February 2016

Peritrochanteric fractures mainly comprise of fractures of trochanter and subtrochanteric region. Despite marked improvements in implant design, surgical technique and patient care, peritrochanteric fractures continues to consume a substantial proportion of our health care resources. Trochanteric fractures are common in the elderly people. The more latest implant for management of trochanteric fractures is proximal femoral nail, which is also a collapsible device with added rotational stability. This implant is a centromedullary device and biomechanically more sound. It also has other advantages like small incision, minimal blood loss. Aims and Objectives is to study the management of proximal Femoral fractures by proximal Femoral nail and to study perioperative difficulties and postoperatitve outcome in these fractures. Material and Methods: The present study consists of 25 adult patients of peritrochanteric factures of femur, who are treated with Proximal Femoral nail. Patient were followed up six weeks, three months, six months and 12 months. Movements, union and limb length were assessed clinically and postoperative complications like delayed union, nonunion, malunion and implant failure were studied radiologically during these visits. Modified Harris Hip Score was used for evaluation of hip function. Observation and Results: In our series of 25 operated cases, 3 cases were expired before first follow up due to other medical problems and old age. 3 cases were lost follow up after first follow up. So taking into consideration of 19 cases of which we had 12 months regular follow up, by using Modified Harris Hip Score we got 47.37% excellent, 47.37%good and 5.26%poor results. Complications like malunion and shortening of more than 1 cms was seen in 1 case each and implant failure was seen in 3 cases. Conclusion: Though the learning curve of this procedure is steep, with proper patient selection, good instrumentation, image intensifier and surgical technique, PFN remains the implant of choice in the management of Peritrochanteric fractures.

Background: Ethiopia is one of the oldest independent African countries. Illiteracy is the most crucial factor impacting Ethiopians limited health seeking behavior. The country suffers from an enormous burden of preventable communicable and non-communicable diseases and nutritional deficit disorders. The population faces a high rate of morbidity and mortality which needs holistic quality care from health care professionals including nurses. Ethiopia is struggling with an extreme shortage of health care professionals. Official statistics show, that a decade ago there were only 20,000 nurses for 80 million people with 85% of the Ethiopian population living in remote areas which are chronically under-served. Aim: To describe the development of nursing education in Ethiopia from historical, political and socioeconomic perspectives. Methods: An extensive literature search was conducted using the key terms, “Nurse”, “Education” and “Ethiopia” from the following databases: ProQuest, PubMed, Google Scholar, Ovid Medline. In addition, reports from the governmental health education bureau were utilized to provide relevant information regarding the nursing educational system. Findings: Globally, nursing education is undergoing modifications, which were never previously imagined, to address the growing complexity in the health care arena, ensure safe delivery of nursing care, promote nursing leadership and evidence-based practice research. To meet today’s health care demands, the Ethiopian nursing education system needs to reform. Conclusions and Implications for Nursing Education: In the light of historical and current nursing situations in Ethiopia, the Ministers of health and education need to reconsider the minimum nursing educational requirement to be at least a baccalaureate degree. Nursing career pathways need to be extended to Ph.D. and DNP. Such nursing career development pathways are needed to prepare future nurses with the abilities to conduct research and quality improvement projects, develop leadership skills, and impact the quality of care. Ethiopian nurses’ engagement in the development and application of nursing knowledge will not only impact nursing practice but also improve the quality of nursing education.

The human pancreas develops embryologically from the fusion of the ventral and dorsal buds. Under normal conditions, the superior branch of the ventral pancreatic duct fuses with the dorsal pancreatic duct and participates in the formation of the main pancreatic duct (Kim et al., 2002; Nesseler et al., 1983). In the embryo, the accessory pancreatic duct is the main drainage duct of the dorsal pancreas and enters the duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla. Here in we report new case of pancreas divisum discovered in a patient with abdominal pain and acute pancreatitis ;the CT scan performed for our patient (photo1,2) showed an incomplete divisum pancreas.

The histology of corpora amylacea in mammary glands of Madras red sheep was recorded during various stages of physiological phases. The corpora amylacea were observed as round, oval or irregular cauliflower shaped concentrically laminated bodies. These were seen in their various stages of formation and located both in the lumen of alveoli and septal connective tissue. The occurrence of corpora amylacea increased gradually from lactating mammary glands and observed more in late lactation and dry mammary glands during involution. A gradual increase in both size and numbers of corpora from parturition to late lactation suggested that the development of these structures accelerated as lactation progressed and these structures may have a role in the involutionary process.

Objectives: To study the epidemiological incidence, assess various allergens, symptoms & analyze prescribing pattern of respiratory tract diseases associated with allergies. Methodology: Questionnaire based survey was conducted in pulmonology department, for 4 months includingall outpatients& excluding inpatients& children below 10 yrs. Result and Discussion: Out of 72 patients included, 40.27% were males&61.42% were females. Respiratory problem was more in age group 20 to 30 yrs. 47.22% .The distribution of disease was more in rural area& the incidence was more during rainy season. Polluted air accounts 84.72%of allergens & the common symptom was cough & sputum (62.85%).The most commonly prescribed drugs were corticosteroids & β-agonist. In combination therapy long acting β-agonist & corticosteroids was prescribed. Conclusion: The study shows that respiratory tract diseases associated with allergies are common today, where environmental pollution has a great role to play. The study was beneficial to attain knowledge about various allergens, symptoms as well as current therapy associated with respiratory tract diseases in the community.

Most odontogenic tumors are intraosseous in nature but at times they might have peripheral location like gingiva therefore they are referred to as peripheral odontogenic tumors (POTs). Peripheral odontogenic fibroma (POdF) is the only POT that is more frequent than its central counterpart. This tumor is rather an uncommon gingival enlargement that is slow growing benign neoplasm that is unencapsulated exophytic gingival mass, which is composed of fibrous connective tissue associated with various amount of calcifications and islands of odontogenic epithelium . Due to its firm and non tender nature on palpation it could be mistaken for other more common gingival lesions like peripheral ossifying fibroma, pyogenic granuloma etc. Hence, histopathological examination is inevitable for factual diagnosis. This article illustrates a well documented case of POdf with regards to its diagnosis, treatment modalities and recurrence.

Renal arteries normally arise from the abdominal aorta at the level L1 vertebra. During routine dissection of abdomen by the undergraduate medical students we noted, two additional renal arteries were observed on both sides arising from abdominal aorta. It is not associated with any other anomaly of kidneys or other vascular anomaly. Both arteries were caudal to the normal renal artery, entering the hilum of kidney anterior to the renal vein. Accessory renal arteries usually arise from aorta below the normal renal artery. Variations in renal arteries are common due its complicated development, ascent and rotation. These variations of arteries are common at the inferior pole rather than the superior pole of kidneys. Additional renal arteries may or may not be associated with the congenital malformations of the kidneys. The variations of renal arteries are considered critical that surgeons should have thorough knowledge. Renal artery variations such as their number, source and course are very common. Most of the variations of human renal vessels can be explained on the basis of phylogeny as many conditions which are anomalous in human are normally present in some animals. The most common variation of renal artery is the presence of an accessory renal artery, occurring in approximately 30% of cases. Accessory renal arteries usually arise from aorta commonly on left side and enter the hilum of kidney below the normal renal arteries. Knowledge of the presence of such additional renal arteries is necessary while performing the surgical and radiological procedures related to kidney. Variations in the renal vessels and supernumerary renal arteries have been observed frequently, either in routine dissections or in clinical practice. Knowledge of these variations of renal vascular anatomy has importance in exploration and treatment of renal trauma, renal transplantation, renal artery embolization, surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm and conservative or radical renal surgery, laparoscopic surgeries and retroperitoneal operations.

Introduction: Access to healthful drinking water is a worrying health problem all around the globe. 2.5 billion children are affected with diarrhoea every year in South-East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. In India diarrhoea alone kills over 7,00,000 in one year. The objective of the study was to assess the potential of planned teaching programme (PTP) of knowledge on prevention of water borne disease among school children. Methods: The study adopted quasi experimental, one group pre-test post-test design. 60 children studying at Sri Venkatramana Hr. Primary School, Kulai, Mangalore were chosen by stratified random sampling technique. Structured knowledge questionnaire 34 questions consisted of two parts i) Personal characteristics and ii)knowledge questionnaire on waterborne diseases was used to collect data.Each item had a score of one for the best answer and zero for the wrong answer. Thus altogether there were a maximum score of 34. Results: Majority 60% of the participants were girls and 55% were at the age of 12 years.93.3% of the participants belong to Hindu religion. 46.7% of participant’s mother are daily wage earners and 33.3% father do private job. Among participants’ parents,40% of the mothers and 66.7% of the fathers have 5-10th standard education. 68.3% were from nuclear families and 63.3% depend on well as source of water. 86.7% using own latrines. The pre-test mean knowledge score (18.72) is greater than the post- test mean knowledge score (27.9) which indicate the effectiveness of intervention. Conclusion: The study concluded that planned teaching programme had a major role in developing knowledge of children on prevention of water borne diseases.

Dental Implants are becoming the treatment of choice for replacing missing teeth, especially if the adjacent teeth are free of restoration. When placing an implant in the esthetic zone, the soft tissue profile along with the bone profile becomes of utmost importance. In certain cases the soft tissue is insufficient or might get traumatized during the implant procedure. Soft tissue augmentation can be one of the treatment of choices to correct gingival dimensions around the implant.This Case shows the result of Free Gingival Autograft for the correction of implant exposure, thus improving Esthetic in the maxillary anterior region.

Hair loss is a rare side effect of psychotropic drugs. Mood stabilizers are the most related drug class with this side effect. Studies reporting the sertraline-induced hair loss are limited in number. Sertraline is a potent antidepressant of SSRI group which selectively inhibits the reuptake of serotonin from the presynaptic terminals. The mechanism for hair loss has not been elucidated completely. Psychotropic drugs are usually considered to lead to hair loss through influencing the telogen phase of growth of hair follicle. This paper reports a 25-year-old male with diffuse hair loss started after sertraline use and improved by quitting the drug. The unique aspect in this case was that the hair loss started within 2 weeks of starting sertraline.

Viral warts are benign proliferations of the skin and mucosa caused due to the infection with human papilloma virus (HPV). Cutaneous manifestations like flat warts are a common presenting complaint in children and adolescent. The estimated frequency is up to 10 percent of pediatric population. Warts may present as symptomatic or asymptomatic and appear as hyperkeratotic, smooth or dry papules with irregular borders. Warts are clinically diagnosed. Treating warts is a therapeutic challenge for physicians. No single therapy has been proven effective at achieving complete remission. This article presents a 9-year-old Asian male child with are current HPV infection along with different approaches to wart therapy.

Histological assessment of surgical margins as negative lacks sensitivity in identifying cells with a cancerous genotype but no pathologic phenotype. Aberrant glycosylation in tumor cells results in loss of cell surface glycoprotein and sialic acid. Studies have shown a modified expression of such tumor-related genes and cell molecules in histologically negative margins. 20 cases of margins and its corresponding lesional tissue were stained using Periodic-acid Schiff’s (PAS) reagent and Alcian Blue (AB) and their optical densities and stain remaining per micro-gram of the tissue were analyzed using spectrophotometer. T-test showed a significant correlation (p=0.06) between the absolute PAS stain and AB stain remaining per micro-gram of the tissue. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test showed that the difference in PAS and AB staining was found to be significantly associated with males (p=0.01), moderate to poor histological differentiation of cells (p=0.012) and positive lymph nodes (p=0.004). No significant difference was seen between the clinic-pathological parameters and amount of stain remaining. Thus, the routinely used histochemical stains can be used as an adjunct to predict the prognosis and diagnosis of oral carcinomas.

Situs Inversus Totalis is a rare condition with not much known sex discrimination. The cause for the same is still unknown although some studies describes certain maternal medical conditions like diabetes mellitus as a reason. The term Situs Inversus is a short form of the later meaning inverted position of internal organs. Such individuals are generally asymptomatic and have a normal life expectancy and it may go unnoticed for a long period of lifetime. Other congenital abnormalities can also be seen with this condition like cardiac defects, pulmonary infections. Being a rarecondition, the literature for it is not that extensive. In our report we describe a case of Dextrocardia with SitusInversus Totalis in a newborn with respiratory distress.

Epidemiological study of the malignant eyelid and conjunctival tumors in children is very important in identifying the relationship between various external and internal factors and incidence in order to determine methods of prevention and effective treatment. Advanced research in epidemiological aspects of these tumors can establish a theoretical and practical knowledge base to ensure steady progress in the treatment of the tumors, which pose a serious health risk for the patients, especially children. The basis for each epidemiological study is research into the characteristics of incidence, mortality and survival rates

The objective of the present research work was to formulate transdermal carbopol gel and compare five different permeation enhancer (polyethylene glycol400, olive oil, oleic acid, limonene and dimethyl sulfoxide), using a model drug (Nifedipine) to evaluate the antihypertensive activity of gel and compared for in vitro and in vivo drug release. The formulated gel were evaluated for physical appearance, drug content, viscosity, spreadability, pH determination, clarity, extrudability and also for antihypertensive activity are suggestive of good characteristic properties of best batch. Permeation enhancers show maximum effect in the concentration between 3 to 9 %, above this concentration the effect of permeation enhancer stabilized i.e. don’t show significant effect. Formulation F12 showed maximum drug release of 78.518% in 8hr which contained 9% permeation enhancer concentration i.e(oleic acid). Thus it concluded from the data that oleic acid is having maximum penetration power among olive oil, limonene, PEG400 and DMSO. From the optimized batch F12 showed zero order kinetic model of drug release. All Formulation Shows Good Results, Do Not Cause Any Kind of Skin Irritation. The transdermal delivery of Nifedipine shows good results avoiding side effects of first pass metabolism and G.I.T irritation.

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of Ki-67(LI) in breast cancer lesions among Sudanese females. Study design: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Radiation and isotope center at Khartoum (RICK), Sudan, during the period between October 2012 and September 2013. Methodology: Tissue sections obtained from 200 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of breast cancer lesions were immunohistochemically stained using monoclonal antibody (MIBI) for Ki-67. Results: The study showed significant differences in expression of Ki-67 in different grades of triple positive and triple negative breast cancer lesions. Conclusion: Expression of Ki-67 in breast cancer is an important prognostic factor as it significantly associated with aggressive tumors.

Acute gastric volvulus is torsion of the stomach by more than 180° and a life-threatening condition, but its intermittent and vague symptoms may make diagnosis difficult. There are different types of gastric volvulus, with the variant presented in our case being the less commonly encountered mesenteroaxial gastric volvulus.

Background: Coronary Artery Disease is one of the leading cause of death, ranked “FIRST” worldwide among the eight killer diseases. It accounts for one-third of all deaths worldwide, two thirds of which occur in the developing countries. Elevated levels of hs–CRP found to be associated with deleterious effects on endothelial function and platelets, which increase risk of atherosclerotic plaque formation. Keeping this in view, it is important to assess the global risk of CAD in patients and in asymptomatic individuals, using a combination of clinical assessment and measurement of biomarkers like hs-CRP as inflammatory markers and to correlate them with that of CAD, for early intervention of life saving prophylaxis and as a prognostic marker. Aim and Objectives: To estimate the levels of hs-CRP in diagnosed patients with acute myocardial infarction and to correlate the level of hs-CRP with the outcome of the patient with acute myocardial infarction within (0-7) day. Material and Method: A cross sectional study was conducted on randomly selected patients with clinically diagnosed acute myocardial infection admitted in NSCB Medical College, Jabalpur. After a thorough clinical examination and history taking, the procedure was explained to the subjects. 3ml of venous blood was collected to study the level of hs-CRP in each subject. Method of estimation: hs-CRP was estimated by Quantitative Nephelometric method. Results: There was a male dominant presentation of acute myocardial infarction with sex ratio of 5.6: 1. Maximum presentation of acute MI was between 5th to 6th decade with mean age of 55.33 years. hs-CRP level were significantly high in acute MI patients with more complications like MR, CCF, Arrhythmia, low ejection fraction and increased ST segment elevation. hs-CRP level were significantly high in deranged lipid profile and in increase CPK-MB levels. Conclusion: Acute MI is a devastating global health problem with rising incidence in developing countries like India. In our study, hs-CRP levels are significantly high in short and long term complication of acute MI. Thus, in patient of Acute MI, a low cost simple investigation, hs-CRP can be highly sensitive independent biomarker for acute MI, its complications and severity.

Over the past several decades, the phenomena of leadership continue to predominate in mainstream business and healthcare literature. Working as a nurse leader requires complex skills and competencies that could affect not only staff, but also patients. Leadership development is a lifelong process. As nurses progress throughout their careers, they will face new challenges. The need for change will always exist and as the circumstances of nurse’s lives are constantly altered, the leadership skills also need to be refined, renewed and further developed. Thus the study was conducted to find the impact of the Leadership Development Package on leadership competencies of the participants. The aim of the study was also to identify the organizational climate that was present in the organization and to determine the satisfaction of participants with the leadership development package. Finally, it was also to find the readiness and commitment of key management personnel towards the implementation of leadership development package in the institution. A qualitative research approach with a descriptive research design was employed. 60 head nurses and 60 undergraduate nursing students in experimental and control groups participated in the study. The data was collected using the organizational climate rating scale, focus group discussion format for head nurses and undergraduate nursing students and structured interview format for the key management personnel. The findings of the study revealed that the head nurses and undergraduate nursing students found the LDP to be very useful and were highly satisfied with it. The key management personnel found the need to develop leadership skills among nursing personnel’s and were ready to implement the LDP as per the institutional needs.

Background: Citrullinated proteins have been discovered in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis but not in other forms of joint disease. The diagnostic, predictive and prognostic role of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients is widely accepted. Moreover, detection of these antibodies in subjects presenting with undifferentiated arthritis (UA) is associated with a significant risk to develop the disease. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibody testing is particularly useful in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, with high specificity, presence early in the disease process, and ability to identify patients who are likely to have severe disease and irreversible damage. Material and Methods: A total of 38 patients with RA were included in this study. Anti-CCP antibody was determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Anti-CCP positivity was significantly higher in female group 12 (14.45%) than in male 2 (2.41%). The results indicated that anti-CCP positivity for RA patients was 14 (16.86%) when compared with the negative group 69 (83.14%). Conclusion: The detection of anti-CCP antibodies is a useful diagnostic tool, particularly in the early stages of the disease, and a predictive factor in terms of disease progression and radiological damage

This article presents an innovative program, Al-Madinah Program, which focuses on developing creative thinking abilities. The creative thinking abilities are considered key aspects that promote suburb outcomes from which the students are enabled for future careers. Moreover, Al-Madinah Program is beneficial to develop verbal fluency to the talented EFL students, The Al-Madinah Program is founded on modern educational and talent theories. The scientific model of Al-Madinah Program is based on three fundamental aspects: Cognitive processes, Sentimental processes, and Program strategies. Accordingly, the Al-Madinah Program becomes further specialized in the needs of talented students by developing their abilities through an enrichment program that includes many strategies for developing creative thinking ability.

Nowadays, one of the major problems of soybeans production in Brazil is the presence of green seeds in lots with drastic consequences on physiological quality. The development of methods for detection of green seeds by image analysis technique can speed up the process and reduce the subjectivity of manual methods. To evaluate the use and efficiency of the equipment SAS ® (Seed Analysis System) was used five lots of commercial soybean seeds, from which samples were prepared with different proportions of green seeds (5% to 50%). The evaluation of the samples were performed by visual analysis, capture and image processing using the SAS ® version Pro. To review the characteristics of the seeds were built Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) using color characteristics, histograms of color and texture channels. A Network of Decision (ND) which allowed measure each side of the seed and obtain classification as green or yellow. Through the image analysis of the seeds was possible to determine the efficiency of the equipment in the detection of green seeds at level hit 99.51% in relation to the visual analysis, thus indicating the possibility of using the SAS ® equipment to detecting soybean green seeds.

The high quality seeds use for the pumpkin fruit production is an important factor because it is directly related to productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of x-ray test in the physiological and biochemical quality of pumpkin seeds (Curcubita moschata). Seeds of three different lots were submitted to x-ray test in Faxitron x-ray device, MX20 model, DC-12 option, with an intensity of 18 kV per 20 seconds. After, the seeds were separated into three different classes: full, damaged and translucent, being these submitted to germination and emergence tests using 10 replicates of 10 seeds from each lot. Tetrazolium test still was performed in the remaining seeds. For the biochemical quality assessment was verified the activity of enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase from different types of classes and lots of seeds. The use of x-ray technique is effective for detecting abnormalities in pumpkin seeds that negatively affect germination. The enzymes catalase expression and superoxide dismutase is directly related to the seeds quality and through these is possible to separate the lots in the same classes established by x-ray test.

Among physiological disorders, chalkiness is one of the main problems in rice breeding since it directly affects grain quality and rice price in the market. Chalkiness can occur due both genotypic and environmental effects, including malformed grains, moisture content, pest attack, and water stress. Therefore, the study of mechanisms influencing the expression of chalkiness can greatly help breeders to deal with this problem. The objective of this study was to access the influence of water supply on the occurrence of chalkiness in rice grains of twenty elite inbred lines from the Upland Rice Breeding Program from the Brazilian public research institutions UFLA, EMBRAPA and EPAMIG. Lines were evaluated for grain chalkiness in two irrigated environments and in a non-irrigated one. The experiments were carried out in the 2013/2014 growing season following a randomized block design with three replications. The proportion of chalkiness was accounted of the number of chalky grains of a random sample of 100 grains taken from 10 random panicles of each plot. Genotype x environment interaction was significant in the combined analysis of variance of all environments, so progenies performance varied across environments. Lines showed variability for chalkiness on the non-irrigated environment and on the mean of all environments, but they did not differed on the irrigated environments separately, indicating that the expression of chalkiness in this study occurred mostly due to the environment rather than to genotypes. Lines evaluated in the non-irrigated environment showed a significant large proportion of chalky grains compared to the proportion found in the irrigated environments, suggesting that water supply influenced the expression of grain chalkiness. Lines CMG 1987 and CMG 1698 showed significant tolerance of chalkiness in the non-irrigated condition.

Diabetes mellitus is frequently associated with cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension and dyslipidemia. Early identification of risk factors of cardiovascular disease will decrease the morbidity in type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study was done to assess the prevalence of isolated systolic hypertension among type 2 diabetic population. 40 cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus with duration of 8 to 12 yrs and 40 controls of both males and females in the age group of 40 to 65 years were selected. Laboratory investigations like fasting glucose and blood pressure were taken. In the present study the levels of fasting glucose was high and widening of pulse pressure was found in the type II diabetics compared to controls. Thus this study suggests the importance of early detection of isolated systolic hypertension in type II diabetes mellitus and will reduce the prevalence of complications in diabetics.

The storage of seeds under appropriated conditions of temperature and relative humidity reduces the breathing process and thus decreases the process of deterioration. It was aimed to evaluate the physiological quality of mandacaru seeds stored in two different environments and three packages. The treatments were disposed in a split-plot arrangement, in a completely randomized design with four repetitions. The plots received the combination of two storage environments (cold chamber and natural environment) and three packages (multilayer paper bag, plastic bag and glass), while in the subplots consisted the periods of storage (0, 2, 4 and 6 months). After each storage period, were evaluated the seeds moisture, the percentage, speed index and mean time of germination. The cold chamber is more adequate than the natural environment to storage of mandacaru seeds during six months. In the cold chamber, the three packages are efficient to maintain the physiological quality of mandacaru seeds. In the natural environment, it is recommended to use of permeable packages to remain the viability of mandacaru seeds during six months.

With the objective of known to the effect of application of potassium on theagronomic yield and biological and postharvest of inflorescences of sunflower, two experiments was carried, one under field conditions and another at laboratory. In laboratory, the variables was evaluated under randomized block design where at treatments was four levels of fertilization: 0, 50, 100 y 150 kg ha-1 of K2O. In laboratory, the variables vase life, diameter of chapter, percentage of mature tubular flowers and water consumed, was evaluated under a design completely randomized. The results indicated that the application of 100 and 150 kg ha-1 of potassium increased the agronomic yield, biological, vase life and diameter of chapter. In this work it was concluded, that the potassium applied in the crop of sunflower affected positively.

The antifungal activity of Alcoholic Medical Extracts (AMPE) of Leaf Thyme, Thymus mastichina L. Lamiaceae (AMPE-1); Leaf Rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis L., Lamiaceae (AMPE-2); Cloves, Eugenia caryophyllus (AMPE-3); Bark, Cinnamomum zeylanicum (AMPE-4) and Roots Ginger, Zingiber officinale L. Zingiberaceae (AMPE-5), on fungal species suchas Aspergillus flavus, A.niger and A.ochraceuswere evaluated by a standard disc diffusion method after determining the activated agents in each medical plants. Besides, the effects of each AMPE on the ability of each fungal on mycotoxins producing were estimated. The results showed that AMPE contained the most activated agentssuch as Flavonoids, Polyphenols, phenolic glycosides, tannins, alkaloids, saponins and cyanogenic glycosides compounds that’s assessed. The minimum inhibition concentrations for each of AMPE against Aspergillus flavus, A.niger and A.ochraceus showed an inhibitory activation at 25 mg/ml in some AMPE .The inhibition activity was found to increase with the higher concentrations of other serial concentrations. The values of 25, 50 and 100 mg/ml from each AMPE antifungals activity revealed by the standard disc diffusion method showed that the inhibition activity were significantly (p<0.05) increased with the increased of each AMPE concentration. The concentration of 100 mg from each AMPE types was found to have an inhibitory activation at a range between 12 to 19 mm for the fungal strains. The results of the AMPE type's effects on mycotoxins produced from the fungal strains revealed that AMPE-1 and AMPE-2 at a concentration of 100 mg/ml increased significantly the Aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A production while other concentrations of AMPE types decreased significantly mycotoxins productions.

During the collection of genus Solanum L. in India, we have collected some interesting specimens of Solanum in Munnar hill ranges of Western Ghat, India. After the critical identification the species was identified as S.muricatum Ait. It is vegetable fruit yielding plant native to South America commonly called as Pepino. The present record of this species is a new addition to the Flora of Western Ghats. A detailed description and Photographs are provided here for easy identification of a new vegetable fruit plant.

A field experiment was carried out at Agriculture Research Station, Awashi, Tal.Khed, Dist.Ratnagiri under Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli during the year 2012 to 2015 in in randomized block design with five treatments with four replications comprising different levels of N fertilizer (150,200,250,300,350 kg ha-1) in two splits i.e 45 days and 90 days of planting, respectively. Application of 200 kg N ha-1 showed marked improvement in growth and yield attributes without affecting the quality parameter i.e curcumin content of turmeric. Thus, increasing dose of N upto 200 kg N ha-1(T2) resulted significantly better with respect to improvement in plant height (110.93 cm), number of leaves plant-1, leaf area(cm), fresh rhizome yield (40.95 plot ha-1), fresh rhizome yield (22.93 t ha-1), fresh mother rhizome yield (7.08 t ha-1) and finger yield (15.80 t ha-1) over control whereas it was at par with number of tiller per plant (2.81), number of leaves plant-1(18.93) and leaf area(4962.4 cm).The net returns at optimum dose of N (200 kg N ha-1) were Rs.91533200 ha-1with benefit cost ratio 2.52. However, there were no variable changes found in soil PH, EC (dSm-1) and organic carbon content (%).It can be concluded from the experiment that optimum dose of N fertilizer is necessary for sustaining soil fertility and productivity of turmeric.

Background: The majority of infected wounds are polymicrobial and their treatment is complicated owing to relatively slow growth of organisms and growing resistance of anaerobic bacteria to antimicrobial agents. Hence, the present study was initiated to assess the efficacy of Povidone iodine alone and in combination with Ornidazole and Metronidazole in anaerobic isolates. Methods: Brucella blood agar plates were inoculated with suspension of anaerobic clinical isolates of Peptostreptococcus magnus, Clostridium perfringens, and Bacteroides fragilis. After solidification, 100 µL drug solutions of each antimicrobial agent were added, incubated in anaerobic conditions. Zone of inhibitions were measured after 7-9 days to determine minimum inhibitory concentration. Results: Combination of Povidone iodine 5% and Ornidazole 1% was the most effective combination in inhibiting the growth of Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium perfringens whereas the combination of Povidone iodine 5% and Metronidazole 1% was more effective in inhibiting the growth of Peptostreptococcus magnus than Povidone iodine alone / other drug combinations. Conclusion: The present study reveals that addition of Ornidazole or Metronidazole to Povidone iodine was more effective, than Povidone iodine alone, in inhibiting the growth of all tested anaerobic bacteria namely Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium perfringens, and Peptostreptococcus magnus.

The corn extruded snacks were supplemented with moth bean and garden cress in order to enhance the nutritional quality of the snacks. The garden cress (GC) was added to different extruded snacks at the level of 2.5, 5%, 7.5% and 10% level while, moth bean (MB) was added at the level of 20 % to the corn flour. The developed snacks were acceptable till 7.5% level of garden cress incorporation. The organoleptically acceptable snacks were analysed for nutritional evaluation. All the developed extruded snacks incorporating MB and GC were high in protein ranging from 15.08 to 16.9g/100g in comparison to the corn extruded snack (9.1 g). The iron and calcium content of the snacks ranged between 18.4 to 21.3 mg/100g and 54.6 to 57.3mg/100g DM respectively, which were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher than the control. The essential amino acids like methionine and cystine content of the snacks was significantly higher than control, it ranged from 105.3 to 109.5 mg/100g DM and 102.3 to 109.2mg/ 100gDM, whereas their content in corn extruded snack (control) was 84.6 and 99.2mg/100gDM. The lysine content of MB and GC snacks was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher than the corn extruded snacks. The antinutrients like oxalate and phytate content were low ranging from 1.3 to 2.1 mg/100g and 128 to 144 mg/100g respectively. The developed snacks had high protein, iron, iron bioavailabilty, invitro carbohydrate and protein digestibility.

Biological control of soil borne plant pathogens is a potential alternative to agrochemicals that are harmful to human health and for the environment. Antifungal potential of acetone extracts of four medicinal plants (Acorus calamus, Arctium lappa, Origanum vulgare and Thymus serpyllum) of different families were tested against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici causal agent of wilting in Tomato. Leaves of four medicinal plants were examined for antifungal activity in vitro using the Poisoned food technique. Among four plant species tested, acetone extract of Arctium lappa has recorded significant antifungal activity against the test fungi. Whereas, other plant extracts showed moderate to minimum antifungal activity. These findings suggests that some plant extracts tested possess antifungal activities against Fusarium oxysporum and could be used as potential antifungal agents for the control of fungal plant diseases.

In this article, review on hydrogen internal combustion engines is discussed. The objective of this paper is to provide a means of waste heat and renewable hydrogen based fuel utilization. Energy, once used, is not regenerative. This means that, during any energy activation, we are filling up the space and Planet with parasite in the forms of energy (Anergy) or Global warming. The development of a high efficiency, low emissions electrical generator will lead to establishing a path for renewable hydrogen based fuel utilization. The increasingly worldwide problem regarding rapid economy development and a relative shortage of energy, the internal combustion engine exhaust waste heat and environmental pollution has been more emphasized heavily recently. Out of the total heat supplied to the engine in the form of fuel, approximately, 30 to 40% is converted into useful mechanical work; the remaining heat is expelled to the environment through exhaust gases and engine cooling systems, resulting in to entropy rise and serious environmental pollution, so it is required to utilized waste heat into useful work. The recovery and utilization of waste heat not only conserves fuel (fossil fuel) but also reduces the amount of waste heat and greenhouse gases damped to environment. This paper deals with the availability and possibility of waste heat from internal combustion engine, also describe loss of exhaust gas energy of an internal combustion engine.

The word interview comes from Latin and middle French words meaning to “see between” or “see each other”. Generally, interview means a private meeting between people when questions are asked and answered. The person who answers the questions of an interview is called in interviewer. The person who asks the questions of our interview is called an interviewer. It suggests a meeting between two persons for the purpose of getting a view of each other or for knowing each other. When we normally think of an interview, we think a setting in which an employer tries to size up an applicant for a job. An interview is a conversation between two or more people where questions are asked by the interviewer to elicit facts or statements from the interviewee.

The Prepaid Water meter is a technology for prepaid billing of water along with sufficient monitoring of the water meter readings mechanically from a outside place without any human intervention. This system gives fast and accurate billing of water as well as prevents any abuse of it. In this paper, a technique having adequate security support, for prepaid charges of water using Short Message Service (SMS) has been illustrated. Existing Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) networks have been used for transmitting and receiving SMS. A water meter is used for measuring the volume of water used. This is basically a control mechanism that only allows usage of water only. A valve is designed such that is electrically operated. Valve is used to regulate the water flow for the consumer. A sensing system is also generates an equivalent voltage related to the amount of water used by the consumer.

In this paper we investigated the effect of magnetic field on the peristaltic transport of a biofluid in an inclined channel by modelling the fluid as a Johnson-Segalman fluid under the assumptions of low Reynolds number and long wavelength. The governing equations are solved using the perturbation technique. Stream function is determined and the relationship between velocity and the longitudinal pressure gradient is obtained. Further it is observed that the magnetic parameter M, Weissenberg number We, amplitude ratio ϕ and slip parameter a have strong effects on the velocity, stream function and the pressure gradient. The effects of these parameters on axial velocity, stream function and pressure gradient have been graphically studied. The pressure drops over a wave length are tabulated for some values of flux and magnetic parameter with small value of Weissenberg number. The results obtained for flow characteristics reveal many interesting behaviors that warrant further study on the non- Newtonian flow phenomena.

The photo catalytic bleaching of textile azo dye Methylene blue has been carried out in the presence of semiconductor Nb2O5 and the progress of reaction was observed spectrophotometrically. The effect of various operating parameters like pH, concentration of the dye, amount of photo catalyst and nature of photo catalyst on the efficiency of the reaction has been studied. Kinetic analysis of photo degradation reveals that the degradation follows approximately pseudo first order. Attempts have been made to study the effect of addition of common cations and common anions such as Na+, K+,Ca+2, Ba+, Cl-, SO4-2 and CO3-2. It was observed that trace quantities of all the added metal ions increases the reaction rate. The increase in the photo catalytic activity may be due to introduction of new trapping sites by incorporation of transition metal ions on semiconductor surface. A tentative mechanism has been proposed.

The article deals with the problem of wastes disposal, which are produced from gold and uranium ore production. The article proposes novel method for disposal and burial of the wastes by means of leaching inside of opencast pits. In the scientific work complex approach is used, including analytic methods for the theoretical justification of temperature variations inside of the leached volume, analysis methods for calculated and experimental data processing, laboratory experiments for the determination of mechanical and thermal parameters of leached ores. The article contributes into the world scientific experience in the context of processing and disposal of wastes created by gold and uranium ore production. The authors for the first time proved that during the combined disposal of gold and uranium ores by means of heap leaching inside of the opencast mine the environmental pollution by dust and leaching solutions will be minimal if the heaps are formed at the bottom of the open pit mine. Temperature variations are in direct proportion with the total power of radioactive radiation sources and specific heat emission from ore leaching processes. For the proper estimation of the combined gold and uranium ores leaching methods the ecologic-economic factor should be used, which takes into consideration the burials of wastes inside of the exploited opencast mine.

Due to impact of global industrialization, on developed countries, there has been a sharp increase of CO2 concentration from 270ppm to 400ppm, during the 20th century. This is due to use of fossil fuels for power production, among other reasons. This has challenged the existence of human beings and other organisms. If not controlled, the survival of living organisms will be in danger. In order to balance the ecological system comprising air, water and biosphere, less polluting renewable energy sources should be used to meet energy demand. Renewable energy sources are recognized as clean sources of energy and optimal use of them minimizes environmental impact. Hence renewable energy sources provide an excellent opportunity for mitigation of CO2 emission. In this presentation, a review has been attempted on scope of CO2 mitigation, through renewable energy sources, in Indian context. The potential of CO2 mitigation has also been estimated and compared with the base value of CO2 emissions. The estimation has been done by examining various alternatives. The methodology developed can be profitably applied to explore other possibilities, as well.

Infrastructure development of freight transport system is vital in Master Plan for Acceleration and Expansion on Indonesia’s Economic Development (Masterplan Percepatan dan Perluasan Pembangunan Ekonomi Indonesia/MP3EI). Based on this context, this study aims to analyse one of freight transport main characteristics namely transport cost between cities in South Sulawesi Province. Survey using questionnaire interviews with the freight transport operators was carried out in order to gather information on characteristics of the freight transport including operator characteristic, vehicles characteristic, trip characteristic, and commodity characteristic. Interviews with the freight transport operators travelling across Parepare - Makassar, one of freight transport main routes in South Sulawesi Province, was carried out for one week. The survey data was analysed using descriptive statistic approach to understand the existing freight transport characteristic phenomenon. Furthermore, the transport cost analysis was conducted by developing relationship model between cost and distance travelled by freight transport using regression model approach. The result of the analysis shows that the transport cost of the freight transport is significantly determined by the operator salary cost, fuel cost, and vehicle maintenance cost. The freight transport operational cost model gives decent significance level in aspect of the transport modes used as well as the commodities transported. These results provide basis and expectation toward more advanced analysis on developing more comprehensive model of freight transport modes choice for freight transport trip in South Sulawesi Province in further studies.

The quality of domestic water supplied to households in the Effutu Municipality was evaluated using twenty-two physico-chemical parameters. Pearson rank correlation coefficient and an independent one-tailed student t-test were used to analyse the results. Except for colour, no significant statistical differences were observed between the samples from the headworks (Hw) and the households. The correlation between the head works (Hw) and household in terms of the other parameters varied from 0.99-1.0. Generally, water samples from both the Hw and the households were potable by WHO standards. However, the presence of total coliform ranging from 10.0 cfu/100.0mL at V7 (Pupils) to 489.25 cfu/100.0 mL at V1 (Roman school) and faecal coliform of 0.75 cfu/100.0 mL at V8 (New Winneba) to 20.50 cfu/100.0 mL at V4 (Junction) in some household samples were of much concern as these levels have a high tendency to compromise the health status of consumers. Occasional breaks in pipe-lines and water rationing were suspected to be some of the causes of external waters infiltrating into the distribution systems, thus passing pipelines through gutters and illegal connections by individuals should be discouraged by the Ghana Water Company (GWC) Ltd.

The Present Study is intended to estimate Groundwater Quality Index for Nagapattinam Taluk. In order ascertain the quality of groundwater for public consumption, recreation and other purpose. There are several ways to assess the quality of water as deemed fit for drinking, irrigation and industrial use. Water quality index indicating the in terms of index numbers, offers a useful representation of overall quality of water for public or for any intended use as well as in the pollution abatement programmes and in water quality management. A number of parameter affects the usability of water for a particular purpose. In this study water quality index determined on the basis of various physical and chemical parameters like pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Nitrate, Calcium, Sulfate, Magnesium, Fluoride, Total Hardness, Sodium, Chloride, Carbonate and Bicarbonate. Especially in the coastal regions the availability of fresh water is always threatened by over drafting or by sea water intrusion and in some cases the risk is from the agricultural and industrial activities.

At present the most serious problem of pollution is the direct result of human activity. Some metropolitan cities like Bombay, Calcutta, Bangalore, and Pune are showing typical urban pollution. Among these cities, Pune produces large quantity (1000-2000 mt/day) of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). As there is no effective system to manage this daily mass generated as waste, it has become a major problem for Pune Municipal Corporation. Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) disposes this solid waste at Urali Devachi Depot which is 20 km away from Pune city. Open dumps, commonly found in Asian countries, are land disposal sites at which solid wastes are disposed of in such a manner that poses threat to the environment through its susceptibility to open burning, and exposed to disease vectors and scavengers. The analytical data showed that concentration of all water parameters in leachate is objectionable, which is more than permissible limit of MPCB (Maharashtra Pollution Control Board). Leachate is a polluted liquid emanating from the base of the landfill, which contains innumerable organic and inorganic compounds generated due to which serious ground water contamination wasobserved in wells. Present paper is a case study of Uruli-Devachi (Open dump site), near Pune where daily1000–1200 tonnes of solid waste are disposed at Uruli-Devachi village, and the site was dealing with problems of frequent fires, smoke, flies, birds and bad odour. PMC was spraying the waste with water to prevent fires, resulting in even greater quantities of leachate generated due to which Serious ground water contamination was observed in wells.

The Fractional Fourier Transform (FrFT) is a generalization of the ordinary Fourier transform. The ordinary Fourier transform and related techniques are of importance in various different areas like communications, signal processing and control systems. In fact, the FrFT has already found many applications in the areas of signal processing and communications. The success of FrFT in its application has promoted the development of other kinds of fractional transforms like fractional Hartley transform, fractional Hadamard transform, fractional cosine transform and fractional sine transform (FrST). Fractional cosine transform is the extension of cosine transform and it has been widely used in domain of digital signal and image processing. In this paper convolution theorem for generalized two dimensional fractional cosine transform is proved.

In the current digital era, biometric authentication is proving to be the most reliable foolproof method for authenticating a user based on his/her finger print impressions. The scope of biometric authentication is not limited to only an employee attendance but can be successfully utilized in all cases where some form of recording of attendance is desirable and some disciplinary action is required to be taken, such as student class attendance. The raw data generated by a typical biometric machine consists of enormous hidden information. But before any meaningful information can be derived from it, it is necessary to perform extensive data cleaning and data transformation. Such a cooked data can then be loaded in any back end database management system for querying desired information. Further, the data generated by a biometric machine grows exponentially and is difficult to maintain. In this paper, authors have made an attempt to carry out these tasks using MS-Excel, MS-Access and VB. The multi-layer architecture adopted hosts VB in presentation tier and MS-Excel and MS-Access in data tier, where MS-Excel provides data to MS-Access in a desired format. Data is cleaned identifying outliers, if any and data and time are transformed into formats as required by MS-Access using in-built functions of MS-Excel. The preliminary prototype model is designed and implemented in MS-Excel which is later converted into multi-tiered application using VB-Access. Biometric data generated is estimated and the model is tested for the data generated by class attendance system at CSIBER. The output of the model is the large number of informative reports pertaining to the information hidden in raw data. Few sample reports are explored.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is the basic need of all the organizations of this era to develop a competitive advantage. In this paper, we have shown with the help of an example that organization with highest value of Customer Service Index (CSI) attains maximum profit which establishes the fact that CRM is the need of hour. Some rudimentary statistical techniques along with regression study have been used to establish the theory.

In conventional engine design, the camshaft uses a fixed or variable cam profile to achieve a reasonable compromise between idle speed stability, fuel economy, and torque performance. Significant improvements in engine performance can be achieved through individual control of the valve timing. The cams open the valves (lift) for a certain amount of time (duration) during each intake and exhaust cycle. So In internal combustion engines, Variable valve timing (VVT), also known as Variable valve actuation (VVA), is a generalized term used to describe any mechanism or method that can alter the shape or timing of a valve lift event within an internal combustion engine. The major problem in variable valve timing (VVT) mechanism is that, the valve actuators for these types of applications primarily rely on resonant spring arrangements to achieve the required valve dynamics. This leads to a fixed amplitude of the valve trajectory and only allows for variable valve timing unless a fully flexible valve actuation system is conceived and designed. An attempt is made in the proposal research work to design a new “TRI-LOBED-CAM” mechanism used in conjunction with a conventional cam operating mechanism. By placing the rocker at 3 different locations on the CAM Shaft the valve movement is varied viz., minimum valve displacement at lean loads/low engine speeds, medium valve displacement at intermediate loads and maximum valve displacement at high loads/high engine speeds. The proposed new design gives a fully flexible valve actuation motion of the engine. An emission characteristic is studied at 3 different profiles of cam where the emission is decreased.

The matrix exponential is a very important subclass of functions of matrices that has been studied extensively in the last 50 years. In this paper, we discuss and introduce new method to compute the matrix exponential where this matrix in .

The work presented seeks to assess the sustainability of different solar photovoltaic electricity generating systems based upon energy, environment and economics. The sustainability indicators evaluated for energy, environment and economics are electrical output, life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and Life cycle cost of electricity generated per kWh. The selected solar photovoltaic based electricity generation technologies for sustainability evaluation are amorphous, mono crystalline and polycrystalline. For solar photovoltaic systems most of the emissions are the result of electricity use during manufacturing. In these cases, an average grid mix for the region of manufacture is typically used to calculate energy use and emissions. Based upon these three indicators, a figure of merit (FM) has been proposed. Further, based upon this figure of merit sustainability of solar photo voltaic based electricity generation technologies has been estimated.

A detailed limnological study of the anchar lake in Kashmir was conducted during March2015 to June2015. Six study sites were selected for the collection of samples. The physico-chemical parameters of water and population density of three phyla viz, Arthropoda, Annelidaand Mollusca were determined. The ionic composition of water of the Ancharlake varied in close relationship with the catchment pattern of the concerned water body. The Ancharlakereceiving all sorts of allochthonus material from the catchment had the highest conductivity. The water of the Lake was well buffered with pH > 7. A total of 21 taxa of macrozoobenthos were recorded from the system. Arthropodawas most dominant group constituting 45.7%, followed by Annelida 35.9% and Mollusca which contributed 18.4% of total macrozoobenthos. The bottom sites were dominated by insects belonging to orders Ephemeroptera, Tricoptera and Diptera. Significant changes in macrozoobenthic communities were primarily due to changes in water quality. As elsewhere, macrozoobenthic communities proved to be good indicators of water quality and should be used as bioindicators in long-term monitoring of this Lake.

The main aim of this comparative study was to assess the English grammar learning strategies of high ranking and low ranking students. To achieve this objective, the three modes of learning namely implicit learning, explicit-inductive learning and explicit-deductive learning were studied in relation to the stated basic questions. For the study descriptive survey method was used. The extreme or deviant case sampling technique was employed to select the subjects for the study. Questionnaire and focus group discussions were used as data collection instruments. The data obtained through questionnaire were then analyzed by using SPSS version 16 in terms of mean score, standard deviation and t-test. For the focus group discussion open-ended questions were used and the data were analyzed by using content analysis technique. In general the findings of the study reveal that there were significant differences on the three modes of learning, particularly in memory and compensation strategies related to implicit learning, cognitive strategies related to explicit-inductive learning and also to explicit-deductive learning. As the overall mean values indicate the high ranking students used English grammar learning strategies at a higher level than the low ranking students in all classifications except social strategies related to implicit and explicit deductive modes.

Enthusiastic activity in its sumptuous nature works gorgeously as an essential element in growing the children up lavishly in their early childhood years by letting them to be engrossed in the incarnation of constructive activity, planned activity or pretend/dramatic activity under the edifice of indoor or outdoor game playing abode. Such a set of conditions or state of affairs enthusiastically brings younger’s interests, natural tendencies and wishes on the surface of their comprehensive development as well as manifestly highlights their behaviors, attitudes and personality traits that primarily fabricate the little individuals healthy, wealthy and wise in their multifaceted growing dimensions which in lateral years shove them towards pinnacle of moral prestige, temporal power, craft or fame.

This paper is a theological reflection and narrative on the understanding and practice of worship among Baptists. It identifies doctrines and practices that accentuate the Baptist theology of worship. Its aim is to demonstrate that Baptist Christians have a theology of worship that is concurrently biblical and realistic to the situations-in-life of the people. The discourse employs the theological-analytical method in exploring the theology of worship harvested from the Statements of Faith and practices of the congregational Christians called Baptist. Baptists currently lack what may be described as academic or deliberate theology of worship. What they have may be described as folk or ordinary theology. The latter provides agenda for constructing the former. Baptist statements of faith and polity supply an assortment of substance for harvest and employ for constructing a Baptist Theology of worship.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to find out the Impact and use of electronic information services by the research scholar and faculty members at Dr. Zakir Hussain Library, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi. Design/methodology/approach: Primary data were collected by using questionnaire method accompanied by interview and observation method as techniques of data collection. The data collected through questionnaire, organized and tabulated by using statistical method, tables and percentage. Findings: Majority of the Research Scholar and Faculty Members are well aware about Internet Services, CD-ROM Database Service, Online Database Service and E-Mail Service. It is also found that Research Scholars and faculty members make awareness approach to Electronic Information Services available in the library through Membership and through their Colleagues respectively. Boolean logic search is generally used by researchers to find the required document. Practical implication: The findings can be utilized to improve the ICT services which boost the research work in the universities. Originality/value: This study is totally based on the primary data collected by questionnaire and observation method.

Introduction: For centuries, a myriad of studies and theories have been developed and arguments on both sides have been long debated regarding the early discovery of the pulmonary blood circulation. Attributions for the original discovery of this landmark medical discovery were mostly bestowed upon a number of European scholars and physicians for their individual contributions in the 15th to 17th centuries AD. Chiefly among those European contributors are Claudius Galen; William Harvey; Michael Servetus; Andreas Vesalius; and Matteo Realdo Colombo. For over 800 years, with the only exception of Galen, most of the credit for this milestone physiological discovery was given to the aforementioned European scholars and physicians; however, none was given to the 13th century AD physician Ibn al-Nafis whose contribution to this discovery is seminal and well-documented. Purpose: This study is amid to examine the evolution of the discovery of the lesser blood circulation, the contradictory theories concerning the original discovery, as well the credit given to the early discovers of the pulmonary blood circulation spanning from the 2nd to the 17th centuries AD. Methods: This study employed a meta-analysis systematic review methodology of a multitude of germane studies. Data obtained from these studies were analyzed in order to determine common underlying findings, arguments, and disagreements regarding the discovery of the pulmonary blood circulation. Conclusion: Several early European physicians and anatomists, in some measures, contributed to the discovery of the functions of the lesser blood circulation. However, a well-documented body of evidence showed that Ibn al-Nafis made a pioneering contribution to the discovery, correct functions, and development of a body of invaluable knowledge in the field of cardiac anatomy and medicine.

The research methodology adopted to carry out the impact study for a systematic and scientific investigation includes the explanation on every component related to research design and implementation effectively. An extensive literature review carried out to conceptualize the basic research framework and subsequently formulate hypotheses for empirical testing. This paper provides a comprehensive discussion on the research questions, objectives, scope, research framework, hypotheses, sampling plan, questionnaire design, questionnaire administration and quantitative analytical techniques used for the purpose of the impact study. The objective of this paper corroborates the research methodology adopted, wherein a description of the problem statement, objectives, hypothesis, research design and modus operandi of statistical tools and systematic approach followed to study the impact of corporate governance on corporate performance through the economic value added estimation in selected Indian corporates specifying empirical testing. To enable the study’s objective in regard to dissect impact of corporate governance on corporate performance by way of economic value added estimation, the strictures of the corporate governance are explored in light of the recent developments and amendments in the Indian legal context. Sample of companies reporting EVA surveyed by the BT-SS (Business Times-Stern Stewart) biggest wealth creators, are retrieved for the last 5 years qualify the study of impact of various facets of corporate governance by constructing a score (Corporate Governance Score) on the shareholder’s value creation resulted by way of EVA reporting. Hence it is imperative that developing governance models which get culturally attuned to the nature of economic activity in India shall at least make sense for the region’s market participants. This has led to the finding ways to prognostic approach apprehending the benefits of governance to increase the rate of embracing value creation. From the data collected and research methodology applied, empirical relationships between governance performance and corporate performance has been the central implication of the analysis, which shall lead to the level of complacency for Indian companies to find out how the better-governed companies in the region could out-perform their rivals. In the following sections, the various statistical analyses serve as a conduit to the governance regulators and the corporates to envision level of governance progress. This research thus investigates the endogenous relationship between corporate governance (by way of corporate governance score) and economic value added, being the value based corporate performance metric, of the selected listed companies in India.

Re-establishing a patient’s lost dental aesthetic appearance is one of the most important dental demands, new treatment materials and methods have been coming on the sense. In order to achieve this aim, most dentists prefer more conservative and aesthetic approaches, such as direct and indirect veneers. This paper shows that each type of treatment has advantages and disadvantages but we can choose the best technique due to some personal factors of the patient and from his preferable side, we tried to clarify these factors to present the best treatment for long term benefits.

Disseminated histoplasmosis is a very severe and often fatal opportunistic infection mostly seen in immunocompromised hosts and rarely in immunocompetent individuals. We report here a rare case of 13 year old male misdiagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis and hodgkin’s lymphoma before eventually being diagnosed as histoplasmosis with an underlying isolated IgM deficiency to increase awareness of the clinical spectrum of disseminated histoplasmosis and its similarity to other infections and malignancies to encourage early diagnosis so that diagnostic and therapeutic pitfalls can be avoided to improve eventual outcome of the disease.

The electron transport chain is the final phase of tissue respiration through which the energy from oxidation of nutrients is converted into an electrochemical gradient. This electrochemical gradient generates a proton motive force which is converted into high energy phosphoanhydride bonds of ATP within the mitochondria. Studies have shown that the transduction of electromotive force into phosphoanhydride bond is not perfect as there is some degree of uncoupling in which the electrochemical gradient is dissipated when protons are returned to the mitochondria not through ATP synthase. This can be in the form of low grade background uncoupling sometimes referred to as proton leakage or it can be due to naturally produced special proteins known as uncoupling proteins with in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Uncoupling tends to decrease ATP synthesis and the energy from oxidation that should have formed ATP is released as heat. Oxidation of nutrients is also increased due to a decrease in ATP synthesis. Here we review the possible role of this uncoupling process in the development of obesity.

Dental implant designed for the treatment of periodontal disease with the aim of site‐specific delivery of Tinidazole as controlled drug delivery system, which has excellent activity against anaerobic microorganisms. The calibration curve for tinidazole was developed in pH 6.6 phosphate buffer at 287.6 nm in the range of 2 to 14 μg/ml. Tinidazole dental implants were prepared by solvent casting technique using polymer ethyl cellulose acetate in two different concentrations with three Plasticizers in Acetone alone and in combination as chloroform: Acetone (1:1) solvent with Dibutyl phthalate, PEG- 600, and in combination as plasticizers. No interaction between Tinidazole and polymers are found and is shown by FT‐IR and UV spectroscopic methods. The dental implants were evaluated for their thickness uniformity, folding endurance, weight uniformity, content uniformity, tensile strength, surface pH, and vitro release pattern. In vitro release from implants was fit to different equations and by kinetic models to reveal release kinetics. Kinetic models were studied for zero order, first‐order equations, and Hixson‐Crowell and Higuchi models. Controlled release of drug is found in all batches of dental implants. A short‐term stability study shows that drug content decreased in various films and was ranging from 0.7% to 2.82%.

Background: COPD is one of the major health problems worldwide which negatively affects patients, their families, the employment sector and the society and is estimated to become the third cause of death worldwide by 2020. Aim and objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between health related quality of life and disease severity using SGRQ C. Methods: It is a prospective, observational study conducted for a period of three months that assessed the QoL using SGQR C of COPD patients aged 30 – 85 years. The study was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Mukkam, Kozhikode, Kerala. Patients were categorized in to mild, moderate, severe and very severe patients based on FEV1 and QoL is assessed by patient self assessment questionnaire. Results: Total number of patients enrolled in study were 91 that includes 9 mild, 35 moderate , 39 severe and 13 very severe patients. Total SQRQ C score were assessed separately in four COPD categories were mean total score of 26.22 ± 4.34 for mild patients, 47.99 ± 5.09 in moderate and 58.56 ± 5.95 and 66.48 ± 10.20 for very severe patients. HRQoL declines with increase in severity of disease and the deterioration is inversely proportional to FEV1 values. Conclusion: Assessment of HRQoL in COPD patients revels how the disease affects with wide range of disturbances in physiological wellbeing and phycho social functioning which they experienced in daily life.

Objectives: Objectives of our study were to evaluate the efficacy of intraoral periapical radiographic E-speed film and radiovisiography (RVG) and to compare the efficacy of both in the detection of incipient proximal caries. Methods: 40 extracted human premolar teeth were collected and conventional radiography and RVG were done using the intraoral radiographic machine, using paralleling technique. These images were evaluated for the detection of incipient proximal caries by three observers and graded according to 5 grade scale. The computed tomogram images were taken as the standard images. Results:ROC curve analysis was done to compare the efficacy of Intraoral E speed film and RVG for the detection of incipient proximal caries. The area under the ROC curve for E speed film was 0.719. When the sensitivity and specificity value were compared a p-value of 0.007 was arrived which showed a statistical significance. When comparing the 3 modes of RVG, the area under ROC was 0.733, 0.707 and 0.599 respectively. When sensitivity and specificity values were compared, a strongly significant p value was found for endo mode (0.003) and a moderately significant p value for perio (0.012) and no significance for DEJ mode (0.282). Conclusion: The E speed film can be used as one of effective means in the detection of incipient proximal caries. Among the three modes of RVG the efficacy of endo mode was the best in diagnosing incipient proximal caries followed by perio mode and DEJ mode respectively.

Aim: This study carried out to evaluate the effectiveness educational program regarding mechanical prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis on nurse's knowledge and practice. Methods: Fifty registered nurses were working in the surgical and orthopedic words at king fahed hospital who is assigned for caring for patients post –operatively. Tools: two tools: Tool (1): Nurse's Knowledge Regarding to DVT Disease, and its Preventive Measures Questionnaire Sheet. Tool (2): Two Observational Check lists for Nurses' Practice Regarding to 1- Nursing Role in Assessment and 2- Using of Mechanical Prophylaxis of DVT. Results: findings revealed that there is a highly significant difference between pre and post evaluations scores in relation to nurse's knowledge and performance after completion of the educational program. Conclusion: based on research findings, that participation in the educational program for mechanical prevention of DVT made differences in nurse's knowledge and performance.

Diabetic retinopathy is the most frequent cause of new cases of blindness among adults aged 20–74 years. Patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) are 25 times more likely to become blind than non-diabetics. Every person with diabetes is at risk of developing DR. More than 75% of people who have diabetes for more than 20 years will have some form of DR. Diabetic retinopathy is the result of damage to the tiny blood vessels that nourish the retina. They leak blood and other fluids that cause swelling of retinal tissue and clouding of vision. Present study was conducted in SMS Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, including 100 diabetic which were further categorized into two groups i.e. 50 diabetic patients without retinopathy (Group 2), and 50 diabetics with retinopathy (Group 3).Results obtained were compared with 50 age and sex matched healthy controls (Group 1).Fasting blood samples collected using aseptic technique were subjected to analyze level of Fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, Serum Magnesium and serum Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in all the groups. Serum magnesium level in diabetic retinopathy was found to be significantly lowered than in Group 2 and I. Significantly Increased HbA1c was observed in diabetic retinopathy as compared to Group 1 and 2. Results obtained in our study showed increased cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, hypercholesterolemia, hypomagnesimia, hypertriglyceridemia, elevated LDL-cholesterol lipoprotein fraction and significantly decreased HDL-cholesterol lipoprotein fraction in subjects with diabetic retinopathy which are responsible for micro vascular changes that the diabetic retinopathy patients have. From this study this is concluded that good glycemic control and lipid-modifying therapy arrests the development and progression of DR and decreases the visual loss.

Background: Desire for improved aesthetics and the consequent need for cosmetic dentistry have increased tremendously in recent times making aesthetic procedures an integral part of periodontal treatment. The treatment of choice for recession coverage should address the biological as well as the patient’s aesthetic demands. Zucchelli and Sanctis (2000) proposed a modification in the coronally advanced flap technique for treatment of multiple recession defects in aesthetic areas. Case series in which zucchelli’s technique was done to obtained desirable results of root coverage. Method: Miller’s class I multiple recession defects in upper maxillary anterior region were included for treatment. After initial therapy subjects were treated with zucchelli’s technique and recession depth were evaluated after 6 months. Results: the result revealed significant decrease in recession depth and aesthetically pleasant appearance after 6 months. No scar formation was seen. Conclusion: Zucchelli’s technique is effective for the treatment of multiple adjacent recessions in terms of both root coverage and keratinized tissue gain, irrespective of the number of defects. Moreover, this technique does not require an additional surgical site.

The Present study tries to explore the effect of Mindfulness Therapy on Anxiety & Adjustment among adolescents. Anxiety is a displeasing feeling of fear and concern while adjustment is the ability to adapt oneself according to environmental demands. The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of Mindfulness Therapy on Anxiety reduction & improving the levels of adjustment among adolescents. For this data was collected randomly from Ganna Kishan College, Mohammadi Lakhimpur Khiri District U.P. on 100 adolescents (50 Males and 50 females). Sinha Comprehensive Anxiety Test (SCAT) by Sinha & Sinha (1961) & Adjustment Inventory for College Students (AICS) developed by Sinha & Singh (2005) were utilized to measure Anxiety & Adjustment of the respondents respectively. The Intervention Programme (Mindfulness Therapy) proceeded through 12 sessions. The respondents were given 12 sessions for Mindfulness Therapy. Each session consisted of 40 minutes. The Result of the present study revealed some significant finding indicating that Mindfulness Therapy was significantly effective for Anxiety reduction and for improving quality of total adjustment & for its various dimensions such as Home, Health, Social, Educational and Emotional adjustment among adolescents.

Objective: The aim of this study is to find out the variation in micronuclei (MN) frequency with various risk factors in oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma in West Bengal, India. Methods: In this study 107 subjects with oral leucoplakia were grouped according to their exposure to tobacco (both smoked and chewed), alcohol and betel quid. Their buccal smears were obtained on slides, air dried and fixed with 80% methanol and finally stained with Giemsa stain and observed under microscope. The MN frequency was calculated and analysed. Results: The variation in MN frequency, analysed by Students T test for male subjects exposed to tobacco alone was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The MN frequency was found to vary with risk factor exposure; highest with exposure to tobacco and alcohol and lowest in subjects who were not exposed to any of the three substances. The rise in MN frequency was found to be significant in subjects exposed to tobacco alone.

Aim: The aim of the study was to establish Soft Tissue Cephalometric Norms for skeletal and dental relationships amongst local Udaipur population in Rajasthan state of India. Materials and Methods: Sixty subjects (30 Males & 30 Females) from different parts of Udaipur in the age group 18 to 25 Years (Mean age 21.3 Years) were selected at random for study and lateral cephalograms were taken. All the cephalograms were traced two times by Single operator at different time interval using conventional hand tracing. The parameters used in the study were taken from the parameters given by Arnett and Bergman soft tissue cephalometric analysis (STCA). Overall 46 measurements including 40 linear, 6 angular parameters were used. Mean and standard deviation values were also calculated. The difference between males and females were evaluated using student t-test. Results: The values obtained from the study showed significant difference in most of the parameters from that of Arnett et al. norms and between males and females within Udaipur population. Conclusion: Males had comparatively thicker soft tissue facial structures, acute nasolabial angle and thus more convex profile, increased midface deficiency, recessive lower face, and less upright mandibular incisors than females within Udaipur population. Also, there was deviation for parameters of overall population when compared to STCA norms.

Intussusception is defined as the telescoping of proximal segment of intestine (intussusceptum) into a distal segment of intestine (intussuscipens). Intussusceptions are classified into three general categories: enteric (small bowel into small bowel), ileocolic (small bowel into colon) and colonic (colon to colon). In this article we have reviewed about mucinous adenocarcinoma causing ileocolic intussusception

Hyperglycemia in DM is associated with increased lipid peroxidation and excessive production of free radicals which lead to oxidative stress by autoxidation of glucose. It is an important pathogenic mechanism in the development of diabetes and its complications. The research work included 50 healthy controls and 100 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Fasting blood samples collected using aseptic technique were evaluated for serum levels of the fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, vitamin C, vitamin E and glutathione by spectrophotometric method. On the basis of lipid profile the patients were categorized into 2 groups diabetic with dyslipidemia and diabetic without dyslipidemia. It was observed that vitamin C, vitamin E and glutathione levels in serum are significantly depleted in diabetics with dyslipidemia as compared to diabetics without dyslipidemia and control.

Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) is a tropical legume that could be an important summer cover crop, it has the potential for suppressing both crops and weeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the allelopathic effect of sunn hemp in different spacing intervals and densities, in the germination of corn, beans, rice, soybeans and weeds. The study was conducted in Cáceres/MT and Paraguaçu Paulista/SP. Sunn hemp was planted to obtain matter for the extraction of allele chemical compounds and the suppressive effect from growing sunn hemp on the weeds on the crops in the field. The corn, bean, rice, soybean and bitter grass seeds were the bio-indicators. There were two spacing intervals (0.25 m and 0.50 m) and three densities (25, 40 and 50 plants m-1) evaluated the sunn hemp height, density, dry weight of weeds (g/m2) and the germination and root length of the planted specie seedlings. The reduction of sunn hemp plant spacing reduces the growth of weeds in the field that directly interfere in the germination and growth of seedlings. The crops display different sensitivity to the concentration of sunn hemp extracts, bean extract displays the greatest sensitivity to the extract, even at the lowest concentration, when compared to corn and rice, as it also affects the root. No significant interference was present in soybean extracts. Bitter grass has reduced germination from the extracts and increased numbers of abnormal plants.

Rice research institutions have been dedicated to solve problems related to increasing grain yield and enhance the performance of rice lines for important agronomic qualitative traits.However, breeding for multiple traits is difficult since traits frequently show a not always positive phenotypic correlation between each other. Among all alternatives to deal with multiple traits, index selection is expected to be the most efficient and the easier choice in many crops.Therefore, the aim of this study was to select upland rice progenies for important agronomic traitssimultaneously using the Z index approach. Genotypes from the Upland Rice Breeding Program from the Federal University of Lavras, MG, Brazilwere evaluated for plant height, number of days to flowering, neck blast resistance, leaf blast resistance, grain discoloration resistance, brown spot resistance, and leaf scald resistance using a simple square lattice 14x14 design comprising of 192 progenies F2:4 and four commercial upland rice cultivars.The Z index was obtained per plot from the sum of the standardized values of the six traits, except plant height, and the genotypes means ofZwere compared according to the Scott-Knott approach. The phenotypic selection was performedfirst for plant height, and then considering the Z index. Of the 196 progenies, 96 were selected for plant height, and of these, 60 were selected for the Z index, corresponding of a selection intensity of 30%. The progenies that stood out considering the traits separatelyalso showed the best index, indicating that the Z index was efficient in selecting upland rice genotypes for multiple traits simultaneously.

This study aimed at characterizing the floristic features of plant species associated with four wild medicinal plants in the Egyptian deserts. Two plants were chosen from the inland north part of the eastern desert (Wadi Hagul and Wadi El-Molak) namely Pulicaria undulata (L.) C. A. Mey. and Hyoscyamus muticus L., and the two other species were selected from the coastal desert along the Deltaic Mediterranean Sea coast namely Calligonum polygonoides L. subsp. comosum and Nicotiana glauca R.C. Graham. A total of 125 plant species belonging to 107 genera and 29 families were recorded. Asteraceae, Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Brassicaceae were the leading families which represented by 55.2% of the total number of recorded species. Preponderance of perennials, therophytes and Saharo-Sindian/ Mediterranean taxa indicating the semi-arid and arid climate of the study area. Four vegetation groups or community types were yielded after TWINSPAN and named after the first dominant species. Group A: Zygophyllum coccineum, group B: Pulicaria undulata, group C: Calligonum polygonoides and group D: Nicotiana glauca. Z. coccineum community dominated Wadi Hagul bed. P. undulata community occupied Wadi El-Molak bed. C. polygonoides community dominated the roadside and sand formation habitats. Furthermore, N. glauca community inhabited roadside of the coastal desert. In addition, these communities were apparently segregated along DCA-axes.

We evaluated the response of millet cultivars (ADR 500 and BRS 1501) to nitrogen fertilization (0; 45; 90 or 180 kg ha-1) and pre-cut heights (0.70; 0.80 and 0.90 m). Data underwent analysis of variance and means were compared by Tukey´s test. Crude protein (CP) was determined by the Kjeldhal method; insoluble neutral and acid detergent fiber (NDF and ADF) and lignin by sequential method. Ether extract (EE) was determined by Soxhlet method and total carbohydrates (tCHO) by Sniffen´s equation. Both cultivars showed linear response to nitrogen. The 0.90 m cut provided higher dry matter (DM) rates and the 0.80 and 0.70 m cuts had DM rates limiting to consumption. NDF rates varied between 69.08% (BRS 1501, 180 N, 0.80 m) and 83.19% (ADR 500, 180 N, 0.70 m); ADF varied between 27.38% (BRS 1501, 45 N, 0.80 m) and 39.06% (ADR 500, 90 N, 0.80 m); lignin had a mean 5.15% and EE had a mean 3.47%, with no variations due to treatments. Despite high NDF, cultivars presented high tCHO and EE rates, indicating high energy density. Nitrogen fertilization improved the chemical composition and productivity, especially for the 0.90 m cut.

Tube rose is an important flower plant of our country earning a lot of revenue and trade. Of different diseases affecting tube rose cultivation, collar rot induced by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. is an important soil borne disease causing devastating losses. In the present study, the sensitivity of the collar rot pathogen was investigated. Out of nine aqueous plant extracts, evaluated in vitro root extract of moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) and seed extract soapnut (Sopindus trifoliate L.) were found highly inhibitory to S. rolfsii completely at 20 percent concentrations and fairly high inhibition of fungal growth was noted in lower dose. Considerably high inhibition of mycellial growth was noted in leaf extract of neem (Ajadiracta indica) and patal gaurad (Rowlphia serpentine).

Presently an attempt is made to get detailed information on anatomical architect of the nectariferous tissues present in the ventrally folded stipules in Cassia alata using Cross section of stipule and its SEM images. The anatomical studies revealed that nectar secreting tissues are present both on ventral and dorsal fold of the stipules located on both sides of petiole in C. alata. The cross section of the stipule show upper and lower ends made of epidermal tissues and secretary paranchymatous tissues in between. The paranchymatous cells are found to be loaded with nectar and spreading towards upper and lower epidermis. However, a closer observation on the SEM images it is noticed that amount of nectar is seen more on the lower end than upper side confirming the higher degree visitation of ants to the lower side of the stipule for nectar. The secretion is tested for sucrose using Benedict’s solution after hydrolyzing the nectar. The nectariferous cells are devoid of any intracellular bodies as found in other nectaries. Therefore, it is presumed that nectar oozes out either through pores in the epidermis or by rupturing epidermal layer. This aspect requires further SEM studies to find out the way out for the nectar.

Freshwater fish, Tilapia mossambica is an important species in Tamil Nadu region having good nutritional values. Fishes living in close association with may accumulate pesticides. In the present study, the toxic effects of the endosulfan LC50 5 µg/L. The most common changes were observed in both 10% and 30% sublethal concentrations of endosulfan in liver of Tilapia mossambica for different exposure period. In 5 days treated fish in 10% sublethal concentration of the liver tissue changes observed in Tilapia mossambica was affected nucleus congestion, unequal size of nucleus, increase of vaculation, disintegrated of nucleus mild vacuoles and less number of nucleus. The present work on histological observation was carried out to know lesions in liver that had resulted from sublethal exposure of the fish Tilapia mossambica to pesticide endosulfan.

The effects of different salinity levels on germination of wheat seedlings, water regime and chlorophyll content have been studied. Seeds and seedlings of wheat were grown in NaCl solutions of 0 (control), 100, 150, 200 and 250 mmol L-1concentrations under controlled conditions. The results proved that bread wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivium L) Gyrmyzy gul and Gobustan were the most salt tolerant among thestudied genotypes.

Lactic acid bacteria are industrially important organisms recognized for their fermentative ability as well as their health and nutritional benefits.There is an increasing interest in these species to reveal the many possible health benefits associated with them. The actions of LAB are species and strain specific, and depend on the amount of bacteria available in the gastrointestinal tract. However, products with or processed with LAB are accepted as a natural way to preserve food and promote health. This paper aimed to review the recent data in regard to the role of probiotic LAB in food industries, in the immunomodulation in the gastrointestinal tract, and there application in its health benefits.

Although Côte d’Ivoire is the first producer in cocoa, its cocoa production is made by extension while yield are still low because of soil fertility decrease, diseases and pests and planting material quality. If this can be solved by improved varieties creation, soil fertility and it management need to be treat seriously to face climate changes effects. Chemical fertilization has been tested unsuccessfully and raised others problem due to acidification and product quality. Ivoirian cocoa producers being costumed to produce without fertilizer, we aim in this test to experiment, DAF system to improve soil fertility and cocoa productivity in central Côte d’Ivoire. In an on farm trial made with 54 farmers using different cocoa varieties, no significant difference was noticed between one year DAF application and control yields even if DAF yields better. However, old plantations showed an improvement in soil organic matter content compare to their controls of same farmer. The plantation age and DAF application are the principal factors that condition the success of the system. All species associated to cocoa are useful to local people and this can made possible the rapid adoption of that innovative strategy in cocoa production and lead to better cocoa dry broad bean.

The study was carried out in order to explore the Angiosperm flora in the proposed site of Aranmula International Airport Pathanamthitta, Kerala. The airport project, which is at the center of a raging political storm in Kerala has run into fresh trouble with the Kerala State Biodiversity Board (KSBB) expressing serious reservations over the land use changes and eco physiological imbalance. At present, the biodiversity of Aranmula is reduced to a great extent due to unsustainable anthropogenic activities, which was well evidenced from soil filled paddy fields around 60 acres and collapsed natural water reservoir, Kozhithode during 2003- 2006 period. With this scenario, the present study aims to document the floristic angiosperm diversity at proposed site as an effort for conservation. A detailed study on angiosperm plant diversity, conservation aspects and RET assessment was conducted during the work. Over 250 plant species belonging to more than 67 families were documented, among them members of Poaceae and Cyperaceae families are most dominant.

Phylogenetic relationship of grasshoppers of family pyrgomorphidae is vague and less studied aspect, molecular analysis of phylogenetic relationships has not been done so far .In this study we have analysed phylogenetic relationships of six species of pyrgomorphidae using nuclear genome through RAPD-PCR.Ten primers used in this study have produced only polymorphic bands with varying numbers in between the species. The phylogenetic tree constructed based on similarity matrix depicts monophyletic origin of Pyrgomorphidae species and also predicts origin of congeneric species from different nodes.

Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels, capillaries and post-capillary venules. It plays an important role in many normal physiological processes such as normal tissue growth, embryonic development, wound healing and menstruation. Many natural inhibitors block the process of angiogenesis which may leads to inhibition of tumor growth. The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay is well vascularized in vivo model used to study angiogenesis, anti-angiogenesis and teratogenic effect of individual compounds and complex plant extracts. In the present investigation angio-suppressive activity of B. sensitivum (bark) in acetone extract is evaluated by chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The fertilized eggs of Gallug gallus (murghi) was incubated at 380C with relative humidity. The embryos of 48, 72 and 96hrs CAM were exposed to 1mg/ml acetone extract of B. sensitivum(bark) and were further incubated upto 144hrs and CAM was studied. The present investigations showed angio-suppressive effect of B.sensitivum (bark) on the number and area of tertiary vitelline veins (TVV).

The ultimate aim of research worldwide is to make the environment a pollution free environment with clean as well as safe air and water. Our subject is too closely related to the on the ongoing research, i.e., removal of toxic constituents from the aqueous solutions for dependable and clean water for several uses. Pithophora Cleveana Wittrock was used as an biosorbent for the removal of zinc metal ions from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were taken out over an agitation time of 0.5-30 min, using 0.1 g of Pithophora Cleveana Wittrock, 30 mL of 20 mg/L of individual metal concentration at pH 5, temperature 303 K and 180 rpm shaking speed. The removal percentage of zinc at the end of 20 min of contact time was then measured. The Central Composite Design (CCD) software was used to design the experiments and determine the optimum conditions. The equilibrium isotherm models Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Redlich-Peterson and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) were employed to analyze the fitness of the equilibrium data. Langmuir isotherm for Zinc with an average higher correlation coefficient of 0.996, followed by D–R, Freundlich, Temkin, and Redlich-Peterson with a correlation coefficient of 0.9484, 0.925, 0.903 and 0.2177 respectively. Confirmatory experiments conducted at the suggested optimized conditions showed experimental findings within 5% of the projected values. From the CCD, the suggested optimum values for metal ion concentration, pH, biosorbent dosage and Zinc removal efficiency were 37.6 mg/L, 5.09, 0.3 g and 78.97%, respectively.

The inhibition of mild steel (MS) in 1 M HCl solution with aqueous extract of Calotropis procera L. leaves (AECPL) was studied by weight loss method at 303-333K temperatures. It was found that inhibition efficiency increased with increase in concentration of extract and decreased with increase in temperature. Maximum 60.86%inhibition efficiency was observed at 303 K and at 8% (v/v) concentration of extract. Adsorption of extract at mild steel surface follows Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Physiorption is proposed by the values of Gibbs free energy, variation in inhibition energy with temperature and with activation energy values trend. Negative Gibbs energy reveals the spontaneity of inhibition process in extract at studied temperatures.

Behavioral research of queuing has focused on customers in the queue. The current paper examines whether queues can also affect customers choice between services associated with different queues. Waiting lines or queues are a common phenomenon in life, especially in the province of organizations that are for profit making. Queues are common in such places as petrol or filling stations, supermarkets stores, clinics, hospitals, motor parks, manufacturing firms, to mention a but a few. An interesting aspect of queuing process resides in the measures of its system’s performance, especially in terms of average service rate, systems, utilization and the costs implied for a given capacity level. Specifically, it examines choice between similar super market located near each other. The results show high correlation between the queue length outside each super market and the number of newcomers. However, the effect is much stronger in tourist areas where customers are less familiar with the super markets. Moreover, the relative popularity of super markets is highly unstable in such areas. The findings suggest that in unfamiliar environments, queues may signal quality. Practical and Theoretical implications are discussed.

Continuous measurements of CO2 mixing ratio and meteorological parameters have been made in National Centre for Earth Science Studies (NCESS), Trivandrum (8.5°N 76.9°E) from June 2014 to May 2015 and analyzed the diurnal and seasonal variation of CO2 mixing ratio. The average atmospheric CO2 during study period was 321±14.78 ppm. The diurnal variation with a maximum during the early morning and late night and a minimum in the afternoon is clearly observed. Photosynthetic activity and the atmospheric boundary layer play an important role in diurnal variation of CO2. The analysis of its seasonal trend indicated that highest value of CO2 mixing ratio was found in summer (382 ppm) and the lowest during monsoon (274.3 ppm) season. The mean day –night ratio (D/N) for the study period was 0.94. All the months the night time concentration is higher than the day time concentrations since Photosynthetic activity is higher during day time. Wind speed plays a dominant role in controlling the CO2 mixing ratios at this station.

In this paper we have studied the cause of geomagnetic storm on 13-March, 1989 of solar cycle-22. We conjectured that the solar variability is basic cause of geomagnetic storm. For our study we have utilized daily value of solar parameter (sunspot number, solar proton flux, solar flare class, frequency occurrence of solar flare) as well as geomagnetic disturbance indices (Ap, Kp, Dst) and cosmic ray intensity data from ground based neutron monitor of Moscow having magnetic cut-off rigidity 2.42 GV, latitude 55.47N and longitude 37.32E. We observed that a severe geomagnetic storm struck earth on March 13, 1989 (Lermer, 1995; CBC. News, 2005). It occurred during active phase of solar cycle-22 and gave a result that it disrupts human atmosphere and their communication system.

The present investigation is aimed at assessing the current water quality standard along the stretch of Brahmani river in terms of physico-chemical parameters. In the selected study area the River Brahmani is receiving a considerable amount of industrial wastes and witnessing a considerable amount of human and agricultural activities. Nine samples were collected along the entire stretches of the river basin during the period from June-2013 to May-2014 on the first working day of every month. Various physico-chemical parameters like pH,, EC, Total Hardness, Total alkalinity sodium, potassium, calcium, magnessium, nitrate sulphate D.O.,B.O.D. etc. were analysed. The present study indicates that the water quality of Brahmani River is well within tolerance limit taking the physico-chemical parameters in to considerations.

This study was performed to investigate the effect of the activity at high-altitude on carbonic anhydrase (CA), catalase (CAT), erythrocyte glutton peroxides (GSH), methylenedioxy-methylamphetamine (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme levels.8 sedentary males, 9 male athletes and 9 male skiers between the ages of 17 – 19, 26 healthy volunteers took part in this study. Athletes doing athletics and the sport of skiing in the experimental group have been selected among athletes who are doing long duration endurance training, training for 2 hours per day and 7 days a week. In addition, they were provided cardio practice for 3 days a week. The sedentary group has been chosen from non-elite athletesdoing3 or 4 day soft raining in a week. SPSS 16program was used to evaluate data and analysis were made by Wilcox on test. CA,CAT and GSH enzyme levels of the malecontrol group, male athletes and male skiers have been determined after taking blood samples and a significant difference has not been observed among values according to p<0,05. However, when looking at the MDA and SOD values, a significant correlation has been observed among research groups according to p<0,05. The results achieved in this study yielded meaningful outcomes on the antioxidant defence of MDA and SOD of athletes doing endurance training. Based on these results; the requirement of consideration of changes in the MDA and SOD values of endurance sport commissioned individuals can be expressed as the recommendation of our work.

The modern International community witnesses a huge development in the principles of human rights, and the principle of interfering in the internal affairs of the States is not any more an obstacle for the control of human rights in the States. However, since the middle of the last century, the American States began to show interest in the rights and duties of the countries. In this regard, Montevideo Convention was held in 1933 to insure the rights and duties among these countries. In particular, the Treaty handled the State's right to stay, which later became an International tradition in which all countries shall comply. Since the title of this paper is the study of the State's right to stay based on the regulations of the International law, then our duty is to divide it into three themes: the first the concept of the state in the international law; the second is the right of the state's components to stay as stipulated in the international while the third theme examined the state's right to defend its existence in International Law. However, we found consistency between the International law with differences between them in other points. The paper ended with the most conclusions and recommendations.

The development of small and medium scale enterprise has been canvassed as the foundation of any solid development of any nation world over. The objectives of this paper include: (i) To find out the relationship between effective management of small scale enterprise and the nation’s economic development, (ii) To examine whether financial challenges faced by sole proprietorship business can affect employment generation in Nigeria amongst others. The study used survey research method with three hypotheses, which were later analyzed with correlation and regression test statistics on the nature of each of the hypotheses. Based on findings of the study, useful policy recommendations were made which businesses owners and policy makers at the various tiers of government will find beneficial when faithfully implemented.

Stress can be defined as a modern disease of our time. Problems arising in the life of an individual's work raises the stress out of business. On the other hand, not only regarding job stress, employees are regarded as an important issue to be resolved regarding businesses. For this purpose organizations, especially in recent years, job stress reduction, increased motivation and allocate increasingly high budgets to improve productivity enhancing social projects. In this study, along with the stress is given in the literature and conceptual characteristics of stress job types, causes, and consequences of the factors that make stress work stress aspect are examined regarding individuals and businesses.

This study was conducted to investigate the EFL reading attitude of Grade 11 and Grade 12 students at Tinishu Meti and Jain Preparatory Schools, Ethiopia, using quantitative and qualitative methods. Systematic random sampling was used to select 98 samples out of 325 students to provide quantitative data by filling out questionnaire. Purposive sampling technique was used to choose 32 students to participate in FGDs. Quantitative data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 software to calculate mean scores to describe the target students’ EFL reading attitude and one sample t-test to compare if there was a significant difference in EFL reading attitude between students in the two schools and between Grade 11 and Grade 12 students. Qualitative data, analyzed qualitatively, were used to find out why the target respondents held certain kinds of attitude towards EFL reading. The findings of the study indicated that most of the sample students had negative attitude towards EFL reading. However, no statistically significant differences were observed between schools and grade levels.

If one were asked to write an essay on India; what would be the general opening line? Agriculture is an integral part of our identity. Then why are our farmers the victims of neglect from state as well as the society? Why is it that if you state your vocation as farming, the banks and insurance companies that are usually too enthusiastic regarding your dream house and car lose their interest? These are the serious questions raise in the mind of man before starting the detail study on framers situation in Maharashtra. Aim: This project aims to study the condition of farmers from five dimensions-social, economic, political, psychological and technological perspectives.

Research into decision making is a most important issue today in behavioral science. Individuals are organisms yearning to exist and constantly making innumerable judgments and decisions, consciously or unconsciously. This research proposes to compare Spinoza’s behavioral theory “Ethics” with modern research findings, presented by Nobel-prize winners Tversky and Kahneman in “Thinking, Fast and Slow” and “Judgment under Uncertainty”. “Representativeness” and “Availability” as error causes of Tversky and Kahneman’s System 1 are parallel to Spinoza’s Kind I – "Inadequate cognition". For Spinoza’s Kind II - "Adequate cognition", modern research finds a solution in System 2 - slow and logical, that must constantly be refined and activated. Spinoza pioneered the systematic analysis of human behavior. His self-description from 350 years ago is endorsed by current empirical research. This research aims to present the relevance of Spinoza`s behavioral theory today.

Dynamic analysis is vital issue in econometrics, hence we were applied it to model and estimate exchange rate. The study suggested four variables in explaining exchange rate movement, these variables covers the proxies of fiscal, monetary and mixed policy. Furthermore GDP is introduced to reflect the overall performance of the economy. Some variables were stationary while others were not. Cointegration tests confirmed the existence of long run equilibrium relationship between exchange rate and the explanatory variables, hence the model was estimated by error correction model. The estimated coefficient was in combatable with economic and econometric theories. Monetary policy coefficients in short and long run proved the none existence of J-curve effect. Despite the multiplier of monetary policy was larger than that one of fiscal policy, the later policy was more effective than the former one in manipulation exchange rate.

This paper has examined the link between decentralization, popular participation and human resource management challenges and prospects. It is evident that decentralization has very good intentions aimed at enhancing popular participation in decision making and bringing governance and service delivery to the grassroots. This process involves entrusting local district, town and city councils with authority and responsibilities for delivering services like housing, water, roads, health facilities, bridges, transport, land management issues, among others. However, such transfer of responsibilities is not accompanied by corresponding transfer of the human resource function to the local levels. Consequently, decentralization practices impose a huge capacity burden on the local institutions as they cannot attract the right caliber of staff as local authorities lack the requisite autonomy to command the respect that human resource managers at the centre have to recruit, reward and discipline officers and ensure they can motivate them to perform effectively. Thus, the success or failure of decentralization initiatives rest on how the human resource function is decentralized. It is therefore suggested that one of the key interventions from which more others shall spring, is to undertake a comprehensive capacity and resource assessment survey in order to unearth capacity challenges which have to be addressed in a comprehensive and systematic manner.