy: Used Medline, Pubmed, Mesh. English literature articles and human trials were searched for. Selection criterias: Articles were selected which used Buccal Pad Fat after fibrotomy for management of oral submucous fibrosis. Non randomised single interventions and retrospective trials were selected. Data collection and analysis: The primary outcome was assessment of postoperative mouth opening as compared to preoperative mouth opening using buccal pad of fat as interpositional material after fibrotomy in oral submucous fibrosis management in the experimental group in parallel design studies. Analyses were undertaken for the items assessed for quality and publication bias. Results: The primary outcome of the review to assess the postoperative mouth opening compared to preoperative mouth opening using buccal pad of fat as interpositional material after fibrotomy in oral submucous fibrosis. Secondary outcomes included assessment of recurrence, time taken for epithelisation, donor site morbidity. Four trials provided data for this review. No studies fulfil all the methodological quality assessment criteria. Conclusion: The data shows significant increase in mouth opening postoperatively with use of buccal pad of fat as interpositional material after fibrotomy in oral submucous fibrosis. No sufficient evidence of studies to prove that buccal pad is most reliable interpositional material for buccal mucosa reconstruction in oral submucous fibrosis due to heterogeneity in studies and lack of randomised controlled trials to reach to a concrete conclusion.

Pumsavana Krama is one of important concept mentioned in ancient Ayurveda. It is preferably used to achieve the desirable child. Some of the theories postulated to determined the sex of embryo by our Ayurvedic Acharyas under the heading of Pumsavana Karma and general public is curious to know mystery of this concept. To determine sex of future offspring is an offence now a days because of many factors. The scientific review of this concept with modern embryology is felt. Study of modern embryological development process of urogenital system regarding the determination of sex is considerable to prove the efficacy and mode of action of Pumsavana Karma and the Drugs related. Drugs used for Pumsavana Karma are directly or indirectly acts on the pituitary gland and stimulates the secretion of hormones are responsible for the particular gonadal and sex organs development in male or female baby. For desirable results one should follow the methodology of Pumsavana karma as explained by Acharyas to see its mystery. How the drugs used during the procedure helps in the development of internal & external male and female urogenital system is discussed and conclusion is required further study.

Aim: To evaluate the amount of adherence Streptococcus mutans on polished denture surface after being polished by three different polishing agents. Materials and Methods: After polymerization and finishing the samples of heat activated polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture base resin were mechanically polished with pumice, tripoli and aluminum oxide paste. The surface topography was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Streptococcus mutans was cultured on them and after 24 hours number of adhered colonies were calculated by counting the number of colonies using florescent microscopy. Results: Roughness average (Ra)values obtained from SEM images of PMMA samples polished with tripoli, resilit, pumice and unpolished control were 0.52 µm, 0.68µm, 3.07µm and 3.45µm, respectively. Number of Streptococcus mutans colonies on samples polished with tripoli, resilit, pumice and unpolished control were 8.10 CFU/µm2, 13.20CFU/µm2, 19.90CFU/µm2 and 33.20 CFU/µm2, respectively. An increase in surface smoothness resulted in a significant decrease of adherence. (p=0.02) Conclusion: Tripoli resulted in producing the smoothest surface among all other groups while pumice gave the most rough surface. Adherence of Streptococcus mutans was least for tripoli polished samples and highest in case of those polished using pumice. As a result it was concluded that microbial adherence decreased with the increase in surface smoothness.

Background and Objective: Hyperbilirubinemia is a disorder, which is manifested by yellow discoloration of tissue and skin of a neonate. Phototherapy is considered as the prime treatment for neonatal jaundice. Phototherapy is used as a treatment modality of neonatal jaundice for more than a century, and it is considered to be easily accessible and causes no harm. Even though conventional phototherapy is used as the method of treatment of hyperbilirubinemia, little is known about the ways to enhance its effect further. If the duration of phototherapy can be reduced by any means this would be very effective not only for the well being of the neonates but also it can reduce the duration of hospital stay, the aim of the study was to assess the effect of white curtain around the phototherapy unit on hyperbilirubinemia in term neonates and to compare with conventional phototherapy units. Methodology: A randomized controlled trial was used. The neonates included were term neonates with hyperbilirubinemia. Conventional phototherapy with curtains (n=47) were compared with those without curtains (n=47). The main outcomes measured were the duration of phototherapy and the rate of decline of serum bilirubin level. The control group was treated by standard phototherapy without cover around the unit and the experimental group received standard phototherapy with white curtain around the phototherapy unit. After enrollment, the total serum bilirubin was measured every 24 hours for 4 days. The cover was made of white cotton cloth which covered three sides of the phototherapy unit and one side was left uncovered for observing the newborn or for performing procedures. The distance between the infant and the phototherapy lamps was approximately 40cm. For all the infants under study, before starting phototherapy serum bilirubin was measured. While under phototherapy, neonates were left uncovered except for eye pads and diapers. Duration of phototherapy was recorded in hours. Results: There was no significant difference in the gestational age, birth weight, postnatal age at time of admission, birth weight and blood group of the mother between the two groups. Total serum bilirubin level in the curtained group declined significantly in 24 hours (p=0.00) and 48 hours (p=0.004). However no reduction in serum bilirubin level was noted after 72 hours (p=0.7) and 96 hours (p=0.8) of phototherapy. The duration of phototherapy was reduced in the experimental group (49.5±18.9) when compared to control group (62.8±17.7) (p=0.0007). Conclusion: White curtain around the phototherapy unit is an effective method in reducing the serum bilirubin level and at the same time it also reduces the duration of phototherapy. This can be used as a cost effect and non invasive method for the treatment of neonates with hyperbilirubinemia. The white curtain when made into practice can serve as a method that will reduce the hospital stay of the neonates thereby reducing the cost of treatment.

Introduction: Overweight and obesity are the fifth leading risk of deaths, resulting in around 2.8 million deaths of adults globally every year. Studies show also in India obesity and overweight are more common especially among women. Most of the women not aware about the co-morbid effects of these. Among various co-morbid condition hypertension also one of the condition developed due to obesity and overweight. Methods: Cross sectional survey design was used for this study. By using convenience sampling method 300 females were selected for the study. The data was collected using semi structured questionnaires. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Results: The result shows that 36% of women were having obesity their BMI value is more than 25, and 11% of women under weight, only 23 % of samples were having normal BMI value. Based on waist circumference 43.7% of women were comes under obesity and 33% of them were having overweight. And 69 women were having hypertension. There is a significant association with the vigorous physical activity with BMI and WC and moderate physical activity outside home with BMI value but there is no any association with WC.There is a significant association between BMI and WC with hypertension. Conclusions: More than half of the women having abnormal body mass index(BMI) and abnormal deviation from normal blood pressure. The study concluded that rural women also under high risk for getting obesity related physical problems.

This study was conducted on dogs to determine the best suturing technique from single layer inverting and double layer inverting suture techniques for cystotomy. Total 12 dogs were used and were divided in two Groups (A and B) placing six animals in each at random. In group-A the cystotomy incision was closed with single layer inverting suturing technique, while in group-B the bladder wound was closed with double layer inverting suturing technique in which a simple continuous pattern was followed by cushing suturing pattern. Both techniques were evaluated by physical examination, ultrasonography, post-operative complications, leakage, and post-mortem examination. Results showed that more number of stitches and more time taken for the closure of cystotomy wound in double layer inverting suturing technique. No any leakage from operated urinary bladder in both groups. Adhesion were seen more in group A as compared to group B, while bursting pressure was greater in group-B as compared to group-A. It was concluded that double layer inverting suture technique was the better suturing technique as compared to single layer inverting suturing technique for cystotomy in dogs

Background: Infection of the skin graft is the common complication leading to failure of the graft. Successful skin graft “TAKE” is less likely to occur on experimental or clinical wounds that contain more than 105 viable bacteria per gram of tissue. Skin graft infection with organisms forming biofilm puts a great financial burden on patients and could lead to morbidity and mortality. Appropriate pre and post operative wound care, adequate antibiotic therapy and surgical strategies must be described to eradicate infection. For the above reason this study was done. Methods: It is a prospective cross sectional study where 100 patients having skin graft infection were included in the study from Feb 2014 – July 2015; The study was conducted in the department of Microbiology B&LCH, samples were taken from patients attending plastic surgery department. Results: Skin grafting done for burn wounds was the one most commonly affected both in males and females .Pseudomonas aueriginosa was the organism most commonly isolated and also the organism causing biofilm followed by Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella spp. No anaerobes and fungal species were isolated. Unhygienic practices and Diabetes Mellitus were found to be important risk factors. Biofilm forming organisms were commonly associated with antibiotic resistance, so even aggressive antibiotic therapy was also inadequate to eliminate infection. Conservative surgical treatment (debridement) was necessary. Conclusion: The gram negative bacteria are more predominant as causative agents of skin graft infections than the gram positive bacteria. The commonest organism causing skin graft infection and forming biofilm is pseudomonas species. Appropriate pre and post operative wound care ,adequate antibiotic therapy, and surgical strategies must be described to eradicate infection.

Background: Odontogenic infections are commonly encountered in the dental hospital. One of the oldest controversies in the field of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is whether or not to extract teeth immediately in the presence of acute infection. Many dentists and physicians still believe that extraction of teeth in the presence of an acute infection may cause the organism to seed into the fascial spaces and cause spread of infection in the host. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to compare immediate and delayed extraction in the presence of acute infection and to provide the clinician evidence based recommendations on the extraction of teeth in the presence of acute infection. Patients & Methods: Fifty patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected. Extraction was performed in Group 1 at the first visit itself and postoperative antimicrobial coverage was given. Extraction was performed in Group 2 after antimicrobial coverage and continued the postoperative medication. All patients in both the groups were given same type of antibiotic and analgesic. Two groups were evaluated for pain, mouth opening, duration of treatment and medication, cost of the treatment and no. of visits. Results: Significant differences were not observed for pre and postoperative pain and mouth opening between the groups. Early extraction of teeth reduced the duration of treatment, duration of antibiotic and analgesic therapy, cost of the treatment and number of hospital visits and hence increased overall patient comfort. Conclusion: Extraction of acutely infected or abscessed teeth as early as possible prevents the spread of infection in to the fascial spaces and thus reduces the patient discomfort. The belief that the extraction of an infected tooth might spread the infection is unsubstantiated.

Background: Body mass index (BMI) and triceps skinfold thickness thickness (SFT) are assessment tools for underweight, a major health problem in developing countries as well as emerging obesity and overweight. Objectives: To compare the use of BMI and SFT in determining the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity among primary school pupils in Abakaliki metropolis of Ebonyi State, South East Nigeria. Method: Eight hundred and four pupils (415 males, 389 females), aged 6-12 years, in four public and four private primary schools were selected by a multi stage random sampling. Four hundred and twenty-six (53.0%) subjects were in public schools while 378 (47%) were in private schools. Standard methods were used to determine the weight, height and triceps SFT of the participants. BMI values were calculated for each participant and compared with BMI for age and sex from World Health Organisation (WHO 2007) reference standard and SFT values compared with reference curves for triceps SFT in US children and adolescents for age and sex. The prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity among our cohorts using BMI were 5.6% and 6.2%, 3% while using SFT, it was 29.2%, 1.6% and 0.9% respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity using BMI and SFT were not directly related. When subjected to Kappa analysis, it showed only fair agreement (K= 0.23) as values obtained using BMI were not similar to that obtained using SFT. BMI is more sensitive and specific, with minimal inter- and intra- observer errors. It is internationally more accepted standard, therefore preferred to SFT.

Background: Nosocomial infections (NIs) constitute an important worldwide health problem with high morbidity and mortality rate as well as economic consequences. We aimed to determine incidence of nosocomial infection in surgical intensive care unit (SICU). Aims & Objectives: To find out incidence of nosocomial infection in surgical intensive care unit (SICU) at a large teaching hospital in North India. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted during a period of one year from 1st Oct 2013 to 30th Sep 2014 in SICU of SKIMS. The researcher visited the SICU on daily basis at 10 am in the morning to note down presence or absence of signs and symptoms of nosocomial infection as per the laid down criteria. The researcher used inpatient records, interacted with clinical staff to establish absence or presence of nosocomial infection. Criteria for establishment of nosocomial infections were adopted in accordance with the simplified definition derived from the Centre for disease control, USA. Results: During this period a total of 600 patients were admitted in SICU of SKIMS for more than 48 hours and were included in the study. Of 600 patients, 190 (31.7%) were confirmed and documented with nosocomial infection. Respiratory tract infection was the most common nosocomial infection present in 74.7 % patients (n=142) among the total 190 documented cases of nosocomial infection, followed by septicemia in 26.8%, (n=51) and then surgical site infection in 11.05%, (n=21). Vascular catheter associated infection was found in 5.8% (n=11) while urinary tract infection was found only in 2.6% (n=5). It is pertinent to mention that some cases were infected with more than one type of nosocomial infection such that 190 patients developed a total of 230 infections. Conclusion: Nosocomial infections are an important healthcare adverse events and need to be reduced.

Continuing dental education (CDE) programmes aim to improve knowledge, skills and ability of an individual to deliver the highest quality of service to the public and profession. The objective of this study was to assess self perceived importance of Indian dentists towards CDE programmes. An online (email based) cross-sectional survey was conducted. A total of 954 questionnaires were sent to dentists of 5 states out of which 487 (50%) responded. 65% attended CDE Programmes on regular basis. 86% believed that CDE points shall improve the quality of care. Participants believed CDE programmes increase knowledge but preferred these programmes to be conducted on holidays and scheduled long before hand. Significantly higher number of dentists aged 30 years or less wanted that CDE programmes should focus on recent advances and live demonstrations. 86% believed that CDE points will improve the quality of treatment and better development of evidence based dentistry.

Background: Integrated Rugoscopy Chart (IRC) proposed in 2017 is a simple and concise resource to classify rugae pattern on the basis of position, shape and length. Aim: To check the inter-observer reliability of IRC using sample of 50 maxillary casts. Methodology: IRC was filled by expert panel of 3 postgraduate faculties for all 50 casts separately and sent for checking reliability. Result: A total of 450 rugae were analyzed based on their side, shape by all 3 experts. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the three faculties was 0.919, suggesting that experts have an excellent internal consistency and hence a reliable resource for recording rugae pattern. Conclusion: IRC was found to be a reliable resource for rugoscopy.

In medical device development, a lifecycle approach is indispensable because devices are modified frequently. In clinical trials, double-blind sham-controlled procedures are difficult because they may cause adverse events. The verification of superiority in medical treatment is essential because of the invasive nature of medical devices, which may raise ethical issues with regard to control groups. Accordingly, typical prospective randomized double-blind studies are less common; the majority of studies are single-arm trials. To assess the clinical trial design of medical devices, 53 items approved in 2016 by the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency of Japan (PMDA) were reviewed. The results indicate that more than half involved single-arm trials, whereas only 23% were prospective randomized trials. There was only one sham-controlled prospective randomized trial. With respect to single-arm trials, performance goals were established from raw data on a previous generation of the device in 33% of studies and from multiple publications in 33%. These results suggest that continuous data accumulation, such as a registry, could provide a control group based on patient-level data. The PMDA recognizes that the appropriate method to collect reliable and robust data based on a registry has the potential to facilitate a pre-market and post-market balance because medical device development is a lifecycle. The PMDA intends to move toward a fast-track approval scheme and controlled release of certain new medical devices to the market after conditional approval if benefits and risks can be reasonably proven from the available clinical data and an appropriate risk management plan is prepared.

Background: Psoriasis is a T-cell mediated immunological disorder with numerous cytokines and adhesion molecules at play in its pathogenesis. Role of TNF-α, IL-1β and E-selectin has been studied by a few authors. But the studies are very limited in number. We plan to study these markers before and after topical therapy in patients of Psoriasis. Aims and Objectives: To study the serum levels of sE-selectin, TNF-α and IL-1β in patients of psoriasis and compare them with controls, Psoriasis Severity index and with each other. Material and Method: A prospective study of patients presenting with newly diagnosed Psoriasis at Dermatology OPD of Smt. Sucheta Kriplani Hospital, New Delhi. Follow-up was done after topical therapy with Coal tar, Salicylic acid and Dithranol. A total of 6 patients could be followed up. Serum samples were taken for ELISA determinations of TNF-α, IL-1β and sE-selectin at diagnosis and at 6 months follow-up visit. Results: In the present study the cases ranged from 8 to 50 years. Four patients had psoriasis vulgaris, 1 had Palmoplantar psoriasis and one had Pustular psoriasis. PASI Score ranged from 1.6 to 8.8. sE-selectin level in cases was 177.4±81.21ng/ml and reduced after therapy to 101.17±34.64ng/ml (p=.092). TNF-α level in cases was 32.05±42.27 pg/ml and reduced after therapy to 14.31±15.25pg/ml (p=.201). IL-1β levels in cases was 20.78 ±18.80 pg/ml and after therapy the levels reduced to 9.13±5.74 (p=.210). Conclusion: sE-selectin, TNF-α and IL-1β levels are increased in patients with psoriasis vulgaris as compared to controls. After therapy the levels reduce from the initial value but not enough to reach a statistical significance and remain higher than controls. This shows that these markers play an integral role in the pathogenesis and can be essential targets in formulation of newer therapies. Further studies as required to advance our knowledge in possible newer treatments for Psoriasis.

Background: Menopause is the most striking event during the middle age in women and represents the end of reproductive life. Although menopause is a universal phenomenon, there is a considerable variation among women regarding the age of attaining menopause and the manifestations of the menopausal signs and symptoms. This study aimed to assess the perceived health problems of menopause among the post-menopausal women. Methodology: Cross sectional descriptive survey design was used. All post- menopausal women accompanying patients at WCH OPD, JIPMER were considered as the population of the study. Convenience sampling was used and 250 participants participated. Menopause rating scale (MRS) was used for data collection through interview. Results: The findings of the study revealed that the 98.4%of women had perceived health problems of menopause among which 48% had moderate health problems, 19% had severe health problems and 31% had mild health problems and the severity of perceived symptoms had shown significant association with family income, parity and age at menopause at p<0.05 level. Conclusion: The above findings reveal the importance of the need for implementation of health promotion measures for women during the period of peri-menopause.

Introduction: Use of factor VIII and factor IX concentrates has decreased the morbidity and mortality in patients with hemophilia. But with increasing use of factor concentrates, one major complication occurring is formation of inhibitors to Factor VIII and Factor IX which results in poor response to factor administration making control of hemorrhages more difficult. Different studies show enormous difference in inhibitor occurrence. The prevalence of inhibitors is estimated to be between 5 and 10% of all hemophilia A with 20% of severe hemophilia A patients and 3–5% of all hemophilia B patients Aim of study: To study the occurrence of inhibitors in hemophilia A and hemophilia B affected children receiving factor replacement therapy. Material and Methods: The study was conducted in department of pediatrics, S.M.S. medical College, jaipur, India from april 2011 to March 2013 and a total of 100 children with hemophilia were screened for inhibitors to factor VIII and IX with quantification done by Bethesda assay. Results: Out of 100 hemophilia children screened 81(81.00%) had hemophilia A and 19 (19.00%) had hemophilia B. Among 81 Hemophilia A patients, 56 (69.14%) had severe, 13 (16.05%) had moderate and 12 (14.81) had mild hemophilia A disease. Among 19 hemophilia B patients, 15 (78.95%) and 4 (21.05%) had severe and moderate hemophilia B respectively. 4 patients, all belonging to severe hemophilia A, were found to be inhibitor positive. Thus 4.94% (4 out of 81) of total hemophilia A and 7.14% (4 out of 58) of severe hemophilia A patients were found inhibitor positive. None of the 19 hemophilia B patients showed inhibitors. Inhibitor titers ranged from 3.1 BU/mL to 128 BU/mL. Conclusions: Percentage of patients showing inhibitor positivity is slightly lesser than previous studies. Inhibitor occerrance in still low in Indian patients than their western counterparts. However,with increasing use of factor concentrates in hemophiliac children in developing setups, inhibitor occurrence is expected to increase and screening at regular intervals advised , to detect inhibitors early.

Context: The important element for effective patient management is doctor-patient relationship. The key factor contributing in strengthening such relationship is doctor’s or health professional’s empathy. The term empathy in medicine means ability to recognize and understand the feelings of the patients thereby facilitating social relationship. Aim: The present study aims to detect the empathy levels among practicing dental students at SRM dental college & hospital, Chennai. Methods: The English version of Toronto Composite Empathy Scale (TCES) comprising of 52 questions was translated to Tamil language and distributed to interns and postgraduate students of SRM dental college & Hospital, Chennai. Results: The results showed that there is significant difference in empathy levels among interns and postgraduate students (p<0.001). The internal consistencies of each of the four subscales in the TCES were acceptable (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.515-0.792).Test-retest reliabilities ranged from 0.421 to 0.634. Conclusion: The Tamil version of the TCES is a reliable and valid tool for the measurement of empathy in both professional and personal life, in dental students.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the root canal preparation in flat-oval root canals of distal roots of mandibular molars treated with either Rotary or Self-Adjusting File (SAF) by using CBCT analysis. Method: Forty human mandibular molars extracted due to non-restorability and periodontal reasons were selected. Teeth were accessed by using high-speed diamond burs. Mesial roots of all teeth were separated at furcation by using a diamond disc.Apical patency of single distal canal was determined. Forty Specimens were randomly divided to two experimental groups (n = 20) according to the instrumentation technique. Group A: Rotary ProTaper, Group B: SAF. Specimens from both groups were scanned using Cone Beam Computed Tomography before and after instrumentation with Rotary ProTaper and SAF. Three levels were chosen for measurements: apex (level 1), middle (level 2) and coronal (level 3). For evaluation of root canal preparation, the differences in pre- and post- instrumentation measurements were obtained for the samples in each group. The values of differences thus obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using independent t-test and the mean values of differences at four coordinates (buccal, lingual, mesial and distal) were obtained at three levels of the canals (apex, middle and coronal). Results: From the statistical analysis, it was observed that both the groups prepared canals satisfactorily. The mean values of differences in pre and post instrumentation measurements were not statistically significant at all three levels. However, at each level the performance of both the instrument systems was different in all four directions. Although the statistical analysis of the coronal, middle and apical third showed no difference between both the groups, the results clearly showed that both the instrument groups differed from each other in preparing flat-oval shaped canals. Conclusion: SAF prepares flat-oval shaped canals homogenously at coronal and middle third, resulting in uniform, and circumferential removal of dentin. However at the apical third, Rotary ProTaper is more effective in canal preparation.

We hereby report a case of type 3 Monteggia equivalent injury in a 12 year old male child which consisted of an oblique proximal third ulna fracture with Salter-Harris type 1 epiphysial separation proximal radius with maintained radial head and capitellar relationship with proximal radius being displaced antero laterally through and through the physis. A unique and rare variant of Monteggia fracture dislocation and to our full knowledge till date no similar case has yet been reported in the literature

Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers of women in India. This study aimed to identify the risks such as age, menopausal status, age at menopause, age at menarche, parity, lactation, age at first pregnancy, use of oral contraceptives, domicile status, literacy, occupation, duration of symptoms and BMI of breast cancer in comparison with benign breast diseases in females. Methods: In this study 522 BC patients and 522 women with benign breast diseases, who attended at Out Patient Door (OPD) of IPGME&R and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, India during the period from January, 2005 to December, 2010 were included. Results: Significant risk of BC was found 4.80 times more for higher age (≥ 35years), 1.34times more for postmenopausal status, 3.57 times more for late menopause women, 2.47 times more for early menarche women, 1.59 times more with nulliparous patients, 1.66 times more for non-breastfeeding women, 5.73 times more for late age of first pregnancy, 3.58 times more for urban women, 8.34 times more for the illiterate women and 4.49 times for the women having breast lump for more than 06 months Discussion: Several risk factors which had already been established by researchers. But the studies were based on different populations of different geographical areas. This study is based on the females of eastern India. Thus the risk factors established through this study may help for early detection and prevention of BC in this region.

Background: Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by a Gram negative rod named after Bruce in 1887. It is a zoonosis of worldwide distribution. In Saudi Arabia, the prevalence is high and is attributed to widespread animal husbandry and to the traditional drinking of raw milk. Shoulder brucellosis commonly seen in old population. We have recently treated an old patient diagnosed with brucellosis, who was seen with clinical, radioisotopic, microbiologic, and surgical evidence of shoulder septic arthritis, a rare site of Brucella involvement. Case presentation: A 75 year old male presented with history of fever for the past 10 days with associated right shoulder pain. He was admitted under internal medicine for further investigations for fever of unknown origin. Right shoulder pain was described as generalized dull ache of with gradual onset .Patient Denied any contact with any sheep, animal urine or dairy products, there was no obvious source of ongoing infection and no history of recent trauma. Patient was admitted, orthopedic department was consulted to assess the right shoulder after 24 hour from admission. MRI done which showed joint effusion suggestive of intraarticular collection in support of infective process. Patient was scheduled for Incision and drainage on the same day. Culture was taken intra operative and was sent for microbiology assessment. Wash out was done and a drain was placed and antibiotic started. Infectious disease was then consulted as the patient didn’t improve and they advised to do a full septic screen. Brucella titre was positive for Brucella Melitensis1:80 and Brucella Abortus Agglutinins 1:160. Patient started on doxycycline 100mg PO BID for 12 weeks and streptomycin 1g IM OD for 3 weeks. Two weeks later patient was seen on a follow up appointment at OPD, had no complaints, wound was clean and range of motion of the left shoulder had improved Serial follow up in clinic also showed no recurrent episodes of shoulder pain and there was no active issues and the patient was discharged from the orthopedic service. Conclusion: Musculoskeletal brucellosis is endemic in areas such as Saudi Arabia. Shoulder considered to be a rare site of involvement. Brucellosis should be considered in the line of differential diagnosis, especially in older patients with shoulder arthritis. Early recognition and adequate treatment reduce the suffering of the patients as well as the frequency of relapses.

This prospective study was carried out on 150 cases having indwelling urinary catheterization for more than 48 hours, to study the microbiological profile of catheter associated urinary tract infections and to find out Antibiotic susceptibility and resistance pattern of various bacterial isolates and ESBL detection from catheter associated urinary tract infection from Dhiraj General Hospital. METHOD: Patients were admitted in Dhiraj General Hospital in various wards and ICU. The study was conducted in 100 patients, whom an indwelling Foley’s catheter was inserted in patients during Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CA-UTI) and Catheter Associated asymptomatic bacteriuria (CA-ASB) were studied along with microbiological profile and Antibiotic sensitivity patterns of isolated bacteria and ESBL detection during August 2011 to August 2012, in different medical wards, surgery wards and ICU. The catheterized urine sample was collected after catheterization on 5th day onwards on indwelling catheterization. RESULT: Seventy nine per cent of symptomatic catheterized patients showed significant bacteriuria (CA-UTI). Most common pathogen was E.coli (29.4%) followed by Klebsiella spp. (23.16%). Duration of catheterization, Age > 50 and < 12 years, diabetes were associated risk factors. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION: Reducing the use of indwelling catheters, using alternative methods and reducing the duration of catheterization are some of the measures recommended to significantly reduce the consequences thereof CA-UTI in hospitalized patients.

There are many strategies used by nurse educators to ensure that students of the health professions develop professional competence. Experiential approaches used in nursing education include role playing, gaming, simulation, practical exercises. Among these activities, Role play has a competitive element that does not exist in didactic lecturing, simulations or practical exercises. This paper will focus on the use of a role play as a teaching strategy to support classroom learning in the health sciences nursing education .The nursing literature highlights many reasons for using role play as a teaching Strategy, including the promotion of active learning, encouragement for critical thinking, the value of fun and excitement in learning, and replication of real-life situations. The use of Role Play can promote the development of user’s creativity, autonomy, responsibility and other decision related skills.

Objectives: Rhythm and conduction disturbances are common findings after surgical correction of Tetralogy of Fallot. Methods:71 Tetralogy of Fallot patients underwent surgical correction in Heart Institute, Cluj Napoca, Romania, between September 2001 and July 2006, without prior palliations. Employed surgical techniques were: transannular patch (n=46), infundibular patch (n=12), infundibular patch + pulmonary patch (n=5), transatrial + transpulmonary repair (n=8). The patients were divided into 2 groups, correction under 1 year of age and correction above 1 year of age, for comparative study of results. Among the 71 patients group, 58 were followed up at 43 months meaninterval in group 1, and 48 months mean interval in group 2, by standard electrocardiography, 24 hours Holter monitoring and echocardiography. Results: Major differences between the two groups were recorded: the QRS complex and Q-T corrected interval (QTc) duration were significantly different between the 2 groups, right bundle branch block with left anterior hemiblock was noticed especially in patients operated over 1 year of age, ventricular arrhythmias were present especially in the same group of patients operated over 1 year and did not appear in patients with combined (transatrial and transpulmonary) repair; furthermore, ventricular arrhythmias were especially present in patients with postoperative severe pulmonary regurgitation; the mean QRS duration was intensely significant correlated with the type of arrhythmia. Conclusions: Rhythm and conduction disturbances are statistically significant correlated with the age at correction (the grater the age at operation, the bigger the risk for this type of complications), moreover being correlated with the surgical technique as well, and the postoperative pulmonary regurgitation is a key factor for rhythm disorders.

Aim: To presume how Alzheimer's and Parkinson's neuropathies may compromise chewing and swallowing mechanisms in individuals with these diseases. Methodology: Used the following main health databases: PUBMED, ScIELO, Google Scholar; There is period from 1959 to 2017. Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Mastication, Swallowing (Swallowing). We selected 27 articles that fit the following inclusion criteria: Systematic reviews, literature review, clinical case, articles available as variables under study. Results: It has been observed that both Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease has increased considerably in the community due to elevated life expectancy, since it affects the masticatory and swallowing muscles making them as well as compromised, and there is a dysfunction of the system Of cholinergic receptors present in the central nervous system, accumulating proteins and leading to neuronal death. Conclusion: Neurodegenerative diseases are both aggressive and progressive, thus attacking the muscles and causing weakness, as well as impairment of masticatory, motor, behavioral, learning, and other functions.

Health care providers (HCPs) are an important source of physical activity (PA) information. Previous primary care PA interventions have had mixed results; however, successful interventions that increase PA in even a small percentage of sedentary patients may produce a large number of individuals that experience health benefits associated with beginning and maintaining regular PA. In addition to the several quasi-experimental trials, quantitative and qualitative research regarding PA counseling that have been performed in primary care, there have been numerous randomized trials of varying success. The results show that most interventions took place in primary care, included health professionals in delivery, and involved advice or counselling given face to face or by phone (or both) on multiple occasions. From the review, promotion of physical activity and exercise to sedentary adults recruited in primary care significantly increases physical activity levels, as measured by self-report. There was insufficient evidence to recommend exercise referral schemes over advice or counselling interventions. The two objectives were to determine whether such trials showed sustained effects on physical activity or fitness in sedentary adults, and whether exercise referral interventions were more effective than other interventions

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of cement dust pollution on foliar epidermal structure of two evergreen plant species viz. Polyalthia longifolia and Eucalyptus globulus growing in the campus of Jaypee cement plant, Rewa (M.P.). Increase in number of epidermal cells and stomata per unit area was observed in leaf samples collected from polluted sites than those from control site by light microscopic method. Results revealed that, as compared to the leaves from control, the length and width of epidermal cells and guard cells reduced considerably in leaves of polluted sites. The observed changes in the epidermal structure of leaves of both species are regarded as adoptive responses, aimed at combating the adverse effects of pollution.

The Gerbera production continues to experience propagation problem from division of clumps. Traditional approaches of propagation through clumps have wide range of limitation. In order to address the problem of propagation technique in a system designed to develop a sustainable protocol using in vitro seed culture was assessed. The goal of the present research is to develop a viable protocol for rapid propagation of Gerbera. The specific objective was to select a superior genotype responding to mass in vitro propagation by using seed explant. Sterilized seeds of nine gerbera genotypes were germinated on MS medium supplemented with BAP 3.0 mgL-1. In vitro grown seedlings after 30 days of seed culture were transferred onto MS medium containing BAP 2.0 mgL-1 + NAA 1.0 mgL-1 to allow multiple shoot formation. Elongated shoots were rooted on MS medium supplemented with IBA 1.0 mgL-1 for rooting. The regenerated plantlets were transferred to field after hardening under controlled environment. All the steps of this propagation system i.e. seed germination, multiple shoot differentiation, rooting and hardening was highly genotype dependent. Results indicate that genotype ‘Kristen’ showed highest germination frequency and number of leaves plant-1, Aladin exhibited the higher shoot regeneration, Silvester as well as Wink genotype showed greater response in in vitro shoot elongation. Pepe genotype showed maximum root formation and root elongation. Maximum survivability rate was found with the genotype Kristen while lowest was recorded in Sonata. Kristen, Aladin and Alabanda may be the suitable gerbera plant types for in vitro propagation through seed explant.

Uttara basti is well known panchakarma procedure used to treat various disorders related to the mutrashaya, garbhashaya, yoni vikaras especially in management of male and female infertility. As it gives very significant and effective results in infertility cases, so it is mandatory to know the practical utility to administer the Uttara basti in both males and females. As per Ayurvedic classics procedure of Uttara basti is not clearly mentioned and somehow not feasible in day today practice. So it is needed to understand about the procedure, medicaments and dosage etc.

Ayurveda, the science of mind, body and soul has succeed to bring wellness to millions of people since ages. Ayurveda mainly stresses on preventive and curative aspects of health, moreover it is science of life, and life starts from birth i.e. embryonic stage to fully mature or up to natural death and even few chapters after death too. Though Ayurveda is considered as eternal science, still it needs certain care and protection so that it remains flourishing always all over the world without any questioning or misunderstanding. For which we, the Ayurveda fraternity specially related to teaching are responsible to great extent, as stated earlier Ayurveda, science of life from birth, it too needs care right from birth, i.e. birth of an Ayurveda graduate starting from selection of candidate till the attainment of the degree. The lacunae arise from the birth of BAMS graduates, their confidence, interest and belief in Ayurveda, which totally depend on 5 years of duration spent in the institute. There are lots of problems for the students in the starting year which could only be solved by the faculties like, understanding the mood meter of the students, Swasangya and its understanding, concept of Ayurveda and its correlation with modern science, concept of Ayurveda and its explanation to the extent of belief and even more problem which can only be cleared during these 5.5 years and product that come out after this fruitful discussion will definitely love Ayurveda and will be interested in, and will do something for it. It is the duty of the faculty, to nourish the students by using certain strategies, techniques and newer innovations in academic procedure, to encourage the students towards Ayurveda because BAMS is a professional course, and one must give fruitful commitment to the system, which pave the way to earn their identity and fame as well. Ayurveda is not only the tree house of herbal drugs which are safe and effective rather it is also the rich source of many unique ideas, concepts and theories and approaches of ideal livings which are to be explored yet properly to incorporate in main stream of health care system or achieving a real positive heath of society. Lastly every Ayurveda person should contribute for the welfare of the system to uplift the science in future.

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is the sixth most important crop grown worldwide after wheat, rice, maize, potato and cassava and is considered as staple food in many developing countries. The largest quantity of sweet potato production is noticed in Asia and the Pacific Islands (93% of global production). However, sweet potatoes face the problem of weevils, shrinkage and loss of nutrients in storage. Therefore, present research on shelf-life and physicochemical parameters of 12 different sweet potato genotypes were studied in order to determine the varieties for better storage. Among those, the genotype BSP1 was found to be good and exhibited superior qualities like high dry matter (61.7%), low values for TSS (4.4 °Brix), reducing and non reducing sugars (0.67 and 0.21%), starch (0.60%) and physiological loss in weight (13.5%) throughout the storage period. The genotypes Sree Bhadra and BSP23 were the next best genotypes to maintain all the above mentioned characters.

The objective of this study was tomathematicalmodeling development for generating the water storage capacity necessary to dilute waste water from land utilization in the Upper Tha Chin Watershed (UTCW) within three scenarios: existing land use condition, expected land use change in the year 2020, and regulating water storage to dilute Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was applied in order to estimate the amount of the streamflowand BOD based on the observed land use and water release data from the reservoir, from January, 2013 to December, 2014 as presented in Scenario 1. The reliability of the model was calibrated with the observed data by adjusting the coefficient of the key parameters through SWAT calibration uncertainty procedures (SWAT-CUP) and validating the observed data from seven hydrologic stations. The simulating the impact of land utilization in the year 2020 in Scenario 2, and the drainage simulation of the Krasiao reservoir on BOD in Scenario 3. The results obtained from the SWAT model found that in Scenario 1 indicated that the streamflow was 374.74 million cubic meter (MCM) and BOD was 2.70 mg/L. The simulation of Scenario 2, forecasting the expected land use change in year 2020, showed that the amount of the streamflow decreased to 65.09 MCMand BOD was 2.70 mg/L; when compared with Scenario 1. The simulation of Scenario 3, regulating water storage for diluting waste water, found that BOD during the dry season of December, January, February, and March was 3.08, 3.24, 1.52, and 2.70 mg/L, respectively; and a decrease to 1.50 mg/L with an increased drainage of the Krasiao reservoir. This study shows that the SWAT model successfully stimulated and assessed the effects of land use activities on streamflow, sediment, and BOD; including the successful drainage of the Krasiao reservoir in both watershed and sub-watershed areas.

The investigation on different kind of abnormalities in wheat produced in South Western Punjab were done during 2016-2017. To know the status of wheat seed, 500 wheat samples were collected from 47 different grain markets belonging to 10 districts of Punjab. The abnormalities of seeds were categorized into wrinkled seeds, discoloured seeds, and two fungal diseases i.e. Black Point and Karnal Bunt disease. It was found that Karnal Bunt (KB) was least (20%) in Faridkot and Sangrur district whereas Abohar district was totally disease – free. Black Point (BP) was most susceptible inBarnala, Fazilka, Moga, Muktsar and Sangrur. Most susceptible varieties were HD3086, HD2733, HD2967, HD2329 and WH1105 for KB and BP.

The India Tourism Development Corporation Limited (ITDC) is an Hospitality, retail and Education company owned by Government of India, under Ministry of Tourism. Established in 1966, it owns over 17 properties under the Ashok Group of Hotels brand, across India (Ministry of tourism, 2009). Tourism has the potential to stimulate other economic sectors through its backward and forward linkages and cross-sectoral synergies with sectors like agriculture, horticulture, poultry, handicrafts, transport, construction, etc. Tourism has also become an instrument for sustainable human development including: • Poverty elimination. • Environmental regeneration. • Job creation. • Advancement of women and other disadvantaged groups Management in tourism is aware that a good ecological image provides competitive advan¬tage. The development of tourism and hotel business depends to a great extent on the environment, more than any other trade. Only tourism can signify climate, flora, fauna, caves, coasts, and other natural objects. Protected natural and cultural values, like National parks, Nature parks, and archeologi¬cal locations represent attractive motives for tourists. Along with their promotion, awareness is raised about the necessity to protect them and to preserve the value of a tourist destination. Tourism has emerged as an instrument of employment generation, poverty alleviation and sustainable human development. Tourism has thus become the second largest net foreign exchange earner for the country. Tourism in India has grown substantially over the last three decades. India is well known for its overpopulated, littered streets; however, there is a pristine aspect of India that many tourists overlook. With 89 national parks and over 400 wildlife sanctuaries, there are many untouched areas to explore. Eco-tourism educates travelers on sustainable living and how to enjoy the natural beauty of the environment through recreational activities. Tourism can and does bring about socio-economic changes and is usually deliberately developed to generate economic benefits and through them social betterment.

In the present study the effect of an artificial habitat construction on the biodiversity of the coastal waters of the “Vromos” Bay, Bulgarian Black Sea was investigated for the period 2011- 2012. Several environmental factors such as water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, nutritional conditions, phytoplankton taxa were observed. The fouling of the habitat by macrozoobenthos, esspecially mussels was reported. Individual counts and dimensions (mm) of mussels, shell length and asymmetry, intermediate size of the shell (mm), etc. were presented. Dominants of Dinophyceae - 36.96 % and Bacillariophyceae - 23.91% with total of 60.87% of the phytoplankton taxonomic composition were recorded as well as blooms of small flagellates from class Cryptophyceae with higher levels at the bottom horizon -1881.89 x106 cells/m3; 212.84 mg/m3; 83,85 % (numbers) and 58.28 % (biomass). Prevailing species of Mytilus galloprovincialis with 64 mm maximum shell size and considerable number of 20-30- 40 mm sized mussels were registered on the surface of the artificial habitat.

Biodiversity conservation is the protection, restoration and sustainable management of wildlife and natural resources such as forests, water and the biological diversity within it. Biotechnology is a set of techniques by which human beings modify living things or use them as tools. In its modern form, biotechnology uses molecular biology techniques to understand and manipulate the basic building blocks of living things. Biotechnology is the art of utilizing living organisms and their products for the production of food, drink, medicine or for other benefits to the human being, or other animal species. Biotechnology plays an immense role in biodiversity conservation such as vegetative multiplication of many species, allows the production of large numbers of plants from small pieces of the stock plant in relatively short period of time and in some cases for recovery of virus-free plants. Biotechnology also has potential application in production of somatic hybrids, organelle and cytoplasm transfer, genetic transformation and germplasm storage through freeze-preservation (Cryopreservation). Apart from its uses there are also some concerns or worries with modern biotechnologies such as the Terminator technology and Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) which are developed through genetic engineering, which may cause "Genetic pollution" and "Genetic contamination" and they may have social consequences which needs economic, ethical and environmental considerations. Even though, biotechnology has so many advantages and different technologies which can complement conservation of biodiversity; as that of other new technologies the introduction and spread of new biotechnologies generally have social consequences with winners and losers. For biotechnology, this has led to intense public debate across many different aspects such as ethical, economic, legal and environmental issues. Modern biotechnologies such as terminator technology and GMO can have a negative effect on biodiversity. Genetic pollution" and "genetic contamination" are among the environmental concerns which need to be cleared or ascertained before releasing new technologies which can pollute the biodiversity and the natural/ wild genetic pool and may cause irreversible damage. Since many countries have banned the use of technologies such as GMO and terminator technology; for the country like Ethiopia, it is important to learn from others, rather than endangering or risking the genetic resources from genetic pollution and genetic contamination which may occur. On the other hand, the use of safe and known technologies should be encouraged and used to augment the biodiversity conservation efforts and other development efforts of the country.

Nigerian society exhibits symptoms of serious moral decay. There is consequently widespread concern about the moral predicament in the nation. This paper is an attempt to investigate how commitment in teachers’ behaviour could improve the teaching of Christian moral education in secondary schools in the southeast geopolitical zone of Nigeria. Two research questions guided the study. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. South-east geopolitical zone is the area of study and the population comprised of all the Christian Moral Education teachers in the states that make up the zone. 300 teachers were selected out of 967 Christian Moral Education teachers in the area using purposive sampling technique. Fixed response questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents. Mean was used to analyze data. Result show-cased that the teaching of Christian Moral Education could be improved through commitment in teachers’ behaviour. Based on the findings, the study stresses that a greater percentage of the work of improving the teaching of Christian moral education lies in the hands of the teachers as commitments in teachers’ behaviour becomes a necessity of immediacy and paramount. This however forms the contribution of the study.

This research was carried out at the Technical Institute of Wasit governorate in Iraq in the agricultural area of the Hay district for evaluate the effect of the zero tillage farming system and compare it with traditional Tillage farming with applied four rates of urea 46% fertilizer (zero, 30, 40, 50 kg / d and three rates of superphosphate 20% fertilizer (zero, 30, 40 kg / d.) on some vegetative growth and yield traits for wheat Iba-99 variety in agricultural season 2016- 2017. Where planted seeds at rate 40 kg / donum equal 240 g /plot, by using RCBD design with three replicates. The results showed an increase in the zero tillage culture than traditional culture in the level 0.05,but did not differ significantly from the traditional culture at 0.01probability in all vegetative and yield traits. The values were superior in the zero tillage culture as follows: Plant length 81.3cm, Number of tillers 7 /plant, Spike length 11.5 cm, Number of spikes302/m2, Number of grains 51/spike ,Weight of a thousand grains 43, 2 g and total grains yield 3,680 tons / hectare while values of traditional agriculture were ; Plant length 81.2cm, Number of tillers 6/ plant, spike length 11.4 cm, Number of spikes 301/m2 , Number of grains 50/spike, Weight of 1000 grain 42.1 g and total grains yield 3,520 t / h. showed the urea fertilizer superior at a rate of 50 kg / d in all of traits; Plant length 92.3cm, Number of tillers 9 /plant, Spike length 11.9 cm, Number of spikes 307/m2, Number of grains 57/spike, Weight of 1000 grain 46,4 g and total grains yield 4,160 tons / h, showed the superphosphate fertilizer superior at a rate 40 kg/h in all traits ; Plant length 88.6cm, Number of tillers 8 /plant, length of spike 11.6 cm Number of spikes 304 / m2, Number of grains 55/ spike, Weight of 1000 grain 45.2 gm and total grains yield 4,060 t / h. The interaction between the zero tillage culture system and both levels of fertilizer (Nitrogen 50, Phosphate 40 kg / d) showed significant superiority in probability level 0,05 and not differs in probability level 0,01 in all traits, where total grain yield reached 4,269 and 4,165 ton/ h respectively. Conclusion that both N,P fertilizers kinds were better than the interaction between traditional farming and both 2 kinds of fertilizer in all traits of plant. Evaluates the zero tillage system farming better than traditional farming due to improving of all traits of plant in addition of its ecological, economical importance in achievement of sustainable agricultural development.

Grain storage is a major factor in ensuring food security in the country. It enables the markets to allow uninterrupted supply of grains even during off seasons. In a grain storage ecosystem, the interactions of different biotic and abiotic factors cause damage to the grain. Controlling these interactions by monitoring the heat and mass transfer in grain bulk during storage period is of great importance. Predicting the heat and mass transfer in storage structures is also necessary to make proper management protocols and guidelines to built safe bulk storage systems. This paper discusses various approaches to understand the heat and mass transfer phenomenon in food grain storage system.

Kashmir Himalaya harbors a unique proportion of endemic as well as non endemic flora based on its endemicity and unique geography. It has attracted the attention of explorers and botanists from the time when journey was most tedious and unsafe. The people of the Kashmir valley have been endowed with many natural blessings in terms of health climate herbal medicines wild vegetables fruits and food plants. The aim of present piece of research is to investigate the plants which are being traditionally used by the tribal and rural people of the Kashmir Himalayas for the alleviation of various ailments. Results show the important role of medicinal plants in treating several diseases.

The antibacterial activity of leaf extract of Chrozophora rottleri, Oxalis corniculata, Parthenium hysterophorus and Solanium xanthocarpum were evaluated in-vitro against some clinical isolates by agar-well diffusion method. Two solvents chloroform and methanol were used for extraction of bioactive compound from fresh leaves. Antimicrobial potential of leaf extract was determined by measuring the zone of inhibition. It was concluded from the results that both chloroform as well as methanol extracts of leaf of tested herbs were quite effective in inhibiting the growth of clinical isolates. Result also revealed that methanol extract has more antibacterial potential than chloroform extract. Methanol extract of Chrozophora rottleri and Oxalis corniculata has very good antibacterial potential against all the clinical isolate. Therefore, the leaf extracts of this plant can be selected for further investigation to determine their therapeutic potential.

Background: The extracts or infusion of Physalis angulata plant fruits were used in the treatment of a wide range of diseases such as asthma, hepatitis, malaria, dermatitis and rheumatism. Aim: The aim of this study was to test the susceptibility of five human pathogenic bacteria species to Physagulin isolated from the fruits of Physalis angulata plant. Methods: The crude extracts were prepared using different solvents by maceration method and isolation, purification were done by TLC and column chromatography. The isolated Physagulin was screened for antibacterial activity using agar well diffusion and broth micro-dilution assay. Results: In the present study, the inhibitory action of the Physagulin was found to increase with an increase in concentration against all bacterial strains. The maximum zone of inhibition was observed at the concentration of 500 µg/ml against all the bacteria. In this study, the S. aureus and E. coli are the more susceptible than the other selected human pathogenic bacteria. Conclusion: Based on the observations, Physalis angulata appears to be a valuable source for antimicrobial properties and helps to produce antimicrobial agents to treat human pathogenic infections.

In the present investigtion, twelve cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) germoplasms were evaluate in Kabinda zone during the first growing season A 2015-2016. The main purpose of the investigation was to estimate the growth and yield performance of twelve cowpea germoplasms for improving selection in cowpea. The study was conducted using a randomized block design with for replications. The results showed that varieties CNGKASC2-1, CNGKASC5-2-0-T and CNGKASB6-1A gave higher seeds yields, whereas CNGKASB7B-1, CNGKAS C6-1-1, CNGKAS A7-0-L and CNGKAS C5-1-1-R had lower seed yields. They observed high positive significant correlations for vegetative and reproductive traits. Therefore, in the present study with cowpea, a high impact of direct effects of correlation suggested that going for plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of branches, number pod per peduncle, number of pod per plant; pod long and seed weight would be effective for improving seed yield in cowpea.

Wastes generated as a result of agricultural and industrial activities has become an environmental concern. In recent time global attention has been focused on environmental preservation, in an attempt to reduce environmental degradation, the use of agricultural and industrial wastes in concrete production has gained steady increase. Concrete being one of the major building materials that is used virtually in all aspects of construction, because it could be delivered to the job site, and be molded in situ or pre-cast to any form or shape. This makes it a material of choice in construction. This research work reports the investigation carried out to determine the use of coconut shell as an aggregate in light weight concrete. Concrete samples were produced with different mix ratios, to determine the best and economic proportions that will give acceptable compressive strengths. Concrete specimen were produced with coconut shell as coarse aggregate, ordinary river sand as fine aggregate and ordinary Portland cement as binders. Trial mixes which include (1:1:1, 1:1½:2, 1:2:2, 1:2½:3, 1:1½:3, 1:2:4, 1:2:3, 1:3:3, 1:3:4, 1:4:4) were done and it was observed that mix ratio 1:1:1 and 1:2:2 gave good consistency and workability with water cement ratio 0.5. The mix ratio 1:1:1; 1:2:2 gave compressive strength of 16N/mm2 and 7.71N/mm2 at 28day strength test respectively.

The implementation of data mining techniques for money laundering fraud detection follow traditional information flow of data mining, which starts with feature selection followed by representation, data collection, management, and performance evaluation. Data mining methods have the potentiality for detecting money laundering fraud in banking as they use past cases of fraud to build models, which identify and detect the risk of fraud.With the increased volume of crime datasets and complexity of relationships between these kinds of data, several data mining approaches were presented that involved anomaly detection using principal component analysis and self organizing map. But nevertheless, with high dimension data, they pose serious issues. In this work, to handle high dimensional data with multi-clustering structure, an Efficient Association Rule Pattern based Money Laundering Detection (EARM-MLD) framework is developed. The association rule pattern mining in EARM-MLD framework consists of three major parts. The first part finds frequent large itemsets from banking rules which have support and confidence values more than a threshold number of times. This in turn reduces the time taken for detecting money laundering. The second part is to construct association rules based on spatio temporal model from those large itemsets to easily perform the detection operation and to integrate it with multi clustering algorithm with the objective of reducing the false positive rate. Finally, the multiclustering algorithm involves the set of money transfer group which fulfills the criteria such as row condition, gathering amounts of money to a single account with minimum set size. The multi cluster elements integrated with EARM-MLD framework are treated as suspected operations which operate in money laundering detection work.The money laundering detection in banking system using EARM is experimented on factors such as time for detecting money laundering,false positive rate, scalability, system efficiency ratio, fraud identification accuracy, number of transaction , number of money transfers. Experimental analysis shows that EARM-MLD framework is able to reduce the time for detecting money laundering by 40.14% and reduce the false positive rate by 18.55% compared to the state-of-the-art works.

In this paper edge degree set of a fuzzy graph is introduced and some of its properties are studied. It is proved that any set of real numbers can be a degree set of some fuzzy graph.

In this paper we introduce the notation of Q-fuzzy bi-ideal and Q-fuzzy strong bi-ideal of a near-ring. We have discussed some of their theoretical properties in detail and obtain some characterization.

Tones have a fixed frequency while notes in music are a combination of tones or frequencies which are observable in the power spectra. The frequencies present in the spectra are characteristic of the pitch, timbre, amplitude of the input audio signal. These features are illustrated in a case study on Carnatic music system by studying the frequency spectra of input signals from veena and vocal. It is found that the spectra contain other harmonics and overtones along with input signal frequency due to resonance effects and the characteristic overtones can be analyzed to get useful information about the timbre of the source. In particular spectra of notes S, R1, R2, M1, P, D2 from vocal at G# and Veena at E are analysed.

Electric Discharge Machining is mainly used for very hard materials or some recently invented advance materials like; Titanium, Tungsten carbide etc. are difficult to machine with conventional machining processes. So that electric discharge machining will be preferred for these materials and composite materials are easily machined by electric discharge machine. Because it gives better output responses like better material removal rate, lower tool wear rate and extensively smooth machined surface. These output responses are highly used in industrial application. This review paper will be helpful for the young researches to understand the mechanism of electric discharge machining and brief the previous research investigation in this field.

A sandwich-structured composite is a special class of composite materials that is fabricated by attaching two thin but stiff skins to a lightweight but thick core. The core material is normally low strength material, but its higher thickness provides the sandwich composite with high bending stiffness with overall low density. Nowadays, sandwich structures with different face sheet and core materials are increasingly used in various applications. Sandwich structures have many advantages, including high stiffness-to-weight and strength-to weight ratios, high damping capacities, good thermal insulation properties, excellent water and vapor barrier performance, good corrosion resistance, and low cost. To characterize the flexural properties of the sandwich composites, a series of 3-point bending tests were conducted, in accordance with the ASTM D7264 standard on the sandwich panel with different percentage of CNT. The variation of CNT percentage will affects the bending properties of the sandwich beam in the three point bending tests. A holistic approach will be conceived to identify the applicability of sandwich construction, allowable core bending strength. Increasing the percentage of CNT in FRP honeycomb sandwich composites increases the strength of the structure to certain extant. However addition of CNT behind 2% decreases the strength.

In this study, soil temperature variation around horizontal soil heat exchangers (HGHEs), which are widely used for ground-based heat pump (GSHP) systems, was experimentally determined. To determine temperatures and analyse the ground massif temperature changes in the HGHE area, an experimental set-up has been constructed for climatic condition of Çorlu Town located in the Marmara region of Turkey. The experimental results were obtained from 4 August to 14 October in cooling and transition season of 2015. In the experimental study, the soil temperatures at six points at different depths and intervals, and the HGHE inlet and outlet temperatures were measured. The energetic potential of the ground massif was evaluated for operation period and stop periods (night period and transition season). It has been observed that the amount of heat rejected to the soil decreased over time in the working period. The energy accumulated during the working period was not completely destroyed during the night period. But the soil has renewed itself in great measure during the transition season. It has been found that the potential of self-renewal of the soil around the middle pipes of the GHE is less when compared with the soil around the edge pipe due to thermal interaction.

The self-employment sector provides an avenue for workers to earn a living.. There exists earning differentials among workers with various levels of education worldwide In Kisii county there are worker entering into employment with various levels of education. The return to the self-employed varies. The returns to the self-employed are important in determing individual and government investment in education. The purpose of the study was to establish education returns spare parts self-employment activities in urban Kisii County. The study objectives were to; determine the returns to education of various levels of education of the self-employed in motor spare parts industry, determine the challenges facing the self-employed, determine effectiveness of intervention measures by Kenya government to assist the self-employed in their work. The study used descriptive and correlation design. Human capital theory was used. The population of the study was 11240.That is in computer service industry 6400 and spare parts 4840 workers. The study used Fisher’s model to derive a sample of 166 spare parts self-employed workers. Questionnaire and interview schedules were used to collect data for the study. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Qualitative data was transcribed and analyzed in emergent themes and sub-themes. Government intervention was not effective in the provision of: market stalls, loans and market for finished products, but effective in provision of: security, electricity and infrastructure. In spare parts the results showed that on average; respondents with KC.P.E earned Ksh 16, 786.3636, K.C.SE earned 16855.8140; certificate earned 16825.9259 qualifications earned nearly similar amount of money. Diploma graduates earnings were 22584.2105 and bachelors earned 29,150.000. Analysis of pearson’s r indicate; For k.cpe was 0.617, k.c.se 0.009, certificate 0.130, diploma 0.129 and bachelors 0.297. The Pearson’s r2 results were: kcpe was 0.413, kcse 0.011, certificate 0.016, diploma 0.038 and degree 0.002. The adjusted R results were: kcpe 0.373. kcse 0.002, certificate 0.002, diploma 0.001 and degree 0.075. The ANOVA results were: Forkcpe(F(1,20)12.282, P=0.002), kcse (F(1,84)0,007, P=0.935), certificate was (F(1,25,) 0.428,P=0.519), diploma was (F(1,17)1.290, P=0.597) and bachelors degree was(F(1,10)0.0.964,P=0.349).The Pearson’s r results were’ kcpe 0.643, kcse 0.104, certificate 0.128, diploma 0.195 and bachelors degree 0.045. The Pearson’s r2results were: kcpe was 0.413, kcse 0.011, certificate 0.016, diploma 0.038 and degree 0.002.The r adjusted results were :kcpe 0.373. kcse 0.002, certificate 0.002, diploma 0.001 and degree 0.075. The ANOVA results were computed as: For kcpe (F(1,15)10.572,P=0.005), kcse was (F(1,70)0,761, P=0.386), certificate was (F(1,52,)0.868, P=0.356), diploma was (F(1,28)1.031, P=0.319 and bachelor results were (F(1,13)0.006,P=0.874). The model summary indicated that the independent variables (K.C.P.E, K.C.S.E, Certificate, Diploma and Undergraduate levels of education) explained up to 22.6% of the variation of average earnings 77.4% remained unexplained. The study concluded that; there was a significant and positive association between returns to education and increasing level of education, and lack of capital was a challenge to the self-employed. The study recommended government intervention in funding the self-employed in their activities, reduced electricity charges and blackouts. The study is important in formulation of education programmes relevant to the self-employed and government intervention in support of the self-employed.

This paper investigates non-complementary antonyms in Standard Arabic in concord with recent denotational theories. Therefore, it builds on first order logic to check how these antonyms are contextualized in Arabic discourse. Accordingly, it has been assumed that the lexical meaning manipulated by these antonyms must express some true and untrue values at the logical level when they are used for debates or arguments. To draw these values, the antonym meaning relations and linguistic properties of the predicate and its arguments are all calculated. It has been found that Standard Arabic tends to use three types of non-complementary opposites: Polar, overlapping and equipollent. Arguments are often carried out by the positive as well as the negative pair parts of the polar antonyms to convey more realistic meaning relations. Debates are also manipulated by the negative pair part of the overlapping antonym, as this pair part helps draw a real meaning value. Exceptionally, Arabic also tends to use certain terms, such as good and not good to evaluate the argument done on the negative overlapping pair part. Arguments are inclusively carried out on the positive pair part of the equipollent antonym, though the negative part also helps draw a true meaning value. In some debates, the positive pair part of the equipollent antonym switches to the negative part which is tagged with another synonym functioning as an evaluative element.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) originates from Diabetes and it is the major cause of blindness in all over the world. Earlier signs of this disease are the presence of small circular red spots called microaneurysm (MA). Detection of the MA in the earlier stage can control the progression of the disease. We presented an automated method for microaneurysm detection in this paper. The proposed algorithm is tested with DIARETDB1 database and compared with existing methods. The sensitivity, specificity of our algorithm is 91.5% and 92.1% respectively. The successful results show that our method can be used to detect the presence of diabetic retinopathy.

In this study, Sulfadiazine reacted with (NaNO2)and (HCl) to form diazonum salt was converted to 4-azido-N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)phenylsulfonamid (An) by reaction with sodium azide. 1,2,3-triazoline derivatives (B1-B10) were synthesized viaclick reaction, Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloadditionbetween compound (An) with chalcones and unsaturated compound like maleicanhydride, acrylamide, p-benzoquinone and cinnamylalcohol in presence cuprous chloride and sodium ascorbate.Identification of products by elemental analysis C.H.N.S., FT-IR spectra and 1H-NMR spectrum. 1,2,3-triazoline derivatives compounds were screened for antibacterial activity.

North-East asian countries, laver cultivation has been an important marine industry in coastal areas as well as fishery because laver (Porphyra) is nutrient-rich food and has been used in many Asian cuisines. However, laver cultivation is vulnerable to natural disasters such as typhoons and tsunamis. If those disasters hit laver cultivation area, laver cultivation structures would be devastated and scattered around the coast. Laver is characterized by high concentrations of fiber and minerals, a low fat content, and, in some cases, relatively high protein levels. Consumption of seaweeds, including laver, increases the intake of dietary fiber and lowers the occurrence of some chronic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, heart disease, and cancer. In this paper, the automatic harvesting and acidic processing system for underwater laver cultivation has proposed. This automatic system consists of design of the boat with hydraulic, cylindrical, and linear actuators, and also acidic processing system consists of sensors which are used to maintain the certain level of the acidic nature of the water. The system prototype has implemented and satisfied by the performance to realize the further level.

This article is derived from the research project entitled , the objective was to analyze the processes curricular and pedagogical practices contextualized in two educational institutions of the rural sector of the Valle del Cauca - Colombia, it conducted a background check that explain the changes in the educational system that they have influenced the setting of rural education. It is a descriptive qualitative case study, used the interview, observation log and the documentary analysis, from the story of teachers. Interpret and understand processes curricular and pedagogical practices in context, since the traces that remain in the memory of players and the teaching strategies used in the daily routine of the classroom, without losing the sense of cultural identities, which make possible a relevant education with the Colombian rural development was achieved.

The present study deals with the inventory of moths in selected areas of Delhi carried out from 2014 to 2015. During the study 11 species are new reports to the moth fauna of Delhi. After the present study, the moth fauna of Delhi comprises a total of 73species belonging to 67 genera and 9families.Of these, species richness of family Noctuidae was found to be the highest followed by Erebidae, Geometridae, Crambidae, Sphingidae.

The continuous food insecurity in rural areas despite efforts by non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and the government to reduce it through food distribution schemes and many development projects has become a threat to rural development. The research sought to assess the contribution of the fast track land reform programme (FTLRP) to food security at Datmoor farm in Seke District. A mixed method approach was adopted were both qualitative and quantitative for data analysis. Stratified random sampling was used to come up with a sample of 50 households from a population of 525. Data were collected using questionnaires, focus group discussions (FGDs), key informant interviews, observations and documentary research. The quantitative data were analysed in SPSS V 16 and MS Excel environments to produce tables and graphs. The researcher concluded that 72% of farmers at Datmoor farm are food insecure. Whilst the greatest challenge to enhance production is finance. The paper recommends an increase in provision of government funded extension services, capitalisation as well as infrastructural development in order to achieve sustainability and food security.

Working capital as a financial metric representing operating liquidity of entity, whose management involves the administration of accounts receivables, accounts payables, inventory and cash, enables continued operation and provision of sufficient cash flow to satisfy both maturing short term debt and recurrent operational cost. This enhances business’ capital security, investment and performance. Sugar factories absorbs up to 60% workforce of western region and accounts for about 15% of agricultural GDP contribution. It is therefore a dominant employer and source of livelihoods for most households in the Western Kenya. Despite working capital management practices being part of these firms’ financial management, the sugar firms have continued to register less than optimum performance level as evidenced by frequent call for financial intervention by the government. Limited empirical information on this situation set the basis for this paper; through establishing effect of accounts receivable (ARP), determining effect of accounts payables period (APP), analying effect of Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) and examining effect inventory turnover period (ITO) on financial performance (ROA) of the four (4) public owned sugar firms. Using Cronbach Alpha test for internal consistency of the variables with a coefficient of 0.725 validity was established. Analysing working capital elements extracted from audited financial reports for a period 2005 to 2014, using correlation and regression (OLS) analysis method the output established a negative and significant effect of APP (= -0.129, P=0.000); CCC (=-0.041, p=0.037) while ITO was negative and insignificant (=0.131, P=0.062). ARP had positive and insignificant effect (=0.030,P=0.293) on Return on Assets (ROA) as a measure of financial performance; implying that a unit change in APP, CCC and ITO results into a negative effect on ROA while a unit change in ARP has a positive effect on ROA. R square value was established at 0.724, showing that independent variables had a higher effect on financial performance (ROA) thereby confirming model suitability. Whereas the result largely support most of the findings on this subject matter, there is need for a comparative study on both private and state owned sugar firms.

This study investigated factors determining women’s property ownership and inheritance practices among the Kisii community in Kenya. The Kisii community, just like many other traditional patriarchal societies in the world, gives men priority over women in property ownership and inheritance. Though discriminative, this practice is normative and culturally sanctioned by both men and women. Though, human rights and constitutional provisions endevours to treat men and women as equals before the law, in patriarchal societies, men still have an upper hand over their female counterparts with regards to property ownership and inheritance rights. This amounts to gender discrimination which is contrary to human and women’s rights. The objectives of this study were to; investigate the determinants of women’s property ownership and inheritance practices, and proffer strategies that could be used to promote women’s property ownership and inheritance rights of key resources in the community such as land, houses and livestock. The study was informed by the conflict and social role theories. It adopted mixed method design. The findings revealed that cultural beliefs and practices, socio-economic factors, patriarchy, lack of legal awareness on women’s rights to property and land scarcity were critical factors that influenced women’s property ownership and inheritance practices among the Kisii people.

Women’s perceptions on minimal occupation of management positions in Government Aided secondary schools in Eastern Uganda were explored. The Uganda National Gender Policy was formulated in 1997 and revised in 2007 to address the gender imbalance in the management of educational institutions and other public institutions for the purpose of enabling women to access justice in workplaces so as to enable them to be part of the mainstream in Uganda’s socio-economic development in the women’s empowerment initiative. The objective of this study was therefore to examine women participation in management positions in government aided secondary schools in Uganda. The study revealed that the commitment of women serving in management positions is sometimes betrayed by various factors ranging from internal to external. A spirit of family responsibilities and challenges, corruption by some male appointing officials, limited qualifications and exposure, limited support coupled with political, religious, cultural, and societal norms and African beliefs is a hindrance to women’s access. In addition, this type of commitment has been abused in various forms. The female teachers’ overall perception on occupation of management positions in government Aided secondary schools is that male head teachers are more preferred to female ones. Therefore, the overall conclusion on perception on women’s minimal occupation of management positions in Government Aided secondary schools in Eastern Uganda shows a pattern that women do not have equal access to management positions in the specified study area. The researcher recommends that: the Government should increase the number of female head teachers, balance interviewing panels, discipline culprits, streamline roles of politicians in schools, sensitize stake holders, and implement gender equality policies.

It is observed in Mizoram that most of the students are facing the problem in expressing themselves in English through speaking as well as writing. What are responsible for this? Are textbooks not good enough to promote language skills in students? - are questions that very often come to the minds of the investigators. The present study was undertaken to address such type of issues and to evaluate English Literature Reader for class X in Mizoram. The book was evaluated in terms of its content, different literary genres, grammar, activities and exercises and its appropriateness for developing language skills. Contents of the book were found to be quite appropriate. However, there was lack of Mizo stories as well as Mizo Authors with which the students could have identified themselves and felt more at home with the topics. The Literature Reader acted mainly as a material to help students appreciate literature and to assists them in the development of listening and reading skills than the grammatical knowledge and speaking and writing skills.

Forest cover is an important crucial role to a variety of scientific and land resource management applications. Many of these applications not only need information on forest categories, but also the information on tree canopy density should be considered. Due to the advancement in Remote sensing technology and availability of many sources of imagery and various digital classification techniques, forest canopy cover assessment has been readily accessible. The need of understanding the capability and limitations of various types of imagery and classification methods is essential. The management, development, and conservation of an area require vast knowledge of forest resources, its distribution and utilization pattern by its flora and fauna. But because of various reasons such as the development of population, increasingly changing forest to the other unsuitable applications such as agriculture, providing energy and fuel, millions of hectares from this natural resource are destroyed every year and the remaining surface change quantitatively and qualitatively. The rate of forest density should be investigated for the better management of forests. An overview of several remote sensing techniques has been used to assess the forest canopy cover. We have generated the FCD model by using Landsat 8 OLI image in an old growth forest of Paschim Medinipur sub- division of India.

The Green synthesis method of silver nanoparticles by Typha domingensis was investigated. The aqueous extract prepared from Typha domingensis was evaluated as reducing agent for biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. The formation of silver nanoparticles was visually monitored with change in colour from yellow to brown and later monitored with UV-Vis spectroscopy. Energy dispersive x-ray spectra (EDS) analysis method shows the qualitative and quantitative analysis of synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were further characterized by SEM, and were employed in biological study. The results reveal that typha, is capable of synthesizing spherical shaped silver nanoparticles with biological activity.

The paper aims at defining and measuring the impacts of brand equity Vietnamese fresh fruits on the overall brand equity and interactions between them. This paper used qualitative and quantitative research methods: (i) qualitative research conducted through direct interviews with 10 experts and focus group discussions with 10 consumers, and (ii) quantitative research conducted through direct interviews with 520 consumers. The results show that (i) brand equity of Vietnamese fresh fruit is influenced directly by five factors, including brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality, brand loyalty, and perceived safety; of which, perceived quality and perceived safety have more significant effects on the overall brand equity; and (ii) there are interactions among the factors.

This paper examines whether there is grounds to a new learning model– a community-based shared model designed to create and spread knowledge on ADD and learning disorders in the educational system. Our proposed learning model "The adult community that is meaningful to the child" involves the school community (administration, councilors and teachers), parents to children with ADD and learning disabilities (instead of the parents' council) and lecturers and students from the academia who specialize in this field. All participants volunteer to attend school once a week for a free academic course that provides access to general theoretical knowledge and generates new local hands-on and theoretical knowledge on ADD and learning disabilities. The project developed at the Galilee panhandle under a one-of-a-kind and innovative social project entitled "Town Square Academia." To enable us to reply to the introductory question, we will review a number of acceptable models in the literature of a learning community, make a distinction between these models and the "adult community that is meaningful to the child", and see whether the model should be applied based on two years of implementation under the "Town Square Academia" program. The authors conclude that there is theoretical and practical basis for the model's proposal, which should therefore introduce a recommendation to broaden the examination, in terms of time and space. The conclusions that was reached for the learning process is that one should not only rely on the conventional model, which we recognize as members of a learning community that is mainly inclined to receive information from a lecturer or share information with our peers (mainly comprised of a homogenous group), but rather also base the shared community-based learning activities on knowledge generation, its distribution and retention by means of various tools. Put differently, actions taken by teachers, administrative staff, parents from the entire region, lecturers and students in learning communities, should establish and be founded on the knowledge of all those engaged in an initiated and proactive manner, by researching authentic cases by way of an educated analysis of individual events, and achieve all that through a dialogue between colleagues at the community in a diversified learning community. Attaining and embedding information in such an active manner is one of the objectives of the "Town Square Academia" project, aimed at benefiting the academia and its environment as a whole.

The purpose of this study was to identify the perception of the users of the Bus Station of Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil, regarding the quality of services provided. To do so, a quantitative and descriptive research was carried out using a cross-sectional survey using the SERVQUAL Scale as a data collection instrument. Through univariate and multivariate statistical analysis, it was verified that the dimensions proposed by the scale were not maintained, being grouped in four other factors, and not in the five defined in the literature. Thus, it is inferred that although the statistical distribution was different in the set of data obtained, they are still relevant for the explanation and identification of quality in services, since they cover all the necessary analytical aspects. As suggestions for future studies, it is recommended to replicate this research in other Road Stations, as well as considering other means of public transportation, such as airplanes and subways, for example.

L’étude s’intéresse aux conditions d’acquisition du langage chez la fille. L’acquisition du langage et son développement qui se font plus tôt chez la fille que chez le garçon concentre les recherches sur l’étude du cerveau et de ses spécificités chez les deux sexes. L’objectif de cetteétude vise à faire une analyse aussi bien sur le cerveau féminin, siège du langage, que sur les instruments du milieu qui favorisent la précocité du langage chez la fille. L’hypothèse des causes psychologiques et environnementales est formulée à partir d’observations et de recherches documentaires. La fréquence du langage chez les filles et leur inclination à le développer à travers leur profil universitaire, s’expliquent par la spécificité du cerveau féminin caractérisé par une symétrie facilitant ainsi, une plus grande communication entre les deux hémisphères. Le milieu a un effet sur la précocité du langage à travers la qualité des éléments qui le constituent.

The objective of the research is to find a research training model (R & D) for farmers to improve the environment quality in technical irrigation. The sample respondents were chosen by thepurposive sampling method. Data collection was done by giving a questionaire to the respondents. The analysis used was descriptive analysis. The results of the research are as follows: the training model consists of seven steps, namely: (a) perform aneeds analysis, (b) formulate thetraining objectives, (c) develop thetraining materials, (d) determine the tests and training methods, (e) conduct apreliminary assessment, (f) conduct training,and (g) make a final assessment. Thedescription of thetraining materials required by thefarmers, consisted of: (a) knowledge of wetland agricultural ecosystem, (b) environmental knowledge, (c) knowledge of irrigation area maintenance, (d) knowledge of environmental pollutionand (e) conservation knowledge of irrigation areas.Thedevelopment of training materials shall be carried out in the following steps: (a) analyzing the objective-based materials, (b) designing training materials based on theobjectives, (c) develop the material by referring to the relevant literature, (d) validate, (e) implement materialsand (f) conduct an evaluation.

Today more than ever the need to provide reproductive potential growth and architects seem necessary. The main feature of this process is creativity as one of the factors that increase these features, the physical environment. This study aims to enhance creativity and architectural innovation, taking into account the psychology of the environment and the virtues and characteristics of the physical environment, to create stimulating environment for creative architects are free of thought and expression. The choice of case study research strategy using a combination of strategies and techniques to study, which is required after the secondary literature review for research was obtained through semi-structured interviews and results, through the narrative analysis the concepts were evaluated and stimulating natural elements, diversity and flexibility, aesthetic characteristics and personal and group conflicts with the space (collective creative environment) as drivers of creativity, mining and theoretical principles derived from scientific studies the information gathered is qualitative, effective design offered in order to solve the problem.

The purpose of the present research is defining which values pre-service teachers, who have an important responsibility in values education, want their students to have most, and which values they will try to teach to their students. The research adopted case study, which enables the studying and analysis of one or some special cases in detail. Within the scope of the present research, semi-structures interviews were conducted with the participants, which include 34 pre-service teachers, who got formation education at Bartın University, Faculty of Education. Data were written on the computer by the researcher first, then were analysed using descriptive analysis, which is a qualitative research method. Three experts were asked for opinions to provide the reliability of the research. The numbers agreementsand disagreements were detected, and the reliability was calculated as 92%. According to obtained findings, the values pre-service teachers want to teach their students are; love and respect. The most important reason for this finding is that, these values form the basis for other values, and these values are more difficult to teach than others. Consequently, it can be claimed that, the values that pre-service teachers want to teach their students are actually the values that they themselves should have.

The self-employment sector provides an avenue for workers to earn a living. There exists earning differentials among workers with various levels of education worldwide. In Kisii County there are worker entering into employment with various levels of education. The return to the self-employed varies. The return to the self-employed is important in determining individual and government investment in education. The purpose of the study was to establish education returns to computer self-employment activities in urban Kisii County. The study objectives were to; determine the returns to education of various levels of education of the self-employed in computer industry, determine the challenges facing the self-employed, determine effectiveness of intervention measures by Kenya government to assist the self-employed in their work. The study used descriptive and correlation design. Human capital theory was used. The population of the study was 11240.That is in computer service industry 6400. The study used Fisher’s model to derive a sample of 384 respondents with 218 computer services Questionnaire and interview schedules were used to collect data for the study. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Qualitative data was transcribed and analyzed in emergent themes and sub-themes: The study found out that; in computer service industry self-employed respondents with K.C.P.E earned an average Ksh 15,571.17, K.C.S.E earned an average 14,857.08, certificate earned 9364.81 and diploma earned an average of 9364.81 amount of money and bachelor earned 30,293.33. The Pearson’s r results were’ k.c.pe 0.643, k.c.s.e 0.104, certificate 0.128, diploma 0.195 and bachelors degree 0.045. The r2 analysis was: k.c.p.e category the r2 was 0.0413, k.c.s.e was 0.011, certificate 0.016, and diploma was 0.038 for bachelors. The adjusted R results were:kcpe 0.373, kcse 0.02, certificate 0.002, diploma0.001 and bachelors 0.075 The ANOVA indicated k.c.p.e (F(1,15)10.572,P=0.005), k.c.s.e was (F(1,70)0,761, P=0.386), certificate was (F(1,52,)0.868,P=0.356), diploma was (F(1,28)1.031, P=0.319 and bachelor results were (F(1,13)0.006,P=0.874). Government intervention was not effective in the provision of: market stalls, loans and market for finished products, but effective in provision of: security, electricity and infrastructure. The study concluded that; there was a significant and positive association between returns to education and increasing level of education, and lack of capital was a challenge to the self-employed. The study recommended government intervention in funding the self-employed in their activities, reduced electricity charges and blackouts. The study is important in formulation of education programmes relevant to the self-employed and government intervention in support of the self-employed.

Background: Palmaris longus is a small vestigial forearm muscle that is phylogenetically degenerating and is variable in nature. It is used by surgeons as a source of tendon graft. Ethnic variations in the prevalence of the absence of the palmaris longus are well known. Materials and Method: The presence of palmaris longus was clinically determined in 100 subjects using the standard technique (Schaeffer’s test) and the absence of the palmaris longus was confirmed using three other tests (Thompson, Pushpakumar’s “two-finger sign” and Mishra II tests) to determine its absence. Result: Out of the 100 subjects examined the overall agenesis of palmaris longus was 15%. Unilateral (left) agenesis was seen in 4 subjects, unilateral (right) agenesis was seen in 2 subjects and bilateral in 9 subjects. The overall presence of palmaris longus was seen in 85 subjects. Conclusion: Palmaris longus has received a growing interest for its role in constructive surgery as it serves as a source of tendon graft and is a key interest for maxillofacial surgeons and ENT surgeons.

Aim: Comparison of the short- and medium-term results of the epicondylitis band and corticosteroid and local anesthetic injections for lateral epicondylitis. Study Plan: This was a retrospective and comparative study related to acute lateral epicondylitis treatment. The patient groups named A and B received two different treatments. There were 151 patients in Group A and 205 patients in Group B. Group A received the epicondylitis band and Group B corticosteroid and local anesthetic injections. Both groups were also given stretch exercises and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Patients were checked at week 1, 4, 12, and 24 and the Quick DASH scoring was used on week 12 and 24. Results: On the 3rd month of treatment, Group A showed recovery rates of moderate, good and full in 18.5%, 32.5% and 30.5% respectively while these rates were 33.2%, 13.7% and 25.4% in Group B. The same rates at the end of month 6 were 17.2%, 41.1% and 17.2% in Group A and 28.3%, 1% and 17.2% in Group B. Conclusions: Combined treatment (physical therapy, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) with an epicondylitis band was more effective than combined treatment with steroid and local anesthetic injections in acute lateral epicondylitis.

Background: Lower back pain is a common health problem among nurses, however no previous studies have investigated the prevalence of it and the factors that contribute to lower back pain among nurses who are working in the operation rooms in Palestinian hospitals. Fortunately, measures can be taken to prevent or relieve lower back pain episodes. If prevention fails, simple home treatment and proper body mechanics can be used to relieve the lower back. Aim: The current study was conducted in order to investigate the factors that contribute to lower back pain among nurses who are working in operation rooms in north Palestine. Method: The current study utilized a descriptive design, and data was collected using self-report questionnaires from all nurses who are working in operation rooms. Result: 32 nurses were surveyed in the current study, 75% (n=24) of operative nurses complain of lower back pain: 34% (n=11) had sharp lower back pain, and 59.4% (n=19) intermittent back pain. The result shows a statistically significant (X2: 6.45, df: 2, P: 0.03) effect of standing for hours in relation to experiencing lower back pain amongst nurses who are working in operation rooms. Conclusion: the study concluded that there is a significant effect of standing for long hours on developing low back pain among nurses who are working in the operation room.

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the differences of the Micro hardness of two Bulk-fill Composites (Tetric N-ceram Bulkfill and Filtek Bulkfill) and a Conventional composite (Filtek Z350XT) at varying depths (0mm, 2mm, 4mm) and to evaluate the effect of two different light curing systems (LED and QTH) on the micro hardness of bulk-fill and conventional composite. Methods and Materials: 60 specimens of composite resin disks (8x4mm) will be prepared. The Teflon mould will be placed on a glass slab with an intervening mylar strip and the composite resin will be placed at once as a bulk, slightly over packed into the mould space. A second mylar strip and glass slab will be placed on top of the Teflon mould and a uniform weight of 500gms will be placed above the glass slab for 30 seconds in order to compactly pack the resin thus preventing the formation of any voids. Then, the weight along with the glass slab above the composite will be removed and the composite will be cured as per the manufacturer’s instructions. All the specimens will stored for 24 hours in distilled water at for completion of the polymerization process. Statistical Analysis used: Mean and Standard Deviation will be used for Descriptive statistics, t test - Independent samples., ANOVA – One way (Analysis of Variance), Scheffe’s Post hoc test. Results: Highest micro hardness values regardless of light sources were observed in Tetric N- Ceram bulk fill composite and Light emitting diode showed better hardness values compared to Quartz tungsten halogen unit. Conclusion: Highest micro hardness values regardless of light sources were observed in Tetric N- Ceram bulk fill composite. Filtek Z350XT Conventional composite Showed the least Hardness when placed in Bulk fill technique. Light Emitting diode (LED) showed better results when compared to Quartz tungsten Halogen (QTH) unit.

Biomedical waste is a serious problem face Sudanese in hospitals, because of its hazardous effects in the environment and human health (over view of town. Researchers must find technical solution to dispose. The objectives of this study. First to give the definition, categories of bio-medical wastes, Second the status of biomedical waste in hospitals and how hospital disposal the biomedical waste by each category, third this mainly to highlight the effects of biomedical waste in the urban scale. Last regulations and recommendations.

Background: Ovarian cancer is responsible for the most deaths in the gynaecological sphere. It is the second most common gynaecological malignancy in developed countries, and is the leading cause of cancer deaths among women. It causes more mortality than all other gynaecological malignancies together. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the risk of malignancy index (RMI) which combines serum CA125 levels, ultrasound score, and menopausal state in discriminating between benign and malignant adnexal masses in a selected population of apparently early lesions. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted for a period of one year of 120 women with an adnexal mass. The serum CA125 level, the ultrasound findings and menopausal status were noted. Risk of malignancy score based on product of ultrasound findings, menopausal status and CA-125 level was calculated. Results: Risk of malignancy index (RMI) proved to be the most sensitive index in depicting malignancy. The mean levels of RMI were much higher among the malignant group. RMI scores were divided in to various groups and sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV for each group was tested. RMI score >200 showed the best sensitivity (91.89%) with specificity, PPV and NPV of 83.33%, 97% 62.50% respectively. RMI>200 was 90.69% accurate in differentiating benign and malignant adnexal masses preoperatively. This was much higher than any of the other parameters used alone. However, RMI was not able to diagnose Mucinous carcinomas because of the lower levels of CA 125 found this type of malignancy. Conclusion: RMI is a reliable tool in differentiating benign from malignant adnexal masses. It is simple, easy to use and cost effective. However it’s predictive accuracy was less for mucinous as compared to other ovarian cancers.

Approximately one million people develop invasive cancer each year. Of these, 40% will receive curative benefit from surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination modality. In dealing with patients with cancer of the head and neck a team approach is required for effective management. When radiation therapy is indicated, it is imperative that health of the oral cavity be assessed initially as well as throughout therapy and post therapy. All members of the cancer treatment team should be informed of the oncologic treatment plan. Oral care should be initiated at the onset of treatment, with the goal of reducing morbidity and improving compliance. Total body irradiation and irradiation to the head and neck cause both direct and indirect effects on oral and related structures, and may be acute or chronic in nature. These complications may include mucositis, xerostomia, dental caries, loss of taste, trismus, infection, osteoradionecrosis, and abnormalities of growth and development. The objective of this literature review is to summarize information about the radiation effects, diagnosis and administer treatment to protect a patient's oropharyngeal health and quality of life.

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease that may consist of hyperthyroidism, goiter, eye disease (orbitopathy), and pretibial or localized myxedema. The presence of thyrotropin-receptor antibodies (TRAb) in serum and orbitopathy on clinical examination distinguishes the disorder from other causes of hyperthyroidism. However, the diagnosis may be obvious on presentation; a patient with new-onset ophthalmopathy, a large non-nodular thyroid, and moderate to severe hyperthyroidism has Graves' disease. Because there is no consensus as to the "best" treatment, the American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines emphasize the importance of fully discussing the options with patients and considering their values and preferences before deciding on a treatment plan. Patients who are intolerant of antithyroid drug therapy and radioiodine ablation or who have active Graves orbitopathy are surgical candidates. Most experts now agree that total or near-total thyroidectomy is considered the optimal procedure. To date, there is no published data available on Graves’ disease in Liberia and the management options remain limited. Thereof, we present a 34-year-old Liberian female who underwent a near total thyroidectomy for Graves’ disease at the Eternal Love Winning Africa (ELWA) Hospital Monrovia, Liberia.

In (11-bold) Taboos and misconceptions during pregnancy have been part of Indian cultures since centuries. Superstition is a belief or practice generally regarded as irrational and as resulting from ignorance or from fear of the unknown. It implies a belief in unseen and unknown forces that can be influenced by objects and rituals. Magic or sorcery, witchcraft, and the occult in general are often referred to as superstitions. Food Taboos and Misconceptions among Pregnant Women are most common in many women of any part of the country (Ref 1). A food taboo is a prohibition against consuming certain foods. The word "taboo" (also spelled "tabu") is Polynesian and means 'sacred' or 'forbidden'; it has a quasi-magical or religious overtone. The term was introduced in the anthropological literature in the second half of the nineteenth century. Taboo food and drink are which people abstain from consuming for religious, cultural or hygienic reasons. Many food taboos forbid the meat of a particular animal, including mammals, rodents, reptiles, amphibians, bony fish, and crustaceans. All communities have their own cultural (traditional) pattern. The cultural pattern of a group is based on learned behavior, acquired partly by deliberate instruction on the part of parents, but mostly subconsciously by incidental observation of the behavior of relatives and other close members of the community.

Aim:The aimof this study was to asses the knowledge and awareness amongst the dental students on the use of transitional implants. Material and Methods:This study was a well-structured online questionnaire based awareness study. This study was conducted among the students of Saveetha dental college. 213 participants took up the survey. The questionnaire consisted of 10 multiple choice questions. The questions were based on knowledge of transitional implants including the various advantages and uses of transitional implants. Once the students answered the questionnaire, the response was gathered and the results were tabulated. Results: From this study, it was found that 166 participants have heard about transitional implants, 118 participants have seen patients with transitional implants. 124 participants have opted transitional implant is economical. 42.8% have chosen, it can be used as a provisional treatment in both completely edentulous and partially edentulous patients and 54.2% have said that transitional implants cannot be used as a surgical guide. Conclusion: Although the awareness among the dental practitioners is satisfactory, the application of transitional implants should be reinforced and followed on a regular basis in the curriculum.

Background and objectives: World today is moving towards “Evidence based Medicine” and to promote this, provision of only academic training is not sufficient. In countries like India, Undergraduate dental students have very less exposure to fundamentals of research which may lead to a compromised scientific acumen. This prevents them from conducting and appreciating scientific research during their advanced professional careers and ultimately impacts the quality of research in the specialty. Hence this multi-centric study was conducted to assess the current status, knowledge and attitude of interns of dental institutes of Pune, Maharashtra towards research during Under graduate dental course. Methodology: After obtaining due permissions, data was collected from 268 students doing internship in three different dental institutions in the city of Pune, Maharashtra. A structured questionnaire was first validated and then used for the same. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis. Results: Results indicated low awareness and knowledge regarding research basics amongst the interns. Perceived importance of research was also moderate to low amongst the interns. However, more than three-fourth of the participants opined that there should be basic research training during their internship program to facilitate research activities.

Background Context: Restoration of spinal cord function after injury remains a major challenge to those treating paralyzed victims. While prevention and treatment of secondary cord damage continues to be a primary objective, the ability to reverse established cord dysfunction is a major goal. Purpose: Clinical and radiological evaluation of results of Cervical Spine Locking Plate in prospective and retrospective cases of lower cervical spine injuries. Study Design/Setting: It is a prospective as well as retrospective study. Patient Sample: Study was conducted prospectively on 28 patients and retrospectively on 20 patients making total of 48 patients. Methods: After meeting all the criteria’s patients were enrolled into the study and assessed clinically and radiologically and were taken up for surgery. Postoperatively patients were clinico-radiologically evaluated and followed and outcome was analyzed statistically. Results: There was statistically significant neurological recovery in most of the patients. Conclusions: Decompression of the spinal cord and stabilization with anterior cervical plates prevents the further damage to spinal cord, allows early mobility in neurological intact patients and rehabilitation becomes easy in patients having neurological deficit.

This investigation aimed to review the initial state of electrophysiological parameters that may predict the development of heart rhythm disorders in spontaneously-breathing pentobarbital-, ketamine-xylazine- and zoletil-anesthetized rats. These data will contribute to building a wider framework for a chronobiological perspective on the dependence of these parameters on the light-dark (LD) cycle under in vivo conditions. The study was performed using female Wistar rats, which were adapted to a 12 h LD cycle. Parameters evaluated included RR, PQ, QT, QTc intervals, the QRS complex and the amplitudes of P, R and T waves. The longest RR and QT interval duration occurred after the administration of ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in both the light period and the dark period. The longest PQ and QTc interval durations occurred under zoletil anesthesia in the light period. It is concluded that from a chronobiological perspective, the most significant electrophysiological myocardial susceptibility toward the potential risk for developing ventricular arrhythmias occurred under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia. The most important predisposition toward the development of ventricular arrhythmias related to disorders of impulse production and conduction was associated with zoletil anesthesia only in the light period. Ventricular arrhythmias resulting from disorders in the dispersion of refractory periods occurred under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia in both the lighted periods.

Ankyloglossia is a congenital condition characterized by an abnormally short, thickened, or tight lingual frenulum that restricts mobility of the tongue. The prevalence of ankyloglossia reported in the literature varies from 0.1% to 10.7%. Due to restricted tongue movements patients may exhibit difficulty in speech, neonates have difficulty in breastfeeding, malocclusion a gingival recession are also reported. Surgical intervention is choice of treatment. This article presents one such case of ankyloglossia in adult and its management.

Atherosclerotic diseases presently showing alarming trend in developing countries and has posed to be of major public health importance. Unhealthy diet practice and life style aggravates the condition. Studies show that Lipid lowering agents at different doses can alter the serum lipid profile favourably and can significantly reduce the complications. Present study aims to evaluate the role of lovastatin, a lipid lowering agent at two different doses on serum lipid profile of rats fed on Atherogenic diet. Materials and Methods: 36 male albino rats were divided in to six groups of six rats each. Group 1,2 and 3 received standard diet and 4,5 and 6 received Atherogenic diet. Group 1 & 3 served as control while other two groups received lovastatin at 2mg and 4 mg per kg respectively on both diet groups. Serum lipd profile was estimated at start of the experiment, end of six and twelve weeks by using kits. Result: Both the doses of lovastatin was capable of reducing serum LDL and Total cholesterol to a significant extent compared to their control. However 4mg dose is more effective than low dose (2mg). The magnitude of this beneficial effect is not translated into serum triglyceride. However Serum HDL cholesterol level showed increasing trend in both diet treatment groups. Conclusion: Both the doses of lovastatin is capable of preventing diet induced dyslipidemia in rats. Thus lower dose can be more preferable for primary and higher dose for secondary prevention of dyslipidemia.

Aim: This study was conducted for the evaluation of the outcome of “Lesion Sterilization and Tissue Repair” in primary teeth using two combinations of antibacterial drugs which comprised of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and minocycline in one group (Group A) and ciprofloxacin, ornidazole, and minocycline in the other group (Group B). Materials and Methods: 38 children ranging between 5 to 10 years of age group having 80 infected carious teeth were selected and randomly divided into two groups, viz. groups A and B with 40 teeth in each group. In Group A, antibacterial paste containing ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and minocycline and in Group B, antibacterial paste containing ciprofloxacin, ornidazole, and minocycline mixed with propylene glycol were used. Medication cavities were filled with antibiotic pastes, depending on the groups followed by Glass Ionomer restorations and stainless steel crown placement. Clinical and radiographic evaluation was carried out at 3, 6, and 12 months intervals. Results: Both the groups showed considerable clinical and radiographic success. There was no statistically significant difference between Group A and B. However, group B showed better results clinically and radiographically compared with group A. Conclusions: Both the antibacterial pastes, i.e., combination of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and minocycline and ciprofloxacin, ornidazole, and minocycline mixed with propylene glycol have shown good clinical and radiographic success in treating necrotic primary teeth.

The health care system in India is divided into public sector, private sector, indigenous system of medicine and other agencies. Private practitioners (PPs) constitute nearly 70% of medical profession in India. The need for including the PPs in the National TB Programme had been felt since 1975. With a vision for TB free India we need to approach the missing 3 million cases. One of the key pillars towards achieving universal access is to ‘expand efforts to engage all care providers’. Involvement of private practitioners (PPs) in disease programmes (both communicable and non-communicable), continues to be a major challenge for the concerned health authorities. This paper focuses on the various factors and the challenges in public private mix (PPM) strategies.

Introduction: The biology and regulation of p73, a p53 homologue is complex, since the gene incorporates both tumor-suppressive and protooncogenic functions. However, the p73 gene is rarely mutated in tumors. A better understanding of p73 pathway is mandatory for the improvement of oral cancer diagnosis and treatment. Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate p73 expression in oral potentially malignant disorders compared to oral squamous cell carcinoma. Methods & Materials: p73 expression was assessed in 30 oral squamous cell carcinoma, 30 oral potentially malignant disorders & 10 normal oral mucosa. The immunohistochemistry was carried out by using rabbit anti-human antibody against p73. Results: The Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant increase in p73 expression from normal oral mucosa to potentially malignant disorders to oral squamous cell carcinoma (p=0.00). Using Mann-Whitney test, the p73 expression was significantly higher in severe dysplasias than moderate and mild dysplasias (p=0.00). Similarly, the p73 expression was significantly higher in poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas than moderately and well differentiated squamous cell carcinomas (p=0.00). However, p73 expression was statistically insignificant (p=0.853) between severe dysplasia and well differentiated squamous cell carcinomas. Conclusion: The results suggest that p73 acts as a tumor suppressor gene in oral carcinogenesis. From this evidence, it is likely that p73 protein isoforms are instrumental for the maintenance of head & neck squamous epithelial stem cells and progenitors. Conversely, loss of p73 expression is associated with keratinocyte differentiation. Therefore, it is proposed that p73 probably plays a role in the maintenance of stem and progenitor cells, leading to the control of early epithelial differentiation stages.

Vitamin D is thought to be important for maintaining normal function of many non skeletal tissues such as muscle (including heart muscle), immune function, and inflammation as well as cell proliferation and differentiation. Studies have shown that it may be useful as adjunctive treatment for tuberculosis, psoriasis, and multiple sclerosis or for the prevention of certain cancers. The consumption of fortified or enriched foods as well as suberythemal sun exposure should be encouraged for people at risk for vitamin D deficiency. The current review focuses on the evidence demonstrating vitamin D deficiency in all age groups.

The present study was conducted to determine whether buccal corridor width with the total smile width changes along with change in the facial form and also to substantiate the influence of buccal corridors on the smile esthetics when judged by lay persons. The sample comprised of photographs obtained from 60 patients (30 males and 30 females) with age range of 17-30 years. Out of the 60 subjects selected: 20 subjects had leptoposopic facial form, 20 subjects had mesoprosopic facial form and rest 20 subjects had euryprosopic facial form. Measurements of the frontal facial photographs, to determine the facial form accurately, were done following the method of Johnson and Smith using adobe photoshop cs6 version13.0. Standardized frontal facial photographs (to evaluate the facial form) and standardized frontal smile photographs (to determine the smile width and buccal corridor width) of the individuals selected were obtained. An album assembled with the 60 printed smile photographs, were given to 15 lay people for esthetic evaluation, using visual analog scale. All the results were statistically evaluated with the P value set at 0.05. The difference between the means were evaluated by Analysis of Variance (Tukey) Test. From the study it was concluded that in a normal population, the percentage of buccal corridor width with the total smile width does not change considerably with change in facial form and is not a significant factor affecting smile esthetics.

Background: The anatomical position and distribution of nutrient foramina is necessary for the success of orthopedics surgical procedures such as joint replacement therapy, fracture repair and bone grafts. Aims and objectives: The aim of the present study was to study the diaphyseal nutrient foramina in human humeri and its surgical importance’s. for each bone, the number, position, size, and direction of their nutrient foramina were studied. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted on 120 human cleaned and dried humeri and all measurements were done by using standard anthropometric instruments and techniques. All bones were obtained from the Department of anatomy, Nims medical collage Jaipur, Rajasthan and the selected bones were normal with no appearance of pathological changes. The specific age and sex characteristics of the bones studied were unknown. Observation and Results: With few exceptions the majority of nutrient foramina in all bones studied were single in number and were secondary in size. Most of the nutrient foramina were concentrated in the middle third of the bone and located on the anterior surface of the shaft of bones and the direction of nutrient foramina followed the growing end theory. Conclusion: The results of the present study confirmed previous findings regarding the number and position of nutrient foramina and provided clinical information concerning the nutrient foramina which could be useful as reference for surgical procedures.

The present study was conducted to compare and evaluate the push-out bond strength and its time-dependent change, of various materials when used for furcal perforations i.e. change in strength after 24 hours and 7 days to determine which material had the maximum push-out bond strength measurement so as to bear the forces of compaction of the coronal restoration. The study was carried out by preparing standard endodontic access cavities and decoronating 30 molars 5mm above the pulpal floor. After which, perforations were made in the furcal area of the pulpal floor. The size of the perforations was measured with a Stereomicroscope and ImageJ analysis. The remaining dentin thickness was measured with digital calipers. In each sample, a saline-soaked sponge was placed apical to the furcal perforation. For stabilisation, the roots were embedded in Silicon putty impression material to simulate the periodontal ligament, the apical third being embedded in cold-cure acrylic. The perforations were repaired with three different materials, Group I ProRoot White MTA, Group II Glass Ionomer Cement and Group III Theracal LC. Out of 10 samples, 5 samples in each group were subjected to push-out bond strength measurement after 24 hours & the remaining 5 after 7 days. Universal Instron testing machine with 1-mm-thick cylindrical stylus was used for push-out bond strength measurement at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The results thus obtained were tabulated and were statistically analysed by using Anova and Tukey’s test. At both 24 hours and 7 days, the push-out bond strength of MTA>Theracal LC>GIC.

Poor nebulizer hygiene can result in microbial contamination and risk of infections by pathogens for respiratory tract patients. Swabs were collected from contamination nebulizer cup (n=25) using sterile cotton swabs, percentage of microbial contamination 84( 67.2%) bacteria n=74(59.2%) (gram positive n=21(16.8%), and negative bacteria n=53(42.4%)). and yeast n=10(8%) (Candida spp.). Frequency of gram negative bacteria higher than the gram positive bacteria and yeast with high significant difference p≤0.05. In this study concluded that the nebulizer devices are contaminated with microbial pathogens and the transmission of these microbes among the respiratory tract patients and this is due to the disinfection of these devices or did not disinfected well to reduce these microbes.

Objective: To analyze in the literature the available evidence about the teaching of Basic Life Support in undergraduate nursing. Methods: An integrative review of the literature. The search was performed in PUBMED, LILACS and BDENF databases. Nine complete articles were found, they were published between 2010 and 2016. The productions studied were grouped into two thematic pillars. Results: Few publications on the subject were evidenced as well as a multiplicity of methods and strategies in the teaching of Basic Life Support. There were major gaps in the knowledge of health professionals, making it necessary to develop research in this field, especially studies that focus on strategies of theoretical and practical teaching with use of simulation, considering that these are capable of bringing real impacts in the knowledge and skills of the professionals. Conclusion: It can be concluded that teaching focused on the individuality and reality of the target public, taking into account the epidemiological reality and characteristics of the students is fundamental in this process.

Large periapical lesions are always a challenge for the clinicians. Treatment planning for extensive lesions is a dilema. Literature has documented successful management of large periapical lesions using non-surgical as well as surgical treatment approach. The pros & cons of non-surgical versus surgical treatment modality should be carefully studied for individual case. This case report presents non-surgical resolution of a large periapical lesion of endodontic origin in maxillary anterior teeth using various formulations of calcium hydroxide as intracanal medicament & Nd: Yag Laser as adjuvant method of root canal disinfection.

Background: Amniotic membrane from placenta has unique properties likeenhanced wound healing through neovascularisation, analgesic, antiadhesive effects, bacteriostatic, without inducing immunological reactions. Aim: to quantify the neo vascularisation that occurs by applying amnioticmembrane as dressing in chronic non healing ulcers Material and Method: This is a randomized prospective pilot study done to evaluate effects of healing in chronic ulcers as evidenced by quantum of neo vascularisation by amniotic membrane application for a period of eight weeks in 15 patients. The amniotic membrane harvested from caesareansection is applied over ulcers and the patients are evaluated at first, second, fourth, sixth and eighth week. Results: There is 61% of reduction in ulcer size (p-value 0.000) with twocompletely healed ulcers at the end of study period. In the first two weeks there is faster rate of neovascularisation as seen by counting the numberof capillaries in an average of five high power fields (p-value 0.000), lateron there is congestion of vessels with formation of granulation tissue whichpeaks at fourth week (p-value 0.000), leading to reduction in ulcer size. Significant analgesia is found in all the patients (p-value 0.000). Conclusion: Amniotic membrane application enhanced neo vascularization in eight weeks time there by early healing of wound. The costeffectiveness, readily available, ease of application and better scarformation makes it a better choice for treating chronic ulcers.

Introduction: Preoperative complexity estimation helps deciding whether to proceed with a minimally invasive approach or perform an open procedure. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy outcome is particularly affected by the presence and severity of inflammation, advancing age, male sex and greater BMI. Objective: To study Preoperative prediction of difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Patients and Methods: A total of 102 patients were enrolled to this study who were symptomatic, positive findings on clinical examination and ultrasound abdomen. The triad of clinical examination, laboratory data and ultrasound study was performed for all patients. The primary end point of the study was operative outcome and the second end point was morbidity related to surgery. Results: The operative outcome was represented as operative bleeding and conversion to open surgery while the postoperative outcome was biliary leakage and port site infection. The total score for each patient with conversion to open surgery or with postoperative biliary leakage was between 6-10 points indicating difficult surgical approach according to the scoring system. Conclusion: Preoperative prediction of risk factors of conversion or difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy is an important point for operative planning and the high risk patients may be informed accordingly.

Understanding the genetic diversity of rice and its population structure is a key to the sustainable in situ and ex situ management of genetic resources. In this study, the molecular analysis of 330rice varieties collected in 59 villages across Burkina Faso was undertaken, using 23microsatellite markers. These markers were found to be polymorphic with an average allele number of 9.4and a mean PIC per locus of 0.58, ranging from 0.034 (RM338) to 0.838(RM1). The 23 SSR markers were powerful enough to separate the two species (O. sativa and O. glaberrima), and to identify a group of most probably resulting from natural crosses between the two species. The glaberrima group were divided into two subgroups in relation with their cultivation ecosystem, deep-water and lowland while O. sativa japonica accessions were clustered in G2. Accessions of O. s.indica species were clustered in three groups (G3, G4 and G5).G3 was composed of accessions of late maturing cropped in lowland environment. G5 accessions were tall and late maturing adapted to deep water condition.G4accessions were of short stature and early maturing adapted to lowland conditions. Using the molecular data and the framework it provided, a core collection of 52 accessions was established that represents the diversity of rice in Burkina Faso. This core collection represents 16% of the collection and account for 89% of the alleles of the whole collection. A core collection of this size could be easily manageable by the national agricultural research institute for conservation in situ or ex situ.

The current research investigates Comparison of inner to outer leaflet and outer leaflet density of arenaviruses. The results indicates that to understand the density of vesicles as compare to the arenaviruses, and the ratio of various vesicles was taken and plotted the transect plots. Here we are trying to make an assay to detect that how much protein is inserted in the membrane so I have looked at the vesicles from lots of different sources and groups. It was concluded that ratio of inner to outer is constant in vesicles.

Mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori is the preferred species for the production of silk cocoons. The quality of this species is generally affected by bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoan pathogens. Bacterial pathogens alone are responsible for causing cocoon loss to the extent of almost 70%. Antibiotics are widely and effectively used to control these pathogens affecting particularly Bombyx mori. The present study is aimed to find out the histological changes in the fat body, and silk gland of bacterial infected V instar larvae of silkworm fed with antibiotic drug (Dicloxacillin) treated V1 mulberry leaves. Silkworm fat body consisted of nucleus, cytoplasmic vacuole and granular substances. In bacterial infected silkworm’s silk gland showed necrosed columnor epithelium with disintegrated nucleus, vacuoles and the lumen contained low secretory substances, whereas in antibiotic drug (Dicloxacillin) treated V1 mulberry leaves fed V instar silkworm’s fat body and silk gland showed spectacular changes such as swollen nucleus, with more vacuoles in the fat body, whereas, the silk gland showed shrunken nucleus, vacuole in the epithelium, lumen contained more secretory substances suggested that the mobilization of to secretory substance from posterior silk gland to middle silk gland which enhance and to store more amount of secretory substance for spinning.

Pullur banda is a huge, natural, monolithic (Single rock) form and spread over above 100 acres at high altitude of Pullur village, Siddipet district, Telangana, India. It is one of the historical and archeological places of Telangana state. The present study carried out during monsoon season. Pullur Banda is wealthy of diversified plants from lower plants to higher plants and shows true plant diversity. The species of Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Angiosperms and Lichens are lavishly distributed on top of the rock as well as around of it. Cryptogams like Marchantia, Funaria and Selaginella were found abundantly. Very limited distribution of Adiantum and Actinopteris species also found beneath the rocks of this area. Rare species, snake tongue fern Ophioglossum species has been reporting at first in Siddipet district and it is constrained to very limited area within finger count. Angiosperms: Butea, Borasus, Ficus sps, Neem, Andrographis, Tribulus, Pongamia, Cyper and Cleome spp…etc. were found commonly. The field observations have shown evolutionarily important species all at a place. In the present study explored the diversified vegetative forms concern to 54 families with 142 species and has been reporting of true plant diversity of this area in the form of photos and data.

Organic farming is the need of the hour to sustain Agriculture. Organic manure and Organic fertilizer not only improves the quality of the Soil but also control all types of Pollution. There are several organic resources available for growing plants such as Natural Compost (Cow dung), Vermicompost, Panchakavyam, Fish Amino acid etc. The present investigation aimed to study the effect of new compost obtained from decomposing sugarcane leaf waste by using Bacteria obtained from cashew nut shell waste and groundnut shell waste processing sites, on the germination of green gram Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek, which has been compared with Natural compost, Vermicompost and Inorganic Fertilizer and control. The study revealed that the bacterial compost was more effective in bringing about germination and seedling growth compared to vermicompost, Natural compost and Inorganic Fertilizer. Poor results were observed in Inorganic fertiliser treatment

This study was aimed to assess the possible toxic effects and to identify the rough safety margin of lemongrass essential oil-water emulsion after single oral administration in mice. In this study, Swiss albino mice placed in nine groups each containing six animals were used. The eight treatment groups were administered with increasing doses of 0.5ml/kg to 4.0ml/kg body weight test doses spaced by 0.5ml/kg. The control group animals were received vehicle. In the two weeks period of acute toxicity evaluation, test doses below 2.5ml/kg body weight does not produce obvious toxic effects. However, some toxicity signs and deaths of mice were recorded at doses higher than 2.5ml/kg body weight. Generally, the lemongrass oil emulsion was not toxic at doses below 2.5ml/kg after single oral administration in mice.

This study was aimed to analyze the cases of vicariance from Acanthaceae family using the phytogeographic systems of Robyns (1948) for Central Africa and White (1979, 1986) for tropical Africa. It covered 9181 samples (48 genus, 310 species) harvested in DR Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. A geographic information system was used to produce the potential distribution maps. The uniformity of sampling density was assessed by the Pielou evenness index. It was observed that some of the phytogeographic territories have been explored more than others. Consequently, maps reflecting the potential distribution, based on harvesting locations and environmental variables, were produced to better determine the ecological niches of the species and the cases of vicariance. Two types of vicariance have been determined at the genus and subspecies level. For the phytogeographic territories of Robyns, 27 ecological vicariance pairs and six pairs of geographic vicariance were identified at the genus level; at the level of the subspecies, six pairs of ecological vicariance and two pairs of geographic vicariance were observed. Concerning the phytogeographic territories of White, 43 pairs of ecological vicariance and seven pairs of geographic vicariance were observed at the genus level; five ecological vicariance pairs and a pair of geographic vicariance were identified at the subspecies level. This study also revealed two zones of speciation that were the refuge zones and, consequently, as areas of high biological diversity (hotspots). The observations mentioned above are not only important from a phytogeographic point of view (speciation zones), but also for conservation policies development.

The objective of this investigation is the comparative study of antibacterial and antifungal potentials of citric acid and tartartic acid based nano composites on the growth inhibition of some important pathogenic fungi and bacteria in vitro. The study is to assess the antimicrobial activity and to determine the zone of inhibition of nanocomposites on some bacterial and fungal strains. In the present study, the microbial activity of (Tartartic acid + Glycerol + n-HAp) TAGH and (Citric acid + Glycerol + n-HAp) CAGH nanocomposites was evaluated for potential antimicrobial activity against medically important bacterial and fungal strains such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi and fungi namely Candida albicans, Trichoderma viride, Rhizopus microspores. Antibacterial activity of the extracts was determined by disc diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar (MHA) medium. Antifungal activity of the extracts was determined by disc diffusion method on Sabouraud Dextrose agar (SDA) medium. The assay was performed by agar disc diffusion method. The results demonstrated that citric acid has more bactericidal and fungicidal activities than those of tartaric acid against all pathogenic bacteria and fungi tested. The small size of the Nanomedicine is very suitable for carrying out antimicrobial biological operations. Further research is needed to assess the efficacy of citric and tartaric acids as inhibitors of bacterial and fungal growth in clinical trials, especially in treatment of patients with microbial infections.

A survey was carried out in four districts of North Karnataka to study the prevalence of Ixodid ticks infesting domestic animals. A total of 621 domestic animals were screened out of which in 360 animals were infested. Out of the five groups of domestic animals the infestation was maximum in Buffalo with 79.04% and minimum in Goats with 44.516%. Amongst the four ticks identified Hyalomma sp. dominated with 45.27% of infestation and Boophilus microplus with least infestation of 2.2%

The human beings have to pass through various changes and stages in their life time. Ageing and its physical and mental changes are so obvious and inevitable. Ayurveda being the science of life has thrown considerable light on the biology of ageing and related aspects. That knowledge is described under the discipline of Rasayana tantra. The medicine which is able to delay the ageing and cures diseases is called Rasayana. It has a comprehensive influence on the body and mind resulting into a physical, physiological and psychological improvement of an individual with prevention of ageing, improvement of mental faculties and development of immunity. Charaka has given top priority to the Rasayana and included it in Chikitsa sthana first four subchapters and in detail. Sushruta mentioned it in middle of Chikitsa sthana i.e. 27th to 30th chapters, whereas Vagbhata emphasized it in the end of the Samhita i.e. 39th chapter in Uttara tantra. Charaka dedicated four elaborated chapters to the Rasayana, while Sushruta described it in four medium sized chapters, but Vagbhata quoted it in a single chapter. Above description suggesting notable fall in the significance of this specialized branch due to the remarkable increase in the disease incidence and there by authors of the books forced to concentrate on the curative aspect of the diseases rather than preventive aspect. Keeping this in view, the study has been taken up to pickup most efficacious Rasayanas which are able to cure the diseases (Naimittika Rasayanas) as well as providing long and healthy life, especially from the medieval works.

Medicinal plants have been used for centuries as remedies for human diseases and continue to do important services at human being. These plants have served as a very important replacement for the resistant strains. Aqueous, chloroform and methanol extracts of Guibourtia ehie and Syzygium rowlandii were evaluated for phytochemical analyses, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion and microdilution assays. Antioxidant Activity Index (AAI) was determined for antioxidant activity evaluation. Phytochemical screening showed also high total phenol, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, triterpenes and proanthocyanidins. The extracts of Guibourtia ehie reduce the concentration of DPPH free radical, IC50 values are 34.0 ± 0.15 μg/mL and 49.0± 0.19 μg/mL for water and methanol extracts. Oxidation of β-carotene is inhibited by methanolic and aqueous extracts (55.64 ± 0.05% and 68.4 ± 0.05%). The IC50 of S. rowlandii is 91.5 ± 0.15 mg/mL. The relative antioxidant activity of methanol extracts was 95.4 %. However, water extract of Guibourtia ehie and methanol extract of Syzygium rowlandii had strong effects, AAI are 2.31 and 8.54, and can be compared to AAI of Vitamin C and BHT (AAI values of 11.32 and 7.85, respectively). The results of susceptibility testing with extracts of Guibourtia ehie and Syzygium rowlandii show that these plants exhibit the growth of nearly all microorganisms used in the essay. The study confirm the multiple uses of Guibourtia ehie and Syzygium rowlandii for the treatment of many infectious diseases and place them as candidate for further investigations for traditional drug utilizable as complementary and alternative medicines development and new active compounds.

So far, the problem of harmful impact of vibrations on children when riding in safety seats in a car has not been sufficiently tackled. In the field of design of child safety seats, most effort was made to ensure safety during a collision because this is the main function of such seats. On the other hand, children significantly differ from adults in respect of their anatomy and physiology. The issue of the influence of vibrations on adult people’s bodies has been relatively well described, which is reflected in numerous normative acts having been adopted. For children, however, the studies on these issues are still at an early stage and there are no normative acts of this kind. The child should be treated in a special way, differently from the adult. The paper covers experimental tests related to the impact of vertical vibrations on the body of a child riding in a car in a safety seat. Results of road tests carried out for various road surface types as well as results of rig tests have been analysed and comparisons have been made in the frequency domain.

A simple and effective RP-HPLC method had been developed for the estimation of Paracetamol and Etodolac in tablet dosage form, using Inertsil ODS C18 (250 x 4.6 mm, 5m.), mobile phase Acetonitrile and water (60:40), detection wavelength at 269 nm, at flow rate of 1ml/min at retention time 3.206 min for paracetamol, 4.825 min for etodolac. Linearity was obtained in the range of 18.46 µg/ml to 55.38 µg/ml for paracetamol and etodolac. The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.999 for the drugs. The Recovery studies were performed for paracetamol and etodolac in the range of 50% - 150 %. The % Assay for paracetamol is 98.85% and etodolac is 99.81 %. Forced Degradation studies were conducted according to the ICH guidelines and the Drug Product was found to be stable in all conditions. Hence, the method could be successfully applied for routine analysis of Paracetamol and Etodolac in combined dosage form.

Electrical energy plays pivotal role to human advances in industry, smart city planning, food, agriculture, health and economic growth. The diminishing fossil/ bio fuel, coal, associated environmental issues and squat hydropower generation cannot level the increasing energy demand of modern man. To improve the lag, the renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, micro-hydel and geothermal etc. are to be harnessed. Solar photo voltaicmodules (SPVM) plants are proved popular and abundant source for generating huge electricity. Solar photo voltaic power by modern technology has reduced the cost of purchase and installation of SPVM. India has electricity in 96.7% Villages but in-house supply is only 69% and 4billion people were deprived of electricity by 2014. Houses in Peninsular eastern states have conventional electric power 20hrs/day are Jharkhand (2%), UP (5%), Bihar (8%), Odisha (23%) and MP (26%). The present research compare the history and Solar photovoltaic (SPV) technology development, present status in India with other solar power producing countries generating solar power. For easy access to the technology, for choice of different SPV plants, design of SPV/PSO unit from 1KW, 2KW, 5KW, 10KW (both on grid and off grid) for various population areas has been done. For small townships to cottage industries, the SPV power plants of size 1MW and 5MW are also designed. Attempt has also been made to take suggestive measures for reduction in cost of installation and unit cost of generation to make the SPV industry popular.

Metal magnetic memory (MMM) testing technique is a novel testing method which can early test stress concentration status of ferromagnetic components. Adopting the combination method of experimental research and simulation analysis, and the influences of notch characteristics on magnetic memory signals were studied. In the experiment, the Q235 steel specimens with different defects were taken as the object of study, the mechanical characteristics of the static tension curve are studied, and the relationship between the magnetic memory signal with the tensile stress was studied. In the aspect of simulation analysis, under different tensile stresses, the distribution characteristics of stress and magnetic signal were simulation analyzed on different paths of double defect specimens, which is consistent with the test results basically. The results show that semicircular notch is more potential danger than V-shaped notch specimen; The normal component of magnetic flux leakage and gradient value in stress concentration of double associated notch specimen are no longer applicable for evaluating stress concentration degree of double associated notch. The conclusions are of great significance to the quantitative detection and further research of metal magnetic memory testing technology.

This paper addresses the Case study on seismic analysis of high rise building system (Ground+ 3Basements+50) storey RCC by STAAD pro v8i with application of Indian standard provisions. One of the most frightening and destructive phenomena of a nature is a severe earthquake and it terrible after effect. It is highly impossible to prevent an earth quake from occurring, but the damage to the buildings can be controlled through proper design and detailing. Hence it is mandatory to do the seismic analysis and design to structures against collapse. Designing a structure in such a way that reducing damage during an earthquake makes the structure quite uneconomical, as the earth quake might or might not occur in its life time and is a rare phenomenon. This study mainly on to understanding the results from STAAD Pro v8i software under gravity loads provision made in IS 456:2000, Results shall satisfy the general criteria from being a failure after analysis Results to improve The accuracy as per IS code 1893 : 2002.

Two UV-absorbers, Tinuvin P, 2-(2-hydroxy-.5-methyl-phenyl)-2H-benzotriazole and Tinuvin 320 (benzotriazole of unknown formula) were used as active agents in this work. These were added in several amounts in water-based disperse ink-jet inks. The surface tension, pH, viscosity and conductivity of the prepared formulations were monitored over a period of 90 days in order to estimate the ink stability and the compatibility of the UV-absorbers with the ink constituents. The inks were used for ink-jet printing of polyester polyamide and polyacrylonitrile samples. Fastness and colour properties of the samples were measured. Quantitative determination of the UV-absorbers extracted of the printed sample was also made.

School leaders occupy a very important position for influencing actions of other people in achieving desirable outcomes. Their leadership provides essential sense of direction in their organizations. Educational institutions in Africa, Kenya inclusive are marred by turbulent situations that disrupt the teaching and learning processes. This article examines the type of emerging turbulent situations existing in school organizations. It examines the different types of leadership styles adopted by school administrators to create order and address issues appropriately. The study was anchored on situational leadership theory. A mixed method particularly convergent parallel Mixed Method Design with both qualitative and quantitative paradigms guided the study. In Quantitative Cross sectional survey was adopted while in qualitative phenomenology. The study targeted primary head teachers, teachers, County Education Officers and the students in primary schools in Kenya. Stratified random sampling technique was utilized to select students and teachers to participate in the study. The Schools that experienced major turbulences were purposively selected and their head teachers automatically included in the study. Data collection instruments were questionnaire, semi structured interview guide and observation checklist which were all subjected to content validity. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages summarized quantitative data. Data from semi structured interviews was organized into themes based on research questions and reported in direct quotations and narratives. The findings showed that head teachers employed diverse leadership styles in calming difficulty turbulent situations. The most disastrous one autocratic leadership style. Here some head teachers minimally involved the students and teachers in making decisions on matters affecting them. Vandalism was observable in such schools. Head teachers who used situational leadership style seemed to have contained the situation effectively. The study recommended that all head teachers should attend refresher courses to be inducted on tenets of situational leadership style. Any teacher aspiring to become a principal must show a certificate on courses done on leadership and management. Similar courses should be included in teacher education curriculum to equip pre-service teachers with leadership skills which when used appropriately harmonizes situations and learning.

This paper takes a look at the various roles of rural women in the use of medicinal plants in Kogi State, Nigeria. This is with a view to fashioning out strategies that can help to improve the involvement of rural women in the use of medicinal plants in the Study area. Five local government areas (LGAs) out of twenty one LGAs in the study area were randomly selected. Four villages were randomly selected from each of the selected LGAs to make a total of 20 villages. Ten rural women were randomly selected in each village to make a total of 200 respondents. Pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire were used to obtain information from the randomly selected women. The results of the study showed that rural women are involved in the collection, preparation, dispensing and sale of medicinal plants. Chi-square test (p< 0.05) shows that educational qualification of rural women has a significant association with their involvement in the use of medicinal plants. However chi-square test (p>0.05) shows that the income level of rural women has no significant association with their involvement in the use of medicinal plants. In view of this the following strategies were fashioned out to improve the roles of rural women in the use of medicinal plants in the study area. They include enforcement of improved ethical practices, dissemination of information to medicinal plants practitioners, promoting branding and labeling of medicinal plants and organizing workshops for medicinal plants practitioners.

The study investigated the relationship between the quality assurance function played by UNBS and consumer safety in Kampala, Uganda. The population comprised traders and business owners in the capital city and the sample consisted of business people who had licenses issued by the bureau in the Kikuubo area, where most of the trade for imported and manufactured goods in the city takes place. The specific objectives were; (i) to determine the relationship between standardization requirement by UNBS and consumer safety; (ii) to ascertain the relationship between the traders’ compliance requirement by UNBS and consumer safety; and (iii) to establish the relationship between the enforcement function performed by UNBS and consumer safety. Results revealed that there is a significant and positive relationship between consumer safety and; (1) standardization requirement [r =. 569**, p < 0.0001]; (2) traders’ compliance requirement [r =. 340**, p < 0.004]; and (3) enforcement function [r =. 688**, p < 0.0001]. Regression results however indicated that it is only the enforcement function by UNBS that has a significant and positive effect on consumer safety in the city [β = .776, t = 4.438, p < 0.0001]. It is therefore recommended that UNBS strengthens its strategies to ensure that quality products are on market and that it is not only confiscation of products but that manufacturers take full responsibility for offering substandard products to the customers including a total burn and prosecuting them in the courts of law.

Guidance and counseling service has essential role in supporting students take on suitable conduct in the school environment. The purpose of this study was to examine the status of guidance and counseling service in governmental public secondary schools in Ilubabor Zone, Mettu town, Mettu comprehensive and preparatory School in focus. The study employed a descriptive survey design. Target population was 1,375 which comprised of 1,327(Male=726, Female=601) grade 9-12 students and 48(Male=36, Female=12) teachers. From Non-probability sampling design, purposive type was used to select 133 students, 5 teachers and 1 school director. A thematic analysis was done after data’s’ are transcribed and organized into their themes. The result of the study shows that, students encounter diverse academic and psychosocial problems that need the assistance of guidance counselor. Furthermore, the study showed that greater part of the school community are not accessing school guidance and counseling services primarily due to lack of Professional guidance and counseling service provider. The study concluded that guidance and counseling service have scantily contributed to students as a result of lack of professional personnel, inadequate facilities, and ineffective strategies of guidance and counseling were being used in the target school. The study recommended that guidance and counseling service established and strengthened by recruiting professional and facilitating suitable facilities.

Face to face communication is the primary means of communication. It is older than language itself. Verbal and non verbal communication, the two major ingredients of face to face communication. Messages are interpreted through verbal and non verbal cues. Generally, people focus more on verbal expressions than non verbal communication. But non verbal communication plays a major role in sending and receiving messages. Face to face communication is not simple as it appears to be, it evokes cultural and individual consciousness while exchanging messages and views. The paper attempts to evince the role of cultural relativity, linguistic relativity and impact of technology in face to face to communication. The paper further highlights the need and importance of face to face communication today. Suitable references from select authors are illuminated in the paper to project nuances of face to face communication.

The following article analyzes the term renewability or Sustainability through a documentary research of its antecedents. Therefore, it exposes the different conceptions of the term, under the viewpoint of several theorists, as well as the developments obtained by the UN (Organization of the United Nations), in its different assemblies and forums; which demonstrated that sustainability presents a framework of antecedents with proper characteristics of the context, in the different elements which make up the concept of sustainable development.

In this text I will focus on the study of the city of Aversa, a small town of 53080 citizens situated in the province of Caserta, in the region of Campania. It will be the opportunity to give prominence to a place that has a great artistic, cultural and architectural heritage, too often forgotten. The city is placed in the middle of a flat territory known as “Agro Aversano”, a great rural area of the ancient “Land of work”, also known as “Campania Felix”. The city was given by the count of Naples Sergio IV to the Norman Rainulfo Drengot and it was the first norman county in Italy. It had an interesting territory development thanks to different dominations by the Normans, the Aragonese, the Angioini and the Borbonics. The city had an interesting urbanistic implant, with a radiocentric scheme that connected the preesistent and the new villages into four mural circles inserted into a part of the centuriation of the Ager Campanus. Its artistic heritage has a great monumental relevance. It is currently the second most populous city of the province and the 17th of the region.

Though the Internet provides a new means for conducting business but fundamental of doing business remain unchanged. The present study has designed to examine the marketing strategy on internet. For this purpose, it says that by integrating the Internet technology into the marketing strategy, business firms will be able to use the Internet as a tool to gain competitive advantage, this article explains Internet marketing mix, which consists five P’s: product, price, promotion, place and personalization. The concept of marketing has not changed in essential has a result of using the Internet as a new marketing channel but Internet offers an unlimited opportunity for business. Internet marketing goes beyond banner advertising and e-mail marketing. It includes all the activity aimed at creating a distinct niche for the business like segmentation, differentiation etc.

Dropping out is a phenomenon presented at different educational levels that make up the National Education System in Mexico. The economic factor is one of the main causes contributing dropping outs. As a result, this research’s main goal has to do with analyzing economic aspects as the main factor that contributes to dropping outs at upper levels in the Faculty of Educational Sciences in the Universidad Autónoma del Carmen, in the municipality of Carmen, Campeche, Mexico.

Water scarcity is an everyday problem in the city of Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India, and it greatly intensifies during the summers. The present survey was performed to understand the level of public awareness and the general perception of the residents of Gwalior with regard to water as a resource today and in future. A questionnaire comprising of 30 questions was given to the respondents to generate qualitative and quantitative data. The questions also asked for demographic background including age, gender, education and monthly income. The survey was conducted from April 2017 to June 2017. Out of 120 respondents, 100 (83.33%) completed the survey. Maximum participants were male (65%), belonging to 31-40 years of age group (60%), 54% were 12th pass and 30% were house wives. Most of them believed that water supply is the government responsibility (82%). Maximum participants consumed 50-100 liters of water daily (56%). A significant fraction was not serious about the scarcity of water (32%), though the majority of them believed that water should be conserved for future generation (54%). Maximum participants perceived water as a human right (43%). To conclude, water needs to be considered as important part of life and methods to conserve water in our area must be adopted that can prevent water shortage mainly in summer.

The predominantly paper based erstwhile environment all these contents were put tosimilar types of use, and copyright restrictions were imposed based on the quantum ofpages copied etc. In the electronic and digital perspective, owners of information areresorting to punitive measures regarding the use and contents in digital form. Some ofthe constraints faced by our libraries to engage in serious digital initiatives are three fold- that of money, manpower and contents. Most of our libraries, particularly in the highereducation and research institutes solely depend on the information providers andpublishers in the developed world to satisfy their urge for vital contents that inspireindigenous research. Since contents are a major ingredient in digital librarydevelopment, the pragmatic and viable way out for libraries is to judiciously judge themas available in electronic forms in optical media or on Web and procure at least some ofthem for hosting locally. This paper presents some of the major issues involved in such acritical activity with some illustrative examples available like IEE/IEEE ElectronicLibrary, Indian Standards on CD-ROM, Science Direct, and Web access of IndianAcademy of Sciences journals. The justification for selecting external contents has alsobeen mentioned. A detailed checklist for evaluating contents is presented from variousangles, like authenticity of content, user interface, search and display capabilities,documentation and technical support, and Media dependent features.

This study has been conducted to examine the mental maturity and self-actualization on teaching competency of second year D.T.Ed., students. Totally 72 teacher trainees has been taken from District Institute of Education and Training in Madurai district. The random sampling technique was used in this study. Self-actualization inventory was developed by Wilsow and Kneisl, (1983), mental maturity and teaching competency questionnaire prepared by the investigators were used in this study. Survey method was employed in this study. The data was analyzed statistically by using mean, standard deviation,‘t’ test and correlation coefficient. This study revealed that “most of the students in DIET have moderate level of mental maturity, self-actualization and teaching competency. Also this study revealed that there is significant difference between the mean scores of self-actualization of second year D.T.Ed. students with respect to locality, but there is no significant difference in the mean scores of mental maturity and teaching competency with reference to locality. Also, there is no significant difference in the mean scores of self-actualization, mental maturity and teaching competency of second year D.T.Ed., students with respect to gender, age, marital status, staying, parents educational qualification, parents annual income and newspaper reading. Researchers found that “there is a positive correlation among mental maturity, self-actualization and teaching competency of second year D.T.Ed. students but mental maturity and teaching competency have low correlation between them. From the findings of this research, researchers concluded that it is necessary to develop mental maturity, self-actualization and teaching competency among second year D.T.Ed., students. Also, it is the duty of our teacher educators nurtures the teacher trainees to improve their mental maturity and self-actualization which influences teaching competency.

The government of Kenya in Parents Teachers Association partnership with religious sponsors, Parents Teachers Association, politicians, Board of Management and principals provide financial, human and physical resources to enhance education of girls and boys in schools. However with all these measures in place, girls in Siaya County schools performance in Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education Examinations was generally low compared to national where few girls have featured in 100 best students. For the last four years in Siaya County the performance has been average with mean scores of 6.21, 6.90, 6.05 and 6.80 for the years 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 compared to the boys schools mean scores of 7.73, 7.73, 7.56 and 8.27 for the same period. The objective of this study was to establish contribution of education stakeholders to school quality leadership in the provision of quality education to girls in public secondary schools in Siaya County. A conceptual framework showing the relationship between independent variables (contribution of stakeholders) and dependent variables (quality leadership was used to guide the study). The study used descriptive survey design. The study population was 155 consisting of principals, Deputy Principals, Directors of Studies, Board of Management chairpersons, Parents Teachers Association rents Teachers Association chairpersons, Sub County Quality Assurance and Standards Officers and Church Education Secretaries. Quantitative data was analyzed using percentages, means and t-test. Qualitative data from interviews and open ended questions was transcribed, analyzed and reported in emergent themes and sub themes according to objectives of the study. The study established that the principals and Board of Managements contributed highly to schools’ quality leadership as indicated by means of 4.17 and 3.60 respectively. The areas of contribution included conflict resolution, team teaching and guidance and counseling services. The study recommended that all stakeholders should improve on their contributions to enhance the girls’ academic achievement.

En guise d’illustration de jeux d’argent, il en existe une panoplie dont la roulette, notamment mentionnée dans Le Joueurde Fiodor Dostoïevski. Dans cette œuvre, le personnage principal, Alexeï, expose un revers de situation, occasionné par son addiction au jeu. Cela étant, il perdra à bien d’occasions ses gains, n’ayant pas su s’arrêter à temps. Dostoïevski présente ainsi les tensions qui habitent les joueurs de roulette, qui motivés par l’appât du gain, peuvent en de brefs instants gagner ou perdre des sommes colossales. Il dévoile également la sensation du goût du risque, de même que les joueurs invétérés pourqui rien ne démord, au point qu’ils ne peuvent s’arrêter malgré eux, qu’au moment crucial, lorsqu’ils ont tout perdu.

Rheumatoid Arthritis is a severe, progressive, systemic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology characterized by chronic and erosive polyarthritis by abnormal growth of synovial tissue or pannus and causes irreversible joint disability. The diagnosis of RA, particularly early in the course of disease is empirical and imprecise. A study was carried out on 100 patients who were presented with polyarthritis within one year of presentation. The patients were divided into two groups. 50 patients who fulfilled the ARA criteria for RA were included in Group A. Again 50 patients who had polyarthritis but not fulfilled the ARA criteria were included in Group B. The patients were evaluated clinically and investigated. The anti CCP antibody was analyzed in relation with its sensitivity and specificity and also with different activity markers of RA. It was found that the specificity and sensitivity of Anti CCP was 86% and 64% respectively in early presentation of RA. The activity marker of RA were significantly correlated (DAS 28 score r=0.912; CRP, r=0.323; and VAS, r=0.382) with the increasing titre of Anti CCP (p<0.01). ESR were not correlated with the increasing titre of anti-CCP levels (r=0.016, p>0.05). Anti – CCP has high specificity and moderate sensitivity in the early presentation of RA. So it can be used as a reliable serological marker for early diagnosis of RA. The increasing titre also significantly correlated with increasing disease activity markers. So anti-CCP can be used as a reliable serological marker for early diagnosis and assessment of disease severity.