May 2020

The present study is concerned with tree populations and the attempt was made to study the effect of anthropogenic according to altitudinal height in Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary of Jharkhand, India. We have compared the few tree based species characteristics like density, basal area, diversity, and tree species composition along three altitude based study zones existing between 199m – 603m height creating 54 quadrates, each of size 10m × 10m. The total richness of tree species in the study area was recorded as 2471 individuals of 25 families were reported among the three zones. Shannon Weinner diversity index varied from 25 to 41 and 3.07 to 3.997 respectively along study zones of Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary. Lowest number of species (SR=25) was found from lower zone due to maximum disturvance of anthropogenic cause while least disturbed zone possessed highest number of species (SR=41). Middle zone occupied an intermediate position with respect to species richness (SR=29). The Similarity value (Si) also indicates that the highest value shown by the combination of upper zone and middle zone forest (0.707) followed by upper zone and lower zone (0.609). The combination of upper zone and middle zone, upper and lower zone, middle and lower zone forest exhibits slightly lower degree of similarity with the value of 0.707, 0.609 and 0.606 respectively. In conclusion, the degree of similarity for the entire three zone forest is low. The floristic similarity analysis between the three zones of Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary of Jharkhand show the similarity value range from 0.606 – 0.707 which is floristically low in similarity indicating heterogeneity in the species composition.

Previously, water was regarded as a free commodity, considered unlimited in quantity and available as required, however, with continued population growth and diversified demands, the resource is becoming increasingly scarce and often of inferior quality due to pollution. The study assessed the water quality of open wells and boreholes in Tolon District. Data was taken at 6 days intervals for a period of twenty-two (22) months. Mean salinity level of open wells and boreholes were in the range of 0.02 ppt to 0.15 ppt and 0.55 ppt to 0.82 ppt respectively. The results indicated that salinity in all open wells was below 0.50 ppt considered standard for good drinking water whilst the boreholes were above the recommended standards. Turbidity of open wells was between 32.75 to 369 NTU and above the WHO acceptable standard of 5 NTU for drinking water but with borehole turbidity ranging from 0.61 to 2.65 NTU. Aside geology, seasonality was identified as a factor affecting water quality as salinity and other parameters were higher in the dry season than the wet season. A positive correlation existed between salinity and reduced water levels in open wells with source as groundwater and a coefficient of correlation (r) ranging from 0.511 to 0.876. The study noted that water quality monitoring is very important in delivery of the desired and acceptable potable water for human use as local climatic factors with associated water withdrawals and recharge rates greatly influenced the water quality of boreholes and open-wells.

The outcome of the radiotherapy depends on how precisional dose deliver to the treatment volume which should not be exceeded more that ± 5% of the prescribed dose. Among the several factors that effects on accurate dose delivery to the tumor, the absorbed dose measurement plays a major role. For the accuracy of dose measurement, several national and international protocols such as TRS-277, TRS-398, TG-51 and DIN-6800-2 are currently being used for the dosimetry of photon, electron and ion beams. The IAEA protocols TRS-277 (air Kerma, Nk) and TRS-398 (absorbed dose to water, ND,W) are familiar and popular that are used worldwide. The purpose of this work is to study on (a) periodical consistency of calibration factors of ionization chamber, (b) accuracy that involved in absorbed dose determination in the IAEA protocols TRS-277 and TRS-398 for high energy X-ray beam and (c) traceability of the dose measurement by participating IAEA/WHO TLD intercomparison program. A total number of 13 ionization chambers of which 12 thimble and 1 parallel plate are calibrated with 60Co in-terms ND,W factor against the reference standard of SSDL, Bangladesh. The deviation of calibration factor by manufacturer’s stated value and present measurement lies in between 0.13-3.38% with an uncertainties of ± 1.4% (coverage factor k=1). The average deviation of absorbed dose measurement between two different dosimetry protocols TRS-277 and TRS-398 were found within ± 1.59% for 4 MV and 15 MV LINAC photon beams which shows an excellent agreement with other measurement in the literature. The results obtained by the participation of IAEA/WHO intercomparison program ensures the traceability of present work with excellent agreement with IAEA standard.

Pathogenesis of diabetes is complex and there is an interplay between genetic and environmental factors. While it is impossible to change genetic conditions at present, we do have an impact on the environmental ones. Symptoms of both Type 1 & Type 2 diabetes usually increase slowly, and therefore the patient does not pay attention to them for a long time. If diabetes is diagnosed early, and treatment is carefully planned and carried out, it is possible in many cases to achieve recovery from the clinical symptoms. Nowadays we have many modern drugs available that greatly facilitate good metabolic alignment of Type 1 & Type 2 diabetes, but till 90s pharmacological treatment was limited to insulin, metformin and sulfonylurea. Treatment for Type 1 & Type 2 diabetes must be undertaken with a view to reducing insulin resistance. Studies show that proper diet and physical activity are much more effective in preventing the development of Type 1 & Type 2 diabetes than any drug available and they are both first treatment of choice. If this is not satisfactory, or if the patient is unsuccessful, pharmacotherapy is needed. Metformin is most often used at the beginning. If the treatment applied does not give satisfactory results, it is necessary to extend the pharmacotherapy – in this case, incretin drugs and Sodium-glucose linked transporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2 inhibitors) are recommended. Acarbose preparations (alpha- glucosidase inhibitors) are also used as supportive treatment. Currently, drugs from the sulfonylurea group are being introduced less and less often, as their use may cause hypoglycemic conditions as well as weight gain. When the use of oral medications appears to be insufficient for metabolic control, the inclusion of injections of insulin is considered.

In all aspects of the school and its surrounding education community, the rights of the whole child, and all children, to survival, protection, development and participation are at the centre. This means that the focus is on learning which strengthens the capacities of children to act progressively on their own behalf through the acquisition of relevant knowledge, useful skills and appropriate attitudes; and which creates for children, and helps them create for themselves and others, places of safety, security and healthy interaction. (Bernard, 1999)

The use of bioindicators in monitoring programmes is helpful to detect environmental status or to evaluate the efficacy of measures taken to improve environmental quality and to anticipate emerging problems. Nematodes are highly diversified group of animals on earth and excellent indicator organism for determination of environmental status at the place under investigation. This review draws the importance of nematode as biological indicator of environmental status.

Globally, stakeholders in learning institutions have strived to improve the schools’ physical environments in attempt to enhance learning outcomes of learners. The gist of this study was to establish whether the current status of the physical environment in the public secondary schools in Nairobi County have been mainstreamed to positively influence on the learning outcomes. The objectives of the study were: establish the extent of sufficiency of school land sizes; determine the status of schools land security of tenure; establish the status of maintenance of school buildings and; ascertain the adequacy of facilities for learning. The study adopted the case study research design. Public secondary schools were stratified into boys, girls and mixed categories. A further stratification along eight geopolitical divisions resulted into a sample of 39 schools. Results from a revised Commonwealth Association of Physical Environment (CAPE) questionnaire administered revealed that the overall average quality of mixed schools’ index of 126 was lower than that of boys’ and girls’ schools. The indices for boys’ and girls’ schools were both equal to 134. A framework of improving school facilities from the foregoing results was, therefore, suggested with key features of upgrading old facilities, improve school grounds and controlling physical development around educational facilities

Purpose of this research is that the time has come to evaluate our societal structure to preserve the root of our Hindu culture and protect the our Hindu Santana Sanskrit. We are in 21st century, in the Era of Globalization and Hi-Tech Technologies and thus world has become global village in the form of mobile in every human hand. In such a fast changing world, its our duty to preserve our original Root of Santana Dharma, Hindu culture is so Rich and progressive since ages, its traces are found since back 5000 years. The institution of marriage is an oldest social institution and provides a foundation on which whole super structure of civilization and prosperity is built, its our duty to protect essence of Hindu Marriage and its uniqueness.

China and Pakistan regard the CPEC as a new source of potential synergy between their respective national development strategies, which may help the two countries, translate their close political cooperation into multifaceted economic cooperation, attain mutual benefits, and achieve win-win outcomes. For the economic corridor to reach its potential, however, there are security and political challenges in Pakistan that must be addressed. China’s presence in the Global South has increased dramatically over a decade. The discourse of mutual benefit and non-intervention has attracted much attention in the developing world, which is now facing the consequences of Western interventions. However, the extent to which Chinese engagement in the developing world stays true to these principles needs to be evaluated in terms of its effects on the political-economic structures of the host nations. This study analyses how China and the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is interacting with the political and economic realities of Pakistan. Firstly, the study traces the history of regionalism in Pakistan and shows that over the years, the developmental mission of the central state has created deep-seated regionalism in Pakistan. The study shows that CPEC is deepening such cleavages. The regionalist forces have opposed the project in two broad ways: by demanding a greater share in the project or by completely rejecting the interventions. Secondly, the study analyses the lop-sided civil-military relations in Pakistan and concludes that Chinese engagement in Pakistan is leading to the military’s tighter control of civilian and economic matters relating to CPEC.

L’abcès du cervelet est une localisation peu habituelle des abcès encéphaliques il peut survenir au cours des infections de l’oreille moyenne et mastoïde. La contamination se fait généralement par contiguïté, le germe le plus fréquent est le streptocoque B. Le diagnostic doit être suspecté devant une suppuration otomastoïdienne avec un syndrome d’hypertension intracrânien et un syndrome cérébelleux. L’imagerie est l’examen clé pour le diagnostic et thérapeutique. Le traitement chirurgical doit être choisi en fonction de la taille et le besoin d’identification du germe. Qui doit être suivit par un traitement de la porte d’entrée.

Firstly the novel coronavirus occurred in WUHAN city (CHINA), then it has rapidly spread across China and many other countries. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 coronavirus disease outbreak a pandemic. The danger of that virus doesn’t lay mostly on its lethality but on its strong transmissibility. The clinical symptoms of COVID-19 patients include fever, dry cough, fatigue and sometimes abdominal pain. The elderly and people with underlying chronic diseases represent a higher risk of complications. There still no consensus regarding the best antiviral treatment, but a large variety of drugs have been tested and have shown good outcomes ( chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, Remdesivir, lopinavir and ritonavir…). In this review, we summarized the signs and symptoms, the transmission modes of COVID-19, we detailed the diagnosis and the updates regarding its treatment, and concluded with the epidemiologic state in Morocco and the actions taken by the government to avoid the spreading of the virus.

In the context of respecting tissue economy, prosthetic implant prosthesis is the first therapeutic choice for the restoration of an anterior edentation, but this treatment option presents numerous medical and surgical contraindications. Therefore, bonded bridge is an interesting alternative rehabilitation. Its design has progressed over time. With the appearance of new ceramic systems, one of the retainers disappeared creating a new type of bonded bridge: “the all-ceramic cantilever bonded bridge”. This therapeutic proposal, which remains largely unknown to practitioners, requires a description and a precise codification of its main clinical aspects in order to be able to democratize it with a maximum security. Our article aims to review the indications, clinical stages and longevity of bonded ceramic cantilever bridges.

Background: Knee-osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative articular cartilage disease, combined with variable and gradually advancing thigh muscle weakness leading to functional impairments. The population worldwide, is ageing and age-related osteoarthritis is the leading cause of disability, radiographically evident in one out of four individuals between 56–84 years’ old. Osteoarthritis is the primary cause of long-term disability and is ranked second among all pathologies that result in reduced physical activity of all joints, the knee is most frequently affected by OA, which leads to the greatest loss in functional performance and incurs the highest social costs as compared to any other type of arthritis or site of OA. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find the association of physical performance among community dwelling elderly population with and without knee joint osteoarthritis. Subject and Method: 12 subject were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subjects were selected by convenient sampling method. They were divided into 2 groups of knee osteoarthritis and without knee osteoarthritis. To evaluate physical performance in elder’s time up and go test was conducted. The time taken to complete the task of TUG is recorded and then analyse. Result: Time taken to complete the time up and go test was analysed and compare between groups of knee osteoarthritis and without knee osteoarthritis by Unpaired t test (pvalue = <0.0001). Age was compared in between group and it came not significant. BMI in participants with knee OA was higher than in participate without knee OA. When KL Grading and TUGT was compared in group A pvalue: <0.0001 extremely significant. As KL grading was higher the time taken to complete TUGT was also more. Conclusion: Participant with knee joint osteoarthritis takes more time to complete the TUGT than participant without knee osteoarthritis. BMI in participant with OA was higher than in participant without OA. Higher KL Grading value also leads to more time to complete TUGT.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare disease progressing by flares which can affect both sexes at any age. The lesions can be localiseted or multifocal; the organs most frequently affected are the bone, the lung, the skin and the endocrine system. We report a case of a young 13-year-old child with single focal clavicular langerhansian histiocytosis kept under surveillance with good clinical and radiological progress.

Background: To determine the importance of first and second rib fractures upon the causes, sex, age groups, associated injuries, morbidity and mortality. Methods:In a 25 year period a retrospective study took place. Thirty one (31) patients diagnosed with first and second rib fractures in General Hospital of Nicaea-Piraeus Agios Panteleimon Thoracic Surgery Department. Results:Between the years 1995 to 2020 (25years) 31patients diagnosed with first and second rib fractures, 22 male (70,96 %) and 9 female (29,032 %), aged 26-79 years mean age 44 years. Aetiologic Factors. Traffic accident reported 28 (90,322%) patients, fall from high 3(9,677%) patients. Associated injuries. Rib fractures(medium and lower)25, Sternal fractures 5, Flail chest13, Pneumohaemothorax 19, Scapula bone fracture 11, Lung Contusion 23, Pneumomesopmeumonium 1, Haemopericardium 1, Diaphragmatic ruptures 3, Haemoperitoneum 14, Head injuries 3,Vertebral fractures7, Kidney injury – nephrectomy 1, Pelvis fractures 3, Upper extremities fractures 11, Lower extremities fractures 4.Conclusion. Most of the patients underwent chest drain insertion for Pneumohaemothorax. Otherwise conservative treatment for the majority of the patients, analgesic and anti-inflammatory medication, nebulizers, low molecular heparin, monitoring physiotherapy and early mobilization. The patients’ hospital stay and the results of the treatment were determined mostly by the gravidity of the associated injuries and the early diagnosis and management. Multi trauma patients required intensive care unit required longer stay in the hospital. There is no doubt about first and second rib fractures and associated injuries that the successful management needs to be done by a properly trained and experienced team.Attention should be given to collaboration to other specialties in the hospital like, general surgeons, neurosurgeons, orthopaedics for the management when operation required. Computer Ct Angiography (with contrast) and 3D Reconstruction = The Gold Standard. No major vascular trauma was noticed.

This work aimed at formulating and evaluating the fatty acids and amino acids profile of complementary food developed from African walnut and fermented maize flour. African walnut, turmeric roots and maize grains (Zea Mays) were processed separately into flour and formulated into blends containing 25 to 45% African walnuts. The most preferred blend was evaluated for amino acids and fatty acids profiles using standard methods. The fatty acids result revealed saturated fatty acids (14.25%) and total unsaturated fatty acids (85.75%). The results of amino acids ranged from 0.79-13.18%. Amino acids score of 51.4 was obtained for this complementary food. This show that the most preferred blend containing high essential amino acids and fatty acids required to support children growth. The study has shown that an acceptable nutrient-dense complementary food can be made from African walnut.

Introducing a new gene by replacing the mutant gene, is the prime goal of any gene therapy. In the present section, we will understand the mechanism of gene therapy and its types. “A process to recover the normal function of a gene by transferring a gene is known as gene therapy.” Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. In the past few decades, many efforts have been made to improve the prognosis of GBM, however, with limited success. Many gene therapy strategies for GBM have been developed and a few have progressed to clinical trials. Retroviral vectors have superior features for gene therapy in brain cancers, including tumor specificity, immunogenicity, and longer half-life. Early gene therapy trials in GBM patients based on transplantation of retrovirus-producing cells into the brain failed to prove efficacious. Adenoviral vectors, which can be prepared as high-titer virus solutions and undergo efficient transduction in tumor cells, failed in clinical trials, likely due to immunogenicity and instability of gene expression. Alternative therapeutics such as oncolytic viruses that specifically target and destroy cancer cells are currently under investigation. In addition to novel vectors, retroviral vectors are still attractive candidates for use in gene therapy against brain tumors. Since yields of properly-packaged viral particles from virus-producing cells have been very limited so far, gene therapy by direct injection of high- titer retroviral vectors into the patients’ brains was not possible. To overcome these disadvantages, a packaging cell line that yields high-titer retroviral solutions was established by our group, enabling the direct injection of massive retroviral vector stocks directly into the brain. Mouse glioma models were effectively cured with a combination of a suicide gene/ prodrug system and a highly-concentrated retrovirus solution. Preclinical assessments, including that of replication-competent retroviruses and tumorigenicity of the combination method, have confirmed the safety of the highly-concentrated retrovirus solution. Addimited so far, gene therapy by direct injection of high- titer retroviral vectors into the patients’ brains was not possible. To overcome these disadvantages, a packaging cell line that yields high-titer retroviral solutions was established by our group, enabling the direct injection of massive retroviral vector stocks directly into the brain. Mouse glioma models were effectively cured with a combination of a suicide gene/ prodrug system and a highly-concentrated retrovirus solution. Preclinical assessments, including that of replication-competent retroviruses and tumorigenicity of the combination method, have confirmed the safety of the highly-concentrated retrovirus solution. Additional studies are needed to address the clinical utility of such combination gene therapies. Taken together, these data suggest that retroviral vectors are still good candidates for development in gene therapy applications.

Introduction: Maxillary labial frenum is a fold of the mucous membrane which connects lip to the alveolar process of the jaw. The upper labial frenum is a normal anatomic structure with inherent morphological variations. Aim: To evaluate the variation in the maxillary labial frenum attachments and its morphology in population. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 100 subjects within age group of 15–35 years. Intraoral examination was done to evaluate the maxillary labial frenum attachment location and morphology by direct visual method and photographs were taken. Result: In this study, depending upon the extend of attachment fiber the most common type is mucosal (65%) followed by gingival type (25%), and papillary type (3%) is least common. The most common morphological type is normal frenum (60%) followed by normal frenum with nodule (17%) and normal frenum with appendix (13%). The least common morphological type is bifid labial frenum (1%). Conclusion: Maxillary labial frenum have different morphological variation and it may cause mucogingival problem. So the practitioner necessary to give importance for frenum assessment during clinical examination to prevent periodontal problem and need to relocate or excise high frenal attachment during mucogingival surgery (root coverage) for complete coverage of root.

Pemphigus Vulgaris is a chronic autoimmune intradermal blistering mucocutaneous disease that initially manifests in the form of intraoral lesions, followed by other mucous membranes and the skin. The aetiology of the disease still remains unclear but the presence of auto antibodies is consistent with an autoimmune disease. Systemic corticosteroids remain the treatment of choice but topical corticosteroids are also used for long term non-healing lesions of the oral cavity. In this article, we have discussed a case of a 60-year-old woman showing oral ulceration without skin lesions.

This article attempts to indicate the benefit of Facebook in learning English as a foreign language. It examines students” perception of using Facebook for practicing their English. It also discusses the opportunity the social media, i.e. Facebook, has for students to learn English. To this end, Three matrixes: language change, self-stem and motivation were used to elicit information from the participants regarding their practices of English Language learning using Facebook .Sixty-five students who were all from Department of English Language and Literature participated in the survey. The findings thus reveal that students have benefited greatly from Facebook. It has allowed them to communicate globally in which English is used as a lingua franca. Hence, it was found that students have developed self-confidence to use English as a medium to communicate through Facebook, and they are motivated to use it to learn English as a Foreign Language. As a result, it is recommended that English Language instructors should consider Facebook as a tool to help their students learn and practice their English.

The purpose of this study was to examine impacts of saving and credit cooperative societies on household wellbeing in Gurage Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia. Primary and secondary sources were used. The primary data source was collected through direct interviews based on semi structured questionnaires from 90 treated and 112 controlled group plus discussion with three informant group and extra with staffs of two unions .The study was used a cross- sectional survey research design, and the multistage sampling techniques was employed. The survey data were analyzed through quantitative method, and used descriptive statistics and inferentially statistics logit and propensity score matching econometrics model. The study finding shows age, education, training, loan, interest rate, income sources are the main factors affecting saving and credit cooperative membership participation. The impact evaluation finding based on household asset accumulation measurements shows saving and credit cooperative participants were more own asset than non-participants. However, there is no significant difference between income and consumption among membership participants and non-participants. Finally, researcher recommend saving and credit cooperatives should seriously work to develop members entrepreneurial talent and promoting members to investing on off-farm and non-farm rather than invest on fixed asset activities to improve household wellbeing.

Background: Snakebite is a major public health problem throughout the world and more so in tropical and subtropical countries, where people are more engaged in agriculture work have highest incidences of snake bites. The neutrophilic/lymphocytic ratio (NLR) is one of the valuable test which may be altered in acute infection, acute stress, acute inflammation and hypovolemic shock. Methodology: This was a descriptive case control study which was carried out over all the patients of snake bite admitted to medical wards of Maharana Bhupal Government Hospital, R.N.T. Medical College, Udaipur (Rajasthan) between the period from January 2019 to November 2019. Result: Maximum incidence of snake bite was found in male (62%), from rural area(78%) with farmers (38%) by occupation. It was observed that bite was common in monsoon and post monsoon season (88%), bite was common in lower extrimities (56%) and at night time (60%).Among all bite 40% was contributed by non poisonious and rest 60% was poisonious bite , out of which haemorrhagic and neuroparalytic both contributed equally. NLR is found to be normal (<3) in 20% of the snake bite patient while 80% have raise NLR (40% patient have 3-10 followed by 22% patient have 11-20 followed by 12% patient have 21-40). Conclusion: NLR was significantly high in snake bite patient both hemorrhagic and neuro-paralytic. NLR is having strong association with lag period, hospital stay, severity and outcome.

This study assesses the impact of audit quality attributes on financial reporting quality in Nigeria. The investigation is based on the relationship between the Audit Attributes and Financial Reporting Quality of some selected listed commercial banks in Nigeria. The audit quality attributes proxy used are; Audit committee report, audit firm size, auditors’ remuneration and auditor’s report, which can be regarded as the independent variables, while the dependent variable is the financial reporting quality. Three hypotheses were tested in this study. The empirical study was performed using a sample of 10 banks and 4-year observations from the period of 2015-2018. The study is descriptive in nature and the correlational and ex-post facto designs were adopted in carrying out this research. One of the reasons why audit quality attributes is germane in the determination of financial reporting quality is that it will influence the investment decision making of an existing investor, potential investors and all the stakeholders interested in the financial report. The findings would be of interest to potential investors, auditors (internal and external) and management in the process of financial reporting enhancement. Finally, the study offered recommendations to enhance the financial reporting status through good audit attributes.

Different viruses have been posing threat to humanity from time to time, and in 2019 a severe respiratory illness (Pneumonia of unknown etiology) reported in Wuhan, Hubei province China, became a major challenge to public health not only in China but also the countries around the world, and is still creating havoc. Despite of intense efforts about how, when and where this disease appeared is still a source of considerable uncertainty. Little is known about the effectiveness of personal protective equipment for health care workers who take care of patients infected with the novel coronavirus but still infection control measures are necessary to be taken to prevent this disease from further spread and to help control the pandemic situation. Like other health workers, dentists are also at the risk of getting this infection, as COVID 19 was recently identified in the saliva of infected patients and thus playing the pivotal role in human to human transmission. As in bronchoscopy, inhalation of air borne particles and aerosols produced during dental procedures with COVID 19 patients can be a high risk in which dentists are directly and closely exposed to infection. Therefore, it is crucial for dentists to refine preventive strategies to avoid the COVID 19 infection by focussing on patient placement, hand hygiene and completely follow the WHO guidelines. Thus in this article we will discuss in detail about the various strains, incubation period, mode of transmission and the preventive measures needed to overcome this threat.

Early diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is crucial for disease treatment and control. The clinical characteristics in patients infected with COVID-19 most commonly manifest fever, cough and fatigue, which in some patients can be accompanied by runny nose, headache and other symptoms. Additional symptoms such as diarrhea are less common. All research about the clinical characteristics of COVID-19, none of COVID-19 research mentioned that facial flushing was a clinical feature that could be found. The invisible facial flushing, unrecognized clinical sign with the naked eye could be detected by the smartphone application in the COVID-19 patients. This novel screening tool for COVID-19 patients will be potential for early diagnosis and may be used in conjunction with thermoscan camera as front line screening and diagnostic capacity. It will help all medical service providers the effective screening tool for the recognition and early diagnosis before performing CT scans and real-time RT PCR (rRT-PCR) assays, especially in some health care facilities where could not be performed due to lack of laboratory support. Furthermore, application in active case finding for COVID-19, the key actions to stop transmission is challenging in countries with community transmission.

Cholesterol is an important building block in the formation and repair of cell walls, function of nerve tissue, and the production of hormones such as testosterone, estrogen, and the stress hormone, cortisol. It is important to understand that fat tissue (cholesterol) in itself is not bad, and is actually essential for the body to function properly. The mixing of ama with fat tissue is the main cause of imbalanced cholesterol as per Ayurveda. When meda dhatu mixes with ama, it changes the quality of fat tissue and the quality of cholesterol, making it unhealthy rather than healthy. High cholesterol raises our risk for heart disease, heart attack. In Ayurvedic perspective, the production of cholesterol does not necessarily need to be lessened, but it needs to be balanced. When the digestion is balanced and healthy, then the body produces .the right amount of cholesterol, in the right proportion to nourish the body. Balanced diet, proper lifestyles, exercise, yoga, balanced Agni (digestion & metabolism) play important role in prevention of hypercholesterolemia.

Acrylic, Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA) based polymers are found in many industrial, professional and consumer products and are of low toxicity, but do contain very low levels of residual monomers and process chemicals that can leach out during handling and use. Methyl Methacrylate, the principle monomer is of low toxicity, but is a recognized weak skin sensitizer. When exposed to MMA in the dental clinic, dentists and other dental staff appear to occasionally suffer hypersensitivity, asthmatic reactions, local neurological symptoms, irritant and local dermatological reactions. The integrity of latex gloves may also be compromised after exposure to MMA during dental procedures. Dental staff should avoid direct contact with MMA and room ventilation should be optimized. The purpose of this article is to outline the cytotoxic consequences of acrylic resins and clinical recommendations for their use.

This study examined the impact of audit quality on financial performance of consumer goods companies in Nigeria. The specific objectives are: to determine the effect of audit independence, audit tenure, audit firm size on the financial performance of consumer goods companies in Nigeria. The study is theoretically predicated on stakeholder’s theory, agency theory, contingency theory and lending credibility theory. Descriptive and cross sectional research design were adopted to investigate the relationship between variables of audit quality and financial performance of quoted firms in Nigeria over a period of 5 years. Secondary Data were obtained from annual reports of five selected quoted consumer goods firms. Panel Least Square Regression Model was used to test the formulated hypotheses. Findings showed that all the independent variables jointly and strongly have significant impact on the financial performance of the selected firms in Nigeria measured by return on assets except audit firm size. It is concluded that audit quality has significantly and positively impacted the financial performance of consumer goods companies listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. The study then recommends among others, the need for firms to adopt effective internal control processes and practices that address key auditing practice for effective audit quality.

The epidemic of coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19), has become a major public health challenge for countries around the world. The World Health Organization announced that the outbreaks of the novel coronavirus as a public health emergency. A route suggested for human-to-human transmission is through airborne droplets, touching or coming into contact with an infected person or a contaminated surface. Dentists are at higher risk of getting infected and need to take concerned precautions. Telemedicine has been used in almost all medical specialties but not so widely used or accepted in dentistry. Teledentistry is an emerging mode of practice which indicated great potential in fields of clinical practice as well as public health delivery. It has a major role in providing information regarding the medications without risking the contact contamination. Teledentistry eliminates that barrier and provides a smoother practice environment. This review signifies the importance of teledentistry during the outbreak of COVID-19.

Pour ce présent article, il s’agit de concevoir un outil de perception de la confiance par la clientèle afin d’évaluer son influence sur le comportement effectif dans le contexte sénégalais du marché des assurances. Cet outil ainsi élaboré dans ce travail permet de réaffirmer le lien de cause à effet du couple confiance-fidélité.

In this study, the performance of a mixed mode solar kiln was carried out. The kiln was incorporated with double glazed flat plate solar heat collector with built in paraffin as a heat storage medium. The off-load site study of the kiln during sun shine and no-sun shine periods of the day were carried out in Nsukka (Latitude 7o N), Nigeria. The range of ambient temperatures during the study period was between 18.3–33.2oC. Equally, the daily radiation ranged between 11.8–20.9 MJ m-2. The results obtained showed a maximum cumulative efficiency of 40.7% for the kiln. In addition to this, an average efficiency of 38.8% was obtained in the system. The result of a timber drying operation carried out with the kiln showed an improvement over a similar kiln but with pebble stone as storage medium in the literature. It is therefore recommended that for optimum thermal energy utilization while using mixed mode model during the sunset periods, the top glazing of the working section should be covered to reduce the top heat loss since it is no longer receiving any solar radiation during these periods. Equally, a development of a mathematical model to simulate the solar kiln is strongly recommended.

Bioceramics are materials which include alumina, zirconia, bioactive glass, glass ceramics, hydroxyapatite, resorbable calcium phosphates. They have been used in dentistry as root repair materials, bony defects repair, apical filling material, perforation repair and help in tissue regeneration. They have certain advantages like biocompatibility, non toxicity, dimensional stability and bio-inertness. They have a structural similarity to Hydroxyapatite, an intrinsic osteo conductive activity and have an ability to induce regenerative responses in the human body.This review focuses on an overview of Bioceramics, classification and their advantages and also gave a detailed insight into individual bioceramic materials currently used in the fields of endodontics.

The present study was carried out on soybeans (Glycine max), cowpeas (Vignaunguiculata), lima beans (Phaseoluslunatus) and pigeon peas (Cajanuscajan) in order to promote their consumption in Africa by determining their nutritional values. For this purpose, a physico-chemical analysis of each whish was performed reveal that the powders of soyabeans, cowpeas, lima beans and pigeon peas are richer in proteins (pigeon peas : 15.98 ± 0.23% and soyabeans : 30.77 ± 0.83%) and the fibers (lima beans : 20 , 62 ± 0.21% and soyabeans : 29.45 ± 0.07%). They have low water contents (cowpeas: 7.65 ± 0.18% and lima beans: 10.93 ± 0.03%). The ash content varied from (cowpeas: 3.86 ± 0.06%. Tosoyabeans: 5.23 ± 0.06%). Regarding the lipid contents of the seeds, they were between (lima beans: 1.16 ± 0.15% and soyabeans: 19, 86 ± 0.15%) while the carbohydrate content is between soyabeans: 32.90 ± 2.11% and pigeon peas: 55.59 ± 0.08%). The energy value varied between cowpeas 228.41 ± 1.81 andsoyabeans: 358.85 ± 5.07 Kcal per 100 g of powders. As for the phytochemical composition, the content of phenolic compounds is the highest and it varies from (lima beans: 29.76 ± 0.24 mg / 100 g of DM tosoyabeans: 114.26 ± 0.09 mg / 100 g of DM). Likewose the values of the antinutritional factors are respectively (pigeon peas: 7.51 ± 0.48 mg / 100 g of DM and soyabeans: 17.25 ± 1.15 mg / 100 g of DM) and (pigeon peas: 53.18 ± 1.18 mg / 100g and lima beans: 84.52 ± 1.08 mg / 100g DM) All leguminous beans are rich in potassium (pigeon peas: 23.57 ± 0.57% and cowpeas : 27.78 ± 0.89%) and phosphorus (lima beans: 5.07 ± 0.06% and soyabeans: 8.63 ± 0.28 %). The results show that all the leguminous beans studied represent a potential source of lipids and proteins in the diet of Ivorians.

Background: Intraosseous Mucoepidermoid carcinoma(MEC) is a rare tumour in the head and neck region. Its clinical and radiologic features mimic many common lesions in the jaws. The need for an Elective neck dissection (END) along with resection as well as need for adjunctive radiotherapy has been a long standing controversy, thus making treatment modalities a subject of debate. Objective: To formulate a correct diagnosis and treatment plan for this lesion in order to prevent recurrence and failure of treatment which may cost the patient dearly. Case Report: We present the case of a middle aged man diagnosed with Low Grade Intraosseous Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma in the mandible. Surgical management included resection of the lesion along with an elective neck dissection. Additionally the patient was subjected to radiotherapy. Follow up period of the patient has been 1 year. Conclusion: A patient presenting with an osteolytic lesion in the jaw must be thoroughly evaluated. However innocuous the lesion might seem to be, it may turn out to be something far more serious. In low grade intraosseous MEC where surgery is the mainstay of treatment, the tumour size also plays an important role as a prognosticator for the disease. Even if it is a low grade tumour histologically, advanced stages indicated by tumour size or invasion of surrounding structures, change the entire course of the disease. As a result, the management of any such disease should be done judiciously and should include an elective neck dissection and/or radiation.

This study aimed at establishing the efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy-self-help (MBCT-SH) in managing depression among older clergy. The study was a response to the serious but under-investigated problem of depression among older clergy, whose experiences of ageing and vocational challenges combine to render them susceptible to depression, which can be debilitating. Interventions are needed to tackle this serious and widespread mental health condition. Interventions, such as mindfulness-based cognitive behaviour therapy, have proved effective in reducing mild or moderate depression and in stemming depressive relapses. However, in Kenya, the efficacy of this intervention had not been assessed, more so with older clergy in focus. This paper employed the MBCT-SH to fill this knowledge gap. The study used a quasi-experimental research design. The respondents (n=160) were a convenience sample, drawn from four mainline protestant denominations: the African Inland Church of Kenya (n=20), Anglican Church of Kenya (n=44), Methodist Church of Kenya (n=32), and the Presbyterian Church of East Africa (n=51). The respondents were assigned to either an experimental or a control group. Those in the experimental group were exposed to MBCT-SH intervention for ten weeks while those in the control group received no treatment for the same period. The Becker Depression Inventory was used to estimate the levels of depression at the baseline, middle line, and end line. Generalised linear modelling was used, with repeated measures, to assess whether the depression levels would become less intense with the intervention of the MBCT-SH. Descriptive results showed that about 52% of participants had either mild or moderate depressive symptoms. Between the baseline and midline, the depression levels fell by 8%, and they fell by a comparable level between the baseline and end line. A significant difference was observed between the depression levels at baseline and midline (p=0.02) but not between the midline and end line (p=0.92). Regarding the control group, the BDI levels increased by 80% (M=7.6 at baseline and M=13.6 at the endline). For the treatment group, the BDI levels fell by 43% (M=12.5 at baseline and M=12.5 at the endline). Together, the findings give tentative evidence of the effectiveness of the MBCT-SH in controlling depressive symptoms among older clergy.

Globally, 600 million people affected with high blood pressure. From Africa around 20 million people suffered with hypertension. In Ethiopia health care reports are incomplete and little is known on its impact. The main purpose of the paper is to Evaluate Cognition, Belief & Habit of clients with hypertension in relation with handling hypertension among Clients Seeking Care in Dessie Referral Hospital. Methods: Institution based cross-sectional study design was carried out. Information collected through interviewer administered questioner. Data was analysed manually through Microsoft excel. Findings displayed through tables and graphs. Results: A total of 117 clients were included. 110 (94%) of them reported as heard of hypertension, whereas 67(57.3%) respondents know the complication of hypertension. 94(80.3%) of the clients received information during the first visit of hypertension. Different types of complication were identified by 67 (57.3%). out of these 24(36%) has the complication or occurred to their families. Use of physical activity were not considered as an important protection of hypertension and a risk by 76(65%) of respondents. 64(54.7%) of the urban living respondents and those with high family income utilized reduction of salt in their diet. Conclusion: This study confirmed the need to improve the clients’ belief toward adherence of treatment to prevent the complication, and the importance of life style changes.

A maxillofacial prosthesis are successful treatment modality options such as to restore missing facial parts. Digital technologies and various 3D printing techniques are employed to construct facial prostheses such as ears, nose, eye. This is are view of literature enlightening the technique, materials and various applications of 3D printing that have been used in fabrication of maxillofacial prosthesis and in maxillofacial surgery.

In the Niger River Valley, as well as in some areas of preference, M. oleifera is most often produced in association with some vegetable crops, including onions. This association can involve significant agronomic and economic effects. Thus, the combined effect of the factors layout and plant cutting level of M. oleifera plants on the yield of Allium cepa (onion) bulbs was studied. These factors include three and two levels, respectively. Each level of the first factor has been combined with each of the two levels of the second giving thus six (6) treatments that are: A1B1, A1B2, A2B1, A2B2, A3B1 and A3B2. Also, in order to compare the results with a reference situation, a control treatment (T) where the onion plants were sub cultured in pure culture was carried out. The parameters measured are the weight and the diameter of the bulbs. The yield in terms of weight was reported per hectare under the different treatments then was evaluated. The statistical tests on the comparison of means showed that the yield in weight, the average weight and the mean diameter of the bulbs are not significantly different between the treatments at the threshold of 5%. The study also showed that the treatments A1B1, A2B2, A3B2 and the Control are the ones that best explain the variability of the weight according to the diameter of the bulbs with more than 50% of the inertia and that we can adjust a straight line to their respective clouds. These results show that farmers can associate M. oleifera with vegetables such as onions without risk of considerable loss of yield.

The Nilgiri hills consist of a well-defined plateau situated at the junction of the two great ranges of hills, Eastern and Western Ghats. Asteraceae is one of the largest families having medicinal and aromatic plants in Nilgiris. The milk thistle plant, Silybum marianum is an annual or biennial plant, native to the Mediterranean area and some parts of the United States; this has now spread to other warm and dry regions. To investigate the phytochemicals, FT-IR and GC-MS analysis of ethanol extracts of Silybum marianum was done. Seeds were shade dried and finely powdered for ethanolic extraction. Then, each of the extracts was further subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Qualitative determination of the different biologically active compounds from crude extracts of Silybum marianum using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed different type’s chemical entities of high and low molecular weight of varying amounts present in each of the extracts. These chemical compounds are considered biologically and pharmacologically important. The study established the chemical composition and anticancer activity of the plant.

Introduction: Elastics and elastomers has been extensively used in orthodonticd. Force decay over a period of time is a major problem in the clinical usage of latex elastics and non-latex. This loss of force makes it difficult for the clinician to determine the actual force transmitted to the dentition Hence, the aim and objective of this study was to evaluate the force decay of latex and non-latex elastic of different brands and different sizes at 8 hours and 24 hours after having been subjected to constant stretching in both wet and dry .Material and Methods: Latex and non latex elastics (Figure 1)were used of size 1\4inch and 3\16inch inner diameter and were of medium force (4.5 oz) obtained from three manufacturers namely - Forest dent, American orthodontics (wild life series - gorilla, eagle, jelly fish and sand dollar), Jaypee orthodontics. The mechanical testing conducted on 480 samples of each type of elastics and force decay measured and was compared to that specified by the manufacturer. Difference between brand, composition, and wet/dry condition was analyzed using SPSS (version 21.0) using ANOVA analysis. Conclusion: Force decay was more in the wet media than dry media after stretching for 8 hrs and 24 hron Force decay was maximum in Foresta dent when compared with other brands in the dry media after 8 hrs of stretching. Forrce decay was maximum in American Orthodontics when compared with other brands in the wet media after 8 hrs of stretching.3

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, skills and preparedness of dental practitioners regarding the concepts of dentistry post COVID-19. Materials and Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was carried out in March 2019 on 100 dental surgeons of dental clinics. A questionnaire was developed using literature and previously administered surveys to assess knowledge, attitude, and skills of dental practitioners regarding post COVID-19. Data were subjected to appropriate statistical measures and analyzed. Subjects And Methods: Data were collected through an online survey questionnaire based on awareness, knowledge, skills and practice of special health care dentistry basically dentistry after post COVID-19. Statistical analysis: The dentists knowledge, awareness, skill, social work and attitude as well as newer approaches in management were expressed in proportions . The 3-point scale was adapted for each of the following questions. Results: 67.2% dentists took proper travel history and contact history of their patients. 73.3% dentists are aware of grading their patients as moderate risk, high risk and low risk. 49.2% dentists make their patients rinse with 1% hydrogen peroxide before examining and treatment. 77.6% (90) dentists agreed for separate entry and exit of their dental operatory, modification of waiting area and prescheduling of appointment post COVID-19. 79.3% (92) dentists screen all their patients with infrared thermometer in the screening room before taking history. Conclusion: This questionnaire had a positive effect in raising awareness and knowledge in the dental surgeon who took part in the study.

The physical-chemical conditions, phytoplankton diversity and zooplankton diversity of the lower Kafue river were studied in January, 2020. The study was aimed at assessing the physical-chemical conditions of the lower part of the Kafue river and determine the phytoplankton diversity and zooplankton diversity in the lower Kafue River. The study sites that were sampled were Muyanganas at Rub Road Bridge Kafue Fisheries Limited and Kasaka Fisheries Training Centre. Kafue Fisheries Limited is an aquaculture habitat while Muyanganas and Kasaka Fisheries Training Centre are non-aquaculture areas. Water samples were collected using a filtering water sampler. Collected water samples were preserved in 1000 mL plastic bottle by adding 5 mL of 4% formalin concentration. The phytoplanktons were counted using a PX Biological microscope. The plankton species were identified to genus level. Water samples collected from each study site were analysed in order to determine Temperature, pH and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels. These parameters were determined using an automated pH meter. The results of regression analysis showed that there was a significant regression of phytoplankton diversity on zooplankton diversity in the lower Kafue river (p = 0.02). However, there was no significant difference (p=0.7451) among the physical-chemical parameters within the study area. The results obtained implied that aquaculture has an impact on both phytoplankton and zooplankton diversity in the lower part of the Kafue river.

The objective of this paper is to study the impact of internal control mechanisms on the financial accountability in the local government system in Nigeria, using Owo local government as a case study. The study employed survey design for the purpose of the research work along with a sample size of fifty (50) respondents which comprises staff of this local government. The statistical tool used for the hypotheses’ test was ordinary least square (OLS) regression analysis. The findings showed that if the instruments of internal control noted in this research work are strictly complied with, financial accountability in the local government system will be certain and effective. The study concluded that the internal control mechanisms are very effective in ensuring financial accountability in the local government system. The study recommended that all the internal control mechanisms needed to be complied with strictly, if financial accountability will be achieved in Nigerian Local government system.