April 2015

Background: As one of the great philosopher has rightly said "Old is gold", Touch imprint cytology is older technique than any other technique which gives a quick and promising results, also it is less expensive, technically easy and does not require additional infrastructure like frozen section. Aim: To evaluate role and efficacy of imprint cytology in early diagnosis of various lymphadenopathies, to correlate the imprint cytology findings with histomorphological diagnosis and to establish suitability of the procedure. Materials and Methods: Study comprised of 50 prospective cases of lymphadenopathy undergoing excision in minor and major operation theatres. Touch imprints were prepared, stained with different stains and findings were noted. These lymph nodes were then subjected for histopathological analysis to create a correlation between them. Results: The commonest age group came out to be 4th and 5th decade with a female preponderance. The overall accuracy rate of touch imprint cytology technique as compared to histomorphologic findings came out to be 98%, sensitivity 90.91% and specificity 100%. Conclusion: Thus, Touch imprint cytology should be as a protocol for every case of lymphadenopathy undergoing excision as it is proved to be extremely effective as a diagnostic tool, as well as safe, inexpensive and expeditious.

Background: Chronic kidney disease is a multifaceted problem having both physical and psychological connotations on the patient. Depression, anxiety, sleep and sexual disorders are common complications observed in patients with renal failure under hemodialysis. Aim of the work: Recognizing the psychiatric complications of hemodialysis on end stage renal disease patients. Methods: A 2-year cross-sectional study at Sohage Governorate, Upper Egypt, in which 1191 hemodialysis patients were enrolled for detection of psychiatric disorders through application of semi-structured interview, Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology [Self-Report] (QIDS-SR), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Arizona sexual experience Scale (ASEX). Results: Psychiatric disorders are common among hemodialysis patients particularly depressive (61.46%), anxiety (35.68%), sleep (67.34%) and sexual disorders (48.36%). Depressive, anxiety and sleep disorders are significantly more prevalent among female hemodialysis patients (58.61%, 70.82% and 60.22% respectively) than male hemodialysis patients (41.39%, 29.18% and 39.78%) while sexual disorders are commoner in male (60.59%) than female (39.41%) hemodialysis patients. Conclusion: Psychiatric sequels of hemodialysis include depression, anxiety, sleep and sexual disorders. They are more common among female patients except sexual disorders which are more common among male patients.

Context: Patients with advanced cirrhosis commonly have reduced renal function. Renal failure is frequently related to cirrhosis and renal function is often compromised as a secondary consequence of heaptic failure, independent of etiology of cirrhosis, which is called the functional renal failure or hepatorenalsyndrome (HRS). Aims:To evaluate the causes of ARF in patients with cirrhosis of liver of any etiology and to study the outcome of treatment and prognosis of ARF in patients with cirrhosis of liver of any etiology. Setting and design: Hospital based prospecto-retrospective study, an evaluation of the causes (types) of acute renal failure in patients with cirrhosis, treatment of acute renal failure and its prognosis was done. Materials and Methods: The patients were selected from the gastroenterology and Nephrology unit Christian Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana. It included all patients admitted in wards who were diagnosed to have cirrhosis of any etiology complicated by renal insufficiency. A total of 131patients were included, 61 prospective and 70 retrospective. Results: Out of 131 patients, 51 (38.93%) had pre-renal ARF, 20 in the prospective group, and 31 in the retrospective group. The average age of patients in the study was 49.87+/-10.10 years. The mortality rate was maximum in the age group of 40 to 49 years. HRS was diagnosed in 44 patients (33.54%),of whom, 30 had HRS type1 and 14 had HRS type 2. ATN was seen in 36 patients (27.48%). FENa was found to be a good predictor of pre-renal ARF and ATN, however, it was not found to be very useful as a predictor of HRS in this study. Haemodialysis was done on 36 patients. Only 38 of the 131 patients had an improvement in the renal function. Of these, 25 had pre-renal ARF, 11 had HRS type2, one had HRS type1 and another one had ATN. In 43 patients, ARF was associated with upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage, of which 29 (67.44%) died. Conclusion: About 35% of these patients have HRS, 40% have prerenal ARF and 25% have acute tubular nercrosis. An intravascular volume expansion should be given to all patients of ARF with cirrhosis except to those with fluid overload. Reversal of HRS is seen in a high proporation of patients treated with Terliperssin. There is a high mortality associated with these patients, especially so with HRS type1 and ATN.

The Oncocytoma is the second most common solid tumor of the kidney after renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Exact etiology is not known. Majority of oncocytoma are asymptomatic and cannot be differentiated from RCC by clinical or radiographic criteria. Very few cases of symptomatic giant oncocytomas of kidney are reported in the English literature. The tumor was incidentally diagnosed, based on the preoperative clinical and radiographic findings; diagnosis of RCC was made. Here, we present a case of fifth largest symptomatic giant oncocytoma of kidney reported till date in the literature.

The distribution of various bacterial isolates causing infectious diseases was evaluated in Karpagam Medical College Hospital, Othakkalmandapam, Coimbatore district, Tamilnadu. A total of 578 samples which included urine, pus, sputum, blood, eye swab, throat swab, ear swab, nasal swab, ascitic fluid, pleural fluid and C.S.F were analyzed. Out of total 578 samples analyzed in bacteriology laboratory, 216 were culture positive. The antibiotic susceptibility test of the bacterial isolate was performed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Majority of the bacterial isolates showed wide resistance to the antimicrobials employed. High rate of multiple antibiotic resistances was observed in isolates from I.C.U and Surgery Departments.

Background: The gastrointestinal symptoms of anorexia, hiccups, nausea and vomiting are common early manifestations of CRF. Peptic ulcer disease is common in CRF patients, whether the high incidence is related to altered gastric acidity, hyper-secretion of gastrin or enhanced colonization by Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) is still unknown. Aims: To study the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in chronic renal failure patients as compared to a group of control subjects with normal renal function and to correlate the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection to upper gastrointestinal endoscopic findings. Setting and Design: Hospital based prospective Case-Control study. Materials & Methods: The patients were selected from the gastroenterology and Nephrology units Christian Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana a tertiary care hospital to whom all subjected for endoscopy and for H. Pylori testing. Results: The presence of endoscopic antral gastritis showed significant association with H.pylori prevalence (57.6%) and (p<0.005), however, H.pylori infection was not related significantly to any other form of gastritis. Antral pattern of gastritis was the most common endoscopic lesion observed in both groups. The presence of duodenal ulcer or gastric ulcer did not show any increased prevalence of H.pylori. The combination of antral gastritis and duodenal ulcer showed 100 percent prevalence of H.pylori. There was no association found between H.pylori and reflux esophagitis. Gastric ulcer was seen in 3.2 percent cases and 3.6 percent controls. Duodenal ulcer was seen in 1.6 percent CRF patients and 20.4 percent controls. The commonest pattern of antral histology was active chronic superficial gastritis and was found in 33.3 percent cases and 44.9 percent controls. Both, controls and patients with CRF showed a similar pattern of histological gastritis. There was good correlation between endoscopic and histological gastritis. Conclusion: Gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with end stage kidney disease are due to multi-factorials, however high prevalence of H. Pylori infection is common in developing country like India where symptomatic patients need evaluation by doing U.G. I. Scopy where one should test and treat to alleviate the patients symptoms.

Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) is one of the dreaded complications encountered during management of chronic hyponatremia. Rapid osmotic shift of fluid during correction of hyponatremia results in osmotic myelinolysis of the pontine or extrapontine areas of the brain. Even gradual correction of hyponatraemia can produce myelinolyis, especially with pre-existing malnourishment, alcoholism, drug abuse and Addison's disease as noted in our cases. We report two cases of demyelination, one with pontine and extra-pontine myelinolysis in the presence of chronic kidney disease on haemodialysis, and a case of extra-pontine myelinolysis due to treatment of Adrenomyeloneuropathy presenting as Addison’s disease, with good recovery on treatment with steroids.

Graham Fleming, the principal investigator for the study. “This wavelike characteristic can explain the extreme efficiency of the energy transfer because it enables the system to simultaneously sample all the potential energy pathways and choose the most efficient one.” is unnecessary explaining Biology- photosynthesis with QM –superposition (superposition of possible trajectories). Both are separate identity or phenomena and both are triggered by MIND the ToE (theory of everything). Neither excited electrons carry energy through a photosynthetic system by hopping at random from one molecule to the next (Physical conduction) nor electrons take advantage of the weirdness of quantum physics traveling in the form of a coherent wave that can try out different paths simultaneously so that the electrons could then choose the best route explaining photosynthesis’s high efficiency. Rather, excited electrons carry photon energy in form of charged energy through a well destined path of photosynthetic system by the phenomenon called divine conduction mechanics or life phenomenon where thought is trigging and controlling the path of excited electron explaining photosynthesis’s high efficiency. The effects of matter and energy are different in different branches of science. In physics the effects are classified as classical physics and quantum physics. While in life sciences the effects are not physical rather they are associated with thoughts also. What are the basis of physical sciences as well as of life sciences or how laws of physics as well as of life sciences are made that is to be discussed in a very simple way. One has to equip with structure of the matter, origin of the universe and atomic genes as taught by participatory science. The standard model not only modified rather it has been completed (Vijay Mohan Das, 2014) with introduction of energized gravitons, primary fermions, primary bosons, Basic Building Blocks, Mind and Tachyons.

Background: Hypertension is a leading cause of mortality in the world and is ranked third as a cause of disability-adjusted life years. Epidemiological studies have shown that sedentary life-style and stress are important risk factors for hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension is increasing rapidly in developing countries more in urban areas due to changing life style and increasing longevity. Materials and Methods: Prevalence of hypertension among adults from the previous studies was found to be 35%. Sample size of 600 was calculated using the formula 4pq/L2 with 10% allowable error. Systematic random sampling was used and after taking informed consent, participants were interviewed using a pre tested questionnaire. Diagnostic criteria were based on JNC VII guidelines, SBP ≥140mmHg and/or DBP ≥90mmHg. Data was analysed using Epi-info and SPSS proportions and chi square test were used. Results: Prevalence of hypertension was found to be 36.6%; significantly associated with smoking, salt intake, stress, family history of hypertension and obesity. There is no significant association with type of diet (vegetarian or non vegetarian) alcohol and physical activity. Conclusion: prevalence of hypertension among urban population is high. Life style factors are significantly associated with hypertension. So there is an urgent need for life style modification among urban especially among those with stress and positive family history

Background: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is a common problem in women accounting for one third of all gynaecological consultations carried out for abnormal uterine bleeding. The pathophysiology is not fully understood and complex. Specific diagnosis of functional disorder can be achieved by histopathological examination of the endometrium. Aims: To study various patterns on histopathology in cases of dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Material and methods: Consecutive endometrial curettings of 654 cases of dysfunctional uterine bleeding in the age group 20 to 60 years over a period of one year were included in the study. Organic lesions of the uterus were ruled out by ultrasonography. The tissue was routinely processed and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin and the histological patterns were recorded. Results: Out of 654 cases of dysfunctional uterine bleeding, 53.51% cases presented with anovulatory patterns and ovulatory patterns in 38.53%. Endometrial hyperplasia was seen in 7.64% of cases and granulosa cell tumor of ovary in 2 cases. Endometrial hyperplasia was more common in the age group beyond 30 years. Conclusion: In cases of dysfunctional uterine bleeding a precise histological typing of lesions is very much essential in the management as it can predict the functional disorder by looking at the morphology of the glands and the stroma.

Snake bite envenomation is uncommon during pregnancy. We report a case of primigravida with term gestation presented with history of snake bite, patient had severe coagulopathy and she recovered after giving anti snakevenom, antibiotics and transfusion of blood products. In pregnant women with snake bite more fetal deaths were seen with mothers who received anti snakevenom injection than those who did not receive. Here is a case scenario.

Ganglioneuromas are extremely rare. Ganglioneuroma, of the parapharyngeal space of the neck was surgically operated in a 7 year old boy, presenting with a 5 year history of diffuse neck swelling. Sympathetic chain neck ganglioneuroma presents infrequently. The FNAC finding of mature ganglion interspersed with Schwann cells is also rare. It needs to differentiate ganglioneuroma from the rest of the tumours of primordial neuroblastic tissue. Although very rare, ganglioneuromas must be considered in the differential diagnosis of neck masses because pathology may not ring a bell in the doctor’s mind due to its rarity in presentation.

Background: BCC is one the common skin cancers. There are controversies regarding the best margin. The goal of this study was to determine margins with H&E and cytokeratin 17. Method: medical records of 96 patients reviewed. Pathologic specimens were reviewed and cytokeratin 17 was applied. Lateral and deep free margins were measured and compared by H&E and IHC in different subtypes of BCC. The extent and intensity of CK17 staining were examined too. Results: mean age of all patients was 66.3 years. 61 were male and 35 were female. Nose was the most common site of involvement. The most common type of the disease was infiltrative. Mean free lateral margin in H&E and IHC were significantly different in infiltrative and micronodular types (p<0.001 and 0.01, respectively). Mean free deep margin in H&E and IHC were significantly different in infiltrative, micronodular and nodular types (p =0.002, 0.04 and 0.04, respectively). The mean intensity and extent of CK 17 staining were not significantly different between various subtypes. (p=0.2 and 0.9, respectively) Conclusion: mean lateral and deep margins were not similar in two methods.

Background: Stem cell based therapies have been hailed as futuristic medicine that holds promise of curing some of the currently untreatable diseases. As stem cells can be grown and transformed into specialized cells with characteristics consistent with cells of various tissues such as muscles or nerves through cell culture, their true use in medical therapies has been proposed. There are several medical, ethical and legal issues that need to be regulated by a national authority. Some countries have resolved this issue by drawing up National Guidelines and regulatory mechanisms for the use of stem cells for research. In India the Department of Biotechnology in collaboration with Indian council of Medical Research has come up with appropriate regulations and guidelines for conducting stem cell research.

This article reviews the pulpotomy medicaments which were studied in the dental literature and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. Many of the newly suggested medicaments have shown promising results in vitro and in vivo in the short run; however, the evidence is still insufficient to identify one superior pulpotomy medicament. There is clearly a need for long-term studies with the highest level of evidence (randomised controlled trials) to identify the best medicament for pulpotomy of primary teeth .It is important to identify a novel, effective and preferably natural pulpotomy medicament to increase the therapeutic arsenal and successfully perform pulpotomy procedures.

Metatarsus adductus is a common pediatric disorder related to intrauterine molding. Severe mid flexible metatarsus adductus may need a serial casting or special bracing to avoid the need for surgical intervention. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare between the effects of the serial plaster casting and combined treatment program consisting of both rigid strap taping and selected exercise program in correcting metatarsus adductus of toddler children. Thirty children with bilateral severe mid rigid metatarsus adductus of both sexes whose age ranged from 2 to 3 years were included in the study. They were assigned randomly into two groups of equal number. The casting group was treated with serial plaster casting and the strapping group was treated with a combined treatment program consisting of both a rigid strap taping and selected exercise program. The exercise program lasted for 1 hour/ 5 times/ week. The functional activity by using Peabody Developmental Motor Scale-version 2 as well as weight-bearing anteroposterior and lateral view radiographs were evaluated before and after successive eight weeks of treatment. Significant differences were recorded when comparing the pre and post treatment mean values of the radiographic measurements in both groups (p < 0.05), without worsening of the heel valgus. Also, significant differences were recorded in the functional activity of strapping group (p < 0.05) while no significant differences were recorded in casting group (p > 0.05). There were no significant differences in both groups when comparing their post treatment mean values of radiographic measurements (p > 0.05). Meanwhile, significant differences were recorded between both groups in favor of the strapping group when comparing their post treatment mean values of functional activity (p < 0.05). Based on the obtained results, a combined treatment program consisting of both a rigid strap taping and selected exercise program is an excellent decision for correcting metatarsus adductus in toddler children with severe mid rigid metatarsus adductus.

Background: Gender differences in Indian subjects with Vascular Dementia have not been studied systematically. Materials and Methods: Subjects with Vascular Dementia presenting to a tertiary care hospital over a period of 16 months were assessed for socio demographic factors, dementia severity using Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) Scale and for the presence of four vascular disease factors namely Hypertension, Diabetes, Dyslipidaemia and Ischemic Heart Disease. Data was analysed using SPSS version 17. Results: The 159 subjects (M: F = 54.7: 45.3 % p = 0.27) of Vascular Dementia (Mild: Moderate: Severe Dementia = 39.7%, 38.4% and 21.9%) had a mean age of 69.35 (±7.51) years and a mean education of 11.34 (± 3.76) years with females being less educated (p=0.000). More four- fifths of subjects had multiple vascular disease risk factors. The female subjects had a similar severity level of dementia (p=0.401) and vascular disease burden (p= 0.543) despite being significantly younger (p= 0.002). Conclusion: Female subjects of Vascular Dementia were significantly younger than male counterparts despite having a similar vascular risk profile as the male subjects though lower educational levels in females may have also contributed to the cognitive decline.

The effects of matter and energy are different in different branches of science. In physics the effects are classified as classical physics and quantum physics. While in life sciences the effects are not physical rather they are associated with thoughts also. What are the basis of physical sciences as well as of life sciences or how laws of physics as well as of life sciences are made that is to be discussed in a very simple way. The reason being one is not equipped with structure of the matter, origin of the universe and atomic genes as taught by participatory science. The standard model not only modified rather it has been completed [9] with introduction of energized gravitons, primary fermions, primary bosons, Basic Building Blocks, Mind and Tachyons. Almighty B.B.B could predict precisely whether Schrödinger’s cat is alive or dead without opening the box. The way is that every event (dead cat or alive cat) is being fed back to Highest center of the universe by first transcription (Quantum entanglement explained) (Fig 3.1)

Sialolithiasis: is the most common disease of salivary glands. It is a condition characterized by the obstruction of a salivary gland or its excretory duct due to the formation of calcareous concretions, resulting in salivary ectasia and even determining the subsequent dilatation of the salivary gland. The sialolith usually measure from 1 mm to less than 10 mm. They rarely measure more than 15 mm. frequently and rare giant salivary gland calculi >15 mm. In this case male 42 years old have a giant stone in the right submandibular gland duct about 45mm which is represented one of the biggest submandibular duct stone reported in the literature with perforation of the wharthins duct, its diagnosed through the long history more than 20 years with pain, tenderness, dysphagia, difficult in specking. Clinical examination reveal extra oral bulginess of the submandibular gland with intra oral fistula in its duct , extra oral lateral radio graphical examination show large stone extended from the first right lower molar to the first right lower central, Its treated by very small trans-oral surgical incision under local anesthesia through the ductal oral fistula just extended anteriorly and posteriorly and the stone get out spontaneously by the action of the pressure of the discharge following the stone removal, No recurrence was seen on follow-up

The current study was conducted to assess the marital satisfaction and stress among bipolar patients. A total number of 60 patients, 30 men bipolar patients and 30 women bipolar patients were selected through convenient sampling from different hospitals of Faisalabad and Lahore, Pakistan. The participants were administered ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (Blaine and Olson, 1993) and Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale (Holmes and Rahe, 1967) to measure the level of marital satisfaction and stress among Bipolar patients. The score on ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale and Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale among men and women Bipolar patients was compared. Pearson’s Product Moment correlation and the t-test were used correspondingly to assess the relationship between marital satisfaction and stress among bipolar patients and gender difference on marital satisfaction and stress among bipolar patients. It was found that there was a negative relationship (r = -0.76, p < .01) between marital satisfaction and stress. Moreover a significant difference was found between men and women patients on marital satisfaction and stress score, which indicated that men patients scored high on stress and obtained low scores on marital satisfaction, on the other hand females obtained high score on marital satisfaction scale and low scores on stress. Implications of study results are discussed.

The study was carried in Bisare watershed, south rift valley of Ethiopia. The total area drained by this watershed is around 547 square kilometers. Satellite image and GIS technologies in conjunction with data collected through field surveys, were used to analysis land use/land cover changes that took place in the area between the years 1973 and 2003. In this study, Landsat satellite images MSS (1973), TM (1984) and ETM+ (2003) data were used to identify the land use/land cover status of the area. Based on maximum likelihood classifier, the area was classified into five major land use/land cover classes such as cultivated land, wooded-grass land, shrub and bush land, grass land, and bare land. An increase of 11,596.4 ha (8.3% in the first period (1973-1984) and 12.9% in the second period (1984-2003)) of cultivated land was observed. It was found that much of the current cultivated land is established at the expense of shrub and bush land. A total of 3,993.1ha, 5,360.6 ha, and 5,251.2ha of wooded-grass land, shrub and bush land, and grass land were lost or converted to another land use/land cover type during the study period. More than a four-fold increase of bare land i.e. 3,008.5ha was observed during the study period.

Aloe vera belongs to the family Liliaceae, commonly called as 'Burn plant'. In this study the basal medium used for the culture is Murashige and Skoog with sucrose 3% and 0.08% Agar, Growth hormones, 6-benzyl amino purine (BA), 3-Indole butyric acid (IBA), Kinetin (Kn), Adenine Sulphate etc. were added to the basal medium either singly or in various combinations. For shoot proliferation, BA (0-2 mg/L) and Kn (0-1 mg/L) at different concentrations in combination with IBA (0.2 mg/L), and agar (0, 0.8%) used. Aloe barbadenesis propagates vegetatively in its natural state, but propagation is too slow for commercial plant production. Shoot with young leaves was collected from the elite Micro shoots were inoculated on MS basal medium with different concentrations and combinations of BA and Kn (in combination of IBA 0.2 mg/L) for shoot proliferation. In both BA and Kn the plants were free from both fungal as well as bacterial contamination to some extent. After 15 days of inoculation, rooting was 100% in hormone- free medium. In case of hormone- free medium, roots were more thick and elongated, while the roots on hormone supplemented medium were thin and less elongated

The insect natural enemy interactions vary with the insect’s host plant species and understanding such variation is important to study the preference of natural enemies, which play a major role in biological control programmes. In the present investigation, pink hibiscus mealy bug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus – predator interactions were studied on six different hosts viz. Morus alba, Psdium guajava, Hibiscus rosasinensis, Abelmoschus esculentus, Gliricidia sepium and Mimosa pudica in different seasons to find out the most favourable host as well as preference of the predator, Nephus regularis. The host plants highly influenced the incidence and population build up of M. hirsutus and also the third trophic entomophage. M. hirsutus preferred H. rosasinensis and A. esculentus. M. alba was the third preferred host. P. guajava and M. pudica were the least preferred hosts. The highest population of the pest was recorded on A. esculentus (28.4no.s/shoot) in winter and by H. rosasinensis (16.05 numbers / shoot) followed by M. alba (12.33) whereas M. pudica (11.00) and P. guajava (3.4) in summer. M. alba recorded highest population of the predator, Nephus regularis recording average number of 1.23 individuals per infested shoot followed by H. rosasinensis (1.05) in summer. Though, A. esculentus recorded highest M. hirsutus population in winter season (28.4 / branch) the predator population was comparatively lower (1.25). From the study it is clearly evident that any biological control measures taken to control M. hirsutus in the agricultural fields will be heavily influenced by H. rosasinensis and G. sepium plantations in the surroundings. Hence while releasing coccinellids for biological control these plants if available in the surroundings also should be considered.

Local medicinal plants and wild herbs are of great significance to the sustainable health of individuals and its geo-communities. The Alternanthera tenella Colla (Amaranthaceae) is one of the popular herbal drugs. It is also used as food by tribal and ethnic communities. The morphological characters were efficient tools for the authentication and identification of plants. The phylogenetic analysis was used to resolve relationships within family members and revealed that presence of precious unknown clade. The present study is to characterize the plant accurately and identify using barcode. It is used to enrich the literature on the systematic taxonomy and anatomy of this plant.

The discovery and identification of a new drugs, which can act as anticancer agents had an important goal of researches. Flavonoids from Iraqi wild type Lycium barbarum leaves were extracted and identified by the preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) technique which were had been shown in a previous study. The study employed to investigate the pathway by which the purified flavonoid extracted from Lycium barbarum leaves exerts its cytotoxic effect through cell cycle determination and detecting the target phase of cell cycle that affected by treating cells with different concentrations and determining mechanism by which the flavonoid acts. Result showed that the purified flavonoid affected HepG-2 cell line after 24 hours exposure with different manner for each concentration. At 50µg/ml the purified flavonoid cause significant (p≤0.05) increase in Phosphohistone-H3 intensity, causing cell cycle arrest in M phase. The higher concentrations (100µg/ml), indeed didn’t affect cell cycle at all. However the concentration (25µg/ml) did affect cell cycle of HepG-2 at G 1/S phase after 24 hours treatment but with no significance.

In mining areas a huge amount of waste water is generated through coal based industries. It is very toxic in nature and contains non–biodegradable substances. On contamination with these water sources there is depletion in water quality, environmental flora, fauna and health hazards to mankind. This waste water is disposed off in the nearby water bodies without treatment. It creates a lot of problem for the aquatic life as well as for the nearby habitats. Many successful methods have been applied for the treatment of waste water. Waste water is needed to be treated through different techniques which enables it to make it potable and for multipurpose uses. Furthermore some biological treatments are also required for this. Biotechnology plays a vital role in reducing hazards of toxic materials and other harmful substances released during various mining processes. Micro-organisms have several uses in the environment in controlling water pollution and in the treatment of toxic wastes present in waste water coming from coal based industries. In mining industries microbes are used to leach metals from mine dumps and treat liquid and solid wastes. Hence this will be the most effective methods of treatment of waste water generated from different coal based industries and it will also provide a platform for sustainable development and an eco-friendly approach for the human kind. The present paper highlights on the different wastes generated by coal based industries and on their treatment through different methods and technologies used in coal mining.

Eucalyptus tereticornis is a fast-growing, hardwood species commercially planted as a source of paper pulp and timber. The species has been introduced in India to meet the ever increasing demand for paper pulp and the species shows excellent adaptability in the Indian soils. There is large amount of variability exists in the species but only a few efforts have been made to assess the genetic divergence of this species using physiological parameters. The present study was undertaken to assess the genetic divergence, heritability and genotype clustering of thirty eight clones of Eucalyptus tereticornisin order to cluster elite clones for future hybridization programmes and to sort out inferior clones which need further genetic improvement. The results showed that significant differences in net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), internal CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (E), intrinsic wue, instantaneous wue, intrinsic carboxylation efficiency and intrinsic mesophyll efficiency. All the selected parameters showed good heritability values. PCA showed that intrinsic carboxylation efficiency contributed maximum to the genetic divergence followed by intrinsic mesophyll efficiency. D2 analysis revealed seven clusters of which cluster II and III had elite clones while inferior clones in other clusters. The cluster analysis would definitely help the tree breeders for the selection of genetically divergent parents in order to achieve heterosis in hybrids.

The molecular genetic analysis of microdissected cells by laser, a method for selecting a starting material of pure DNA or RNA uncontaminated. Our study focuses on technical pre-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) for the amplification of DNA from a single cell (leukocyte) isolated from human blood after laser microdissection and aims to optimize the yield of DNA extracted of this cell to be amplified without errors and provide reliable genetic analyzes. This study has allowed us to reduce the duration of cell lysis in order to perform the step of expanding genomic PEP (primer extension preamplification) directly after lysis the same day and the quality of genomic amplification and eliminate purification step of the product PEP, step with a risk of contamination and risk of loss of genetic material related to manipulation. This approach has shown that the combination of at least 3 STR (short tandem repeat) markers for genetic analysis of single cell improves the efficiency and accuracy of PCR and minimizes the loss of allele (allele drop out; ADO). This protocol can be applied to large scale and an effective means suitable for genetic testing for molecular diagnostic from isolated single cell (cancerous - fetal).

Ocean acidification is roughly emerged as one of the largest threats to marine organisms and ecosystems. Average global surface ocean pH has already fallen from a pre-industrial value of 8.2 to 8.1, corresponding to an increase in acidity of about 30%. Values of 7.8–7.9 are expected by 2100, representing a doubling of acidity. The ocean has absorbed between 24 and 34% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions during the past 5 decades. The massive input of CO2 generates sweeping changes in the chemistry of seawater, especially on the carbonate system. Acidification alters seawater chemical speciation and biogeochemical cycles of many elements and compounds. One well-known effect is the lowering of calcium carbonate saturation states, which impacts shell-forming marine organisms from plankton to benthic molluscs, echinoderms, and corals. Decreases in the availability of carbonate ions force marine organisms to spend more energy building and maintaining their shells or skeletons. For some organisms, spending more energy on shell formation may leave less en¬ergy for other biological processes like growing, reproducing or responding to other stresses. Many shell-forming marine organisms are very sensi¬tive to changes in pH and carbonate ion concentrations; conditions predicted for the coming decades may prove very stressful to these calcifying organisms. Corals, bivalves (such as oysters, clams, and mussels), pteropods (free-swimming snails) and certain phytoplankton species fall into this group. The biological impacts of ocean acidification will vary, because dif¬ferent groups of marine organisms have a wide range of sensitivities to changing seawater chemistry. Impacts from ocean acidification at any life stage can reduce the ability of a population to grow or to recover from losses due to disturbance or stress. Therefore ocean acidification will also impact various economic sectors (eg: fisheries, aquaculture, tourism and coastal communities) and may also have heavy indirect effects on much broader segment of the world economy and production. Ocean acidification represents yet another stress on marine environments that may endanger the flow of goods and services to marine-dependent communities. The atmospheric CO2 can be controlled by avoiding anthropogenic activities such as fossil fuel burning and deforestation. The mitigation approach for ocean acidification includes addition of lime and iron fertilization which could neutralize the acidity and increase the ocean productivity.

A study has been undertaken to optimize the production of antimicrobial metabolites by Rhodococcus erythropolis VL-RK_05 isolated from Mango orchards of Krishna District region by using basal medium as yeast extract malt extract dextrose medium. Five-day old culture showed maximum antimicrobial metabolite production when grown at pH 7.0 and temperature 30oC. The productivity of the strain was enhanced by amending the medium with sucrose and tryptophan each at a concentration of 1% (w/v) and 0.05% K2HPO4. The antimicrobial metabolites produced under optimized conditions exhibited broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against different Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria as well as fungi.

An attempt has been made to identify and study the impact of environmental factors i.e. natural calamities on the onions crop. Severe storms with high winds, hail, rain, and under unprecedented hail storms and unseasonal rainfall. Hailstorms at the end of December 2014 injured onion (Allium cepa L.) late kharif crop as well as rabi onion nursery. The kharif onion ready for harvest was affected by 30-40%. Late kharif which was planted in September-October got affected by 15-20% and rabi nursery damaged by 20-25%. The hailstorm strokes showing optimum climate which caused damage to the onion crop in different stages. At that stages damage caused by the different fungi like, Alternaria porri, Fusarium oxysporum, Sclerotium rolfsii, Stemphylium vesicarium,, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp, Rhizopus stolonifer was found to be severe.

An experiment was conducted to study the influence of farm yard (FYM), chemical fertilizer (DAP), organic manure (neem cake) and leaf extract (Ocimum basilicum) on the growth and biochemical parameters of paddy (Oryza sativa L. var. IR 20). The paddy seeds soaked in water were transferred to petriplates containing cotton and filter paper. The germination was 100% in the plates. After transfer into pots, the growth of the seedlings was observed. The growth was evaluated on 30th and 45th day. The root length and shoot length were significantly higher in T3 and T4 on 30th day and 45th day respectively. The fresh and dry weight of the seedlings showed a significant increase in T4 plants on both 30th and 45th day.

Due to diminishing resource of oil seeds and with increasing demand for oil in domestic and industrial applications, there is need for research to find out another resource of oil. Also, there is greater demand for healthy cooking oil for the community. Hence the present study was conducted to depict the oil content of moringa seed, which was a common and easily available resource in developing countries in Asia and Africa. The natural attributes of any oil is presented in the traditional extracted method and so, the oil extraction method decided to be cold press.

This study focused upon the seasonal variation of physico-chemical parameters in Rockfort Thayumanavar temple pond, Samayapuram Mariaman temple pond, Gunaseelam Prasanna vengadajalapathy temple pond and Vayalur Murugan temple pond water. Water quality is assessed during September 2012 – September 2013 using standard procedures. Water samples were assessed by analyzing various physico-chemical parameters such Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Tolal alkalinity, Magnesium, Chloride and Fluoride of the temple ponds water in Tiruchirappalli district. The highest value of the physic-chemical characteristics such as (EC – 2230 μmhos/cm, TDS – 1561mg/l, CaCO3 – 516, Mg – 48 mg/l, Cl – 380 mg/l) present in Rockfort temple pond. The lowest value of EC – 515 μmhos/cm, TDS – 361mg/l, Cl – 64 mg/l present in Gunaseelam temple pond and CaCO3 – 116, Mg –3mg/l present in Vayalur Murugan temple pond. There is no change in fluoride value (0.2mg/l) in every month of all the four temple ponds during the study period. Thus the present study reveals that the water of the temple ponds can be polluted moderately and unfit for human consumption. It needs sufficient treatment and management.antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus- MRSA and VRSA.

Globally, e-Government (eGovt) Developments (EGD) of countries are still progressing. The developing countries like India with very large population and distributed administrative structure, has many challenges towards this progression. There are tremendous endeavors carried out by Government of India. The eGovt aims single-window e-services to its stakeholders and the countries are enduring efforts for this, India is in the formative stage. This paper explored the EGD scenario in India and benchmarked with the best performers and other similar countries based on EGD surveys carried out by the United Nations during 2003 to 2014. There are incredible efforts in India despite they faced many constraints than other similar developing countries, still India has low indices. The study analyzed the grounds for this squatter. This attempt helped to find the lacking of amenities in the e-Government system of India. The results benefits for the strategy development aimed at further developments towards interoperability and integration issues.

Ethyl lactate has played a major role in daily living and chemical industry including fragrance, lubricant, additives and plasticizers. The esterification process of lactic acid and ethanol is an equilibrium limiting reaction. The selective removal of the products from the reaction mixture can be enhanced using a membrane. This work presents the carrier gas permeation behaviour with silica membrane for ethyl lactate separation and VOC applications. The experiment was carried out at the gauge pressure of 0.10 – 1.00 bar and 100 oC (373 K). Helium (He), argon (Ar), nitrogen (N2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were used as the carrier gases. The membrane dip-coating process was carried out twice. The carrier gas flow rate was found to increase with increase in gauge pressure. The order of the gas molecular weight with respect to the gas permeance at 0.5 bar was He >Ar> N2> CO2. The gas permeance was found to decrease with respect to gauge pressure confirming the mass transfer limitations. The order of the gas permeance with respect to gauge pressure was He > N2>Ar> CO2.

Gaseous hydrocarbons that are prevalent under increased pressure include solute ion gases that are found in oil reservoirs. These hydrocarbon gases are usually conserved but in some cases exploration are considered uneconomical and thus they are flared. The impact of flaring on the environment cannot be over emphasised and therefore to increase the capacity for transporting a higher volume rather than flaring, an efficient separation of the gases is essential. Although the composition of natural gas varies extensively from one gas field to another, the major component of natural gas is methane with inert gases and carbon dioxide. Hence, all natural gas must undergo some treatment with about 20% of total reserves requiring extensive treatment before transportation via pipelines. There is on-going research on the use of composite mesoporous membranes to separate gaseous mixtures hence making it one of the emerging technologies that is growing fast. The question is can a zeolite membrane have a transport mechanism that will be highly selective for methane and be used for the treatment of natural gas? A methodology based on the use of dip-coated Y-type zeolite membrane was developed. Nitrogen physisorption measurements were carried out which showed the hysteresis isotherm of the membrane corresponding to type IV and V that is indicative of a mesoporous membrane. The surface area and the pore size was determined using the Barrett, Joyner, Halenda (BJH) desorption method. Single gas permeation test using a membrane reactor was carried out at the ambient temperature of 298 K and a pressure range of 0.01 to 0.1 MPa. The permeance of CH4 was in the range of 1.44 x 10-6 to 3.41 x 10 -6 mols-1m-2Pa-1 and a maximum CH4/CO2 selectivity of 2.04 at 293 K and 0.2 MPa.The results obtained have shown that it is possible to use a zeolite membrane to selectively remove carbon dioxide from methane to produce pipeline quality natural gas. There is a need for further study of the ambient conditions needed to achieve capillary condensation through the membrane as this is essential for the separation of other hydrocarbons that could be present as impurities.

This paper suggests a new design of the crankshaft system that would help to improve the fuel economy of the vehicle as it will enable the usage of a low revving engine for applications requiring the use of a high revving engine operating at the same power by converting the extra or unnecessary torque obtained from a low revving engine into angular velocity of the crankshaft of the engine. This paper also shows how the proposed design will improve the fuel economy of the vehicle. This will be achieved by changing the design of the crankweb in such a way that it functions both as a counterweight as well as a helical gear and incorporating another gear shaft in the crankshaft system which will be operating at an overdrive ratio. This paper also analyses the proposed crankshaft design for safety against fatigue failure in accordance to the guidelines given by Germanischer Lloyd. Finite element analysis of the crankshaft has been done using ANSYS 14.0 and the resultant stresses have been tabulated.

Watermarking is a technique to embed extra information into the content directly. Digital watermarking is embedding various information in digital content which are to be protected from illegal copying. Digital watermarking finds applications like fingerprinting, owner identification apart from the copyright protection. To embed the data into an image both SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) and DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) have been used. In this research, a new robust watermarking scheme is proposed based on the Transform domain techniques of DCT and SVD. The DCT coefficients are mapped in a zigzag order into four quadrants after applying the DCT to original image, and SVD is applied to each quadrant. By modifying the singular value of Discrete Cosine Transformed host image then the watermark is embedded, subsequently it is modified in each area with the G quantizing value using Particle Swarm Optimization to increase the robustness and the visual quality. Watermark extraction is performed by the inversion of watermark embedding process. Experimental result is to illustrate that the proposed work able to withstand a imperceptibility as well as variety of image processing attacks.

Many developers have intended their models in binary and quaternary logic using 0.18µm CMOS technology. In Binary logic, circuit has limitations of increase interconnections giving rise to complexities and their by impact on size. Some authors concentrated on put back in place of binary logic with MVL or quaternary logic to prevail over the limitation of size. Second is that for half and full adder (for addition/ arithmetic operations) the quaternary logic method required the conversion of quaternary logic level into binary level for implementation. Our aim is to intend and develop MVL or quaternary logic for full adder without converting these levels to binary logic. It will reduce the one additional step and improve the performance offer less chip size, saving more power. MVL or quaternary logic can be implemented in three different modes. From that mode, voltage mode type model is beneficial to design and give high performance with less dynamic power dissipation. The design is targeted for the 0.18 μm CMOS technology. Design tool for simulation will be ADS [ADVANCED DESIGN SYSTEM] software. We will estimate area, power and delay of the design HAq / FAq without any need of conversion, and compare to existing binary circuits [HAb / FAb].

Glaucoma is a chronic eye disease in which the optic disc becomes progressively cupped, as axons die off. Curiously, this is the only optic nerve disorder in which severe cupping takes place. Vision loss takes place due to progression of the disease. Very few signs or symptoms are present in progression of disease and the vision loss from glaucoma is irreversible. Detecting the disease in time is important, as it cannot be cured. Current tests using intraocular pressure (IOP) are not sensitive enough for population based glaucoma screening. A more promising and superior method for glaucoma detection than other current methods is Optic nerve head assessment in retinal fundus images. Optic nerve head assessment can be done by a trained professional. However, manual assessment is subjective, time consuming and expensive. Therefore, automatic optic nerve head assessment would be very beneficial.

Nutrient recovery through composting of biowaste stands for many years as promising strategy for replenishing nutrients to barren lands and soil conditioner. Unfortunate, microbiological safety of the resulting compost has been of great concern owing to higher pathogens contamination levels in the biowaste. This study aimed at investigating performance of In-vessel composting technology (ICT) at providing complete inactivation of pathogens from biowaste with higher moisture content. E. coli and S. senftenberg were spiked on Potato peels waste (PPW) having 77.1% moisture to simulate contamination in biowaste. Five sample formulations: 1:0, 1:1, 3:2, 7:3 and 0:1 (PPW: Compost soil) were aerobically composted at laboratory scale based on ICT. Except for moisture, other physicochemical attributes in PPW were within acceptable composting ranges. The moisture content in the peels turned composting process anaerobic, hampered the composting process and discharged more leachate in composting vessels which affected both temperature-time patterns and pathogens hygienization in the finished compost. Air drying of PPW for 36hrs reduced moisture to 67.7%. This improved temperature-time pattern from 48˚C for 2hrs to 59.2˚C for 4days in 3:2 formulations thus confirming moisture as critical factor.

Machining is a major part of metal working that plays an important role in metal cutting and forming. In machining, the machine tools especially cutting tools play an important role in effective metal cutting. This is because of their roles in producing different shapes and forms. The importance of machining in modern automated manufacturing systems has, in fact, increased due to the significant increase in the production time and the need to offset the high capital investment. The need for improving the technological performance of machining operations, as assessed by the cutting temperature, cutting force, tool life and surface finish has long been recognized, to increase the economic performance of the machining operations.

The doctrine of vicarious liability has reached its pinnacle during the 19th century at the clarion call of economic and technological advances. During this time span, the English model for testing vicarious liability on the conduct of theftuousemployees, was the so-called “close connection” test. The latter test suggests that where an action is closely connected with an employee’s duties, an employer can be found vicariously liable. South Africa, influenced by the English laws of tort, jettisoned its own test, the standard test in favour for the “close connection” test. The standard test for vicarious liability is expressed as whether the employee was acting in the course and scope of his or her employment at the time the delict was committed. The latter test, as adumbrated later in the text, makes the theftuousemployee the focal point for liability as per case law ABSA Bank v Bond Equipment, Ess Kay Electronics, Phoebus Apollo and Columbus Joint Venture. Such approach is not economically feasible. The impracticability of the standard test actuated the South African Courts and particularly the Constitutional Court to adopt and emulate the English “close connection” test. The Constitutional Court in addition to the close connection test, developed the principle of vicarious liability to be in sync with the fundamental constitutional rights of the citizens. By doing so, the Courts make the pendulum swinging against employers in favour of third parties - a dichotomy to the standard test. Examples of the decisions in which the “close connection” test reign superior are thecase laws of Gore, TFN Diamond Cutting Works and Greater Johannesburg Transitional Metropolitan Council. The Courts by following the “close connection” test have also been influenced by the fact that an employer is usually more able than an employee to satisfy claims and is in a better position to pass the burden of liability by way of insurance. Because of the similarity between the two tests, a transition would be seemed smooth. But, one can also conclude that although the acceptance of the close connection test, the South African law does not rule out an employer’s liability for wilful delicts of theftuousemployees committed in the course and scope of the latter’s employment.

The quest for increased productivity at firm level up to (sub) national (city and regional scale and country) is a challenge that has attracted the interest of academics from multiple disciplines: from management to administration of publics in both private, governments, civil society and non-government, community and faith based organizations. The issues have been examined theoretically through prisms of the classical management administration propositions to the modern (human relations and human capital) perspectives. In addition to clarifying underlying concepts and factors considered as drivers of enhanced productivity in this article. We employ the descriptive case study method to empirically study the mentorship scenario in the University of Calabar, Faculty of Social Sciences’ journals published from the early 2000s to the early 2010s. Our findings show that there was neither a discernible trend indicating increase nor decrease of mentorship over the study period. However, mentorship of junior academics by their senior colleagues was poor throughout the study period with marked variation by years. Gross abdication of mentorship responsibility occurred in June 2009, coinciding with issuance of two issues of the faculty’s existing journal. Serious abdication of mentorship responsibility occurred in three episodes (June 2009, and January 2010 and 2002), respectively, very serious abdication of mentorship twice: 2012 and January 2005. Mentorship was not reflected in the publications of 2011 and 2004. The implications of the foregoing findings for policy in the studied University’s Faculty is that mentorship planning and management must be undertaken as an urgent and imperative strategy of imparting academic research skills, knowledge and experience for contributing towards enhancing productivity in the faculty, university wide and beyond – where similar failures are likely to be occurring.

The study used sample of public-sector sponsored & private- sector sponsored mutual funds of varied net assets to investigate the differences in characteristics of assets held, portfolio diversification, and variable effects of diversification on investment performance for the period May, 2002 to May,2005. The study found that public-sector sponsored funds do not differ significantly from private-sector sponsored funds in terms of mean returns%. However, there is a significant difference between public-sector sponsored mutual funds and private-sector sponsored mutual funds in terms of average standard deviation, average variance and average coefficient of variation(COV).The study also found that there is a statistical difference between sponsorship classes in terms of e SDAR(excess standard deviation adjusted returns)as a performance measure. When residual variance (RV) is used as the measure of mutual fund portfolio diversification characteristic, there is a statistical difference between public-sector sponsored mutual funds and private-sector sponsored mutual funds for the study period. The model built on testing the impact of diversification on fund performance and found a statistical difference among sponsorship classes when residual variance is used as a measure of portfolio diversification and excess standard deviation adjusted returns as a performance measure. RV, however, has a direct impact on Sharpe fund performance measure.

The India operates one of the most complex and inefficient consumption tax regimes in the world. There are a number of taxes, including: • Indian VAT levied on goods separately by most of the 29 Indian states; • Indian Service Tax which is charged on services • CENVAT a VAT on the supply of goods charged by the central government • Professional Tax The taxes often overlap, resulting in double taxation, and impose a heavy administrative burden on taxable persons. There is also limited scope for the recovery of VAT, resulting in spiralling compound tax. It is estimated that the consolidated tax burden on the economy is over 30% compared to the OECD average of less than 20%.All of these factors act as a drag on the Indian economy – certainly costing the country 1% GDP growth per annum. There is also a narrow and unstable tax base with the current regime, which leads to unpredictable variations in government revenues. Other emerging countries have also introduced plans to reform their tax systems, and are much further down the line than India like Chinese VAT reform and Malaysia introduces GST.

The main objectives of this paper is to examine the theoretical approaches of employment position during the financial crises period and also identify the employment position in different sectors of the industry in India. This paper also highlights the different schemes which are contributed by the Government of India along with the suitable suggestions to overcome the future constraints by the economic slowdown on employment. The data collected from the midterm appraisal of the eleventh five year plan with the title of the estimated job loss/gain (in lakhs) during three years of various industries or groups along with the plan of provisions of the various schemes. The SPSS 16.0 Version was used to derive the results. The paired sample correlation technique was applied to derive the results. The study found that the higher number of jobs lost in the textile industry during the financial crises period. The study also found that there was a significant difference between each other regarding various schemes which were implemented by the Government of India. The study also found that there was no significant association from job loss of one sector of industry and job loss of another sector of industry. It is suggested that there should be a formulation of skill development strategies and coordinated action by all concerned to meet the various challenges of skill development to meet the future uncertainty economic slow down. There should be a strategy regarding reducing mismatch between supply and demand of skills, diversifying skill development programmes, ensuring quality and relevance of training ,create an effective linkages between school education and skill development, provide a mobility between education and training, promote a Public Private Partnership model(PPP Model) in skill development, strengthening the physical and intellectual resources, mobilizing investments. The governance of a skill development system that promotes initiative, excellence, innovation, autonomy and participation.

The December 2001 report of United Nations Commission on Macroeconomics and Health makes explicit connection between development (macroeconomics) and health. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) pandemic have emerged as a serious public health problem all over the world. While addressing the problem of HIV/AIDS among the economically productive and sexually active sections of population, specific emphasis needs to be given not only to high risk groups like commercial sex workers and injecting drug users, but also to general population like students, youth, migrant workers in urban and rural areas, women and children. Such target group needs to be given adequate care and proper counselling to bring them into mainstream population and present study is a moderate attempt towards this direction. The present study was undertaken in Sivakasi Government Public Hospital in Virudhunagar district with secondary data. The study is confined to Integrated Couselling and Testing Centre (ICTC) Services, covering a period from 2006 to March 2011. ICTC service centre has been functioning under the control of (Tamil Nadu State Aids Control Society) TNSACS. Of total screening cases for HIV/AIDS of 21014 cases and infected with HIV/AIDS were 338 cases from 2006 to 2011. Prevention strategies must continue to be given primary focus through awareness campaigns and conuselling facilities with local languages, which leads to behavioral change. Specific partners or migrant workers need specially packaged awareness progammes on the risk and vulnerability to HIV/AIDS.

The purpose of the study was to determine the implications of gender streaming on the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education performance by students in Baringo County, Kenya. The study employed a descriptive survey design with a sample comprising 48 principals and 240 teachers. Data was collected using questionnaires and analysed by use of descriptive and inferential statistics. Based on the study, this paper discusses the factors that influence gender streaming on performance of Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) in Baringo County. The findings indicated that gender streaming influenced students’ performance in KCSE. The findings also revealed that there was no significant relationship between gender streaming and performance across all categories of schools. The findings further revealed that teachers had a positive perception towards gender streaming and students’ academic performance. Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded that much emphasis on girls’ education had improved their performance. It was also concluded that there was no significant relationship in gender streaming and performance in various categories of schools. Majority of the head teachers stated that the performance of girls, compared to boys, in mixed classes was better. Correlations for gender streaming and academic performance indicated a very strong positive relationship between gender streaming and student performance in secondary schools. The study also concluded that teachers had a positive perception towards the influence of gender streaming and students’ academic performance. The study recommended that the government, through the Minsitry of Education, should seek for ways to enhance secondary school administrators to improve students’ performance. Taking the limitations and delimitations of the study, it was suggested that a study on why the boy child lack of empowerment is consistent cause of poor performance among them should be carried out.

The development of depression has been attributable to issues such as interpersonal difficulties and social skills deficits. The current study, developed as a single subject design, aimed at evaluating the effects of social skills training in group behavior therapy with depressed students, comparing the results obtained before and after the intervention and in a follow up, making use of validated instruments for depression and social skills. Among the main results are the remission of the depression diagnose and the increased frequency and diversity of social skills. The sessions’ analysis reaffirmed the importance of obtaining reinforcement concerning friendship, love and family relations. The most developed social skills were to express positive and negative feelings, asking for behavior change, dealing with criticism, defending ideas in disagreement situation and self-control of aggressiveness. The categorization of the therapists’ behavior showed high frequency of asking for contemplation, recommendation and establishing explicative relations. Such variables in the therapeutic process are discussed with regards to the results and suggestions for future researches are provided.

This study was conducted to pinpoint the correlates of psychosocial status of adolescent girls adopting comprehensive scoring system of WHO’s ‘HEEADSSS’ approach. Psychosocial status of 400 rural adolescent girls of Varanasi District, India, who were selected by multistage sampling, was assessed by interviewing them with the help of predesigned schedule. For inferential decisions t-test and ANOVA were applied. In order to pinpoint precise correlates logistic regression analysis was done. Majority of the adolescent girls were at risk of developing psychosocial abnormalities, and nearly one out of ten were at severe risk. Several factors were found significant in univariate analysis. However, logistic regression identified subjects from SC (OR=3.520, CI=1.829-6.773) and other caste category (OR=3.493, CI=1.843-6.623), as well as joint family (OR=3.207, CI=1.330-7.728) at higher risk of psychosocial abnormality. Findings of this study calls for community based interventions directed to adolescents and their families having higher vulnerability for psychosocial abnormality.

This study determined the strengths and challenges of non-instructional services offered to both graduate and undergraduate students. Three hundred twenty six (326) randomly selected students served as the representative samples of different academic programs of the university. Results revealed that most of the respondents seldom availed or utilized the different non-instructional services. The study proved that students got high satisfaction of most non-instructional services namely; scholarship, publication, guidance, socio-cultural, co curricular, academic advising, library, food and housing services. They too were moderately satisfied with the following non-instructional services: health, sports, internet and communication as well as tutoring services. Considered two extremely important student services were library and scholarship. Other non-instructional services were highly important to the respondents. This study discovered that all non-instructional services offered to students were considered challenges. A higher level of students’ satisfaction was posted in this recent evaluation. Students were highly satisfied with non instructional services provided by the school where they considered these to be highly important.

Flood has always been considered as the dominant natural hazard since long past, as most of the major river valleys of the world have the experience of high magnitude of floods. But recently, due to over population on the river valleys and various human activities including manipulation of river courses have caused this natural hazard to occur frequently and even with alarming magnitude. It has become a significant and common feature causing severe flood hazard in the monsoon regions like India. The North Eastern part of India is also being affected by monsoon floods. The Noa-Mangaldoi river basin located between 26021/ N to 26058/ N latitude and 91056/ E to 92005/ E longitude covering an area of 745 Km2 is a part of Brahmaputra system in N.E. India experiences monsoon floods which calls for due flood protection and management strategies. The dominant impact of flood is on the agricultural sector and economy. In view of the gravity of the flood problem in the basin the present study has been carried out covering assessment and development of probable strategies for flood hazard management. The aspects like flood occurrence pattern, flood causing factors, flood frequency and probability analysis and geo-environmental impacts of floods has been analysed and discussed in this paper with the help of both primary and secondary data.

A culturally rich and vibrant country like India is renowned for its artistic impressions. Every little object that touches the magical hands of its master craftsmen becomes an object d’art. The handicrafts produced in the country are of such high quality and craftsmanship that they enjoy immense popularity across the globe. They adorn the living spaces of both the masses and the classes. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the Indian handicrafts sector, especially the handmade carpets. The importance of this sector, in terms of contribution to GDP and socio-economic development, cannot be overlooked. However, this sector faces its own set of challenges. This paper focuses on the scope, opportunities and challenges faced by this sector. To give a better understanding about handmade carpets, two case studies-Bhadohi Carpets and Jaipur Rugs-have been taken up in this paper.

Hazing practices in higher education institutions are perceived controversially. This study looked at the perception towards hazing practices of students from the University of the Azores in first cycle (n=247). It analyses if their perception was positive, emphasizing the integrative aspects of hazing practices, or if it was negative, inclining to define those practises like being violent and humiliating. The applied questionnaire measures 3 factors to define individual’s perception with hazing practices (positive relation with hazing practices, negative relation and the social dimension of the practices). This study used descriptive analyses to observe the level of agreement with hazing practices and non-parametrical statistical test to analyse the relationship between their levels of agreement with hazing practices and socio-demographic variables. Results emphasised balanced proportion of students perceiving positively and negatively those practices and incline to define hazing practices with the same components in both perceptions. It didnot highlight a strong mandatory integrative component in students’ perception. Also, results stressed a large part of students disinterested in hazing practices. Additionally factors of hazing practices’ perception showed significant relationships with respondent’s sex, age and academic degree. Hazing practices in this study did not seem to meet their main objectives of welcoming and integrating freshmen in higher education institutions.

This Forgotten Baby Syndrome (FBS) is a term refers to unintentionally leaving a baby or young child in a locked car, often with heartbreaking results. Every year, at least a dozen children die in overheated cars and that incidence increases day by day, somewhere 15 to 25 times a year in the United States. Numerous studies have shown that our stressful, busy lifestyles are causing more forgetfulness. The main reasons behind the FBS is car-safety rules, in that experts recommendation that child seats be moved to the back of the car, so most parents now put their children in the backseat, with babies facing the rear, means that parents may not interact with their children during a car ride and that they may not even be able to see their children. Children left in a MV for even short time periods in moderate ambient temperatures (210C) are at risk for hyperthermia. The greatest increase in temperature happens in the first ten minutes. Many studies have shown that there can be up to 55% rise in temperature in the first five minutes and up to 90% rise in temperature in the 15 minutes even if the car windows are partially open. Excessive heat (usually temperature > 42.2° C [108 ° F]) denatures proteins, destabilizes phospholipids and lipoproteins, and liquefies membrane lipids, leading to cardiovascular collapse, multi-organ failure due to cellular death, and, ultimately, death.

The anti-ulcer activities of Loranthus miranthus leaf extract (LOME) and Acalypha wilkesiana leaf extract (AWLE) were investigated in rats in which ulcer was induced with indomethacin (40mg/kg). Results obtained indicate significant (p<0.05) reduction in ulcers indices in all animals treated with the extracts. LOME at 200 and 400mg/kg lowered ulcer index from 9.17±0.32 in the control group to 0.74±0.55 and 0.52±0.35, with % protections of 91.93% and 94.32% respectively, while same doses of AWLE yielded ulcer indices of 0.95±0.0.64 and 0.88±0.45, with percentage protections of 89.64 and 90.40 respectively. The observed effects of LOME and AWLE compared favourably with that of Cimetidine (32mg/kg), which lowered ulcer index to 6.06±0.09 and presented a percentage protection of 33.91%. LOME also inhibited charcoal transit in experimental rats in a manner similar to that of atropine (1mg/kg), while AWLE did not significantly affect charcoal transit when compared to the control. The results suggest that both LOME and AWLE may contain active agents with anti- ulcer and cytoprotective activities. The observed anticholinergic function of LOME also suggest that the extract may have achieved its effect by inhibiting parasympathetic induced gastric secretions in addition to local mucosa protective effect exhibited by both extracts. Loranthus micranthus and Acalypha wilkesiana leaves could be harnessed into safe and potent treatment agents for ulcer and could serve as templates for the development of new anti-ulcer drugs.

Malaria is a major health problem in India, as well as in Karnataka, accounting for sizeable morbidity, mortality and economic loss. Microscopy has been the Gold standard for diagnosis from decades. Recently, many new microscopic and non microscopic rapid diagnostic tests are being widely used. The present study was done to compare the sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value and Negative Predictive Value of Quantitative Buffy Coat examination and antigen detection test using HRP 2 and pLDH by taking Giemsa stained peripheral smear as standard reference. 150 clinically suspected cases were studied by Giemsa stained peripheral blood smear examination, QBC examination and antigen detection test. Out of 150, 56 (37.3%) cases were positive and 94(62.6%) were negative. Males were predominantly affected. P. vivax was the major parasite species causing malaria. 56 (37.3%), 53 (35.3%) and 49 (32.6%) cases were positive by PBS, QBC and antigen detection test respectively. Sensitivity of QBC was high (94.6%) followed by antigen detection (87.5%). QBC missed 3 cases and antigen detection test missed 7 cases which were positive in microscopy. PBS examination still remains the “Gold standard” for diagnosis of malaria. However, QBC and antigen detection test can be used for rapid diagnosis.

In accordance to international classification Tioureidoiminomethylpyridinium perchlorate (Perchlozon) belongs to thioacetazone group. In vitro Phz demonstrated significant inhibiting effect on viability of drug-resistant mycobacteria strains of TB. In the reported clinical study, which was performed in 2013-2014, 49 patients with MDR lung tuberculosis were enrolled. The patients were divided in two groups: Group I (main) 25 patients were administered Phz in addition to 6 other anti-tuberculosis drugs; in Group II (comparison) 24 patients received 6 anti-tuberculosis drugs. Efficacy of treatment (which was assessed by cessation of bacterial excretion in sputum) was higher in Group I vs. Group II after 3 months (72.4 % (21) vs. 52% (13)) and by 6 months (86.2% (25) vs. 68% (17). Efficacy of treatment with Phz was 72.4% in complex with other anti-tuberculosis drugs.

Many natural products including medicinal plants have been contributed in the development of drugs or antimicrobials thus spices retaining medicinal particularly antimicrobial potentials have also played a great role in this field. Carum carvi (black cumin), Elettaria cardamomum (green cardamom), and Cinnamomum zelanium (Cinnamon) has shown their beneficial effects against some of the clinical isolates including Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumonia, Acenatobacter sp., Proteus sp., and Escherichia coli that are becoming extremely disappointed problems in present days and have failed to respond the previously active drugs. So it is important to explore various natural products to find new of this type as preventive measures. In this regard spices can be correctly said to natural antimicrobials.

Background of study: Adequate nutrition during infancy and early childhood is critical to the development of children’s full human potential. Poor infant and young child feeding practices coupled with high rates of infectious diseases are the proximate causes of malnutrition during the first two years of life. Ensuring optimal complementary feeding practices for young children living in developing countries is a global public health priority. Objective: to assess the knowledge and practices of complementary feeding among primary caregivers of children aged 6-24 months in a selected area of Ludhiana city, Punjab. Methodology: Descriptive research design was used in the study. 100 primary caregivers were selected by convenience sampling technique. Structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge and checklist to assess the practices of complementary feeding. Results: 75% primary caregivers had average knowledge and 79% had satisfactory practices regarding complementary feeding. Education of father of the child and no. of siblings of the child had impact on knowledge while age of the child had impact on level of practices of complementary feeding among primary caregivers of children aged 6-24 months. Conclusion: Primary caregivers of children age 6-24 months had average level of knowledge and satisfactory practices regarding complementary feeding

Background: The detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA is essential to diagnose acute and chronic hepatitis C infection, therapy administration and follow up of treatment, and for the HCV genotype characterization. Materials and Methods: In current study fifty HCV infected patients were included; blood samples were collected from each and RT-nested PCR for HCV RNA detection were done. Results: out of 50 patients 29 were males (58.0 %) and 21 were females (42.0%). Their age range was from 5 to 67 years, and they were distributed into four groups 1. 1-20 years, 2. 21-40 years, 3. 41-60 years, and 4. >61 years), three of them were in group 1 (6.0%), 30 in group two (60.0%), 14 in group three (28.0%), and 3 in group four (6.0%). All samples were subjected to Qualitative HCV RT-nested PCR, and all of it were positive (100.0%). Conclusion: Molecular diagnosis of HCV is important for HCV treatment and genotype detection, in current study HCV RT-nested PCR was successfully applied for HCV detection in Libya.

The current scenario of global burden of diseases comprise of a triple burden of diseases of which non communicable diseases form a huge proportion. Among the non communicable diseases, chronic kidney disease has emerged a major threat in terms of complications, accessibility and availability of treatment, especially in developing countries like India. There are a few studies done on prevalence of kidney disease and our programme targets early detection of kidney disease in the form of screening programmes directed at different segments of the society. The screening programme consists of brief history of medical illness, followed by measurement of body mass index and blood pressure and urine examination to look for proteinuria. Our programme identified prehypertension in 38.7% of the population screened and 24.% were identified with proteinuria. Individuals who were above 45 years of age, and those with proteinuria were found to be significantly associated with abnormal serum creatinine and eGFR. Our screening programme has proven to be efficient in early detection of kidney diseases in the population and has also proven to be cost effective in a country like India where diverse economic conditions exist in the society.

Bisphenol a is xenoestrogen synthesized in large quantities worldwide for production of polymers (polycarbonates, epoxy resins) and thermal paper. This determines its universal presence - in everyday products (packaging, containers and bottles), food and drinking water. Food is considered to be the most important source of population exposure; however, in overall exposure assessment consumption of drinking water, inhalation of dust and dermal contact with thermal paper must be taken into account. Exposure to BPA and its derivatives from dental composites and sealants is possible. High levels of BPA in saliva (especially immediately or one hour after dental treatment), decreasing over time have been found. No BPA in the blood samples of dental patients have been detected, as reported in the available studies. High urinary levels of BPA after treatment with dental composites and sealants have been reported. The degree of exposure to BPA from dental materials and the possible adverse health effects are insufficiently investigated. No data were found in the available literature concerning the urinary levels of BPA among occupationally exposed dental professionals, in comparison with those among dental patients after treatment with composites and sealants.

Introduction: Suboptimal management of asthma during pregnancy by medical professionals can lead to poor health outcomes. The present study was done to assess knowledge of asthma and its management during pregnancy among general practitioners and obstetricians. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between march and may 2014 among general practitioners and obstetricians in and around puducherry. A simple questionnaire was designed and handed over to participants in their clinics through medical representatives and were requested to hand over the answered questionnaire on the same visit. Results: A total of 130 participants returned the questionnaire, out of which 79(60.7%) were general practitioners and 51(39.3%) were obstetricians. In 130 participants including both general practitioners and obstetricians 25(19%) participants answered less than 50% answers correctly, 69(53%) answered 51-75% answers correctly and the rest 36(28%) answered more than 75% answers correctly. Among general practitioners 16(20%) answered less than 50% answers correctly, 47(60%) answered 51-75% answers correctly and the rest 16(20%) answered more than 75% answers correctly. In obstetricians 9(18%) answered less than 50% answers correctly, 22(43%) answered 51-75% answers correctly and the rest 20(39%) answered more than 75% answers correctly. Out of 130 participants only 56(43%) are following GINA guidelines for management of asthma in pregnancy. In case of deteriorating asthma in pregnancy only 55(42%) of participants have answered that they will refer to pulmonary physician for expert opinion. Conclusion: In spite of participants having adequate knowledge and attitude towards asthma in pregnancy, when it comes to the point of practice, only less than 50% are practicing GINA guidelines for management.

Aim of the work: To identify the pattern of clinical manifestation and surgical outcome in relation to timing of presentation and surgical interference. Patients and methods: This prospective study was carried out in Surgery Department, Sohag University Hospital from July 2010 to April 2014. Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) was diagnosed clinically and confirmed by intraoperative findings and routine postoperative histopathological study. Clinical criteria in association to laboratory values e.g. total leucocytic count; band leucocytes percentage and serum Na were recorded. According to these criteria, patients were classified into 2 groups: group A; 26 patients with objective criteria of NF and group B; 136 patients with criteria of non-NF (control group). Results: There were a statistically significant differences between NF and non NF patients with respect to pain, tense edema, bullae, skin discoloration and crepitation (P= 0.04, 0.01, 0.032, 0.023, and 0.045 respectively). Elevated WBCs >15.4 ×109 /L was found in 69% of group A patients and 8% of group B (p=0.0001). Band form leucocytes percentage >10% was observed in 23.08 % of group A and 6.61% of group B (p=0.0001). Serum Na<135 mm/L was observed in 85% and10% of group A and B respectively ((p=0.0001). Repeated wide surgical debridement was done to 22 patients of group A and the remaining 4 cases were subjected to major extremity amputations. The overall mortality was 27% (7 patients) for group A (NF group) versus zero% for group B (non-NF group) (p<0.0001). Among patients underlying early debridement within 12 hours of admission (n=17), there was 3 deaths (18%) versus 4 deaths out of 9 (44.4 %) were recorded in patients with delayed operation (P< 0.05). Conclusion: NF is a potentially fatal disease. Early diagnosis remains the cornerstone in achieving reasonable surgical outcome. In patients with clinical suspicious, laboratory parameters include WBCs >15.4×109/L , serum Na < 135 mmol/L and band form leucocytes percentage > 10% may be helpful in early diagnosis.

The problem of adjustment is of gigantic importance for all the people especially to the students who should be helped in developing good adjustment besides the intellectual progress. This study investigates the adjustment problems of the college students in relation to their gender, socioeconomic status and academic achievement. The objectives of the study were; 1.To evaluate the adjustment problems among male and female college students. 2. To evaluate the adjustment among low and high socioeconomic college students. 3. To evaluate the adjustment among low and high academic achievement college students. 4. To evaluate the relationship between adjustment problems and academic achievement. The sample consists of 80 college students 40 male and 40 female from Dehradun district of Uttarakhand. The sample responded to the reliable and valid instrument. Adjustment inventory for college students (AICS) by Sinha and Singh were used to assess the adjustment problems. Socioeconomic status was assessed by socioeconomic status scale developed and standardized by Gyanendra P. Srivastava and marks obtained in 12th class were taken as a measure for academic achievement. Coefficient of correlation and ‘t’ stat was used to test the relationship and significance of difference between the variables. Findings include that college students have average adjustment; there was no significant difference in the adjustment problems of male and female college students. The students having low socio-economic status have more adjustment problems than that of high socio-economic college students. No significant difference was found in adjustment problems of high academic achievement students and low academic achievement students. There exists a negative relationship between adjustment problems and academic achievement.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with chronic low grade inflammation. (Pickup et al., 1998) C-reactive protein is a classic marker for inflammation. (Naveed et al., 2009) Materials and Methods: Study was conducted on 96 diabetic patients attending the diabetic clinic of government medical college, Trivandrum and on 96 non-diabetic controls. Serum hs-CRP, HbA1c, FBS, lipid profile, Waist: Hip ratio, systolic and diastolic BP was measured in cases and controls and the results compared. Results: Mean serum hs-CRP was significantly higher in cases than in controls (p=0.009). Conclusion: The new pathogenetic vision of diabetes mellitus includes inflammatory pathways playing pivotal roles its development and progression.

Identification of human skeletal remains is a critical problem and is very important in medico legal and anthropological work. The determination of sex of an individual is important and necessary both in the living and the dead for medico legal and anthropological study purpose. Bones often survive the process of decay and therefore provide the major evidence of human age and sex after death. The mandible is the strongest bone of facial skeleton and the best preserved after death. The mandible is the best suitable bone for the study to determine the sex and age of the human remains. This study based on the known sex of 100dry human mandibles. Various measurements will be taken. The difference between measurements of male mandibles and female mandibles will be calculated by taking the mean value of measurements taken, which will help in determination of sex of the mandible. The mandibular index will be calculated from the measurements between right and left mandibular foramina and mean of measurements betweenmandibular foramen and genial tubercles. All these measurements will help in determining the sex of the mandible, even from fragments we can calculate and determine the sex of human mandible. This is the aim of our study.

Examination of faecal samples of young stray dogs from the locality around a cattle abattoir situated in the Meghalaya-Assam border near Guwahati showed 48% animals positive for Sarcocystis in mixed infection with Ancylostoma (32%), Toxocara (24%) and Isospora (16%). Similar examination conducted in captive carnivores of Assam State Zoo revealed 50% hyenas positive to Sarcocystis in mixed infection with Ancylostoma (62.5%). Of the zoo felines, Sarcocystis infection combined with Isospora was revealed in leopard cats (33.3%) only. The other parasites recorded in felines were Toxascaris in Royal Bengal tiger (50%), Toxocara in leopard (25%), Isospora in clouded leopard (12.5%). The pattern of Sarcocystis infection in stray dogs was comparable with that of hyenas having access to bovine musculatures. The findings were discussed in the light of available literature.

Oral sub-mucous fibrosis is a chronic, insidious, debilitating, precancerous condition affecting oral cavity, caused by the habitual use of areca nut. A variety of mediators determine the deposition of collagen that include hormones cytokines and lymphokines. Collagen fibres have been the main focus of study to understand the pathogenesis of the lesion. Picrosirius has the propensity to stain thin fibres also so it has been the most opted stain for study. The main aim of the study here is to compare and correlate the role of collagen fibres and their role in determining the transformation of Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF) to Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). A total of 40 formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue (FFPE) blocks were retrieved from the department archives. They comprised of OSMF cases, cases of OSMF associated with OSCC and OSCC. Fresh sections were cut and stained with Picrosirius red to identify the collagen fibers. The content, pattern and distribution of collagen fibers were compared between the different groups. An observable change in stroma was evident as OSMF progressed to oral malignancy

Background: Phlebitis is inflammation of the vein wall that is the most common complication of intravenous infusion therapy. The incidence of phlebitis in hospitalized patients receiving IV therapy has been reported to be as high as 80%. Aim: To find out the most effective applicant for reduction of phlebitis in comparison of Heparinoid and Ichthammol glycerine. Setting and Design: Christian Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab and Non-experimental comparative research design with quantitative approach. Material and Methods: Total 60 subjects (30 with Heparinoid and 30 with Ichthammol Glycerine application-age, gender and type of disease condition- matched). The participants were selected from critical care areas of Christian Medical hospital, Ludhiana. Data was collected with using Modified Visual Infusion Scale and Standardized Numerical Pain Intensity assessment scale. Result: In Heparinoid group mean phlebitis score before application was 10.14 and after 48 hours it decreased to 2.37 but on the other hand in Ichthammol glycerine application group mean phlebitis score was 10.51 which decreased to 1.50 after 48 hours of application. Before application, after 24 hours and after 48 hours of application ‘t’ value between Heparinoid and Ichthammol application group was 0.71, 0.63 and 1.68 respectively, which were not significant at p<0.05 level of significance. Conclusion: Both the applications were effective in reducing IV induced phlebitis.

To report a case of vaginal cuff dehiscence with bowel evisceration after total abdominal hysterectomy and discuss the risk factors, prevention and treatment alternatives of this unusual gynecologic emergency. A 79-year-old woman presented to the emergency clinic with vaginal cuff dehiscence with bowel evisceration, developed 5 years after total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateralsalping ooophorec to my for post menopausal adnexalmass. Approximately 130 cm bowel loops with mesentery from the cecum was torsioned and herniated from eviscerated vaginal cuff. The patient was taken to emergency laparoto my and was prepared in lowlitho to my position. The bowelloops were detorsioned, inducted into abdomen from median inferior incision and vaginal vault was sutured continuously with No.1 vicry l. Second line interrupted sutures of vaginal vault were made with 2.0 polydioxanone sutures. As a result VCD is a rare but serious complication that can be seen in any time after hysterectomy. Further investigations need for its prevention and ideal method of repair.

Brucellosis is an important re-emerging zoonosis with a worldwide distribution. It is still a serious problem in many developing countries including India. Brucellosis in India is yet a very common but often neglected disease. A total of 100 sera samples were collected from sheep and were tested for presence of Brucella specific antibody by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) as screening test and the RBPT positive samples were further confirmed using indirect Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA). The overall seroprevalence of brucellosis in sheep was recorded as 5.00% in RBPT and 5.00% in indirect-ELISA. The prevalence of brucellosis in male sheep (7.14%) was higher than female (4.65%). The higher rate (8.33%) of Brucella antibody was recorded in sheep of more than three years of age.

Introduction: Childhood obesity is a condition in which body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have an adverse effect on health leading to various diseases. It was seen that 10% of children and adolescents aged 2-19 years are obese. Micronutrients are commonly referred to as “vitamins and minerals”. They are vital to the proper functioning of all our body systems. Micronutrient deficiency can lead to some serious health problems. The obese children with micronutrient deficiencies can suffer from iodine deficiency, vitamin A deficiency, iron deficiency etc. Objectives: The above study was carried out with the following objectives: 1. To calculate BMI of 7-9 years of children. 2.To check the tiffins of the children.3.To study micronutrient deficiencies in 7-9 years of obese children. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in Jabalpur city of Madhya Pradesh. The BMI of children from five affluent schools were calculated and those who had BMI greater than 95th percentile were considered to be obese. Their tiffins were checked out and the nutrients were calculated. Results: Observations in children from different schools revealed that the mean BMI in 7, 8, 9 years of children was 22.1 ± .92, 21.1 ± .03, 23.1 ± .27 respectively. The mean energy intake of 7 years of children was 713.0 ± 32.10, 8 years was 700.0 ± 29.28, 9 years was 698.36 ± 36.58. The mean protein intake in 7, 8, 9 years of children was 19.3 ± 2.9, 18.6 ± 3.44, 18.8 ± 3.2 respectively. The mean calcium intake in 7 years of children was 94.1 ± 24.9, 8 years was 89.4 ± 23.84, 9 years was 91.7 ± 23.4.The mean iron intake of 7, 8, 9 years of children was 5.27 ± 1.85, 5.00 ± 1.37, 5.07 ± 1.19 respectively. The mean vitamin A intake was found to be 376.39 ± 117.6 in 7 years, 340.82 ± 111.37 in 8 years and 352.46 ± 131.88 in 9 years of children. Conclusion: Thus, it was found that the children were deficient in calcium, iron and vitamin A which lead them to various nutritional problems like anaemia, goitre, vitamin A deficiency etc. The values of micronutrients were found to be very low when compared with recommended dietary allowances. Hence, the children were advised to include more of calcium, iron and vitamin A rich foods in their diet and for this a standardized booklet consisting of thirty nutritious tiffin recipes was distributed and requested to follow the necessary dietary guidelines. Puppet show, animated movie, leaflet, pamphlet, booklet and poster were also developed to enhance their nutritional knowledge and to improvise the status of their livelihood.

The results of our research provided during the many years with plant, animal and human cells based on the scientific evidences, it is possible to argue that the application of billions of tons chemicals asxenobiotics, espesially high doses of nitrogen pollutions in soil, water and environment as a new factor of the biosphere evolution can be considered one of the triggers of mutations and tumour cells in eukaryotic organisms - in plants, animals and humans.

Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm is an exotic fast growing arborescent species, commercially planted as a source of paper pulp and timber. One of the objectives of clonal forestry programme is to obtain better return for a given investment and this can be achieved only by planting with suitable clones. Several clones of Eucalyptus tereticornis have been raised by ITC Bhadrachalam and IFGTB, Coimbatore but a clonal comparison for physiological traits have not been carried out. The major objective of the present work was to screen the juvenile clones of Eucalyptus tereticornis for the photosynthetic traits such as photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), internal CO2 concentration (Ci) and rate of transpiration (E). The clones were also assessed for photosynthetic ratios such as intrinsic WUE, instantaneous WUE, intrinsic carboxylation efficiency and mesophyll efficiency in order to identify elite clones of Eucalyptus tereticornis for clonal forestry programmes and also for planting drier areas so as to reclaim the waste lands. The results showed a significant variability for the physiological parameters such as Pn, gs, E and Ci and the derived ratios such as intrinsic WUE, instantaneous WUE, intrinsic carboxylation efficiency and intrinsic mesophyll efficiency in the clones of Eucalytus tereticornis. Clones were categorized based on their photosynthetic efficiency and some clones such as Et 130, Et 242, Et 008 and Et 027 were identified as superior clones as they had efficient stomatal regulatory capacity combined with better carboxylation efficiency and are ideal planting stock especially for drier areas. The superior clones which are identified based on photosynthetic efficiency could be considered as choice materials for further tree breeding programmes.

The germplasm is often exploited to develop improved crop varieties for changing needs and environments. The vast amount of genetic variation present in the germplasm can be exploited to the best when the economically important traits have been mapped with molecular markers using specially designed mapping populations. Most of yield contributing traits are controlled by many loci and their molecular characterization and genetic mapping is called quantitative trait loci mapping (QTL-mapping). However, it is always not possible or convenient to construct such mapping populations in all crop plants. For example, in many tree species, pure lines or inbred lines, it is difficult if not impossible to construct mapping populations. Under such situations and in order to achieve higher level of resolution and precision in QTL analysis the association mapping technique is used. In the present review, we define and distinguished between linkage analysis based mapping association mapping and linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping, and then described the technique of association mapping used to dissect the genetic basis of complex traits for crop improvement. This paper will be a key reference for the beginners and research scholars who are involved in association mapping in crop plants.

Anthropogenic activities have contributed huge quantities of industrial and domestic waste water which contains large quantities of xenobiotics that leads to undesirable changes in the physico-chemical environment. The aquatic plants have the potential to accumulate heavy metals, were tolerant and able to withstand on the pollution stress. They serve as a tool for the study phytoremediation of xenobiotics from the aquatic ecosystem. Phytoremediation is an emerging “Green Bioengineering Technology”. Bioengineering is a green, cheaper alternative that hardly cost civil engineering works for environmental reconstructions. The present investigation focuses on morphological and biochemical toxicity and accumulation profile of heavy metals in Salvinia molesta Mitchell to the various concentrations of sewage (25, 50, 75 and 100 %) at regular interval of 4 days. Salvinia showed visible symptoms like chlorosis, stunted growth and withering of roots at higher concentrations, however, the test plant shows luxurious growth at lower concentration (25%) of sewage. The estimation of biochemical parameters viz, total chlorophyll, protein and carbohydrate of test plants shows significant increase at lower concentrations but decreased with increased concentrations of sewage and exposure durations. The plant accumulation profile of heavy metals is directly proportional to sewage concentration and exposure duration. The accumulation potentiality in Salvinia was maximum at 4 days exposure irrespective of concentration. However, at remaining duration of exposure it remains marginal.

Objective: To determine associated bacteria from sputum of tuberculosis suspected patients in Basra governorate. Methods: 150 TB suspected patients sputum clinical specimens were collected at The Advisory Clinic for Chest Diseases and Respiratory (ACCDR) in Basra Governorate, Iraq. They were subjected to cultural, microscopical and biochemical tests. Results: Out of 150 sputum samples thirty seven samples (24.6%) revealed associated bacteria, of which 13 (35.1%) was Pseudomonas spp., 11 (29.7%) Bacillus spp., 5 (13.5%) Vibrio spp., 4 (10.8%) Staphylococcus spp. and 4 (10.8%) as Klebsiella spp. Conclusion: The association rate of gram-negative bacteria were significantly higher than that of gram-positive bacteria. They belong to five genera, three gram negative and two gram positive bacteria, which potentially may cause complications to TB patients.

Spider’s web from Nephila antipodiana has been identified for producing a significant repellant activity against pests and ants. In order to investigate the repellant activity, screening of various compounds in the web was performed by GC-MS. An alkaloid namely, 2-pyrrolidinone was observed to act as a predator deterrent in species of moths, caterpillars and ants. For analyzing the feasibility of this alkaloid as an anti microbial action, antimicrobial studies were performed. The evaluation was done by well diffusion assay on two species of bacteria and fungi plant pathogens. Different concentration of 2-pyrrolidinone were loaded into the wells and the zone of inhibition was measured. Inhibition curves were compared, to check the effect of 2-pyrrolidinone between the bacterial and fungal species.

The whitebacked planthopper, (Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) is a major threat to rice crops throughout Asia, damaging plants both through its feeding behavior and by acting as a vector. Due to high insecticide pressure, it is becoming resistant to many insecticides. Many enzymes are known to be involved in providing resistance to these planthoppers against insecticides. Fewer research investigations have been conducted on insecticide resistance in relation to WBPH The objective of this paper was to evaluate the biochemical basis of resistance probably by evolving new isoforms of insecticide detoxifying enzymes. Biochemical profile of esterase, acetylcholinesterase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) was assessed. No difference in the glutathione-S-transferase activity was seen in buprofezin and quinalphos, however significant increase in GST activity was seen in chlorntraniliprole resistant insects. Buprofezin was highly toxic as compared to quinalphos and chlorntraniliprole. Esterase (30.82 µg of napthol formed/min/mg of insect) and acetylcholinesterase (17.23 µg of glutathione formed/min/mg of insect activity) was higher in quinalphos. The results indicate the potential development of esterases as detoxification mechanisms responsible for resistance to buprofezin and quinalphos. Esterase isozyme profiling using native PAGE shows dark bands in Buprofezin and quinalphos however diffused light bands were observed in case of chlorntraniliprole, indicate GST as the principal enzyme for detoxification of chlorntraniliprole.

The objective of this paper is to study the effect of blending process as a method for increasing the efficiency of the gravity thickener on its retention time. The problem is that in Egypt in many wastewater treatment plants, the gravity thickener efficiency is lower than expected, the solids outlet is lower than expected especially when the primary and secondary sludge mixed. In this paper, we study the effect of using dilution water (effluent water from Al Gabal Al Asfar wastewater treatment plant) on the retention time of the gravity thickener. The results explained that it is not suitable to increase the retention time in the gravity thickener when mixing the primary and secondary sludge and when adding the dilution water.

Traditional fossil fuels having limited availability causing energy crisis all over the world. This leads to increasing trend toward the use of cheap and readily available biomass for renewable energy production. Biomass is best source for renewable energy mainly used for biogas production. Sugar cane is a tropical grass of the having stout, fibrous, jointed stalks, the sap of which is source of sugar. Sugar industry mainly produces bagasse, press mud, spent wash and molasses as their byproducts or wastes. Sugar cane bagasse is by product remained after crushing of the stalks that constitutes short fibers and polysaccharides. It is produced comparatively higher in amount than any other agricultural waste. Study was made to see the biomethanation potential of Sugar industry waste mainly sugar cane bagasse, along with cow dung, press mud, spent wash and molasses. 1L capacity digesters were used in batch process for biomethanation studies. Measurement of biogas was done by water displacement method and qualitative analysis was done by gas chromatography. The biogas was recorded up to 30 days. Admixture of bagasse and cow dung yielded 111.75 mL of biogas per day while bagasse and press mud, spent wash, molasses yielded 278.37 mL, 220.37 mL, 250 mL of biogas per day respectively, Out of the four different combinations used for biogas production bagasse and press mud was the best, which produces 278.37 mL of biogas per day with 77.66 percentage of methane.

In this study, regeneration of Trichosanthes cucumerina L. var. cucumerina via somatic embryogenesis was investigated. Four different types of explant (Leaf, cotyledon, epicotyl and hypocotyl) from six-eight days old seedlings were used. Growth regulator treatments were one levels of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (0.3 mg/l) and three levels of 6-benzyl aminopurine (0.25, 0.5 and .75 mg/l). After seven weeks, cotyledon explants showed the highest potential in somatic embryo induction and the combination of 0.3 mg/l 2,4-D and 5 mg/l BAP had significant effect on somatic embryogenesis of Trichosanthes cucumerina L. var. cucumerina.

The present study focuses on cadmium toxicity on morphology and biochemical parameters of Salvinia molesta (Mitchell) to the cadmium stresses and its accumulation. The laboratory experiments were conducted for the assessment of morphological index parameters (MIP), biochemical parameters and accumulation of cadmium in plants at its various concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 ppm) at the regular interval for 12 days exposure. Salvinia showed visible symptoms like withering of roots, chlorosis and necrosis at higher concentration (2.0 ppm), however, the plant showed normal growth at lower concentration (0.1 ppm). The estimation of biochemical parameters (Total chlorophyll, Protein and Carbohydrate) of test plants showed a significant increase at lower concentration (0.1 ppm) of cadmium. The biochemical parameters decrease with increase in exposure concentration and duration. The toxic effect of cadmium is directly proportional to its concentration and duration. The accumulation of cadmium by Salvinia molesta was maximum at 4 days exposure duration and marginal at subsequent concentrations and exposure duration. With respect to biochemical parameters the concentrations are significant. However, metal accumulation is significant at concentrations and exposure duration.

Regarding the side effects of synthetic pesticides on food commodities, an experiment was designed to determine the biological activity of nine spices namely Turmeric, Chilli, Coriander, Garlic, Fennel seeds, Black pepper, Ginger, Fenugreek and Cumin against Tribolium castaneum. All the spices showed significant effect on adult mortality and germination viability among which highest adult mortality (9.67) as well as germination viability (95.67%) was recorded with black pepper (0.5g) treated seeds (50g). Whereas lowest adult mortality (1.00) was counted in untreated control and minimum germination viability (86.00%) was reported with ginger treated wheat grains. While all rest of spices varied significantly in their reaction to test insect. Furthermore, the sequence of toxic effect of spices as followed black pepper > cumin>chilli> coriander> garlic> fennel seeds> ginger>fenugreek>untreated control.

Withania coagulans, a medicinal plant traditionally use for the treatment of a variety y of human ailments particularly in diabetic. Investigation of the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of non-polar fraction of ethanol extract of Withania coagulant twigs is discuss in present report. The phytochemical constituents of non-polar fraction of ethanol extract of twigs were studied through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/GCMS). A total of eleven compounds were identified which include sterols, fatty acid and their methyl esters. The Kovat’s Retention Indices were also used to support the identification of these compounds. Significant antimicrobial activity of the n-hexane fraction has been observed against several bacterial strains. The distinctive chemical composition of W. coagulans twigs along with substantial antimicrobial activity not only authenticate their traditional medicinal uses but also indicate their potential as a source of natural antimicrobial compounds.

In the medical field the term ‘telemedicine’ getting attention from researchers around the world. This paper introduces system which focuses on real time image/video streaming of medical reports with the help of internet. Microsoft window’s WM encoder is used for data compression and transmission. Data from server machine can be transported easily to the client machine with the help of UDP/TCP protocol. In this paper it is tried to introduce features so that a streaming solution for medical reports canbe designed which will be able to function satisfactorily across all network speeds starting fromas low as 128 kbps. Experimental results show that the image is clear in normal network conditions, and the delayis less than three second. High performances of definition and real-time of the DSA video are both achieved in this scheme.

Removal enhancement of Schiff base (4-hydroxy-6-methyl -2H-pyrane -2-one)-ethylidiimine (ligand) on the surface of initiated calcined Iraqi montmorillonite has been investigated from an aqueous solution via columnar method. The Schiff base removal found to be dependent on initial conc. of the Schiff base, adsorbent dosage, and contact time. All columnar experiments performed at three different pH values (5.5, 7and 8) using buffer solutions at flow rate of (3 drops/ min.), at ambient temperature (25±2) °C. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin equations. The monolayer adsorption capacity is 3.0349 mg Schiff base ligand (L) per 1g calcined montmorillonite. This study revealed that highest removal rate 86.89% for Schiff base ligand at pH 5.5. The kinetic data for the adsorption process obeyed pseudo-second-order rate equations.

Bacteria are often involved in cases of food poisoning and the abusive use of chemical antibacterial agents in medication leads to selection of resistant bacterial strains. Indeed essential oils appear to be a good alternative to antibiotics’use. Empirically known for centuries, their anti-infective efficiency has been now scientifically demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. This work aims to study chemical composition and antibacterial power of Artemisia herba alba hugueii’s essential oils (EO). EO are obtained by hydrodistillation of A. herba alba hugueii buds harvested in June 2012 from TATA region (southern Morocco). EO content is about 4.2 ml per 100 g of dry matter. Chemical composition of A. herba alba hugueii’s EO was determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC / MS). Forty-five compounds were identified with cis-thujone (35.06%), camphor (32.79%) and trans-thujone (6.83%) as majority ones. Oxygenated monoterpenes (85%) constitute the most abundant group among the whole identified compounds (91.72%). Phytochemical screening of A. herba alba hugueii’s leaves was performed by staining and precipitation reactions. These tests revealed the high content of phenolic compounds (flavonoids and tannins), sterols and triterpenes. These secondary metabolites have a wide range of biological activities and they probably are at the basis of A. herba alba’s medicinal properties. Antibacterial activity of essential oils was tested in vitro on five clinical bacterial isolates. Evaluation of antibacterial power was performed by disk-diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by macrodilution method on liquid medium. The study of antibacterial effect showed that A. herba alba hugueii’s EO has an inhibitory effect against nine of the fifteen tested strains. This bioactivity is mainly due to the richness of this essence in cis-thujone and camphor known to be effective against microbial agents.

In this paper, image segmentation is based on hybrid correlation clustering. Correlation-clustering is a graph-partitioning algorithm used in natural language processing, document clustering and image segmentation. In this proposed method the hybrid correlation clustering improves the performance and accuracy of the existing higher-order correlation clustering. First apply the higher-order correlation clustering over Hypergraph, S-SVM, and combine the difference of existing and proposed algorithms. Experimental results on SBD dataset shows that the proposed method allow to archieve state-of-the-art results with a simpler and efficient model than the previous work.

In today’s era of highly developing manufacturing field, there is always requirement of time and cost saving equipment for metal working. Considering this need, we have developed this clutch operated gear driven power hack saw to cut the metal effectively in short span of time. The time required for previous power hack saw to cut the material having large thickness was very much also for all metal workers & the manual labor involved in cutting operation, it is tedious when a great deal of cutting has to be done on large metal sections. The aim of present work is to reduce time in metal cutting by designing the gearbox equipped clutch operated power hack saw. The four stage gearbox is provided to vary the speed and torque of saw according to type of metal to be cut. To shift the gear a clutch arrangement is provided.

Petrol is used as a conventional fuel for many past years. So the dependency on petrol has increased greatly. Due to which depletion of energy sources (i.e. Fossil Fuels- Gasoline and Diesel) have occurred. Therefore there is requirement of hybrid engine, by which dependency on petrol and diesel can be decreased. Now days, people are facing problem of high fuel prices and harmful emission from vehicle which affects directly or indirectly on environment and human health. Aim of our project is to reduce the exhaust emission by running the vehicle on LPG (liquefied petroleum gas)as an alternative fuel for two stroke SI engine. This results in perfect balance in fuel consumption and pollution control which can be optimized in future generation vehicle. Using this concept, two fuels can be effectively transformed to hybrid with increasing fuel efficiency by 30 percent. Two stroke S.I. engines are having poor fuel economy and while using Petrol as a fuel; it emits high hydrocarbons and greenhouse gases.

The green computing is one of the recent and prominent research field where many researchers are working on finding the efficient way to use energy in an efficient manner. The two ways in which the researchers look into green computing are mainly concentrating on the energy efficiency and power consumption and other way is making the green software to thrive the industry and make innovatory products. The number of challenges faced while migrating from classing computing to green computing are very high. But if the hurdles of implementation is crossed effectively the result will help in the environmental development and safety too. Most of the top companies are nowadays working seriously on migrating their project towards green computing.

In Wireless sensor networks the sensed data is collected and transmitted to the base station in the form of tree known as Data Gathering tree. If the number of Data Gathering Trees created for each cycle in wireless sensor networks is more it affects the performance of the entire network. Here only one data gathering tree for each cycle is constructed, so optimizing the network performance. Power optimality is achieved by considering heterogeneous sensors for construction of Data Gathering Tree. A data gathering tree is constructed using proposed algorithm which is a modification of Efficient Data Gathering (EDGE) protocol. It conserves the limited resources of the sensors and avoids both flooding and periodic updating of routing packets. The Tree will be reconstructed upon node failures or addition of new nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is enhanced EDGE which deals effectively for loops and optimizes the network performance.

The favourable properties exhibited by synthetic polymers and ceramics have made them become the most commonly sort engineering materials in recent years. Despite the excellent properties exhibited by these synthetic polymer materials, the problem of biodegradability and sustainability makes it necessary to research into fully biodegradable composites which are green in every way. In this research, green composites were developed using cassava starch as matrix material and luffa cylindrica fibre as reinforcing material. The weight of the reinforcing material was varied at a step of 10 g from 10 g to 50 g during the bio-composite fabrication. 4% (0.1 mole) sodium hydroxide was used to treat the luffa cylindrica fibres at room temperature for 24 hours to enhance the interfacial bonding interaction between the cassava matrix and the bio fibre. Characterisations carried out on the treated bio fibre were; Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIRS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). Tests including impact test, shore-D hardness test, moisture absorption, and bulk density determination of the developed composites were performed after the development of the bio-composites. The characterisations showed that the sodium hyrdroxide treatment effectively modified the fibres. Results from the mechanical tests showed that the bio-composite with 9:1 matrix to filler ratio absorbed the highest impact energy of 6.425 j while the 5:5 samples gave the least percentage moisture absorption value. A bulk density of 0.67 g/cm3 was obtained for the 7:3 (matrix to filler ratio) samples and the highest density value for the samples was obtained for the 9:1 sample with a corresponding value of 1.68 g/cm3.

Caste system is a peculiar feature of Indian society. Swami Vivekananda is full of praise for the original caste system but he strongly criticises the degenerated caste system of his time. In his writings he has highlighted the problems relating to the exploitation of the poor by the rich, of the weak by the strong, of the unprivileged by the privileged one, exploitation of the lower class by the so-called higher class and so on; and the resulting struggle, the need to save people from dehumanizing poverty and a host of similar other issues. Vivekananda considers priest-craft, untouchability etc. as the main evils of the degenerated caste system. Throughout his lifetime he preaches against these and tries to generate public consciousness against these evils.

The paper tries to examine the nature and dimensions of foreign aid within the framework of international politics. It also discusses the politics of foreign aid as well as why the powerful states provide foreign aid to the weaker nations. The research adopted the secondary methodology to provide a substantial argument on the topic under study. Findings show that, albeit nations provide foreign aid through humanitarian interventionist gesture, some powerful nations are completely without such motive, but give out foreign aid based on strategic logical motive. The paper concludes that, giving out aid to third world societies without monitoring where and how the money is going to end, continues to make foreign aid meaningless, as corrupt leaders of the Third World would continue to siphon whatever that is given to the state. The paper recommends absolute monitoring and evaluation of foreign aid as well as targeting more productive areas of the economy of the recipient nation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of String Vibration Damper on the myoelectric activity of the wrist extensors during the impact phase of backhand stroke technique.15 elite and 15 novice tennis players with an age ranging from18-25 years volunteered to participate in this study. Only one racket was used and was impacted by a pressurized ball. That was subjected to a constant velocity. The ball impacts were directed the racket throat area with and without using the String Vibration Damper. The participants were not allowed to see the ball impacts, as stand was placed between the participant and the racket. The experiment was repeated three times at the same day with rest periods in-between. The wrist extensors EMG data were collected with and without using the String Vibration Damper. Results revealed that there was no significant effect of using String Vibration Damper on the mean values of maximum EMG activity of the examined muscles (P>0.05). But, the decrease in the myoelectric activity of tennis beginners is significant, indicated that it may be preferable to use the string vibration damper with tennis beginners to protect them against the occurrence of lateral elbow pain. In conclusion, the results of the study do not support the concept of using the String Vibration Damper to reduce the myoelectric activity of the wrist extensor during tennis playing.

Higher Education in India has undergone a unique transformation since independence. Quantitative growth and qualitative improvement both are important for the higher education. The higher education system in India is at the stage of Quality Assurance. Internet, an Information Superhighway is an open non-participatory computer communication infrastructure that reaches every corner of the globe, carries information on every topic and is available to users round the clock. Major services of the Internet with its Strengths and Limitations were discussed. A survey was conducted on a sample of sixty individuals in order to identify the dominant usage of the Internet among the various strengths of the Internet. It is concluded that among the various strengths of the Internet, Wealth of Information Resources is found to have a better usage. If the Internet is used for all of its purpose, the knowledge horizon will move to infinity.

Bushfires have become an environmental challenge in Ghana and it has become difficult for the Government to control devastating menace since this activity is deeply rooted in the socio-cultural and economic systems of the indigenous people, especially farmers. The effects of bushfire on rural livelihoods and on the ecosystem in the Upper East Region are extensive and damaging. Bushfires have accelerated environmental degradation and have become very influential in the ecology and socio-economic aspects of the rural landscape in the transition zone of Ghana. A series of participatory research activities revealed the continuing importance of fire to rural livelihoods, but that a mismatch in desired burning regimes exists between local stakeholders. The socio-economic impact of this disaster was collected using approaches such as interviews and focus group meetings. Some of the consequences of bushfires include the burning of food stuffs, houses as well as domestic animals. The research found out that, the continuous prevalence of this activity was due to the laxity in the implementation of bye-laws regulating bushfire burning due to the lack of personnel and logistics to state agencies in the district to combat the problem.

The modular curriculum was introduced three years ago across all state-owned higher education institutions of Ethiopia. The rationale behind using this curriculum is that students should develop their language skills rather than their knowledge about the English language so that they can effectively attain their communication needs. To this end, related courses are formed into clusters with the aim of giving students sufficient time to exercise specific skill areas. In the modular approach, most of the courses are designed to be covered through the whole semester while few are on blocking basis. In practice, instructors offering skill-based courses as well as students majoring in English are oftentimes observed expressing their complaints about the limitations of the newly introduced curriculum. This study aimed at examining the suitability of the modular approach to offer/learn skill-based modules in EFL classes at Mekelle University. The subjects of the study were students in the Department of Foreign Languages and Literature and instructors teaching English courses in the same Department. Questionnaire, focus group interview and classroom observation were the three data gathering tools used. The result of the study shows that language skill developing courses are less suitable to present through the blocking mode in terms of employing student-centred instruction, continuous assessment and practice-oriented lesson delivery. To improve the outcome of the modular approach, all the skill-focused modules should be revisited and redesigned considering the theories and the nature of language skill development in areas where English is considered as a foreign language. Also, technology should be in place to assist the classroom teaching learning process.

Despite the extensive benefits of ERP systems, organizations commonly face a hostile attitude from potential users who resist the ERP system implementation process. Customization of ERP is possible but big modifications are complex, costly and difficult in upgrading. The study sought to find ways to actualize effective adoption of ERP and understand the problems of ERP adoption in KOFC. The research was carried out through a Case Study with KOFC Corporation using questionnaires and individual interviews. The study findings showed that recent surveys confirm that majority of the respondents have some idea of other Information Systems yet they are not very comfortable with the current ERP mostly because they feel it was customized in a complicated way. The main conclusions drawn from this research were that current approaches to adopting ERP are deficient because they failed to embrace a holistic approach, instead opting for a narrow one which proves to have not worked and that a lack of communication between major stakeholders at corporation and the contractor level has hindered ERP adoption. This research argues for a multi-pronged model to reduce incidences of resistance. One that takes into account customer views, management of company policies, implementation issues (including proper resourcing and review policies), the need for developer support infrastructures, and a means of communication networks.

Where are we standing in the history of oil? In which point of the line are we now? Where are we going? Where is the line leading us, up or down? Towards what is the world moving? Are we going to “bathe” in oil in the near or far future or are we going to say “goodbye” to oil pretty soon? Global oil depletion is one of the most debated subjects nowadays, as oil is still the most important commodity we have. Since we are so addicted to this resource, it is essential to us to know the arguments that sustain the idea that the world is running out of oil and the counter-arguments to it.

Today, most leading companies are developing customer relationship to make loyalty and retention programs. Beyond offering consistently high value and satisfaction, marketers can use specific marketing tools to develop stronger bonds with consumer. First, a company might build value and satisfaction by adding financial benefits to the customer relationship. A second approach is to add social benefits as well as financial benefits. This study focuses on the determinant factors affecting customer relationship management in ethio telecom in Mekelle town branch. In order to collect data both primary and secondary data sources were used in the study. The primary data was collected from users of the services and employees of the ethio telecom by using questionnaire. The secondary data was collected from books and other related records of the corporation. The sampling method used for customers was convenience and simple random sampling was used for employee so as to gather primary data. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and accordingly interpreted and reported.

The 360 degree feedback provides valuable insight and helps to unveil areas of concern or improvement, so as to make any necessary changes. 360 degree feedback method is perfect to assess leadership qualities and also how the managers and supervisors are perceived by the employees and thus, is an effective way to growth and development within an organization. Since this kind of feedback and appraisal method is so comprehensive and thorough, it tends to be taken more personally. The 360 degree feedback method is quite beneficial for the business organizations, as it helps to identify the strengths, as well as weaknesses, of the employees and to figure out effective ways to work upon them. Also, it gives a brilliant opportunity to the employees to improve their performance and productivity.

To strength the legal education in Indonesia in order to achieve not only the development of law in local and national but also more international basis, improving continually the content or substance of legal material is very important. However, the role of legal method (teaching and learning method) is undoubtedly influencing the improvement of quality legal education. The Problem Based Learning (PBL) as part of the Student Centered Learning (SCL) can be considered as an effective method to escalate the legal knowledge, legal skill and curiosity of students as well as to stimulate students to become more active in class upon particular legal issues determined in the guidance books or known as course books. Various obstacles in implementing this active learning model can be solved through creative solutions that appropriate with surrounding circumstances.

Namchi is fast evolving into a major tourist destination in Sikkim with the coming up Siddhesvara Dham and Guru Padamasambhava statue at Samdruptse. Total tourist arrival (domestic and international) at Siddhesvara Dham was recorded at 162,747 in the year 2013 and 242,154 in 2014 touching the growth rate at 33 %. International tourists who visited Siddhesvara Dham increased to 8,478 in the year 2014 as compared to 2,882 in 2013 showing growth rate of 66 %. Similarly, domestic tourist arrivals at Samdruptse in the month of May were 15,400, 17,300 and 19,114 in 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively, with the growth rate of 11 % from 2012 to 2013, and 9.5 % increase from 2013 to 2014. Month of May carried the highest number of tourist load per year at both (Siddhesvara Dham and Guru Padamasambhava statue) tourist destinations. Prevailing tourism activity is observed to be playing a key role in preservation of cultural heritage and also providing direct and indirect employment opportunities to local people.

Buddhism, one of the most ancient religions of the world. Upon returning from enlightenment, Buddha spent the rest of his long life preaching about his Four Noble Truths: 1) dukka, the reality of suffering 4, 2) samudaya, the arising or origin of dukka, 3) nirodha, the cessation of dukka, and 4) magga, the way leading to the cessation of dukka. Buddhism is evangelistic in nature because its followers believe that the Hindu unbroken cycle of existence, which is filled with suffering, can be broken after all. Suffering can be stopped; beings can be liberated from painful existence. This paper focuses on Buddhism’s understanding of suffering. Having said that, it is not a comprehensive study of Buddhism. That is, it does not delve into every aspect of the religion and discuss all Buddhist doctrines extensively In particular, this study attempts to answer to the following questions from the Buddhist perspective: 1) What is suffering? 2) What causes suffering? 3) What can one do to stop suffering? 4) How can one walk on the path toward liberation from suffering? The paper is designed to be both truthful and respectful. Upon completion, its prospective reader will hopefully go away with a clear understanding of suffering according to Buddhism. This paper focuses on Buddhism’s understanding of suffering. Having said that, it is not a comprehensive study of Buddhism. That is, it does not delve into every aspect of the religion and discuss all Buddhist doctrines extensively. It does not offer a survey on the development of the religion over time or space. Rather, it takes a deep dive into the aspect of suffering, which is in fact right at the heart of the religion. It is hoped that once a prospective reader finishes reading the paper, he or she will know how Buddhists perceive suffering and how they deal with it in their daily lives.

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of Labor unions on the performance and welfare of production workers in East Java Indonesia. Samples were taken from the four companies in the 4 districts / cities in East Java. To analyze the relationship between the variables of trade unions, variable performance, and variables welfare of workers in this study using Structural Equation Modeling with the SPSS 20 Amos 7 software. The analysis conducted in this study include confirmatory factor analysis of each latent variable both the exogenous construct as well as the endogenous constructs, a full analysis of SEM models, assumptions SEM analysis, structural equation models and hypothesis testing. Calculation of SEM analysis, parameter estimation of the relationship between labor unions on the performance obtained for 0.425. Testing the relationship between the two variables indicate the value of CR = 4.421 with probability = 0.000 (p <0.05). Means that the labor unions and a significant positive effect on the performance of labor, so the higher the union owned by the company, the performance of the workers will be higher as well. Parameter estimation of the relationship between the performances of labor for the welfare of workers obtained for 0.596. Testing the relationship between the two variables indicate the value of CR = 5.541 with probability = 0.000 (p <0.05). Means that the performance of labor is significant and positive effect on the welfare of workers, so that the higher the performance of the workers, the company owned by the workers' welfare will be higher as well.