September 2020

Background: Since December 2019 the rapid spread of the COVID- 19 has induced attention of the government and the public. The motive of this survey was to assess the knowledge and awareness about use of precautionary measures during COVID 19 pandemic among dental surgeons in India. Method: This cross sectional web based survey was carried out from 23rd May 2020 to 5th 0f June 2020 comprising of multiple choice questions created by using Google forms. The questionnaire was divided into two sections one containing demographic details and other section containing questions about practice management during this pandemic. Link was shared amongst dentists in India by using various social media platforms and 400 dentists of different specialities took part in the survey. Result: Majority of the 400 participants were well informed in infection procedures but many of them were unaware of the alternatives that can be used during this pandemic. For example only 44.8% of dentists were aware of the anti-retraction hand piece and maximum of the dentists were unaware of the fact that centralized AC do not contribute to the spread of infection but its better to use them with HEPA filters. Conclusion: The basic knowledge of COVID-19 among the dental surgeons in India is acceptable However, dentists had limited comprehension of the extra precautionary measures that protect the dental staff and other patients from COVID-19.

Bernard-Soulier Syndrome (BSS) is a disorder which manifests prolonged bleeding time, thrombocytopenia, and giant platelets. The prevalence of this disease has been reported to be less than 1 in 1,000,000. Bleeding disorders patients can be among the most difficult surgical patients to manage and deal with. Intra-operative and post-operative hemorrhage can be a life-threatening complication in even the most routine surgical procedures. There are no standards methods to deal with management of intra operative bleeding associated with BSS, since this disorder is very rare. Management of intraoperative hemorrhage with pre-operative or during operation HLA-matched platelets, and topical hemostatic agents (gel foam, thrombin), systemic aminocaproic acid, transfused rVIIa, and DDAVP (desmopressin), resulted in good hemostasis and a long-lasting healing response. For these rare disease, we present case report in which a combination of systemic and topical methods may be contributing in achieving good hemostasis during intra-operative hemorrhage.

Background & Introduction; Myopia is a type of refractive error in which parallel rays coming from infinity are focused in front of retina with accommodation being at rest. In myopia there is elongation of eyeball leading to decrease in RNFL thickness. RNFL thinning is observed at high myopic powers. Glaucoma also causes decrease in RNFL thickness. Myopia being a risk factor for glaucoma may give us false positives. Therefore there is a need to evaluate the variation of RNFL thickness both at macula and peripapillary with different grades of myopia and get a baseline value for general population. Methodology: The peripapillary and macular retinal nerve fibre thickness was measured by Spectral Domain-OCT in different grades of myopes and compared with that of emmetrope to know the variations. Total no of 40 eyes were studied in each group. There were 04 groups divided on basis of spherical equivalent s follows: Result: 1. The peripapillary RNFL thickness in emmetropia, low myopia, moderate and high grade myopic eye were (95.15 + 5.47), (90.38 + 5.06), (82.08+ 13.11), (73.43+14.80) microns respectively. 2. The Central macular thickness in emmetropia, low myopia, moderate and high grade myopic eye were (225.25 +12.73), (226.98 + 21.83), (214.33+ 36.99), (213.08+ 45.48) microns Conclusion: There is decrease in average (Peripapillary) RNFL and Central Macular thickness with increase in grade of myopia.

The present paper deals with chemotaxomic studies of two species of Aplosporella –Speg. (= Haplosporella Speg). The species understudy were phenotypically and biochemically different from each other. They were collected on different hosts A. maytiniella sp. nov. On Maytenus emarginata (Wild.) and A.syzygiella sp.nov on Syzygium cumuni (lina) Skals. Comparative study with species early reported species it treated as new species. A maytiniella sp.nov and A. syzygiella sp.nov.

Background: The world comprises the largest generation of young people aged between 10 and 24 years in history. Hence ensuring their health and future is generally recognized as a key development priority in many countries. Youth friendly services has been recognized as an appropriate and effective strategy to address sexual and reproductive health needs of young people. Even if the government of Ethiopia had been implementing strategic framework to enhance reproductive health and well being of young people, there is limited evidence on level of services utilization. Thus, this study was conducted to assess youth friendly services utilization and associated factors among young people in Tehuledere district, Northeast Ethiopia, 2018. Method: A Community based crossectional study was conducted in Tehuledere district from December 1 to 15, 2018. Multi stage sampling was used to select participants. Ten kebeles were selected by simple random sampling method. The total sample size was allocated proportionally to population size. Finally, 572 study subjects were included in the study. Binary logistic regression analysis model was used to identify factors associated with youth friendly services utilization of young people. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval and p-value ≤ 0.05 were used to show strength of association between the dependent and independent variables. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethical Review Committee of Wollo University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences. Results: This finding showed that 34.31% of young people were used youth friendly service. Respondents who lived within 30 minutes walking distance from the health facility were used the service 3 times than those who lived more than 30 minutes walking distance (AOR= 3.00, 95% CI (1.89, 4.74)). Respondents who had convenient perception on the working hours of the health facilities were utilized the services 1.7 times than those who had inconvenient perception (AOR= 1.69, 95% CI (1.07, 2.68)). Respondents were participated in community dialogues were 1.8 times utilized the services than those who were not participated (AOR= 1.77, 95% CI (1.12, 2.78)). Participants who had information about youth friendly services were 9.7 times utilized the services than those who had no information (AOR= 9.76, 95% CI (6.03, 15.79)). Youths who faced sexual and reproductive illness were 3.6 times utilized the services than those who did not faced (AOR= 3.64, 95% CI (1.75, 7.60)). Conclusion: Less than half of the young people were utilized youth friendly health services. Accessibility of health facilities, convenient working hours of health facilities, participation of youths in community dialogues and information about youth friendly services were factors associated with youth friendly health services utilization.

Background: Breast cancer is the fifth leading cause of death in Indonesia. The prevalence of breast cancer in Indonesia is quite high, with 6% or 13.2 million people suffering from breast cancer. This study aims to determine the relationship between the neutrophyl-to- lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and distant metastases in breast cancer patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 124 breast cancer patients at the H. Adam Malik General Hospital Medan from February to April 2019. Results: Chi-square test showed a relationship between the NLR value and the incidence of metastasis (p <0.001), with odds ratio (OR) = 5.9 which states that in breast cancer patients with high NLR (> 3) there is an increased risk of distant metastases by ± 5.9 times. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between the neutrophyl-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and distant metastases in breast cancer patients treated at H. Adam Malik General Hospital Medan.

My 2020 Vision for India is to transform it into a developed nation. That cannot be abstract; it is a lifeline” said Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam. The vision was not accomplished. We are still in the developing stage only. The future of India lies in innovation and creativity. Innovations are essential for the development of a nation and for that startups are important. India is one of the fastest growing largest economies in the world. Therefore, the Indian market is perceived as being competent of offering plenty of opportunities for startups. To encourage innovation and to promote entrepreneurship in India Prime Minister Narendra Modi has launched Startup India Initiative in 2015.The fund allocated for Startups by the government was enormous. Startup India initiative aims at strengthening entrepreneurship and promoting innovation by creating an ecosystem that is helpful for the growth of entrepreneurs. People must come forward to become job creators rather than job seekers. NASSCOM report of 2019 stated that 3, 90,000 to 4, 30,000 jobs have been generated through startups. India is today experiencing a fundamental shift with entrepreneurship & innovation being primary promoters in job creation and solving everyday problems. Employment problem have also been reduced due to this Startups. This paper aims to emphasize the importance of startups as the need of the hour for a progressive future. Based on the financial data provided in this paper, economic growth will be developed because of startups. So startups can change the economy growth into higher.

Cette étude vise à analyser l’impact des pratiques éducatives parentales en contexte de jeu sur le développement des compétences psychomotrices et cognitives chez les jeunes enfants. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé essentiellement une démarche quantitative à l’aide d’un questionnaire pour la collecte des données. L’enquête a été réalisée sur un échantillon de 175 parents d’élèves ayant inscrit leurs enfants dans les 14 établissements du préscolaire des inspections des enseignements préscolaire et primaire (IEPP) de Yoto-Est et Yoto-Ouest. Les résultats obtenus indiquent, d’une part, que le développement des compétences psychomotrices et cognitives dépend des pratiques éducatives parentales adoptées par les parents en contexte de jeu et, d’autre part, que les enfants dont les parents sont souples développent plus leurs motricités globale et fine, reconnaissent plus vite les formes géométriques et les couleurs des objets que leurs pairs dont les parents sont rigides et permissifs pendant dans les jeux éducatifs.

The present of a society is always an outcome of its past, which in turn, sets out the horoscope of its future. Since the withdrawal of British the creation of the two dominions India and Pakistan. Jammu and Kashmir have been the bone of contention between the two. The divide and rule policy manifested itself in the form of the two-nation theory. The two nation’s once gain center of a fierce debate. Since the Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP) came in to power. The recent anti-Muslim riots in Delhi proved that the steps taken by Jinnah which were born out of the two- nation theory were essentially accurate. in this paper we try to cover the role of two -nation theory in creating Pakistan. Also tries to highlight the present scenario and the role of the Bhartiya Janta Party and their citizenship Amendment Bill (2019). Thus, the paper tends to analyze how the BhartiyaJanta Party is working hand in glove with the Hindu Fundamentalist led by (Rastriya Swayamsevak Sangha) R.S.S. to transform India from net secular state to a net religious.

The Pavement Distress Assessment (PDA) is an essential phenomenon in Pavement Management System (PMS) which is used to provide the sufficient information for making consistent and more cost-beneficial decisions for safe and comfortable road management. The collection of distress-data is a great challenge to the pavement engineers. The distress data can be collected using either ground-manual surveys or automatic assessing techniques. The present article focused on automatic assessment of pavement distresses using Digital Image Processing. Initially, the different image-acquisition systems are presented and discussed. Later, the image processing techniques for classifying and quantifying the different pavement distresses such as alligator cracking, potholes, raveling, bleeding and rutting etcetera. Finally, the choice and status of available techniques are summarized.

The study evaluated the burden of Replacement Populations on the settler’s livelihood in Sasiga District of East Wollega Zone Oromia, Ethiopia. Some of the Replacement schemes around the world failed, while some others were successful. The objective of the study was to identify facators that cause Replacement and evaluate the burden of Replacement on the settler’s’s annual livelihood in study area.The study was based on cross-sectional data collected from a sample of 146 settlers (86 were Populations participants and 60 were non-Populations participants) using purposive and stratified random sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics and econometric models were employed to analyze the data. The Logit model indicated education status of the settlers, availability of credit access, availability of agricultural inputs, land farm size holding by settler’s, farm livelihood of settler’s were negatively and significantly related to Populations participation while shocks, livestock holding by settler’s, access of extension service, and total asset of settler’s were positively affect and significantly associated with Populations participants. Propensity score matching shows, that the average annual livelihood of Replacement Populations participants more than livelihood of non participant by 29,182.6463 ETB. Based on the findings, the study suggests that strengthening the encouragement of Replacement Populations have crucial role towards improving the livelihood of settlers in the study area. Finally, the policy implication of the study is that livelihood sources diversification, incorporated development Populations, practical based extension service delivery, access to credit service for the purchase of agricultural inputs and its preparations are needs policy attention.

In this paper, we have examined various routing protocol of wireless body area network (WBAN), and find out the optimum protocol for its domain. The comparison of different routing protocols has been done on various performance measuring metrics and parameters. And we have also improved existing routing protocol with help of different parameter. During the last few decades, Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) have appeared into many applications such as medical, military, sports, entertainments, traversing and monitoring. Due to improvement in wireless technology small sensor nodes with less power, lightweight, interfering or non-interfering are deployed in, on or around the human body to monitor the health situation. Basically, WBAN work on three different Tier Architecture. Tier-1 as Intra-body Communication, and also called sensor nodes. Tier-2 as Inter-WBAN or Internet. Tier-3 as Extra-Body Area Network and also called the servers communication. In this each server like medical server communicate with in its own domain. Routing protocols play very significant role to improve the overall performance of the network in terms of throughput, path loss, residual energy, packet dropped, network lifetime and to improve the different quality of services (QoS) in WBAN. Routing in WBAN is categorized as Postural based, Temperature aware, Cross layer network-based, Clusters-based routing, QoSbasedrouting. These categories are further divided into various protocols. This paper also a review of some of the existing routing protocols of WBAN. Also, the comparison of SIMPLE (Stable Increased-throughput Multi-hop Protocol for Link Efficiency) and IEE-SIMPLE (Improved Energy Efficient-Stable Increased-throughput Multi-hop Protocol for Link Efficiency) protocol has been done by simulating in MATLAB.

This paper deals with the geotechnical maps of Jazan city showing the physical and mechanical properties, hence, determine the bearing capacity of the soil in Jazan city and its extensions. Chemical properties of soil are used to identify the site's environmental conditions of soil at sites of Jazan city – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used in geotechnical engineering applications, GIS can be utilized as a part of the geotechnical site investigation to create a site map. In this study paper the GIS is used to estimate the missing data of the Jazan city for geotechnical mapping. Also, GIS is used for information coordination, determining the Geotechnical area, analysis, investigation, and establishing the layout of Jazan geotechnical maps. The study area is located in the city of Jazan between the eastern border 42.653°E, 16.935°N and western border 42.353°E, 16.907°N has been selected as a case study. Data on the soil at sites are taken from 22 boreholes in Jazan city in order to carry out geotechnical investigations. Borehole logs are carried out in different locations in Jazan city such as Dehaga, Alshwajrah, Almagaria, and Almaaboj, geotechnical investigations have been recorded that water content in the soil is high on at the west part closed to the sea and is decreasing at north and south parts, but the water content is very low at the central part. The level of groundwater is up to 6 m above sea level in the western part of the study area and up to 0.5 m below the sea level at the study areas closed to the sea. The study showed that the soil in Jizan is silt, clay and sand soil. The study of mechanical properties of the soil showed that the soil of Jizan reaches cohesion of (c = 0.2 kg/ cm 2) and the angle of internal friction of soil reaches (Ф=31°). Accordingly, the unconfined compressive stress at failure (qu) is between 1.0 to 2.20 kg/cm.

The worldwide candidacy of plant species for treatment of various diseases and infections still stood firm today. In developing countries, such as Ethiopia, where health care coverage is less, traditional medicine has played a significant role in treating health problems in both livestock and humans. Aloe otallensis is one of the plant species widely used in traditional medicine in Southern parts of Ethiopia, for treatments of human illnesses with the help of traditional practitioners. Medicinal products used by the society are neither controlled nor properly regulated by quality assurance parameters and may cause serious problem when not properly utilized. This study was conducted aiming to isolate and characterize bioactive compounds from aloe otallensis root extracts for medicinal purposes. Extraction was carried out from root part of the plant with solvents of different polarities. IR and NMR spectroscopic techniques were used to get spectrum of the extracts. The phytochemical analysis from crude extracts confirmed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, glycosides, terpenoids and tannins. Two different pure compounds are isolated and the compounds are characterized using spectra of spectroscopic techniques (IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and DEPT-135). Results signify that the two isolated and characterized compounds are 8-acetoxy -8, 9 ,9a ,10-tetrahydrobenzo[g]isoquinoline-2(3H)-carboxylic acid and 7-acetoxy – 7, 8, 9 – dihydrobenzo[g] oxy-nitro isoquinoline -2(5aH) - carboxylic acid . These compounds are alkaloids and can be used for antimalarial and anti-pain treatment and this result supports the knowledge of the community of using the plant parts for antimalarial and anti-bacterial treatments.

The increasing burden of Covid-19, a viral disease makes the search for extended understanding of natural immunity development through physical activity. Biological, neurological and psychological benefits generating out of physical activity helps to prevent viral disease like Covid-19.This paper provides a through and up to date review of studies examining the natural immunity development through physical activity. Respiratory diseases through viral infection and the effects of physical activity for immunity development is a rapidly developing and important field.

The current rapid growth in demand for fuel and global climatic changes due to the oil processing has resulted in the quest for alternatives for renewable fuels. Recent developments in the oil industry has indicated a growing interest in the biodiesel production and has proved to be a environmentally acceptable fuel source. Many plant oils have been suggested and used as fuels across the globe. However, the processing methods for converting the plant oils into feasible biofuels need to be simplified and generalized while keeping the environmental challenges minimal. Accordingly, in comparison to the chemical processing of oils, enzymatic catalysis in the transesterification of oils is found to require simple chemicals as well as lower temperatures. In this work it has been estimated the efficiency and concentrations of lipases of selected oil seeds viz., Arachis hypogaea (Groundnut), Glycine max (Soya), Helianthus annuus (Sunflower), Sesamum indicum (Gingelly) for their candidacy in the bioprocessing of biodiesel. Our data indicated the lipases from Gingelly to be the most efficient with the highest specific activity suggesting high turnover per unit protein and lowest Km suggesting highly active nature of the enzyme. Though our data is indicative of the fact that the Gingelly lipases could be used for the bio processing of the biodiesel, this enable to trust further necessory investigations with different oil samples.

Background: Christian families are under threats in Kisumu central sub-Region of Kenya due to destabilization of the covenant of Matrimony, which if practiced would extol family stability. This follows rampant marital instabilities occasioned by among others; inadequacy or lack of premarital counselling programs. In the recent years, Christian premarital counselling programs haveproven to be a significant determinant for Christian Family stability. Demand for marriages of covenantal nature have continued to diminish despite the Church’s propagation and teachings on the sanctity of marriage and the need for premarital counselling programs. The government’s policies against all forms of illegal and unregistered marriages; the insistence that permanent separation and divorce could only be granted by courts on the evidence that all other forms of spousal mediation, counselling notwithstanding, had been exhausted, were consequently enacted to mitigate matrimonial instabilities. These were meant to foster family stability; which has not been the case. Objective: This study sought to examine the relationship between premarital counselling programs and family stability. Methods:It adopted a mixed methods design involving correlational and descriptive approaches. The target population was obtained from 26 Churches under the National Council of Churches of Kenya, with a target population of 10,997. The sample size was 462 respondents obtained using the fisher’s formula. Snowball as a form of purposive sampling was adopted to identify respondents. Stratified sampling was used to get the number of respondents in every Church. Semi- structured questionnaires, key informant interview schedules and Focus Group Discussions were adopted. Pilot study was conducted among similar Church families from Kakamega on a sample consisting of 10% of the respondents to establish reliability of the instruments. Responses in the questionnaires were tabulated, coded and processed using computer Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) program version 22 for quantitative data analysis. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically. Descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation were employed, together with inferential statistics such as Pearson’s Correlation and Multiple Linear Regression. Results: The study established a positive relationship between response of premarital counselling programs and family stability. Conclusion: In conclusion,the relationship between the Covenant of Matrimony and stability of Christian families in Kisumu Central Sub-Region was found to be positive.

Nano – emulsions are quiet an importance nowadays in order to improve the technology of drug administration in various routes of administration. In this study it has been illustrated about the different routes of administration with the evaluation and characterisation. Different routes such as the nose to brain drug delivery system along with transdermal delivery and brain drug delivery system. The effect of surfactant and co- surfactant with its effect in the viscosity and concentration plays an important role in the formulation basis of the nano- emulsions are studied. It also shows the difference in characteristics between the nano-emulsion and micro- emulsion. The effectiveness in the enhancement of the technologies in nano-emulsion also is a great debate which has been studies. This study also illustrates the effect in the viscosity, porosity, zeta potential, kinetic model, invitro in vivo studies, viscosity and surface studies.

Simultaneous transient measurements of thermal conductivity, thermal effusivity and thermal diffusivityin perpendicular direction to fibers of pterocarpus erinaceus(kosso) and afzelia woods were performed at room temperature (20 °C) with thermophysical characterization of building materials called hot strip based on different thicknesses of these two wood species, using samples of its last dried in vat at 105 °C. The fundamental advantages of this technique lie in the short duration (0 to 180 s) of manipulations ; the very low cost of the probe an estimation method based on a relatively simple modeling of the temperature in center of the probe and the ability to obtain two parameters from a single thermogram record. The main objective of this study is to consider the possibility of using these two species in the development of new insulating materials. The results obtained showed that thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the two wood species increase with thickness. Thermal effusivity decreases from 493.99 J.m^(-2).K^(-1).s^(-0,5) to 454.3 J.m^(-2).K^(-1).s^(-0,5) between 3 mm and 6 mm thick and then increases from 454.3 J.m^(-2).K^(-1).s^(-0,5) to 478.40 J.m^(-2).K^(-1).s^(-0,5) between 6 mm and 15 mm thick for afzelia. The kosso thermal effusivity decreases from 424.58 J.m^(-2).K^(-1).s^(-0,5) to 362.83 J.m^(-2).K^(-1).s^(-0,5)between 3 mm and 15 mm thick. Thermal conductivity of kosso is lower than that of afzelia between 3.6 mm and 15 mm. It was further noted that both species have thermophysical properties in accordance with the literature but that kosso wood is a good candidate for new insulating materials production.

The maxillary anterior teeth are the key elements contributing to the esthetic importance of what we call dentofacial beauty. However the selection and arrangement of maxillary anterior teeth for edentulous patients in a natural and esthetically pleasing form has remained an elusive and challenging endeavor. Over the years, norms, criteria and guidelines for esthetic tooth selection have been suggested by the artisans of the dental profession. However, no universally accepted parameter currently exists for selection of anterior teeth in local population, and no such studies have been carried out previously1, this study was conducted to determine the significance of correlation between the maxillary inter canine linear width and inter alar distance, inner inter canthal distance in the local population to potentially provide a guide for selecting maxillary anterior teeth.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops cultivated by man. The improvement of this crop requires a large exploitation of the available genetic variability on which its success depends. The present study aims to analyze the genetic diversity within 127 accessions of the sesame collection carried out in 6 regions of Niger (Tillabéri, Dosso, Maradi, Zinder, Diffa, and Tahoua). The Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) marker was used to assess the level and structure of genetic diversity among sesame accessions collected in Niger. DNA was extracted using the CTAB extraction method. A total of 179 bands were amplified with the EcoRI-ACT/MseI-CTA primer of which 83.80% were polymorphic. The population structure indicated that the material was divided into three populations. Sesame genetic diversity is not geographically structured in Niger. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in Sesamum indicum accessions with AFLP markers showed that the variation explained by the first two axes was 10.46%. Analysis of Molecular Variance Analysis (AMOVA), based on the three populations, showed very high intra-population diversity. The hypothesis that selecting genotypes of different geographical origin will maximize the diversity available for a breeding project is not relevant for sesame in Niger.

Anabas testudineus is an air-breathing teleost (IUCN Red List- ‘Least Concern’ Ver 3.1).The olfactory system of fish is a highly specialized chemosensory organ comprised of nostrils, nasal cavities, olfactory lamellae, olfactory nerves and olfactory bulbs above the brain. We conducted a study on olfactory neuroepithelium of A. testudineus to explore the surface topography and its dimorphism between different sexes (male and female). The olfactory rosettes of A. testudineus were dissected and examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) after fixation in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and CPD respectively. The olfactory rosette contained 8-11 numbers of lamellae and connected with an anterior raphe. The lamellae are distinguished into prominent inner sensory area bounded by outer non-sensory epithelium with different cellular components. The sensory epithelium possessed ciliated olfactory sensory neurons (CiOSNs) which remain distributed within the dense aggregations of ciliated non-sensory cells. The dispersion of non-sensory epithelium is found to vary between male and female A. testudineus. The non-sensory epithelium is branched and typically characterized by ciliated-microvillous cells that were more predominant in male A. testudineus. Hence, the olfactory neuroepithelium of A. testudineus possesses distinct sexual dimorphism. The uniqueness of ciliated sensory epithelium and ciliated-microvillous cells located in the non-sensory area reflects the specific adaptive nature of the species concerned.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic, the largest of its kind since the Spanish Flu, has led to upheaval and uncertainty in daily lives. It has also brought about a surge of research to devise ways to combat the spread. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been an indispensable part of these methods to confer accuracy and rapidity. Conclusion: In this review we focus on the different domains of pandemic control and how AI has played integral roles in each of these. We also explore the future prospects and scope of research.

Introduction: Corona virus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered corona virus. Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness. The best way to prevent and slow down transmission is be well informed about the COVID-19 virus, the disease it causes and how it spreads. The today’s the Nursing students helping people and family members for corona related awareness in family and society. Materials and Methods: In this study pre-experimental descriptive design purposive sampling techniques for collecting data. In this study 100 Nursing students participated to survey of knowledge related to corona pandemic disorder. In that 82% Basic B sc Nursing and 18% General Nursing Midwifery students. The Data wear analysis Chi-square test used for the association of knowledge score and demographic variable. The association result shows that no any significant difference in knowledge score. Result shows that 72% participants have moderate level, 18% Adequate level of Knowledge related of COVID-19. Conclusion: The majority of students have Moderate level of knowledge related to corona pandemic disease. Students have better knowledge about corona pandemic disorder.

The current study has emphasized on finding out the impact of exchange rate on international trade of the country. A higher-valued currency makes imports of a nation less costly, and its international exports more costly. A lower-valued currency makes imports more costly for a nation and international markets less costly for its exports. A higher exchange rate can be expected to worsen a country's trade balance whereas it can be expected to be boosted by a lower exchange rate. The current study has been conducted on the annual values of foreign exchange rate of India (Indian rupees and USD $) and international trade of India covering the data from 1991 to 2019. The ordinary Least Square regression model has been used to establish the relationship between exchange rate and international trade of the country. The findings of the study suggest the relationship between taken variables.

Chalcones are α, β-unsaturated ketones derived from acetate and Shikimic acid pathways, used in the biosynthesis of flavonoids and isoflavonoids. 1,3-diphenyl-2-propen-1-one is the simplest member of the chalcone series, with the molecular formula C15H12O, molar mass of 208.26g/mol, and a melting point of 55-57oC. Chalcones are synthesized by Aldol Condensation reaction using Claisen-Schmidt method which involves reacting equal molar ratios of benzaldehyde and acetophenone in an alcoholic base or their substituted derivatives. The presence of α, β unsaturated ketone makes chalcone a versatile molecule for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds through reaction with a bi-nucleophile such as hydrazine, urea, guanidine or o-phenylenediamine, to afford five, six or seven membered heterocyclic compounds such as pyrazoles, pyrimidones, pyrimidines, 1,5-benzodiazepines, and1,5-benzothiazepines. Heterocyclic nuclei are present as core structural components in an array of drug categories, such as anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antiepileptic, antidepressant and antimicrobial agents. Many chalcones could be used as lifesaving agents because of their immense pharmacological activities, such as antibacterial, antimalarial, antioxidant, anti-HIV and antitumor activities. Thus, they continue to enjoy lots of attention from researchers in the field of drug discovery.

With the emergence of SARS-COV-2 as a cause of COVID 19 disease in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and the spread of the infection later, down to its declaration a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020, there are still many questions that must be answered, among which the significance of an RT-PCR test turning positive after announcing a patient’s recovery, and how should physicians act in the face of such a situation. In our case series, we describe the clinical characteristics of fourteen patients who had recovered from COVID-19 infection between March and May 2020, and who had retested positive after at least one week. Thirteen out of fourteen patients were asymptomatic upon retesting. Only one patient developed symptoms after being declared cured with positive RT-PCR. Upon reassessment, the patient had mild disease with no lower respiratory tract involvement. During the period between recovery and re-admission, the patient was self-isolating at home, so there was no contact tracing to see how contagious the disease was in this episode. We concluded that most of the available data on retesting positive after recovery suggest the presence of a non-viable viral genome segment, since the PCR only detects the genome and not the viable virus. However, in the presence of symptoms, the patient should be considered contagious until more solid scientific data come out.

Background: Footwear sector is the most potential and booming export sector in Bangladesh that means, the position of this sector is just right after RMG. Besides that, Bangladesh is set to emerge as a next manufacturing hub for global footwear industry. In the world every year about 176 million pairs of shoes are rejected due to different type of defects in shoe production which costs nearly 5 billion US dollar. The footwear production of Bangladesh is also included in that figure is the causes of serious economic loss of the country. The present work is aimed to identify the causes of footwear rejection and devising better solution for the improvement of footwear quality. Footwear industries situated at different regions of Dhaka was selected. Questionnaire survey was done with quality managers. After interviewing production and quality stuffs and investing the workplace physically solutions of some major and frequent defects were suggested. Objectives: (a) Primary objective: • To find out the relative figure about the rejection in footwear manufacture in Bangladeshi Footwear company and to find out better solution for minimizing rejection. (b) Secondary objective: • To increase depth of knowledge for controlling quality production. Methodology: To analyze the types of footwear rejection, causes of footwear rejection and find out better solutions several methods were used. To find out the causes of footwear rejection and suitable solutions different books, journals, papers was reviewed also searched through internet which helped a lot to reach to the conclusion. Results: Footwear is rejected due to faulty production, wrong distribution and preservation and improper fitting issues. The less the rejection, better the profit and no industry cannot make good profit when more than 2% products are rejected. So, it can be surely said that, rejected footwear in supply chain is a major problem. Conclusion: The study reveals that every industries should have research and development lab where engineers will work on the development of new category footwear and ensure the production without any defect. It helps us to identify the causes of footwear rejection and devise better solution for the improvement of footwear quality.

The information efficiency of the financial markets is the foundation of modern finance. However, each bubble that forms and takes the time to develop before bursting, thus generating a financial crisis, comes to challenge the hypotheses that constitute this theory. The purpose of this work is to test the main index of the Moroccan stock market, Moroccan All Shares Index (MASI), in order to verify the efficiency hypothesis by examining whether bubbles can be detected. While the unit root tests highlighted mitigated conclusions about the random market model, cointegration tests rejected the hypothesis of a long-term relationship between prices and dividends. The results of the Generalized Sup Augmented Dickey-fuller (GSADF) test applied to the MASI enabled the detection of a bubble. Also, the dating strategy delimits it over a period going from the end of 2006 to the beginning of 2008. Thus, the hypothesis of informational efficiency in the case of Moroccan stock market cannot be accepted.

Introduction: Surgical site infections ( SSI ) can be defined as Infections occurring in the surgical patients within 30 days or 1 year without or with an implant respectively [1]. It is the leading cause of complication in the post operative period and one of the most common causes of HAI leading to serious complications. Aim of the Study: To study the incidence of surgical site infections in our hospital in comparison with the standard guidelines, to estimate the burden among the different classes of surgical wounds, to determine the significance of prophylactic antibiotics and to identify the risk factors and most common causative organism associated with Surgical site infections. Materials and Methods: A Prospective Cohort Study was conducted among patients admitted in the Thanjavur Medical College Hospital, in the Department of General surgery from May 2019 till May 2020 and undergoing general surgical procedures. Results: The incidence of SSIs is 150 patients (5.24%) among 2860 patients. Emergency cases accounted for 98 cases (65.33%), and Elective cases 52 cases (34.66%). Dirty class of wounds 64 cases (42.67%), Most common SSI was Superficial site infection 109 cases (72.67%). Patients had drainage tube inserted in 102 cases (68%), Foleys catheter in 110 cases (73.33%) and blood transfusion in 83 cases (55.33%), ASA grade most common was ASA 2 E 74 cases (49.33%). Most common organism was MRSA 35 cases (23.33%).

Background: KidNET has The quality and efficiency of the performance of public services are affected by different factors, such as innovation of staffs. Therefore, the goal of this research paper seeks to highlight the impact of innovation of staffs to improve performance of public services in the public sector of Bahrain. The results of this research paper demonstrated that the mean of the three questions regarding innovation indicated to that the mean value of innovation in the range of (2.64 – 3.13), mean that this level is considered in the moderate range. Regarding of practical implications this research paper can contribute to improving and enhancing the competitive advantage of performance of public services.

Extraction versus non-extraction debate has been a major controversy in orthodontics and it is still continuing since Angle era. Extraction of premolar teeth is the conventional treatment of choice for the management of class I malocclusion cases but in border line cases, orthodontists find difficulty in making a decision particularly in cases with good facial esthetics. However class I malocclusion with arch length tooth tissue discrepancy can be managed with the extraction of a lower incisor tooth. This would produce a more acceptable aesthetic outcome. Lower incisor extraction becomes a therapeutic alternative to premolar extractions in cases of lower anterior crowding and cases with well occluded posterior teeth.

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a serious pregnancy complication, in which women without previously diagnosed diabetes develop chronic hyperglycemia during gestation (Plows, 2018). Along with various adverse maternal and neonatal complications during pregnancy, there are long term consequences like obesity and risk of diabetes mellitus (DM) following diagnosis of GDM. Objectives: This study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of information booklet regarding GDM on knowledge among pregnant women with diabetes. Material & methods: The research approach was quantitative and pre experimental with one group pre test post test only design was applied in the study. Samples of the study were the admitted pregnant women who have been diagnosed with GDM, met the inclusion criteria and agreed to participate in the study. In this study, one group of 70 patients were selected by using consecutive sampling technique. After taking informed consent the pre test was taken and later participants were provided with information booklet on GDM. One week later the post test of the participant was taken. The collected data was analyzed by descriptive (frequency distribution and percentage) and inferential statistics. Result: Results of the study showed that the pre test knowledge score among study subjects were 28(40%) have good knowledge score, 36 (51.4%) have average knowledge scores score while 6(8.6%) have poor knowledge score. Thus majority of participants had average knowledge level in pre test. There was significant improvement in overall knowledge scores from 13.59 in pre test to 16.69 in post test as well as in all aspects of knowledge regarding gestational diabetes mellitus at p < 0.001 which showed that informational booklet regarding gestational diabetes mellitus was highly effective. There has been significant association was found between pre test knowledge score and area of residence at p value 0.021 as well as with education level at p value <0.001. Conclusion: The study found that imparting information booklet is effective way to improve awareness and understanding about GDM. As nurses play very important role in providing health education to patients they can use these kind of booklets in giving health education as knowledge gained through informational booklet regarding GDM may improve the self care practices among diabetic pregnant women .

Objective: analyze clinically and epidemiologically deaths at pediatric emergency department of Hopital General de Reference Malemba. Patients and Methods: The present study was retrospective descriptive of deaths occured at pediatric emergency department of Hopital General de Reference Malemba during a six months’period (September 2018 –February 2019).88 cases have been registered. Some variables analyzed such as age, complaint, retained diagnostic, clinical findings. Results: The mortality rate was 9,7% with most of the deaths under 5 years of age; 46% between 1-11 months. Fever and cough or another respiratory symptom constituted most of the complaints. Signs of anemia, respiratory distress and general state alteration were found in more than 50 per cent of the death cases. Severe Malaria and acute respiratory infections were evoked in almost all the cases.75 per cent were transfused, received injectable antimalarial and some received IV antibiotics. Conclusion : Many deaths could have been avoided with early visits at the emergency department, systematic antimalarial therapy for those children with fever and cough, diarrhea-vomiting, difficulty eating, general state alteration during the rainy season; supervision of caregiving facilities official and non-official alike from those who define healthcare policy, satisfying vaccination coverage.

Introduction: Arsenic is naturally occurring element that is widely distributed in nature. The main source of exposure for the general population is intake of drinking water with high level of arsenic. There is evidence of fetal loss & infant mortality due to arsenicexposure of mother by drinking water that may be due to arsenic crosses the placenta. Breast milk is main source of nutrition during 1st 6 months of life. There are few reports of low concentration of arsenic in breast milk. Urinary arsenic is considered as dependable marker of ongoing contamination. Arsenic level in urine of exclusive breastfed baby shows the intake of arsenic through breast milk. Objective: To detect arsenic secreted through breast milk from arsenic affected mother by measuring urinary arsenic level. Methods: It was a case-control prospective study. From January 2008 to July 2009 this study was done in Laksam thana in Bangladesh. Total 80 exclusively breast fed babies were enrolled in this study, 40 babies were cases whose mother were arsenic affected &40 babies of control group were nonaffected mother. To detect arsenic concentration in breast milk we considered as arsenic level in urine. We thoroughly examine mothers& their babies. Results: In this study total 80 breast fed babies were enlisted, 40 from affected mother & 40 from non-affected mother. Arsenic affected mothers showed 100% melanosis &27.3% keratosis .Arsenic concentration in urine in affected mother (case) was 329.57microgram/L±106.017 & median was 379.67 micro gm/l, arsenic level in urine of baby of affected mother (case) is7.02±1.05. In control group both mothers urinary arsenic level& babies urinary arsenic level were low. Physical growth & milestone of development were normal in both group of babies. Conclusion: All Arsenic affected lactating mother should continue their breast feeding exclusively without harm to their babies.

Objective: To estimateinsilico studies on farnesol as a potential inhibitor of Acetylcholinesterase (AchE), Butyrylcholinesterase (BchE), Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: In the present in silico study, bioactive terpene farnesol were analysed for their inhibitory role on Acetylcholinesterase, Butyrylcholinesterase, Angiotensin converting enzyme activity by molecular docking studies. The in silico docking studies were carried out by using Accelrys Discovery Studio 4.1 client. Results: The CDOCKER energy of farnesol with Acetylcholinesterase showed binding energy -32.06 kcal/mol whereas Galantamine(S) showed binding energy 0.364 kcal/mol. Farnesol with Butyrylcholinesterase showed binding energy -34.21kcal/mol whereas Tacrine(S) showed binding energy 12.60 kcal/mol. Farnesol with Angiotensin converting enzyme showed binding energy -33.12 kcal/mol whereas Lisinopril(S) showed binding energy 38.65 kcal/mol. Conclusion: The present study reported that the bioactive terpene farnesol have good binding interactions with Acetylcholinesterase, Butyrylcholinesterase, Angiotensin converting enzyme when compared to the standard drugs Galantamine, Tacrine and Lisinopril respectively.

Background: Diabetic retinopathy irreversibly leads to blindness. Early detection and stringent glycemic control may delay progression but there are no specific biomarkers. Serum magnesium has been found to be associated with retinopathy. Objective: To evaluate serum magnesium concentration in patients with type 2 diabetes and to study its association with stages of diabetic retinopathy. Methods: Cross section observational study at a tertiary care hospital. Diabetic retinopathy graded as per early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) and diabetes defined as per American diabetic association criteria. Patients with end stage diabetes and those on drugs affecting serum magnesium excluded. Results: Patients evaluated after exclusion were 300. The prevalence of hypomagnesemia was 21.3%. The prevalence of retinopathy in hypomagnesemia was 39% and in normal serum magnesium was 17.8%, respectively. The mean serum magnesium levels in type to diabetics without retinopathy, NPDR, diabetic maculopathy, pre-proliferative DR and PDR were 2.1±0.4, 2±0.3, 1.9±0.42, 1.8±0.4 and 1.4±0.07 mg/dl, respectively. Proliferative and pre-proliferative DR was significantly higher in patients with hypomagnesemia. Type 2 diabetics with hypomagnesemia has significantly more ACR>30mg/g than diabetics with normal serum magnesium (Chi-square test, P=0.001). There was a significant and inverse correlation between serum magnesium and ACR (Pearson’s correlation coefficient, r= -0.569, P<0.001). There was a significant and inverse correlation between serum magnesium and HbA1c (Pearson’s correlation coefficient, r= -0.551, P<0.001). Conclusion:Serum magnesium correlates significantly with HBA1c and albumin creatinine ratio and either alone or in combination may be used as a marker for risk and follow-up of patients with diabetic retinopathy.

By incorporating emotionality, this paper proposes to enrich cognitive information processing among the general public in times of crisis as evident in COVID-19. Two distinct emotional responses namely fear and anxiety with sufficient enthusiasm profoundly influences our behaviour and responses towards the disease. Fear because the threat of the corona virus disease is real, and anxiety because of the novelty that stimulates our utmost attention toward COVID-19. The anxiety powerfully influences preferences and stimulates our involvement in the COVID-19 health and wellness campaign. The discussion enhances a phenomenological theoretical perspective concerning cognitive and emotional processes as mutually engaged and in turn supportive as countries and the public adopt various intervention measures aimed at curbing the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The discussions demonstrate the cognitive information process and fathoms out how people can appropriately practice emotions as tools towards dealing with the fear and anxiety of COVID-19.

Background: KidNET has demonstrated favourable outcomes in reducing PTSD symptoms and its comorbid disorders among adolescent refugees. However, the outcome of KidNET in reducing PTSD symptoms in non-refugee adolescents has not been documented. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of KidNET in reducing PTSD symptoms among adolescents in secondary schools. Methods: A quasi-experimental research design was used to conduct the study. A total of 120 respondents took part in the study. The participants had a mean age of 15.84 years (SD = 1.01). A Socio-Demographic Questionnaire (SDQ) and the Child PTSD Symptom Scale-V-Self Report (CPSS-V-SR) was used to assess for PTSD symptoms. Results: Independent groups’ t-tests were used to detect significant mean differences whilst Cohen D (d) was used to determine effect sizes. At endline, a between-groups t-test showed a medium effect size (d=0.68). A significant difference between the groups was also established at p=0.001. The findings further showed that 38.3% of the participants in the experimental group vs 8.3% in the control group reported a reduction of PTSD symptoms from mild/moderate symptoms at baseline to minimum PTSD symptoms at endline. The findings also showed that KidNET reduced PTSD symptoms in 81.7% of the experimental group. An analysis of the PTSD symptom criteria that showed significant symptom reduction in the criteria for: arousal and reactivity alterations, avoidance and, the criteria for mood and cognitive alterations. Conclusion: The findings showed that KidNET was effective in reducing PTSD symptoms among non-refugee boys in secondary schools.

Political theory as a subject is a source of criticism and appraisal concerning to the character and direction of the discipline. It is widely debated among the contemporary political scientist that the great tradition associated with the master of political philosophy seems to become closed. But it is not true. The resurgence of political theory means the revival of the normative or value-based (Philosophical) political theory in political science. In the middle of the 20th century, many thinkers like (David Easton, Alfred Cobban, Lasslett, Dahl)) have written about the decline or dead of political theory. But it would not be right to conclude that political theory has become unimportant or has declined. It is in fact true that the nature, character, scope, area of study and the shape of political theory has been changed with the changing circumstances. Day by day the periphery, relevance, scope, the area of study of political theory is increasing according the need of the hour. According to some scholars, political theory now concentrating on issue like feminism, Oppertunitism, Cynisism, Existentialism, Environmentalism, Post behaviouralism, Fundamentalism, Post modernism, methodological revolution have changed the forms of political theory. Towards the second half of the Nineteenth and twentieth century, it has seen a new direction in the development of political theory and value-based political theory was revived (resurgence of political theory) in the writing of Leo Strauss, Isaiah berlin, Hannah Ardent, Leo Strauss, Michael Oakeshott, Bertrand de Jouvenal, Sheldon Wolin, John Rawls, etc. Thus, Political theory is not dead. It still exits. So to say that the political theory is dead, it will be a great mistake. It is not declined but had transformed in to different aspect.

The threat of the widespread pandemic COVID19 has hit every nation around the globe by surprise. There has been a sudden closure of economic activity and a need to alter processes to what we now call the “New Normal”. Along with the changes in economic system and lifestyle during the pandemic time, are changes in the education system of the Department of Education in the implementation of different modalities of learning and new teaching approaches. It has been a notion for our Education Department to look for alternatives in order for education to continue despite the threats of the Pandemic. The pandemic caused many reasons for concern from the people in the education sector most especially the public teachers who are now given the burden to make education happen no matter what the consequences and challenges there may be. This study evaluated the different coping mechanisms of public teachers to handlestress that was brought by the pandemic.

This study is conducted to assess the financial performance of NBFC’s in India using Correlation and Regression analysis. The study is an econometric one that considers the samples of various types of NBFC’s. The main categorisations of the NBFC’s are Loan Companies, Investment companies, Infrastructure finance companies, and Asset finance companies. Here, 50 NBFC’s were chosen in total with 10 companies in each category. For the section of asset finance, it was further divided into subdivisions such as hire purchase and equipment leasing companies.

The main object of this paper is prove that: Let R be a 2-torsion free semiprime ring ,T=(Ti)iN and H=(Hi)iN be two generalized higher reverse left (resp. right) centralizers associated with the higher reverse left (resp. right) centralizers t=(ti)iN and h=(hi)iN resp. of R , where Tn and Hn are commuting. Then Tn and Hn are orthogonal if and only if Tn(x) Hn(y) = tn(x) Hn(y) = 0, for all x , y  R and n  N.

The COVID-19 pandemic has put the health care worker at increased risk of getting infected by way of exposure to patients in a hospital. Some are at higher risk including those caring COVID 19 patients, and those exposed to suspected, and undiagnosed COVID patients entering the hospital. We did a pilot study in our tertiary care hospital to study the prevalence of COVID 19 infection in HCW in our hospital by conducting COVID 19 antibody tests among 149 HCW at highest risk by nature of their work areas and found very low prevalence of recent COVID 19 infection in them, including zero rates among intensivists doctors working in COVID ICU. We hypothesize that the reasons for our results are strict protocol for screening of patients and HCW entering the hospital, and well implemented SOP and protocols for PPE, infection control, distancing and continuous education to update guidelines.

Microfinance is a fundamental tool for poverty reduction by providing financial services to low-income individuals who are devoid of access to formal financial services. Microfinance institutions started operations in Ethiopia following Proclamation No. 40/96, and currently, there are 30 licensed MFIs and 448 branches with active clients of 2.3 million. Despite their outstanding contributions, however, their ability to improve livelihood is still in question. Multi-stage sampling was used to select a representative sample size of participants and non-participants. Descriptive analysis was run to reveal measures of central tendency and variability; while logistic regression was applied to determine factors affecting households’ decision to participate in microfinance. Logistic regression analysis indicated that seven variables significantly influenced program participation were four of them significant at 1% (i.e. Education level, household size, membership of cooperative and extension contact); and the other two variables were found significant at 10% (i.e. the number of dependents and Distant from OMFIs); while another variable has significantly affected participation at 5%. Microfinance institutions have to create awareness of its service to less educated smallholder farmers. MFI institution needs to expand its satellite sites to access the farthest rural farmers.

The purpose of this study was Exploring Teachers’ Practices of using Short Stories in Teaching English Speaking Skills for Grade Eleven of Damboya Preparatory School. The study employed descriptive research design. To attain the stated objectives, purposive sampling technique was used to select the target school and the targeted respondents of the study. Accordingly, sixty four students and English language teachers who have been teaching English subject for preparatory classes were used as the participants of the study. Both the students and the teachers were from Damboya Secondary and Preparatory School. To collect the data, questionnaire, document analysis and focus group discussion were used. The data were analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The data in the questionnaire were analysed by calculating the percentages and frequencies. The results of the research pointed out that the short stories incorporated to teach speaking skills in English textbook of grade eleven and the speaking activities derived from the incorporated short stories of the same class according to the data attained from students and teachers were insufficient and less than the needed though there is no criteria to limit the numbers of short stories to be incorporated. Using the incorporated short stories needs teachers’ use of various techniques like grouping students for discussion, motivating them as they retell short stories orally and teaching as students complete the remaining plot of the short stories. For the reason that different major hindering factors like large class size, authors’ culture, the size of English language text book and understanding of students towards short stories role to enhance speaking skill, there was a gap in the use of the incorporated short stories to teach speaking skills. As a result, based on the findings of the study, recommendations were forwarded to alleviate the aforementioned problems in the school under study.

Resulting from increasing enrolments and inadequate resources, Public Technical Universities in Kenya are viewed as providing low quality education that doesn’t support research and innovation, and drive Vision 2030.Does implementing Performance Contract stimulate innovation in Public Technical Universities? The purpose of the study was to establish the influence of Performance Contract Implementation in stimulating innovations in Public Technical Universities in Kenya. The specific objective of the study was to establish: the influence of Performance Contract Implementation on Innovations in Public Technical Universities. The study utilised the Goal Setting theory advanced by Locke and Latham (2018), which states that goal setting in an organization enhances employee and organization performance. The study employed the Explanatory Survey research design. The study was carried out at the Technical University of Kenya and Technical University of Mombasa where the total study population was 15104 which comprised of 14592 Students, 109 Administrative staff and 403 Lecturers. From the population, a sample size of 377 was obtained as guided by the Morgan Krejcie formulae for determining sample size. Data for the study was collected by the use of 5-point Likert scale questionnaire. Content validity of the instrument was ensured by expert judgement. Reliability of study instruments was ascertained by Cronbach alpha where all achieved above the 0.5 threshold index. Qualitative data yielded was analysed by use of content analysis based on identifiable categories. Quantitative data was analysed by use of Factor analysis and Simple regression. Data was presented by use of tables and figures. Based on the study objective the findings revealed that Performance Contract implementation accounted for 66.6% innovation in Public Technical Universities. From these findings, the study concludes that Performance Contract Implementation has a positive influence on innovations in Public Technical Universities. The study therefore recommends that Performance Contracting should be implemented and strengthened as a management tool to increase efficiency and stimulate innovations in Public Technical Universities. The findings of this study should thus inform policy framework on Performance Contract Implementation for Public Technical Universities.

Drug abuse is becoming increasingly a concern in Kenya. Studies done globally have shown that students abuse drugs. The foremost concern is the number of these students that can become addicted to serious substances, jeopardizing their own health and safety and creating difficulties for their families and the society at large. Preliminary survey in five schools revealed that students in Vihiga and Sabatia sub-counties were abusing drugs. It was also alleged that poor academic performance was noted among students who abused drugs. What was not known was the influence of drug abuse on student academic performance in secondary schools in Vihiga and Sabatia sub-counties. The objective of the study was to establish influence of drug abuse on student academic performance in Vihiga and Sabatia sub-counties. A conceptual framework showing influence of drug abuse on student academic performance in secondary schools was used to guide the study. The study established that drug abuse influenced students’ academic performance both principals and Guidance and Counseling teachers agreed that it had high negative influence. The findings of this study are useful to the managers of schools in Kenya and other countries of the world in understanding the issues related to substance abuse among students in their schools and to come up with strategies to be used in addressing substance abuse related issues in Kenya .

Drug abuse is becoming increasingly problematic in the world Kenya inclusive. Studies done worldwide have revealed that students abuse drugs. The foremost concern was the number of these students that would form an addiction to serious substances, jeopardizing their own health and safety and creating difficulties for their families and the public at large. Preliminary survey in five schools revealed that students in Vihiga and Sabatia sub-counties were abusing drugs. It was noted that Vihiga and Sabatia sub counties were experiencing cases of indiscipline that were linked to drug abuse. What was not known was the influence of drug abuse on student violence in secondary schools in Vihiga and Sabatia sub-counties. The objective of the study was therefore to establish influence of drug abuse on student violence in secondary schools in Vihiga and Sabatia sub-counties. A conceptual framework showing influence of drug abuse on student violence in secondary schools was used to guide the study. The study used descriptive survey research design. The study established that principals perceived drug abuse to be having high influence on violence in schools though G & C teachers rated its influence as moderate. The findings of this study are useful to the managers of schools in Kenya and the world at large in understanding the issues related to substance abuse among students in their schools and to come up with strategies to be used in addressing substance abuse related issues.

Burnout is one of the factors that adversely affects human resource in performance of work. Studies have revealed that in schools burnout inactivates head teachers reducing their achievement. School factors such as lack of physical facilities, inadequate rewards and school insecurity increase level of burnout which has been linked to underperformance by head teachers and translate to poor academic performance in schools. In Butula Sub-county, preliminary survey on five head teachers indicated that head teachers were experiencing burnout. The objective of this study was to determine burnout levels among head teachers in public primary schools in Butula Sub County. A conceptual framework showing the relationship between independent variables (school factors) and dependent variable (head teachers burnout) were used to guide the study. The findings of the study were that the overall burnout level among head teachers was moderate. The study concluded that head teachers experience moderate burnout. The study recommended that head teachers should adopt methods of dealing with burnout by addressing school factors that influence burnout. The findings of this study are significant to stakeholders in education as they provide information that can inform policy formulation that can minimize burnout among head teachers.

Much consternation has come to be highlighted in recent years even in the most scrupulous democratic republics with attention to secure vote casting and counting process. That the people tend to elect those candidates that reflect popular opinion is a widely held belief. Popular opinion is elicited by the process of adding up citizen votes that are assigned as ballots received toward electing a candidate nominated to a political party. Despite all transparency with frequent news media polling updates, it is a wonder why huge segments of the electorate remain dissatisfied. A sizeable portion of the answer can be found by questioning the statistical validity of the vote casting and counting process. The authors present arguments in favor of reform that would remove the experimental design violation inherent in electing candidates nominated for President, Prime Minister, Governor, and such other political positions. Some historical examples of good and bad governance are provided to introduce the topic. Brief mention of notable personalities lamenting the loss of political accountability and ethical responsibility of free nations are included. The formidable scheduling constraints for a singular leader of a republic make near impossible effective execution of major decisions in a timely manner. The authors recommend that the Office of Presidency be shared by 3 capable individuals simultaneously, with one among them interfacing with news media personnel.

This study aimed to know the attitude of students at Jazan University towards Khat use in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, an analytical descriptive approach has been used, an electronic questionnaire has been developed to reveal the attitudeof students towards Khat use, The questionnaire was applied to a random sample that estimated about (296) male and female students from the University of Jazan who were using Khat. The study showed that the proportion of male use is more than female use. the main reason for students to use Khat for the first time are the social events that some people exploit to spread such habits, and the current study indicated that male and female Khat users spend a long time of 4-6 hours per day spent chewing Khat. Which thought by respondents it does not negatively affect the academic level, but also it doesn’t increase understanding. Also revealed that the main reason behind addiction to Khatuse is to keep up with friends. However, it revealed that family disintegration is not a motivation for the student to use Khat, and one of the most important reasons that drive students to use Khatis the location of the city of Jizan near the Republic of Yemen. Likewise, the failure to apply punishment to users is among the trends that push students to use Khat. Also, the legal ruling that did not issue a clear ruling regarding the explicit prohibition of khat in some Arab countries is among the trends that motivate male and female students to abuse Khat. Researchers recommended: to eliminate this phenomenon more effort is needed for educating the individual about the danger of Khat on health, strengthen parents monitoring of their behavior and selection of family friends and conducting training seminars that explain the damages Khat, holding sporting events and competitions.

Back Ground: The common cold can occur at any time of year, it is a benign condition in the upper respiratory tract system and self -limited disease. Cough and Cold medications lead to major side effects although there is limited data about the knowledge and practice of parents towards using it for their children which had a common cold. Objectives: To measure the knowledge of parents, to evaluate the practice of parents and to identify determents of Parents towards using Cough and cold medication for their children which had a common cold at General Pediatrics Clinics in Maternity And Children Hospital in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, KSA, 2019-2020. Design: Cross-section analytic study. Setting: General pediatrics clinics in Maternity and Children Hospital in Makkah Al-Mukarramah. Patient and methods: random selection of parents having children of age 6 years and younger which had a history of common cold and distribution of the valid questionnaire. Main outcome measures: sociodemographic data of parents and their children, practice, determents, and knowledge of Parents towards using cough and cold medication for Their Children Which Had a common cold via questionnaire. Sample size: 214 of parents of pediatric patients. Result: The81.3% of the respondents were female, 75.7% of the sample are Saudi,72.4% were Relationship to the child is a mother of the child,79.0% were aged from 20 to less than 35, 52.3% were the education level is a university and 50.9% were work. The69.2% of the respondents were a child's sex is male, 73.4% were their children aged from two to six years and 85.5%had less than 6 times of common colds during the past year. 96.3% of common colds were diagnosed by the doctor and 34.6% took their children to the Children's clinic in a private hospital. Were 78.0%visit the doctor once a time when their child had a common cold, and 64.5% of the respondents do not use phytomedicine for their child before going to the doctor and 50.9%were using phytomedicine for their child after going to the doctor for the common cold, and 65.0% of them use cough and cold medications for their children during a common cold. There was a statistically significant relationship between common colds among children and demographic variables. Conclusion: Approximately more than half of participated using cough and cold medication when their children had a common cold and there was significant statistically for a side effect of using it, which indicates the need for a further broad study of other sectors and cities. Limitations: Covering a large population in a limited time.

Background: COVID – 19 (Corona virus disease – 19) is an infectious respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. It was originated from Wuhan city, China and thereafter spread across the world. The present study was conducted to assess the community perception, awareness and perceived risk about COVID – 19 among population residing in Haryana. Material and Method: This cross-sectional online survey was conducted among population residing in Haryana. This was a questionnaire based study comprised of 14 close ended questions. Respondent demographic characteristics, awareness, information sources, knowledge and perceptions related to COVID-19 were recorded. Data were tabulated in MS excel and descriptive statistics were performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Results: Almost all participants heard about COVID – 19 (95.2%). Risk perception level towards COVID-19 was high. The majority of participants were aware of COVID-19 symptoms, able to correctly report modes of transmission and aware of measures for preventive measures. Conclusion: The present study concluded that the majority of the participants heard about COVID – 19. The study recommends that the government should use mass media like social media, internet, television, radio etc. on a large scale for spreading awareness regarding COVID – 19.

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious complication in children admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). The primary objective of our study was to estimate the incidence of AKI in children admitted to PICU. Secondary objective was to study the etiology ,short term outcome and determine the predictors of fatality in children with AKI. Methods: This was a prospective, cross sectional study conducted in children aged 1month to 18 years in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of Amrita Institute Of Medical Science, Kochi from Nov 2015 to Oct 2017 based on Acute Kidney Injury Network Criteria(AKIN). Results: The incidence of AKI was 18% .59.3% of the AKI patients were ≤5year of age. Most common cause for AKI was due to infections(87%) mainly sepsis(42.7%). 88.9% children had pre renal, 9.3% had renal and 1.9% had post renal type of AKI.40.7% were in stage 1,13% in stage2 and 46.3% in stage 3 based on AKIN criteria. 42.6% had complete recovery, 16.7% had partial recovery and death in 40.7% patients. 25.9% of AKI patients required dialysis. Children with AKI (7.85 ± 4.917) had prolonged PICU stay when compared with Non AKI group (4.28 ± 2.920 days) with p value: <0.001. AKI was associated with increased mortality (40.7%, p < 0.001). 43.8% of children with prerenal AKI and 77.3% children in stage 3 had the highest mortality (P value <0.001). Predictors of fatality were presence of Hypertension and the need for Ventilation (P-value < 0.05). Conclusions: It was concluded that the incidence of AKI was 18%. Most common etiology was Sepsis (42.5%) Children with AKI had prolonged PICU stay. AKI was associated with increased mortality (p < 0.001).Need for Ventilation was found to be a significant risk factor for developing AKI (p <0.001).Predictors of fatality were Hypertension and the need for Ventilation.

Open source 3d printing technology, for some years, has been preparing to respond to the needs of society where autonomous manufacturers take on challenges that, until now, were reserved for large companies in the sector. Schools are formed in laboratories, taking on new challenges and opening up new scenarios and teaching methods. In this context, the world of architecture and home design is heading towards previously unexplored and novel terrain. This research work aims to explore through experimentation if production on demand is feasible in time, form and economy to greatly reduce the environmental impact of manufacturing. In short, the personal nature of autonomous production, in this context, adds to the possibility of reusing plastics such as PET, which are the cause of great global pollution. The objective is to investigate whether from now on the large industry will lose the character of exclusivity since the FabLab, the Makers are presented as the main protagonists of the near future due to their low environmental impact.

Ensete ventricosum (Welw Chessman), is a perennial, herbaceous, monocarpic and monocotyledonous crop in the family Musaceae (Westphal 1975). The experiment was carried out using different fermentation time (0, 30, 60 and 90 days) and two Enset varieties to check out the effects of fermentation time and enset variety on the nutritional composition of kocho. In this study, kocho samples had been prepared from yedbereye and Lemat enset variety, which are processed by using indigenous Gurage kocho processing methods. The outcomes revealed that, mineral composition of kocho were affected by fermentation time and Enset ventricosum variety. The outcomes of this study showed that the content of Ca, Mg, K, and Zn content was found higher in the unfermented kocho prepared from yedebreye (190.11 mg/100 g, 117.47 mg/100 g, 860.99 mg/100 g, and 3.87 mg/100 g respectively) than the content in unfermented prepared from Lemat (183.89 mg/100g, 112.68 mg/100g, 857.06 mg/100g and 2.17 mg/100g respectively). On the other hand, the content of Na, Fe, Cu and Mn was found higher in the unfermented kocho prepared from Lemat (27.94 mg/100 g, 3.58 mg/100 g, 3.30 mg/100 g and 2.95 mg/100 g respectively) than the content in unfermented kocho prepared from yedebreye (22.54 mg/100g, 2.66 mg/100g, 2.41 mg/100g and 1.56 mg/100g respectively). The Ca, Mg, Na and Fe content differ significantly (P <0.05), whereas, the K, Cu, Zn and Mn content does not differ significantly (P >0.05) among the two verities. As fermentation time increased, Ca, Mg, K, Mn and Cu contents increased however Na, Fe and Zn contents decreased. The Fermentation time significantly (p<0.05) affects the calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese and zinc content in Kocho prepared from Lemat and Yedebreye enset variety while the potassium and sodium content was significantly (p<0.05) affected in kocho sample prepared from Yedebreye variety.