March 2016

We are reporting two cases of intrauterine perforation of ileum with intussusception of ram's horn type in one case and unihorn in other case following rupture of omphalocele membrane. Both cases were managed successfully by surgical intervention. Aim of this study is to add in literature that this type of complication can occur with rupture of omphalocele minor during intrauterine period.

Introduction: Stress levels among university students has been associated with negative outcomes like poor academic performance and degenerations of personal relations. Higher self-efficacy and social support may act as a moderator of stress for students. Hence this study was conducted to assess the correlation between academic self efficacy, social support, and stress among the university graduate students. Material and Methods: This survey was conducted among undergraduate students aged 18-22 years, of a dental school in India. Information regarding the socio demographic, social support, stress and self efficacy variables were collected from 250 students. Pearson correlation was used to assess the relation between academic self efficacy, social support and stress. Results: Showed that academic self efficacy was moderately correlated with appraisal support (r = 0.40, p < 0.05), belonging support (r = 0.32, p< 0.05), self esteem support (r = 0.53, p < 0.01), total social support (r = 0.45, p < 0.05) and stress (r = -0.5, p < 0.01). Stress was moderately correlated with appraisal support(r = -0.45, p < 0.05) belonging support (r = -0.40, p < 0.05), self esteem support (r = -0.45, p < 0.05), total social support (r = -0.45, p < 0.05). Discussion and conclusion: We found a consistent moderate negative correlation of social support with stress among all the students. Perceived self efficacy was found to be negatively associated with self perceived stress among all the students.

Background: KOOS is a self -administered instrument which assesses patient's opinion about Knee associated problems. Original version of KOOS has been translated in various regional foreign languages. India, is multilingual country where each province has a unique language. Maharashtra is the second largest state in India and Marathi is the regional language of the communication. KOOS is a self‐report disease specific measure needed to be translated with unique method in order to achieve a normative equivalence and linguistic validation. Methods: After obtaining permission from KOOS web manager T1, T2, T12, B1 & B2 versions were formatted according to the guidelines laid down by AAOS for cross cultural adaptation of health status measure. T12 version was sent for the field testing. Total 32 subjects were included in this trial. Results: Statistical analysis for reliability with test re‐test method suggested perfect correlation (r =1) between day 1 & 2. A range of 0.83‐0.54 co‐relation co‐efficient (r) demonstrated validity of KOOS and its subscales when compared against the 8 different domains of SF‐36. All this correlations were statistically highly significant. Sport and recreation subscale had many missing responses since many items in this subscale were not appropriate for the Maharashtrian cultural set-up. Participants provided information about other functional activities which were specific to Indian cultural set up and difficult to execute due to knee associated impairments. Conclusion: Marathi version of KOOS proved to be a reliable & valid measure.

Background: Bharathanatyam is an Indian classical dance form which involves rhythmic dance movements. There are various postures in this dance form to attain which dancers need optimum muscle strength and adequate range of motion at required joints. Dancers need good body balance to maintain these postures. Dancers also have to maintain balance while movements and changing postures. Objective: To assess and compare static and dynamic balance in female bharathanatyam dancers and nondancers. Methods: 32 dancers and 33 nondancers were randomly selected from various Bharathanatyam dance schools and general population in Bengaluru respectively. Height, weight, BMI and lower limb length were measured. Static balance was assessed by balance error scoring system. Dynamic balance was assessed by star excursion balance test. Data was analysed and presented as Mean±standard deviation. Results: The independent sample t test was applied for statistical analysis. P<0.05 was considered significant. Dancers performed fewer errors than nondancers (P<0.001). Dancers had lower reach distances with both right and left legs compared to nondancers (P<0.001). Conclusion: This study showed that dancers had superior static balance and inferior dynamic balance compared to nondancers.

Objectives: To study the pregnancy rate following tubal recanalisation and to analyse the factors that influence the outcome. Materials and Methods: The study carried out in Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, between July 2006 and August 2007 includes two group. All the patients undergoing recanalisation were included as the prospective group (40) and in the retrospective group (20) case records of those women who had undergone tubal recanalisation in the previous year were included. A detailed history was elicited; a thorough clinical examination was done followed by routine laboratory evaluation. After obtaining the informed written consent, recanalisation was done, as per the protocol and the parameters were noted. Then, they were followed-up for one year. Results: Out of 60 patients, 5 patients were lost to follow up and in the remaining 55 patients, the pregnancy rate was 58.2%; all were intrauterine pregnancies - 23 delivered, 5 aborted and 4 were ongoing pregnancies. There was no case of ectopic pregnancy. The conception rate was high when the age of the patient was < 30 years (84.3%), interval between sterilisation and its reversal was <4 years (73.3%), following laparoscopic sterilisation (66.6%), site of anastomosis being isthmo-isthmic (78.5%) and the remaining tubal length was >6 cm (67.6%). Conclusion: The factors associated with successful tubal recanalisation are i) age of the patient <30 years ii) interval between sterilisation and its reversal <4 years iii) site of anastomosis isthmo-isthmic and iv) remaining tubal length >6 cm. Also, improved results were obtained following laparoscopic sterilisation.

Dental injury to immature permanent incisors is the commonly encountered problem in young children during the turbulent years of transition into adolescence. The management of such teeth is complicated due to the presence of wide open apices. In such cases definitive endodontic treatment has to be postponed till an apical ‘stop’ or hard tissue barrier is formed for condensation of gutta-percha. This article presented two cases of fractured immature permanent incisors with open apex treated successfully with calcium hydroxide to induce apical hard tissue bridge formation.

Objectives: The Hepatitis-B virus (HBV) causes severe and often fatal liver disease. Since 1982, vaccination has proven remarkably successful in terms of effectiveness and safety; thus, it is administered to every primary healthcare worker (PHCW) to safeguard them against occupational exposure. The aim of this study is to investigate Saudi Arabian PHCWs’ hepatitis B vaccination coverage, knowledge, and attitude. Method: This descriptive, cross-sectional study employed a self-administered questionnaire, which was distributed to 645PHCWs in four primary healthcare divisions affiliated to Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah’s Directorate General of Health Affairs, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Results: 542 completed questionnaires were returned (response rate 84%). Outcomes indicated that 73.8% PHCWs were fully vaccinated, 15.9% were partially vaccinated, and 10.3% never received vaccination. Conclusions: Some PHCWs remain unprotected from HBV; therefore, primary preventive strategies like universal precaution and immunization must be implemented more fully.

Background and Objectives: Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common intraoral malignancy. Despite intense research in the area of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN), its 5-year survival rate remains low. p53 alterations have been implicated in oral carcinogenesis process. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) lesions mostly occur at the tongue, followed by floor of the mouth, alveolar ridge/ gingiva, buccal mucosa, labial mucosa and hard palate. This study was undertaken to analyze the p53 immunoexpression in OSCC at different sites. Methods: This study was conducted on samples collected from patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma who visited Rajarajeswari Dental College & Hospital, Mysore Road, Bangalore. Tissue sections were subjected to Immunohistochemistry using p53 marker and cells were counted in three different histological fields. The obtained data was subjected to Anova test. Results: On performing Anova test between different sites of oral cavity to know the immunoexpression of p53 we got a p value of 0.270 which was not statistically significant. Interpretation & Conclusion: Further investigations are required to elucidate the specific mechanisms involving tongue cancer as p53 did not appear to have influence in the higher frequency and more aggressiveness of the disease in this site particularly.

Myofibroblasts are modified fibroblasts with smooth muscle like features characterized by the presence of contractile apparatus. Myofibroblasts have an important position in the inflammatory response. They produce matrix molecules such as collagen, glycosamino-glycans, tenascin and fibronectin in the interstitial space or basement membrane and play important role in growth, differentiation and wound healing which if deranged or separated can result in tissue fibrosis. Myofibroblasts interact with epithelial cells and other connective tissue cells and may thus control such phenomena as tumour invasion and angiogenesis. Myofibroblasts also promote invasion by altering the composition of the tumour micro environment and are prognostic. Myofibroblasts in the stroma of OSCC may influence proliferation and invasion, resulting in more aggressive tumour. Myofibroblasts in the stroma of odontogenic lesions also play an important role in their aggressive biological behaviour. As they are present in virtually every tissue, it is possible that they may play a role in multisystem diseases. Understanding the role of the stromal cells and extracellular matrix will allow us to identify more precise prognostic markers and potentially device new therapeutic options and prevent various diseases caused by these miraculous multipotential cells.

Introduction: Anaesthetic management in a patient with co existing cardiac disease is always a challenge especially when it is an emergency. Peripheral nerve blocks are always safer than centrineuraxial anaesthesia or general anaesthesia in a patient suffering from ischemic heart disease (IHD), use of USG makes block more specific. Case report: A 63 yrs old male suffered from crush injury of left foot was posted for emergency debridement and external fixation. History ECG and ECHO suggested old IHD. Patient was suffering from crush injury with fractures of talus and calcanium so the patient had to be operated Popletial sciatic nerve block with supplementation of saphenous nerve block was planned. Patient was made to lie prone, ultrasound probe was placed in popletial fossa in the crease. popletial artery was identified probe was moved 6 cm proximal to crease where sciatic nerve divided into tibial and common peronial Intraoperatively patient was haemodynamically stable without any variation in BP or pulse. Patient did not have pain for 24hours post operatively. Conclusion: Regional nerve blocks are safe in patients with IHD with good postoperative analgesia using ultrasound guidance reduces the risk of inadverant vascular injury , the procedural time and procedure-related pain and increases patient satisfaction compared to nerve stimulation while providing similar block characteristics.

Dentinogenesis imperfecta or capdepont’s teeth is an autosomal-dominant trait with variable expressivity. It affects dentin of both the primary and permanent dentitions. This condition is also called as hereditary opalescent dentin because of clinical discolouration of teeth. In this case report we are presenting a case of dentinogenesis imperfect type II with the disease affecting two generations of a family. The purpose of this report is to highlight the features of this disease and to differentiate it from its other variables. Early diagnosis and intervention with preventive strategies are recommended to prevent the deterioration as well as to improve the dental aesthetics and general health of the patient.

Purpose: To evaluate the phacocapsulotomy technique for management of capsulorhexis in white intumescent cataracts regarding safety and effectiveness in comparison with needle aspiration. Methods: This prospective study included 100 patients with white intumescent cataracts. Patients were randomized into two groups comprising 50 each. Group I underwent phacocapsulotomy technique to facilitate CCC, where phaco probe is used to decompress the lens. Group II underwent needle aspiration technique to facilitate CCC, where 26 gauge needle is used to aspirate cortical fluid. Intraoperative variables such as flap elevation, radial extension of CCC, centration of CCC, posterior capsule rupture and vitreous loss were assessed. Postoperative best corrected visual acuity was also assessed. Results: In our study we found that 1(2%) patient out of 50 patients who underwent phacocapsulotomy technique had radial extension of CCC compared to 8(16%) out of 50 patients in needle aspiration group which was statistically significant (p=0.04) and also there was decrease in intralenticular pressure noted in 44(88%) in phacocapsulotomy group and 26(52%) in needle aspiration group which was statistically significant (p value=0.03). Conclusion: Phacocapsulotomy technique is a simple, controlled and effective technique that extends the possibility of routinely achieving a CCC and thus prevent radial extension of CCC. It also allows for safe phacoemulsification and well centered in the bag IOL implantation.

Patient always wants scarless surgery, lesser pain and less cosmetic scar and this can be possible with use of cyanoacrylate adhesive glue. Since their discovery in 1949, cyanoacrylate compounds have evoked interest as being the ideal “tissue glue”. Several different forms of this compound have been developed in order to eliminate tissue toxicity. In our study, we have described a technique of sutureless closure of operative skin wounds and compared it to closure of skin with nylon. Inter-group comparison was carried out with respect to the time required for closure, rate of infection, cosmesis and patient acceptance. N-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate was used for sutureless skin closure in 50 patients and compared with skin closure with sutures. The time taken to close the wounds with cyanoacrylate was found to be significantly less, the cosmetic outcome better and patient acceptability higher than when sutures were used.

The irritation or inflammation of the meninges, the covering of brain and spinal cord, is known as meningitis. Acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) is a medical emergency. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance has added to this problem. The aim of the present study was to analyze the emerging pathogen, bacterial profiles and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolates which were obtained from CSF of patients with ABM in the given area. In our study Gram’s stain provides 35% positivity for pus cells and 15% positivity for bacteria. In our study the culture positivity rate was 22%. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen in adult population. For paediatric population Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii is the most common isolated pathogen. There was no isolation of Haemophilus influenzae and Neissaria meningitides in both group of population. The MRSA is 287(75%) of total isolated Staphylococcus aureus (382) species while 95(25%) were MSSA. In our study we observed that S. aureus and A. bowmanii has been emerged as the most common pathogen causing ABM in all age groups. All Gram negative organisms were showing 91% sensitivity to cefoperazone+salbactum. No vancomycin and chloramphenicol resistance were detected. Stress should be given on the restrained and rationale use of antimicrobials both in and outside the hospital.

With advancement in clinical dentistry, implant therapy is one of the most upcoming treatment option for fixed prosthesis with a predictable outcome. However, sometimes insufficient bone due to long standing edentulism may pose a challenge for implant placement. To overcome such a clinical presentation in 1970s, ridge splitting or bone spreading procedure was introduced by Hilt Tatum. This technique has been used for esthetic rehabilitation and implant site preparation in cases of deficient alveolar ridges to satisfy the basic ideal need of hard tissue augmentation. In this case report, we describe a case of horizontal ridge augmentation using ridge expansion technique which was performed using ridge expansion kit and simultaneous implant placement in esthetic mandibular anterior zone. Bone expansion resulted in correction of atrophic alveolar ridge (Labiolingual width > 3.5mm) without significant surgical risk and multiple surgeries. The degree of bone expansion obtained had remodelled the alveolar bone providing adequate bone support for prosthesis. A significant increase was achieved in the bone dimension, which enabled the placement of endosseous dental implants successfully. After 4-5 months of healing period both the implants were stable clinically and radiographically and hence were restored.

Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTCL) was first described as a distinct clinicopathologic entity in 19901 HSTCL is a rare type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that was originally recognized by its characteristic clinical presentation, distinct histologic pattern, and expression of the ɤδ T-cell receptor (TCR)1.Recent scientific advances have allowed for better understanding of the histologic, immunophenotyping, and cytogenetic characteristics of HSTCL, including identification of HSTCL with αβ TCR expression. γδ HSTCL and αβ HSTCL are now considered immunophenotypic variants of the same disease. Despite these advances, HSTCL remains a very aggressive subset of T-cell lymphoma and confers a poor prognosis, with a reported median survival of 6–11 months2,3 .There has been no consensus to date regarding therapeutic modalities in these patients, and effective treatment of HSTCL is lacking. A review of the literature reveals the use of various treatment regimens in patients with HSTCL. The majority of these treatment modalities appear to be ineffective in most patients, although there are some case reports and case series that describe complete remissions with certain chemotherapy regimens with or without stem cell transplantation.2,4

The present study was carried out to immobilize the multi-enzymes produced by a soil isolate Aeromonas jandaei. The three enzymes viz. amylase, lipase and protease produced by this isolate were partially purified by dialysis and were immobilized using 3 matrices- agar, agarose and alginate at 3 different concentrations. A washout of enzymes was seen at the lower concentrations of the matrices. At 3 % concentration the enzyme substrate interaction was reduced as low activity was seen. 2 % agar and agarose gave excellent enzyme retention and activity. 1 and 2 % alginate beads however dissolved in the reaction medium; the enzyme thus immobilized could not be retained for reuse. However 3 % alginate did not dissolve and was retrievable. 2 % agar was said to be the best choice for immobilization as it is cheaper than agarose and can be reused. Also when the enzyme is not to be reused and requires to be released into the reaction medium, alginate could be a preferable choice and can be used as a delivery/ transport medium for the enzymes.

Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME) is a young onset idiopathic epilepsy syndrome characterized by Myoclonic seizures, generalized tonic clonic seizures and absence seizures. JME is an inherited disorder but the mode of inheritance is still controversial. Photosensitivity is also a precipitating factor to initiate seizures in JME. Photosensitivity is influenced by inheritance, but relation is not yet clear and established. A total 55 patients with a diagnosis of JME were evaluated to know whether triggering of seizures were influenced by photosensitivity and positive family history. JME cases were diagnosed by experienced Epileptologists on the basis of patient's medical history and on Electro Encephalo Graphy (EEG). Selection of patients and diagnosis were based on the criteria of the commission and terminology of the international League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). Patients with other neurological trauma, mental retardation and epilepsy syndrome other than JME were excluded from this study. In our study 49.09% of JME patients were photosensitive. Among these male patients were 53.12%, which was more when compared to the female i.e. 43.43%. On the other hand 43.64% of patients have positive family history. The percentage of male and female patients reporting the positive family history is almost same i.e., 43.75% in case of males and 43.47% in females. The percentage of photosensitivity and positive family history were having a close relationship, indicating that photosensitivity is linked to inheritance. So we conclude that there is a strong relationship between photosensitivity and positive family history in JME patients thus substantiating the fact that photosensitivity is inherited.

Background & Aim: The transcellular transport of phosphate (Pi) from the intestinal lumen to the blood is documented as a secondary active transport requiring energy. In renal tubules the source of ATP generation for Pi transport seems to vary with site of transport. As studies are not available showing energy sources of intestinal Pi transport an attempt is done in this study to explore the metabolic energy source related to intestinal Pi transport. Methods: Everted gut sacs of the proximal & distal intestine were prepared from Swiss male albino mice. The sacs were filled with 0. 5ml of serosal fluid and placed in a mucosal medium. Various metabolic blockers of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation like 2DG, monoiodoacetate and rotenone were added to the incubation medium to curtail the energy sources. Tricarboxylic acid intermediates, Succinate and fumarate were also used in the medium to stimulate ATP generation. After incubation of the filled sacs for an hour, the amount of phosphate removed from mucosal medium (Pi uptake) and serosal gain of phosphate (Pi release) were estimated according to Chen’s method. Results: In these experiments phosphate uptake remains unaffected in both proximal and distal everted gut sacs with varied metabolic blockers. However addition of 2DG and monoiodoacetate significantly (<.001) reduced Pi release from the proximal segments without affecting Pi release in distal segments. Rotenone significantly (<.001) lowered Pi release in distal segments only without affecting the proximal segments. Inhibitory effect of rotenone on Pi release of the distal segments was partly but significantly checked by succinate and fumarate. Conclusion: Present studies indicate that the process of Pi extrusion/release from basolateral membrane only requires energy. For Pi release proximal intestine depend on glycolysis and distal part depend on oxidative phosphorylation for energy showing the regional variation.

Perforative peritonitis is one of the most serious and most overwhelming catastrophic conditions that can befall a human being and hence they should be treated energetically. The objective of the study is to highlight the etiology, clinical presentation and management and outcomes of the patients diagnosed and treated asperforativeperitonitis. A retrospective study was done on 567 patients diagnosed and treated as perforative peritonitis at our institute for a period of 3 years from January 2013 to December 2015. Patients who are all above 15 years of age provisionally diagnosed as perforative peritonitis and thosesurgically managed were included in this study. In this study maximum incidence of perforative peritonitis was seen in age group of 41-50 years with mean age of 45 of which 88% were males. In this study, the over all most common site of perforation was 1st part of duodenum (76%). In 92% of patients abdominal pain was the most common clinical presentation. X ray abdomen erect revealed air under diaphragm in 64.6% of patients with perforation. In rest of the patients CT scan was taken and in which free fluid, pneumoperitoneum, fat stranding, localized air pockets were the positive findings in diagnosing perforation. 96%of the patients were managed primarily with surgery, 4%were initially managed with flank drain and later were taken up for surgery. The overall mortality was about 22.04%. Most common cause of death was septicemia. In this study the most common post-operative complications was wound infection. Aim of the study • To evaluate the incidence of perforative peritonitis in relation to age/sex. • To evaluate the etiology of perforative peritonitis. • To study the incidence of site of perforation in perforative peritonitis. • To enlist the clinical presentation of patients of perforative peritonitis • To know the significance of investigative procedures in diagnosing perforative peritonitis. • To study the outcome of surgical management of perforative peritonitis

This research aimed to analyze the motivation of goat smallholder farmers joined the farmer group using Vroom’s Expectation Theory. Vroom’s expectancy theory differs from the content theories of Maslow, Alderfer, Herzberg, and McClelland in that Vroom’s expectancy theory does not provide specific suggestions on what motivates organization members. Instead, Vroom’s theory provides a process of cognitive variables that reflects individual differences in work motivation. The sample used in this study was goat farmers in Yogyakarta Provice. A total number of respodents was 162 farmers. Using the survey method, the result showed that farmers’ participation motivation category in the group housing was intermediate. The average value of valence was intermediate, expectancy was high, and instrumentality was intermediate. The average total score for motivation joining the group was intermediate. It can be concluded that farmers’ motivation joining group was in the intermediate category. The rank of the components underlying farmers’ motivation in group from the lowest to the highest was expectancy, instrumentality and valence.

Peripheral cement-ossifying fibroma comprises about 9% of all gingival overgrowth. It is considered to be more of a reactive benign lesion rather than a true tumor. It has a peak incidence in second-third decade of life and affects females commonly. About 60 % of the lesions occur in the maxilla and more than 50% of the lesions are seen in incisor-canine region. This report describes a case of peripheral cement-ossifying fibroma in a 37 year old male involving the maxillary anterior region.

Introduction: Regenerative endodontics in immature necrotic teeth helps in root elongation and dentinal wall thickening. This case reports the use of Platelet rich Fibrin as a scaffold for regeneration in such tooth. Methods: An 11year old boy with the history of trauma was diagnosed with the pulpal necrosis, open apex and symptomatic apical periodontitis in tooth #21. Access preparation and minimal instrumentation was done to remove necrotic debris under copious irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Triple antibiotic paste was packed in the canal for four weeks. The intracanal medicament was removed and Platelet rich fibrin (PRF) prepared utilizing Choukroun's method was pushed to the apical region of root canal. Access cavity was sealed with GIC coronally and tooth was permanently restored with composite. Results: Clinical examination at 6 and 12 months revealed no sensitivity to percussion and palpation in tooth #21. Radiographic examination showed resolution of periapical rarefaction, further root development and apical closure of the tooth #21. Conclusion: On the basis of successful outcome of the present case it can be stated that PRF clot may serve as a scaffold for regeneration in necrotic immature teeth.

Osteopetrosis is a descriptive term that refers to a group of rare, heritable disorders of the skeleton characterized by increased bone density on radiographs. Osteopetrotic conditions vary greatly in their presentation and severity, ranging from neonatal onset with life-threatening complications such as bone marrow failure (e.g. classic or "malignant" ARO), to the incidental finding of osteopetrosis on radiographs (e.g. osteopoikilosis) (Zornitza Stark and Ravi Savarirayan, 2009). It is caused by the failure of osteoclaststo resorb immature bone. This leads to abnormal bone marrow cavity formation and clinically to the signs and symptoms of bone marrow failure. Impairedbone remodeling causesbony narrowing of the cranial nerve foramina which results in cranial nerve, especially optic nerve, compression. (Wilson and Vellodi, 2000) Classic ARO is characterised by fractures, short stature, compressive neuropathies, hypocalcaemia with attendant tetanic seizures, and life-threatening pancytopaenia. The presence of primary neurodegeneration, mental retardation, skin and immune system involvement, or renal tubular acidosis may point to rarer osteopetrosis variants, whereas onset ofprimarily skeletal manifestations such as fractures and osteomyelitis in late childhood or adolescence is typical of ADO. It is anticipated that further understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of these conditions will reveal newtargets for pharmacotherapy (Zornitza Stark and Ravi Savarirayan, 2009). This paper highlights a rare case of osteopetrosis in an 8 year old boy.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to compare the effect of artificial saliva on flexural strength of three commercially available denture base acrylic resins. Methods: In this study three commercially available heat cure denture base resins namely Trevalon, Trevalon-Hi and Pyrax Acryl-Hi were taken. The artificial saliva was prepared in one of our laboratory and the samples were immersed in artificial saliva in order to simulate oral environment. The time dependent changes in the flexural strength of acrylic resins was evaluated and compared with the samples soaked in artificial saliva. Results: A total of 84 samples (28 samples of each type) were made. According to the mean value, the flexural strength was in following order: Trecvalon-Hi; Pyrax Acryl-Hi and Trevalon. The flexural strength decreases with time and after soaking in saliva. Conclusion: PYRAX Acryl-Hi possesses good strength and aesthetics and offers better treatment options as the results are concerned. Since it is manufactured in India it is free from import-export charges. Hence it is relatively economical.

Two adult camels (one male and female each) weighing about 450-500 kg body weight reared under captive conditions at Adhiparasakthi Agricultural and Horticulture College farm, kalavai, Vellore district had anorexia, debility, alopecia, intense purities and was not amenable to antibiotic therapy. Clinically camels were weak, emaciated and had itching, purities, biting and rubbing against objects and were totally restless and secondary bacterial infection were also noticed. The lesions were scattered throughout the entire surface of the body with involvement of head, face, neck, brisket region, thighs, inguinal region, perineal region and root of the tail etc., Keratinisation, thickening, corrugation and wrinkling of the skin, exudation, bleeding, fissured skin and scab formation were also noticed. The cause for skin lesion was diagnosed as Sarcoptes scabiei var. cameli. By skin scrapping .The camel was treated with ivermectin at the dose rate of 200 microgram per kg body weight in combination with antibiotic, multivitamins and mineral supplements for a period of time and during the course of treatment the camel was provided with medicated bath. Finally the treatment resolved the case successfully.

Introduction: Pregnancy is a special state during a woman’s life, which is associated with a myriad of complex anatomical, physiologic, metabolic, emotional and physiological changes. There are changes observed in cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal system as well as changes in oral health and increased susceptibility to oral infections. Majority of pregnant women have been reported to experience oral changes yet they do not seek or are advised not to seek dental care as a part of routine prenatal care. Dentists also needlessly withhold or delay treatment of pregnant patients due to unrealistic fear of injuring patient, fetus or fear of litigations. It is important on the part of stomatologists to understand that pregnancy is not a disease wherein the patients are denied or deferred treatment. Thus, the aim of this article is to emphasize on the significance of oral care during pregnancy and motivate oral health care providers to provide timely and appropriate dental care. Methods: Articles were searched through keywords like dental care during pregnancy, drug safety, oral prenatal care, dentist’s attitude towards treating pregnant patients. Original research article, case reports, randomised control trials were searched through Pubmed and medline search between 2001 and 2015 Results: Generalised lack in awareness about oral manifestations of pregnancy was seen. It was seen that dentist’s usually defer treatment of pregnant patients. Conclusions: Every gestational woman should be encouraged to include dental visits in her routine prenatal care. Dental physicians should team up with other health care providers and keep themselves abreast with the updated guidelines in providing oral care.

In this work, chitosan and Chitosan-Ethylenediaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) was prepared, evaluated and applied to inhibit calcium sulfate scale according to the following sequences: 1. Extraction and characterization of chitosan from shrimp shells waste. 2. Preparation and evaluation of chitosan-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) as scale inhibitor. 3. Make a comparative study of the produced scale inhibitor with other scale inhibitors such as: • Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). • Sodium hexameta phosphate (SHMP). 4. Investigate experimentally the effect of the operating parameters such as, velocity, temperature, water constituents and salt concentration on calcium sulfate scale formation process 5. Evaluation the performances of these inhibitors and determine their optimal dose for maximum anti-scale effect. 6. An experimental unit was designed and coupled with a data acquisition system for a continuous measuring and monitoring the investigated parameters. The results showed that, low molecular mass chitosan samples with DD > 64% and Mw of the major component <104 was obtained by treating the chitin with 50% NaOH at 100 oC for up to 10 h. The antiscalants used in the present work have the following order for reducing calcium sulfate scaling Chitosan-DTPA < EDTA < SHMP.

Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale-11 Items (KADS-11) is a diagnostic instrument measuring depression and suicidal thoughts in adolescents and young adults. Some characteristics of KADS-11 such as ease of administration, treatment sensitivity, and the ability to distinguish comorbid symptoms motivated the researchers to examine the psychometric properties of the scale by utilizing the multidimensional form of Graded Response Modeling in order to find the relationship between item responses and the latent trait. Results indicated that most of the items provided the maximum amount of information about participants’ depression, and also two extracted factors (Core Depressive factor and Suicidal and Physical factor) can explain 55.20% of total variance of KADS-11.

Folk literature in field of Plants medicine is still barrel field of scientific investigations and finding. The currect work based on such ethnomedicinal plant like Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub., Cleome viscosa L., Moringa oleifera L. and Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poirfor its anti-inflammatory activity in different solvent system. It was find out that all four plants showing positive results were slight fluctuations according to solvent system used for plant extract. All results are recorded after 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 hrs. of treatment. Anti-inflammatory study form plant folk literature is still needs to analyzed which will be more beneficial for humankinds.

Gingival overgrowth as a side effect of medication taken for non-dental reasons is a very commonly occurring condition. The drugs most commonly associated with this condition are anticonvulsants like phenytoin, immunosuppressants like cyclosporin and antihypertensive drugs such as calcium channel blockers. Cyclosporin is a selective immunosuppressant which is sued to prevent rejection following organ transplant procedure. Various hypotheses have been considered in the pathogenesis of gingival overgrowth induced by cyclosporin. These include presence of different subsets of fibroblasts, role of pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrixmetalloproteinases. Plaque accumulation is also thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of gingival overgrowth. More recent investigations have hypothesized the role of mast cells, androgens, growth factors etc,. in the pathogenesis of cyclosporin induced gingival overgrowth. However, there is no clear understanding of the proposed hypotheses and further research is essential to establish a clear pathogenesis of gingival overgrowth and provide better and more precise design for its prevention and treatment. The following review presents the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of cyclosporin, its role in prevention of graft rejection and in the pathogenesis of gingival overgrowth with various modalities available for the treatment of the same.

Coccinia grandis is a dioecious, perennial, and herbaceous climber, with glabrous stems,tuberous roots, and axillary tendrils. Leaves are alternate and simple. Fruit is a smooth, bright red, ovoid to ellipsoid berry 2.5–6 cm The present investigation was analyzed to evaluate the pharmacognostical studies on selected medicinal plant. The parameters such as anatomical, histochemical colour reactions, and phytochemical studies were done. The values calculated and data collected could be used for the identification of powdered drug of this taxon. Pharmacognostical analysis will help to identify authentically the drug from adulteration, substitution in the herbal market and also for the quality control in pharmaceutical industry.

The present study on antidiabetic activity of single blend nutraceutical incorporated cookies on alloxan induced diabetic rats was undertaken to develop low-glycemic index cookies using functional ingredient like flaxseed and as well as to assess its functional efficacy in terms of hypoglycaemic, hypocholesterolemic effect The cookies were developed at different level of incorporation of flaxseed flour (20%, 30% and 40%) and were subjected to acceptability trials. The cookies incorporated with 30% flaxseed flour was highly acceptable in terms of all the sensory attributes. The GI and anti diabetic efficacy of the cookies was estimated through animal experimentation. The GI of the developed cookies was 30 indicating that the cookies were low glycemic. Impact of supplementation of the cookies to alloxan induced diabetic rats revealed that there was a significant decrease (p<0.001) in blood glucose level in the experimental group fed with flax seed cookies as compared to diabetic control group after 15 days of intervention. The overall decrease in mean blood glucose level in experimental animals fed with flaxseed cookies was 93 mg/dl at the end of 15 days intervention period. Alloxan mediated body weight reduction was also reversed due to flaxseed cookies supplementation as well as the total protein level increased from 5.5g/dl in diabetic rats to 6.45 g/dl in experimental group fed with flaxseed cookies suggesting the regeneration process. The total cholesterol level reduced significantly from 201mg/dl in diabetic rats to 104mg/dl in experimental group fed with flaxseed cookies and similarly SGPT and SGOT reduced from 102u/l and 110u/l in diabetic rats to 51u/l and 59u/l respectively in experimental group fed with flaxseed cookies at the end of the intervention period.

Obesity is a pathological condition, in which, excess body fat accumulates to the extent, probably, having an adverse effect on health leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. Some dietary components show promise in the treatment of obesity, one of which is oil rich in Diacylglycerols (DAGs). Excess body weight is the consequence of an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure that is stored as triacylglycerol (TAG) in adipose tissue. Triglyceride synthesis has been assumed to occur primarily through acyl CoA: Diacylglycerol transferase (DGAT), a microsomal enzyme that catalyses the final and only committed step in the glycerol phosphate pathway. Therefore, DGAT has been considered indispensable for adipose tissue formation and essential for survival. The genes encoding two DGAT enzymes, DGAT 1 and DGAT 2 were identified in past decade. Both enzymes may be useful as therapeutic targets for disease and controlling the over expression of triacylglycerides. The present study was undertaken to monitor the interaction between DGAT and previously discovered ligands by using Vlife MDS. Besides, the active sites of the enzyme and the residues involved were also validated through in silico experimentation. The data obtained from this study provide new insights into expression of high affinity of the ligands towards the receptor i.e. the enzyme and thus leading towards the possibility of developing a compatible biomolecule as confirmatory drug to treat obesity.

The data on C.V. % for Isabgul crop yield along with other details of 159 field experiments conducted during 1989-90 to 2011-12 at Main Research Station, Medicinal and Aromatic crop, Anand Agricultural University, Anand were collected and analyzed. The frequency distribution tables were prepared for various experimental factors. The upper fiducial limits (the yardstick) of C.V.% at 95% confidence based on non central‘t’ distribution were worked out for accepting the results of isubgul crop experiments which emerged as 23%.

Drying is the process of removal of moisture from the product to such a low level that microbial and biochemical activities are checked due to reduced water activity, which makes the products suitable for safe storage and protection against the attack by microorganisms during the storage. Drying was done by three different methods that is Air Drying (450 C), Sun Drying (12-250 C) and Oven Drying (650 C) till complete drying. This was done to find out the better drying method, by comparing the nutritive value after biochemical analysis. From storage point of view oven drying is better than sun drying because moisture content decreases at the level of 4.4% that is in higher magnitude. Air drying was found to be the best method of drying, as the highest nutrient value was found in this case; whether it is the matter of protein, lipid, ash or carbohydrates content. However, moisture content in the samples subjected to this method of drying was higher, as compared to the other two methods.

Phlebotomus papatasi is the potential vector of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in the north eastern parts of Egypt, specifically in Rafah, North Sinai governorate. Thepresent study characterized DNA sequence of Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS-2) from two Phlebotomus papatasistrains collected from two geographically distinct localities in Egypt; Rafah, North Sinai Governorate, and El Agamy, Alexandria Governorate. DNA was extracted from morphologically identified P. papatasi specimens collected from Alexandria, and Sinai. The ITS2 regions amplified and their sequences submitted into GenBank and analyzed by comparison with other entries. The percentage of identity among studied sandflies was 93%.Phylogeny analysis of amplified sequences revealed a high similarity rate with P. papatasi from coastal Mediterranean countries (97%).Data in the present study suggested that the phylogenetic analysis could not be completely resolved, which actually makes the use of current ITS-2 sequences of little value for phylogenetic interpretation.

Several reviews have shown that plant-derived pesticides have great potential for the natural control of pests, particularly in tropical countries like Nigeria. Many of these plant species, apart from being readily available, cheap and eco-friendly, possess one or more useful properties such as repellency, antifeedant, fast knock down, flushing action, bio-degradability, broad-spectrum of activity and ability to reduce insect resistance. These are unlike synthetic chemical pesticides that have high persistence in the soil after use, high cost of application, environmental pollution, toxic residues in food, high lethal effects on non-target organisms and direct toxicity to users. There has been a steady increase in recent times, in the use of plant-based products as a cheaper and ecologically safer means of controlling pests, especially in the tropics. In South Nigeria, rural farmers mix chilli pepper and wood ash of Parkia biglobosa (African locust bean), Corymbia citrodora. or Azadirachta indica, to control Podagrica sp.on okra plants, Abelmoschus esculentus. The natives in this area also use the mixture of Chromolaena odorata L. (siam weed) and Ocimum gratissimum L. (basil) leaf extracts to repel termites and soldier ants around their houses. Similarly, an admixture of water from fermented cassava (Manihot esculentus Crantz) tubers and bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdelina L.) has shown potency against tailor ants infesting local pear fruits and leaves. In storage pest control, a lot of work has been done to investigate the efficacy of powder, oil and juice extract of many botanical plants on the survival of various insect pests, such as C. maculatus and S. zeamais, with 100% control.

A number of laboratory studies were conducted to know the condition favorable for resin-P adsorption under arid environment. Several type of ion exchange resins were used for the study. The results clearly demonstrated more P accumulation by resin bag at pH 7.8. Resin bag adsorbed maximum P when soil EC was 2 dSm-1. In low organic matter soil chelating resin was more efficient; while with increase in organic matter level strongly basic anion exchange resin was found to be most effective in trapping P. Saturated moisture level in the soil demonstrated best P trapping by resin bag. Clay content in the soil had a positive influence on more P adsorption into the resin bag. The resin P accumulation was more at 30°C and a drastic fall was noticed with increase in soil temperature from 30 to 40°C. The result clearly demonstrated that pH, EC, temperature, moisture, and organic matter content in the soil had affected much on P adsorption by the resin bag under arid environment.

The study was conducted with an Ex-post facto research design in four mandals of Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh with a sample of 120 randomly selected farm women to know their managerial role. It revealed that majority of the respondents were under medium managerial role category. The components of managerial role like planning ability, organizing ability, supervision ability, communication ability, coordination ability and controlling ability were found to be in the medium category respectively.

An experiment was conducted at Botany Section, College of Agriculture, Nagpur (MS) India during year 2014-2015 to study the influence of putrescine and IBA (50, 75,100,125, 150 ppm each) on chemical, biochemical, yield and yield contributing parameters of soybean. Experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design. Considering the treatments under study two foliar sprays of 100 ppm putrescine and 100 ppm IBA at two stages ie., before flowering and 10 days after flowering were found to be most effective in improving nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, chlorophyll content in leaves and protein and oil content in seeds. Yield contributing parameters viz., number of pods plant-1, weight of 100 seeds were also significantly enhanced. Seed yield ha-1 was also significantly increased by 100 ppm putrescine (25.89%) and 100 ppm IBA (20.34%) over control.

Background: Primary Education provides a vital link between home education and the Secondary Education. The school is a place on which parents believes that their children will learn skills, values habits and knowledge. This will help him to live better life. Schooling has direct effect on children educational achievements. These basic skills place foundation for higher studies. Objective: The present paper aim was to find out condition of schools in Lucknow district on the bases of School environment by ranks. Material and Methods: School Environment Checklist covered various aspects of schools like room, floor, ground, ceiling cleanliness, lab facility, convince arrangement like bus, car, auto, riksa etc. and pest control in routine way were included. This checklist also includes building renovation, ventilation, light arrangement, hygiene prevention steps and different training facility provide for school staffs. Total 30 questions were there and all the answers were marked for all schools. Analysis: Data was entered into Microsoft Excel and analyzed by SPSS version 16. Result: In which Good sanitation and Control of pest & Pesticides were ranked first and eleventh (Last).

Anti oxidant effect of green tea extract on 47 cryo preserved human semen samples were studied. Each sample was divided into two- one with green tea extract and the second without green tea extract. Percentage of motility, viability and DNA fragmentation were examined. While comparing the study results of control vs. green tea extract samples, the mean value of percentage of motility in control group was 51.2 with standard deviation of 10.18 vs. 53.03±10.40 in green tea extract group. The percentage of viability and standard deviation in control yielded 59.63±10.13 and it was 61.38±10.29 in green tea extract group. The mean and standard deviation in percentage of DNA fragmentation was 73.49±5.24 in control and it was 67.04±5.02 in green tea extract group. The students paired t-test results showed statistically significant increase in percentage of motility and viability and reduction of DNA fragmentation in green tea extract group compared to control with p-value less than 0.05. Green tea is an effective anti oxidant and it reduces the DNA fragmentation and it increases the motility and viability of sperms, thus it can be use as an effective anti oxidant in cryo preservation of human sperms.

A set of sesame genotypes including popular ruling varieties was characterized for genetic diversity based on 14 agro-economic traits including seed yield. The test genotypes were separated into five clusters. Principal component (PC) analysis revealed that first two PC axes explained 85.8% of the total multivariate variation. Number of capsules/plant contributed maximum to genetic divergence followed by number of seeds/capsule, 500-seed weight and seed yield/plant. Cluster V revealed comparatively dwarf plant type while Cluster II and Cluster IV were shown to have tall stature. Besides, genotypes under Cluster V had shown capsule bearing from lower height indicating possibility of more scope for increased number of capsules/plant. Cluster II bore longer and bold capsule resulting highest number of seeds/capsule (87.80) coupled with increased 500-seed weight (1.43gm). Pratap formed a mono-genotypic cluster (Cluster II) and it was highly divergent from B 67, TC 25, RT 103, TMV 5 and E 8; while, E 8 exhibited tremendously high genetic distance from RT 103 followed by TC 25, Pratap and T 13. Thus, parental combination of either Pratap or E 8 with above genotypes may result heterotic performance and reveal wide array of transgressive segregants in segregating populations following recombination breeding.

Objectives: The study objective was to examine immunomodulatory and antimicrobial potency of Nigella sativa. Methods: Iron in Nigella sativa was studied by Spectrophotometer and molar absorptivity of metal concentration was by Calibration curve. Anti-microbial activity was evaluated by well and disc diffusion including its MIC and MBC values. Findings: In calibration curve, molar absorptivity of metal concentration was calculated as 10,000/M/cm at 515nm and concentration average values of five samples were 133.83038ppm. Hydroquinone found to be highly reductants, followed by Nigella sativa and then hydroxyl ammonium chloride. In standard antibiotic discs testing, all microbes were showed resistance to Oxacillin. Inhibitory zones were measured by well and disc diffusion assay. Log of CFU/ml was recorded by Miles and Misra. Streptococcus pyogenes showed high sensitivity against methanolic and aqueous extracts while Pseudomonas aeruginosa highly sensitive against methanolic extract. Growth curve and Killing time of MRSA bared that aqueous extract posse’s bacteriostatic effect while oil and methanolic extract showed bactericidal effect against few microbes. Nigella sativa oil showed more effectiveness as least concentration is required to kill microbes. Conclusion: From this studies we conclude Nigella sativa serve as a source of iron and antioxidants and provide appropriate amount of iron, according to the body need.

The edible Paddy straw mushroom is the most extensively cultivated mushrooms in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Studies were conducted on the cultivation, nutritional analysis, biochemical and enzyme production of this mushroom. Among the various method of cultivation, circular bed method was the best method and it showed the good growth. The nutritive values of the mushroom were rich in proteins and fibres and observed a lower amount of lipid. The screening and biochemical determination showed presence of saponin, alkaloids, terpenoids, sugar, flavonoids and sterols. Amylase, cellulase and laccase are important enzymes that can be used for various biological activities. Laccase exhibit good enzyme production than other enzyme like amylase and cellulase. This investigation may provide a basic knowledge about the Volvariella volvacea, and give valuable information for further study.

Agriculture is one of the most important industries in India. In agriculture, cultivation of pulses is an essential aspect. It acts as a source of food, nutrition and generates revenue for the country as well. Out of many pulses grown in Jammu &Kashmir, Phaseolus vulgaris commonly known as Rajmash is worth mentioning. District Kishtwar of J&K state is best endowed by nature in having rich biodiversity. Rajmash (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown in this area is famous throughout India for its best taste and aroma. Besides its important food value, it also acts as ready cash for the growers of the district. Due to such significance, it becomes an important aspect to know more about this crop. Keeping this in view, the present work was done for the first time in the District Kishtwar of Jammu and Kashmir. During observations, a number of insects were found causing significant damage to the standing crop and out of all, Thysanoplusia orichalcea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a defoliating moth was recorded as a serious insect pest. Adult moth visit crop plant and lays eggs on the lower side of leaves. Larval stage exhibits the destructive phase. Freshly emerged larvae show scrapping of epidermal part of leaves while the maturing larvae feed voraciously on entire leaves even upon the veins and midribs of leaf. This behaviour of larvae interferes with the photosynthetic activity of plant and affects growth of plant. Infestation results in the skeletionization of the leaves, thereby, affecting badly the yield of this important cash crop of the area.

The present research paper communicates the helminth parasites infection rate of the fishes of Ikop Lake, Thoubal District, Manipur. A total of 1114 fishes were sacrificed during my investigation, 35 different fish species were examined for helminth parasites infection. Of these 697 fish individual belonging to 19 different fish species are found to be parasitized with a total of 1395 helminth parasites. Ikop Lake (locally called as Ikop Pat) contributes 35 fish species under 28 genera, 15 family and 5 orders. About 34 different of parasite groups (viz. Nematode, Acanthocephala and Cestode. The intensity of infection rate was recorded highest in the host like Clupisoma garua (3.6, 44.44%), Macrognathus aculeatus (3.6, 41.18%) and lowest in Trichogaster fasciata (1.3, 76.19%). The prevalence percentage infection is recorded highest and lowest in Channa striata (86.67%, 1.8) and Systomus sarana (15.94%, 3.0) of Ikop Lake.

In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the morphological and floral characters of the parental lines of the released hybrids. The morphological and floral traits of cms lines, their maintainers and restorer lines indicated that both the cms lines were morphologically different. All the parental lines had erect altitude of flag leaf blade, except MTU 9992R and IR 40750R which had horizontal and reflexed altitude of leaf blade. The floret opening angle in cms lines lR 58025A (38.8°) and PMS 2A (37.9°) was higher than their maintainers, lR 580258 (24.8°) and PMS 2B (31.7°) which is desirable for higher out crossing rate. The flag leaf angle of cms lines lR 58025A (33.7) and PMS 2A (23.5) was greater than restorer lines. The flag leaf angle of the restorer lines ranged from 11.0 (MTU 9992R) to 34.0 (BR 827-35R).

A study on plant diversity and ethnomedicinal plants of sacred grove in Melapalur village was carried out in the present work. Through personal interviews and conversations, a total number of 46 plant species used by the human beings to treat different ailments was enumerated during field trips. The locals use 46 medicinal plants for the treatment of several diseases either in single or in combination with some other ingredients. The information on correct botanical identities with family and traditional practice of 46 species fall under 43 genera and 26 families of angiosperms. The dicotyledons were represented by 44 species falls under 41 genera and 24 families while monocotyledons were represented by 2 species belong to 2 genera and 2 families were discussed here for the treatment of various illnesses viz., asthma, snake bite, anthelmintic, promote coolness antipyretic, jaundice, diarrhea, dysentery, leprosy, diuretic, diabetes, stomachache problems, paralysis and skin diseases. These uses are noteworthy information for further investigation and to report in a scientific manner. The present study concluded that the abundance of natural ethnomedicinal information of medicinal plants lead in the discovery of new medicines to fight ailments.

Oleoresin is a viscous liquid, possessing aroma and flavor, extracted from red chilli fruits is preferred against ground chillies in view of its natural anti-oxidant, long shelf life under ideal conditions and less storage space. In food and beverage industries, chillies have acquired great importance in the form of oleoresins which permit uniform distribution of colour to foodstuffs and characteristic flavor. In the pursuit of promising oleoresin yield, a field experiment was conducted in Black soil of Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola during Kharif-2013-14 with the consideration of twenty chilli genotypes as twenty treatments in randomized block design. All the treatments fertilized with common recommended dose of fertilizer (150:50:50) and package of practices. Quality parameters viz. oleoresin and colour value in chilli fruits was increased with maturity of the fruits Agnirekha recorded significantly highest oleoresin content 13.95 % and 19.34 % in green and red chilli fruits respectively. Nonetheless G-5 and G-4 genotypes from guntur recorded highest oleoresin yield 14.90 kg ha-1 and 150.56 kg ha-1 in green and red chilli respectively. Highest colour value of green (86.05 ASTA Units) and red (274.48 ASTA Units) fruits were observed in chilli genotype GCL 5-4 and G-5, respectively. However, genotype G-5 performed well with respect to both oleoresin yield and colour value and suitable for black soil under semi-arid climatic condition. Furthermore, after harvest mean fertility status of soil (N 0.030 %, P 16.58 kg ha-1 and K 229.86 kg ha-1) was decline over initial status (N 0.031 %, P17.27 kg ha-1 and K 288.85 kg ha-1) to meet out its nutritional requirement.

The steady, two dimensional, Flakner-Skan stretching and shrinking wedge flow of a power law fluid in the presence of viscous dissipation and convective boundary condition Using the similarity transformations, the governing equations have been transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations. These differential equations are highly nonlinear which cannot be solved analytically. Therefore, bvp4c MATLAB solver has been used for solving it. Numerical results are obtained for the skin-friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number as well as the velocity and temperature profiles for different values of the governing parameters, namely, consistency parameter, Falkner-Skin flow parameter, power law index parameter, convective parameter, wedge velocity parameter, suction/injection parameter and Eckert number.

Hydrolysis of tri-p-methoxyphenyl phosphate ester (tri-p-MPPE) was studied in micelle medium of cetyl tri methyl ammonium bromide n-C16H33N+ (CH3)3Br (CTABr) at pH-9.0. The hydrolysis followed first order kinetics with respect to tri-p-MPPE concentration. At the critical micelle concentration (CMC) the rate of hydrolysis increased with increasing with increasing CTABr concentration. Micelle with cationic or polar head group form micelle in water with hydrocarbon like interior or polar groups at the surface and bind cationic solute. The binding constant of micelle for tri-p-MPPE and the rate constant in micelle pseudo phase were determined from kinetics data using the pseudo phase model.

In this paper we study how QR code can be embedding and extract using watermarking algorithm by different spatial and transform domain. Basics of QR code and watermarking technique its application in different areas. We will discuss the various factors used in watermarking, properties and application area where water making technique need to be used. Also a survey on the some new work is done in QR code and image watermarking field

Modular redundancy is more effective than component redundancy, as a modular scheme of redundancy allocation in multilevel systems not only enhances the system reliability but also provides fault tolerance to the optimum design. Therefore, to increase the efficiency, reliability and maintainability of a system, the modular redundancy should be considered instead of traditional approach of component redundancy. Multi-level redundancy allocation problem in fuzzy environment has been formulated and solved using advanced genetic algorithm (GA) and penalty function technique. Numerical examples have been solved and the results have been discussed.

In today’s world, Internet has become the most indispensable part of human life & it’s impossible to deny the advantages of internet after its changing the whole globe. The benefits are introduced in facilitating communications, decreasing the distances around the globe, emerging an easier life and surely many other benefits that one cannot deny. With the new move, the human mind is more connected to its surroundings and what lays beyond. For instance, anyone can communicate with anybody anywhere whenever they want. The history of internet began in 1950s with the development of electronic computers. Initial concepts of packet networking were originated in United-States, Great Britain & France. Among them, the Department Of Defense of US awarded contracts for packet network systems in early 1960s, including the development of the ARPANET (which become the first network to use the Internet Protocol.) The first message was sent over the ARPANET from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the second network node at Stanford Research Institute (SRI). Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the Computer Science Network (CSNET). In the 1980s, the work of Tim Berners-Lee in the United Kingdom, on the World Wide Web, theorized the fact that protocols link hypertext documents into a working system,[4] marking the beginning the modern Internet. Since then, all the legal internetwork we use today is based on ARPANET (Advanced research Project Agency Network). But other then ARPANET, there lies another networking technological architecture which primarily uses the internet but not to a full extent. It’s the torrent network.

Achilleafragrantissima and Cleome droserifolia crude extracts were blended with suitable eco-friendly polymeric materials (Chitosan, starch, glycerol and glutaraldehyde). Theseformulas have been characterized and their insecticidal activity was evaluated against Culexpipiens and Muscadomesticalarvae.The series of concentrations from Chitosan and starch were mixed with glycerol and glutaralehyde for producing M1 and M2 respectively. The potency of each extract was decreased while decreasing the chitosan material. The formula which containing glutaralehyde showed more potency than the formula contained glycerol. The temporal effect of mixtures number 4 and 5 revealed that the effect of mixtures continues for more than 15 days against Culexpipiens while their effect is almost stopped after 6 days in case of Muscadomestica. Also, the formula which contained the glutaraldehyde was more persistent during application than the other formula.

Every educational organization from medium size to large size hosts Local Area Network (LAN) equipped with machines of different brands with disparate softwares installed on each of them and connected to different hardware devices. It becomes extremely challenging for the lab technician to keep track of hardware and software configuration details of LAN and their working condition. On many occasions the softwares which are rarely used are installed only on few machines of LAN. Thus, for an end user it becomes difficult to search softwares by virtually attending every machine connected to LAN. In the current paper, the authors have designed and developed a model for obtaining information of all computers connected to a workgroup or a domain controller. The hardware and software information on each machine is queried and stored in a centralized relational database management system. The stored information can be queried using Hardware Query Language (HQL) and Software Query Language (SOQL) designed by the authors. Further, to render the queries more user friendly and close to human language fuzzy text parser is designed and implemented which takes care of synonyms and superfluous words with implied meaning into account. The parse tree is developed and parser is tested for few HQL statements.

The pairing of guanine(G) and cytosine(C) in a different manner from the Watson Crick(WC) type CG have been investigated by using DFT (B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p)) calculations. Certain sites of G and C in WC GC are very sensitive to proton that may result destabilization of hydrogen bonds . Several tautomers may be formed by destabilizing WC CG due to the effect of proton. Subsequently paring of tautomers through H-bonding in a different manner might lead to mispaired CG. The possibility of transforming WC CG directly to mispaired CG has been explored from the potential energy scan, but we have found large activation energies ranging from 40.946 kcal/mol to 71.347 kcal/mol in most cases except for CG-P7 and CG-P3. Hence, the tautomerization reaction might be the feasible pathway for generating mispaired CG.

Today, everything from gaming to entertainment, medical sciences to business applications are using the 3D technology to capture, store and view the available media. One such technology is holography -It allows a coherent image to be captured in three dimensions, using the Refraction properties of light. Hence we are proposing a system which will provide a 3D calling service wherein a real-time 2D video will be converted to a three dimensional form which will be diffracted through the edges of the prism. The prism will be constructed along with the system. Two users who wish to communicate using this 3D calling service need to be equipped with latest smart phones having front cameras and speaker phones. Holography provides the users with a comfortable and natural like viewing experience, so this technology can be very promising and cost-effective for future commercial displays.

Due to the presence of -unsaturated ketone chalcone derivatives from nature or synthetic provenance display manifold pharmacological activities. The present work deals with the unfolding of the biological potency, if any, of some of the newly synthesized benzalacetophenones. Out of the 20 homologues synthesized the 6 were found active against the bacterial strain and 3 were active against fungal strains. The structures of the compounds were supported by UV, IR, NMR, Mass spectroscopy and elemental analysis.

Since the evolution of the internet, many small and large companies have moved their business to the internet to provide services to customers worldwide. To understand how cyber credit card fraud are being committed, in this we study the different types of cyber fraudsters that commit cyber credit card fraud and the techniques used by these cyber fraudsters to commit fraud on the internet is discussed. Fraud detection is a technique of identifying prohibited acts that are occurring around the world. Therefore, the need to ensure secure transactions for credit-card owners. This system implements the supervised anomaly detection algorithm of Data mining to detect fraud in a real time transaction on the internet, and thereby classifying the transaction as legitimate, suspicious fraud and illegitimate transaction. The anomaly detection algorithm is designed on the Neural Networks which implements the working principal of the human brain. The techniques of Data mining are also popular in detecting cyber credit-card fraud. An effective use of data mining techniques and its algorithms can be implemented to detect or predict fraud through Knowledge Discovery from unusual patterns from gathered data set. In this paper, we discussed about the various credit-card fraudsters techniques and also the detection methods for cyber credit card transactions. The goal of this paper is to provide a system’s model for cyber credit card fraud detection and a comprehensive review of Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and Neural Networks (NN) techniques to detect credit card fraudulent in an effective way.

This work presents a new strategy for behaviour-based navigation of robots using a fuzzy logic approach. A key feature of the proposed approach is real-time assessment of terrain characteristics and incorporation of this information in the robot navigation strategy. Here fuzzy logic used is Sugeno modelling. The advantage of Sugeno is that it provides sharp response near boundaries with less time. The regional behaviour is complemented by two other behaviour’s, local avoid-obstacle and global seek-goal. The detection of a wall by the sensors activates the controller which simply attempts to align the robot with the wall at a specified reference distance. The proposed model performance is compared with Mamdani approach. All simulations are done with the help of MATLAB tool.

Determination of optimum plot size and shape has been regarded as an important and useful area to measure soil heterogeneity in field experiments. The smith’s heterogeneity index method assumes the condition of independence of observations but often this condition of independence of observations does not satisfied. In this paper, we propose a method of determination of heterogeneity index using semivariances instead of variances used in smith’s method. The main advantage of semivariogram technique is it considers magnitude and direction of heterogeneity in field experiments. The heterogeneity index calculated using semivariogram technique and Smith’s technique is 0.17 sand 0.24 respectively and corresponding optimum plot size (〖 x〗_opt) is 4.5 m2 and 7.1m2.

In this study, simultaneous and real-time control of distributed servo drive systems is provided. Behaviors of each drivers was investigated under various loads and without a load in the study. In the implementation phase, PLC is used as a controller and SCADA is used for monitoring and controlling. Device-Net, an industrial communication protocol, is used between PLC and SCADA. Beside the property of SCADA and servo drive systems working in a coordinated manner, both local and central control is provided. Optimum P (proportional gain), I (Integral gain) and D (differential gain) of AC servomotors which are used for position and speed control were obtained by the automatic tuning feature. By entering the obtained values into PID function located in PLC, minimum exceeding, maximum elevation, minimum settling time for simultaneous location and speed control for ac servomotors were provided to be obtained.

Orthogonal Frequency division Multiplexing is a prominent technology in modern wireless communication and is the key technology employed in 4G wireless communication. OFDM is a popular method for high data rate (Gordon et al., 2004). The orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing has a very large bandwidth of about 20 Mega Hz where as a GSM system has a bandwidth of 200KHz because of the large bandwidth the data rate in OFDM is very high about 500Mb/sec or 1Gb/sec. OFDM has gain importance in modern wireless communication because of its ability to overcome Inter symbol Interference (ISI). OFDM is employed in 4G cellular standards such as LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a 4G cellular standard, Wi-Max (World-wide interoperability for microwave access) (Mohamed et al., 2012). Several Wi-Fi standards such as 802.11a, 802.11g, 802.11n and 802.11ac which enable high data rate are also based on OFDM (Mohamed et al., 2012). In broadband communication the problem of inter symbol interference occurs because the symbol time is very less than the delay spread of the channel. Interference means degradation or loss of information. This paper gives a overview of how inter symbol interference can be avoided in broadband wireless communication using OFDM technology.

The hydroxyapatite (HAp) NPs was synthesized by co-precipitation method and Al2O3 shell was coated by sonochemical process. Gelatine(GEL) and folic acid(FA) are attached onto the nanoparticles utilizing different techniques. HAp@Al2O3-gelatin-folic acid (HAp@Al2O3-GEL-FA) core-shell nanostructures were characterized by FTIR, XRD, and HR-TEM techniques. The incorporation of gelatin-folic acid onto HAp@Al2O3 NPs exhibited good water dispersibility, enhanced drug delivery efficiency, and remarkable targeting ability to cancer cells. 5-fluorouracil (5-Flu) was used as a model drug. The in-vitro drug release of HAp@Al2O3-gelatin-folic acid NPs was studied at different pH conditions (7.4 and 6.3). Cytotoxicity of free HAp@Al2O3-GEL-FA NPs, free 5-Flu, and 5-Flu loaded former NPs was investigated against ovarian cancer cell line (SKOV3). The results shown that the 5-Flu loaded HAp@Al2O3-gelatin-folic acid NPs show greater cytotoxicity due to the folate receptor- over expressing in cancer cells. The present findings show that 5-Flu loaded gelatin-folic acid incorporated HAp@Al2O3 core-shell nanoparticles are promising for receptor-mediated targeted drug delivery system.

This research study aims at establishing effects of microfinance on women borrowers, this is because it has been noted that, Women play a crucial role in the economic development of their families and communities but certain obstacles such as poverty, unemployment, low income and social discrimination mostly in third world countries have hindered their effective performance of that role. This research is guided by the objectives as; to evaluate the benefits of microfinance to women borrowers, to examine the impact of credits, savings and social capital on women entrepreneurs and to determine the challenges faced by microfinance institutions on their lending rates to women borrowers. This research study is of great significance to the women entrepreneurs, the management of microfinance, the government and the community at large. The following challenges are faced; lack of enough funds, limited time, poor response to questions and weather changes. Case study design will be adopted basing the study on selected women borrowers within Kericho municipality with a target population of 60 respondents of which 30 of them will be sampled. The data will be analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Validity will be achieved through pilot study, reliability will be ensured by discussing the relevance of the research with the supervisor.

The paper examined the sectoral inflow of FDI and economic growth in Nigeria. The objective of the study is to determine the impact of FDI on economic growth in terms of selected sectors of the Nigerian economy because most other studies examined the aggregate impact of FDI on economic growth in Nigeria. A growth model was estimated via a multiple regression technique to establish the relationship between inflow of FDI to manufacturing sector, telecommunication sector, oil sector and economic growth (GDP). The variables were tested for stationarity and Johansen co-integration method was used for the analysis. The study found that continuous inflow of foreign direct investment in manufacturing, telecommunication and oil sectors have a robust impact on Nigeria’s economic growth. Thus, the alternative hypothesis that there is a long run relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) and sectoral inflow of FDI was accepted. Meaning that continuous inflow of foreign direct in manufacturing, telecommunication and oil sectors has the tendency to induced Nigeria economic growth. Based on the aforementioned findings from the study, the paper recommend that since foreign direct investments in manufacturing, telecommunication, and oil sectors have the potentials to induce economic growth in Nigeria, there is therefore the need to properly channel and integrate them into the mainstream of the economy.

Water is the basic resource necessary for sustaining all human activities. So its provision in desired quantity and quality is of utmost importance. One of the most serious environmental health problems faced globally especially by those living in developing regions is related to lack of clean water resources and sanitation facilities which is mainly caused through anthropogenic activities (Gunther et al, 2006).Waterborne borne diseases are a major concern globally and in particular in developing countries and its adverse impacts have taken a toll on human health. In the backdrop of this, study was proposed to make an assessment on the water quality of the study area and to find its impact on human health. Water samples taken from the different drinking water sources revealed low to heavily contaminated and not recommended for drinking purposes as per WHO standards. In the study water related diseases like acute diarrheal cases were found 24.36 percent, Hepatitis A 10.90 percent, Enteric fever 8.36 percent and other diseases (dermatitis, conjunctivitis and irritated bowl etc) were56.36 percent(computed field survey with medical records). So study was designed to assess the prevalence and establish the relationship between water sources and the incidence of water borne diseases.

Every organized or established institution will want to provide quality services irrespective of who owns the organization, especially in the case of a university where the primary aim is to provide quality graduates of sound character, to transform the organization as well as be productive and creative in making a living for themselves. In light of this broad agenda many institutions have been established all over the world and Nigeria in particular has been committed to quality improvement. Universities are multifaceted units that impart knowledge and produce quality graduates, but the process of transforming students into quality graduates is a huge task, and universities have not been exempt from the many challenges. This paper is designed to look into problems hindering the provision of quality services from an academic officer’s perspective. The paper uses a standard literature review technique to discuss quality. A qualitative approach was adopted with the use of interviews as the main research instrument. Thematic analysis was used for the discussion of the findings. The findings reveal that 4 major challenges hinder quality provision in the country.

A MIMO (multi input-multi output process) system is one in which one input not only affects its own outputs but also one or more other outputs in the plant. Thus such processes are difficult to control due to the presence of the interactions. The interactions between input/output variables are a common phenomenon and the main obstacle encountered in the design of multi-loop controllers for interacting multivariable processes. Increase in complexity and interactions between inputs and outputs yield degraded process behavior. Such processes are found in process industries as they arise from the design of plants that are subject to rigid product quality specifications, are more energy efficient, have more material integration, and have better environmental performance. Applying the tuning methods for a SISO (Single input- Single output) system to multi-loop systems often leads to poor performance and stability. Much research has been focused on how to efficiently take loop interactions into account in the multi-loop controller design. Thus, unless proper precautions are taken in terms of control system design, loop interactions can cause performance degradation and instability. This leads to the development of different controller tuning methods. Many methods have been proposed, including the Detuning method, Sequential Loop closing (SLC) method, Relay auto-tuning method, and independent loop method. This paper presents different controller tuning methods for MIMO-multi input-multi output process.

The world is either globalized or globalizing and the nation state on the wane, this situation has put certain theories on retreat and others defunct. The current phase of capitalist accumulation is both qualitatively and quantitatively different from what was previously obtainable. There is now more than ever, swifter international mobility of capital with its global nature of the social, political and environmental pathologies. It is also indisputable that ‘national’ boundaries are mere paper works. These realities however, do not suggest the ‘death’ of the nation state. This paper argues that the form of the state has changed, but its distinctive national character in Nigeria has remained. The paper contends that the processes that shake hands to create a tendential globalization only demonstrates the continuing centrality of the state existence in Nigeria.

Detailed geological and geochemical investigations, which have done in the studied Abu Khalag area showed that the area constitutes a part of Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS). Lithogeochemical data derived from rock samples collected from the study area, were plotted on AFM diagram, and have shown calc-alkaline affinity, that confirms the subduction-related geological environment for these rock assemblages. Rock assemblages in Abu Khalag area, for the first time, were mapped in detail on scale of 1:350000. Rocks of the area are composed of gneisses, schists, quartzites, calc-silicates rocks, marbles, and amphibolites, all of the above-mentioned units were affected later with retrogressive regional metamorphism to greenschist facies.

Since the protection of the state's right to stay means the existence of the state and the government that organizes people and land, are among the significant topics in the international law. From the perspective of the international law and Islamic Shari'a, the research included the state's right, its peoples and the sustainability of it political and legal systems as well as the land where people live. In addition, the paper examined the states' right to use armed force to protect its people and political and legal systems that mange this state, as well as the protection of the land from being attacked by other states.

Purpose – The purpose of this descriptive survey was to compare how residential properties are assessed in Botswana and Sweden for property tax at local government level. Research design/methodology/approach – Both qualitative and quantitative research methods (interviews and questionnaire) were used to obtain data in order to meet the objective of the study. A survey involving a self-administered questionnaire to property valuers/principal Estate officer in the Department of Local Government Finance and Procurement was used. Data was analysed using SPSS/MS Excel for quantitative analysis and content analysis for qualitative analysis Significance - The study is relevant in the sense that it revealed significant differences which can be used in future to improve the delivery of residential property tax assessment reports in Botswana and Sweden. Findings – The study revealed that rating valuation in Botswana is conducted based on the Townships Act Cap 40.02 of 1955 Part VII (Rating Valuation) Regulations 52 up to 99. In Sweden, it is regulated by Property Tax Law and the Property Tax Ordinance. The property tax assessment is regulated by law in both countries. It was also noted that in Botswana property tax assessment is conducted by the Central Government and property rates collection done by the local authorities. In Sweden, assessment is done by the Central Government and collection of tax by the Swedish Tax Agency. In Botswana the general revaluation cycle is every after five years and every after three years for Sweden. Botswana uses individual property assessment techniques and Sweden applies mass appraisal techniques. Sweden uses a computerised cadastral register system where as in Botswana the cadastral register system is not computerised. Botswana’s land records in the Deeds Office are not computerised where as they are computerised in Sweden. The basis of valuation in Botswana is market value based on capital value of land and improvements in accordance to regulation 69 of the Townships Act. Sweden also applies the market value principle based on land and improvements. They all develop tone of the list reports for benchmark properties. In Botswana the responsibility lies on the valuer where as in Sweden it lies on the owner to self-declare Originality/value – This study is the first of its kind in Botswana and has revealed significant information on how rating valuation is undertaken in other countries. The two governments can benefit from these findings in view of improving the administration of property tax assessment.

Usually in any project, the end Business requirement is to implement software in production flawless and for that to happen, each modules in the project should have minimum below properties for it to get integrated and automated with other modules. i. Least or no manual intervention while execution of module in production ii. Module uniqueness should be there and to avoid redundancy the same module should called by other modules. This proposition is for easy maintenance. Module redundancy is hard to propagate as the same is costly affair during maintenance. This is mainly design approach. Every time the above issues found during software testing, the same were communicated to stakeholder usually in qualitative form. The issue and impact explanation in qualitative form is tougher because one has to explain the module importance based on which issue priority will be determined. Stakeholders are also liable to understand the domain of module to understand it’s importance and it’s impact factor during failure. The whole process becomes lengthy in acknowledging to issue. It is believed if whole communication would have taken place in quantitative form, then time taken to respond to issue would have been shortened. Taking an scenario which had happened with author in real time, Author will try to share fact how quantitative factors will help to resolve faster in compare to qualitative factors. Once, Author was surprised to found his salary credited was almost halved. Author was stressed of the fact and tried explaining his supervisor and payroll people the importance it carries as he was sole earning member and also not carrying that much amount in bank to address requirements. He went on explaining the impact of not getting full salary by addressing to fact that his corporate card payment will be on hold, his own personnel card payment and other utilities payment will be on hold and impact went on. Getting hold of the nature and gravity of issue, payroll department decided to look into his issue with highest priority. After everything got resolved, Author tried analyzing the situation and felt bad for bringing his personnel stuffs to office. He felt, it could have been explained in numbers by saying, out of scale of 100 the importance the issue carries was 98 and impact factor was 10000. Which says high importance and non zero impact. The quantitative or number system would have been easier from Author perspective to explain and would have been better for other stakeholders to respond. Time taken to respond to issue would have been minimized.

The employment in informal sectors has been witnessed of the growing prominence of the labour market in present scenario in India, total contribution of the informal sector to the GDP of the country is more than half. The sector offers the employment opportunity to around 90 % of the total work force. The objective of the present study is to assess prevalence’s of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) through the assessment of physical health and postural discomfort in several parts of the body workers working in to five different sectors, Chikankari, construction, Sanitary, Brick kilns, Bone craving in Lucknow city Uttar Pradesh. The result of the study reveals that the workers of all five sectors were reported pains at lower back, shoulder, upper arms on the other hand the pains at buttock and thighs were least reported by the workers. The intensity of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) in tension headache were Maximum (80%, 77%, 47%) among the workers of construction, sanitary, Brick kiln, sectors where as (93%) of ornamental workers and (73%) of Chikankari workers were reported highest problem of irritation in eyes.

Retention of literacy skills of 3Rs is a world phenomenon. The present study was conducted to evaluate the performance of neo-literates in particular reference to the tribal areas. The main focus of the study was to analyse the current programmes lunched for development of different skills of the neo-literates in the tribal areas, in the same time the humble attempts also made to highlight current challenges in this field which are especially responsible for the unsuccessful of these programmes in the tribal areas. For above study three objectives are framed along with same number of research questions, also many secondary sources are examined to provide justification of this topic. The main findings of the study were; theoretically adults wanted to engage themselves in a purposeful activity, their main concern was learning income generating skills, also there was a significant low level of performance of neo-literates in the reading and writing skills after many adult education programmes lunched by the govt. and non-govt. organisations. There are many praise worthy programmes but the implementation strategies are not suitable in particular reference to the tribal areas etc. Here also we made some valuable suggestions after critical study of different programmes like: We may include income generating skills as a component to attract adult illiterates in literacy centres. We may also launch post literacy programs to strengthen the basic literacy skills of neo-literates and to make them effective members of the society.

We are going through a time period in which the leadership, work and organization has attracted our attention. Although these hot subjects have been mostly discussed in the developed countries, there is a rising awareness toward them in the developing countries, too. In particular, Turkey is one of the important countries in creating its own different model of leadership in respect to the work and organization due to its long-term historical background. That is why this article aims at examining the classical understanding of leadership with its impacts on the work and organization in Turkey. A critical review of debates on the concept of leadership was provided at the beginning of the article to draw a framework for the study. Then since leadership has always been associated with power, relationships of power and leadership were put on the table to have an idea about how the different components of leadership were employed in the work and organization. Therefore, a case study from the capital of Turkey, Ankara, was given to see the practices of leadership in workplaces.

Land use and land cover is an important component in understanding the interactions ofthe human activities with the environment and thus it is necessary to be able to simulate changes. Empirical observation revealed a change in land use land cover classification in Anantnag district, of Jammu and Kashmir State. In this paper an attempt is made to study the changes in land use and land cover in Anantnag district, over 18 years period (1992-2010). The study has been done through remote sensing approach using SOI toposheets of Anantnag1971. The land use land cover classification was performed based on the Survey of India Anantnag map and Satellite imageries. GIS software is used to prepare the thematic maps. Ground truth observations were also performed to check the accuracy of the classification. The study reveals that the highest change has occurred in the dense forest which is 652.98 Sq. kms in 1992 that is decreased to 579.09 Sq. kms that is 25.08 to 22.23 percent respectively. Agricultural land, Built up area, scrub land and Wasteland also have experienced change. Built-up lands settlement have increased from 1992-2010. Proper land use planning is essential for a sustainable development of Anantnag district.

It is crucial to determine whether the world's leading credit rating agencies’ (Moody's, S & P's and Fitch's) credit notes affect the stock prices or not, for market participants. At this point, the main purpose of this research is to detect the effect of mentioned agencies' Credit Rating Announcements, occoured last five years (2009-2014),on share prices of companies listed on the BIST Bank Index by employing event study methodology. In that context, the effects of upgrade and downgrade notes are taken into account separately. In the basic logic of the event study, while "Event Window" is determined by announcement date basis '-15, +15', the "Estimation Period" is shaped on -15, -135' days before announcement. According to analysis, statistically significant effects are figured, which means that an anomaly is present under the impact of credit rating announcements. Therefore, it can be expressed that the market participants have the opportunity of generating abnormal return by benefiting from the public announcements.

Aims and objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between organizational climate and organizational commitment in the teaching hospitals in Iran. Background: Existence of manpower committed to an organization in addition to reducing staff’s absenteeism, delays and relocations causes a significant improvement in the performance of the organization and employees’ spirit, and results in better manifestation of organizational goals and achievement of personal objectives. Design: cross-sectional study. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we included 317 managers and employees who worked at teaching hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. All the participants were asked a series of questions about demographic data, organizational climate, and organizational commitment. The data was analyzed using SPSS software version 17.00 for Windows. Results: The average scores of organizational commitment and organizational climate were 79.2 and 108.8, respectively. Organizational climate had a significant positive effect on the managers’ and employees’ organizational commitment (p<0.001, R=0.463٭٭). Among demographic variables, sex, age, years of experience, job level, and job categories were significantly related to organizational commitment. Conclusion: Improvement of the organizational climate boosts the organizational commitment of the staff and managers, and can constantly maintain organizations’ capabilities and competing advantages.

The study proposed to assess ways for inclusion of watermelon waste in feed for tilapia. Thus, three tests were conducted: 1st – measuring the chemical composition of experimental feeds; 2nd – evaluating the digestibility of feed for fish and 3rd – determining the level of inclusion of waste in feed for tilapia. The following treatments were analyzed: T1 – reference diet; T2 – kiln-dry waste and introduced in 30% in the bran feed; T3 – kiln-dry waste and introduced in 30% in the pellet diet; T4 – sun-dried waste and introduced in 30% in the bran feed; T5 – sun-dried waste and introduced in 30% in the pellet feed. The variables analyzed were: chemical composition, coefficient of digestibility, metabolic energy, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion. The T4 and T5 treatments showed no significant difference, with higher metabolic energy and digestibility coefficient, and are therefore chosen to perform the performance test. It was observed that the weight gain decreased quadratically (p<0.01) while increasing the level of inclusion of the waste in the diet. The feed intake and feed conversion were affected by the physical form of diet.

Introduction: The available therapeutic option in acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) has potential side effects. Curcumin has shown hepatoprotective effect in animal models. Objective: To compare hepatoprotective efficacy of curcumin with NAC and their simultaneous administration in acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity. Materials and Methods: Hepatotoxicity was induced in Wistar rats by acetaminophen (2000 mg/kg). NAC (300 mg/kg) was used as standard control in study. Curcumin was administered in doses of 300, 600 and 900 mg/kg. After evaluation of best maximal effective dose of curcumin, drugs were co-administered in half doses and full doses of each in different groups. Hepatic transaminases, liver tissue MDA and GSH content, histological examination were variables assessed. Results: Lowering of enzyme levels in curcumin and co-administration of curcumin and NAC group were similar to NAC treated group. Co-administration of curcumin and NAC group had comparable levels of MDA to curcumin treated alone groups. Co-administration of NAC and curcumin had significantly higher GSH compared to NAC used alone. Histopathological examination scores in these groups were comparable. Conclusion: Co-administration of NAC and curcumin in half doses of each drug, in acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats, has a comparable hepatoprotective effect to NAC or curcumin used alone.

Herpes zoster, an agonizing blister forming disease caused by Varicella zoster virus 1,2,3and analgesics even opioids fails cease agony of pain , local; anesthetics only provide transient pain relief 4,5,6 and accidental observation of complete relief of neurological pain with a composite Epineuron (Epalrestat and methylcobalamine ), intended to evaluate the composite in management of Herpetic neuralgia. 124 patients of Herpes zoster involving various body part, without any associated other disease were evaluated comparatively for pain relief and safety margin. A composite Epineuron SR (Epalrestat 150mg and Methyl cobalamine 1500µg) daily with Famciclovir oral and Acyclovir as topical application in trial group, while placebo and Antiviral drug in control group. All patients taking trial drug had marked relief in agony of pain in mean duration of 24±4 hrs, blister healing in 9±2 days, complete pain relief in 14±4 days and all had excellent clinical recovery without any effect or alteration in hematological, hepatic and renal parameters with 100% compliance.

Background: The pathogenic factors in stroke like atherosclerosis and thrombosis are the same as for myocardial infraction in the latter disease, significant increase in plasma fibrinogen level has been detected, which has a correlation with severity of myocardial damage. It was therefore of interest to measure the plasma fibrinogen levels in patients with acute stroke and also to investigate whether these levels increase if the patient has additional risk factors like hypertension, diabetes, and smoking. The objective of the study is to measure plasma fibrinogen levels in patients with acute stroke and comparing with age, sex and risk factor matched controls. Materials and Methods: 200 consecutive patients of acute ischemic stroke admitted within 24 hours of development of symptoms who were admitted to SVS Medical College were included in the study. CT Brain (plain) done to confirm ischemic stroke & Fasting plasma fibrinogen in mg/dl was estimated using Clauss method and compared to age, sex and risk factor matched controls. Results: In this study Mean plasma fibrinogen level amongst cases was 523.1 mg/ dL. Mean fibrinogen controls was 292.22mg/ dL. Statistically‘t’ and ‘p’ values were 8.55 and < 0.001. Interpretation & Conclusion: This study shows that the plasma fibrinogen levels are significantly elevated in patients with ischemic strokes when compared to age, sex and risk factor matched controls. Plasma fibrinogen levels rise as age advances. Diabetes, hypertension and smoking do not influence plasma fibrinogen levels.

Introduction: Oral squamous cell carcinoma has a potential fatal outcome that accounts for 90% of oral cancers diagnosed worldwide. A variety of new emerging diagnostic aids and adjunctive techniques are currently being used in the screening of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). In vivo Staining methods namely, toluidine blue(TB), and methylene blue (MB), are advocated as simple, inexpensive and fairly sensitive, chair side investigative method for OPMDs detections. Aims: To determine and compare the diagnostic efficacy and reliability of TB and MB in early detection of OPMDs and Malignant disorders (MDs), with expression of Ki-67 antigen proliferative marker. Materials and Methods: The study group diagnosed as OPMDs and MDs included 20 patients and were equally divided into two groups of 10 randomly selected subjects who were stained with either TB or MB. The biopsy site was chosen where stain retention was positive. Histopathological evaluation for grades of dysplasia and carcinoma were determined and further subjected for Ki-67 proliferative marker evaluation and were graded accordingly as mild, moderate and severe proliferation index. The data collected was subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The overall diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing OPMDs and MDs with expression of Ki-67 proliferative marker showed statistically significant (p=0.003) results with TB stain, while MB stain showed insignificant results (p=0.414). Conclusion: The diagnostic efficiency of TB with expression of Ki-67 proliferative marker was found to be better than MB and thus, can be recommended as an adjunct diagnostic tool for diagnosis of OPMDs and MDs.

The united cause of smoking and alcohol drinking verses the site distribution of the upper aero digestive tract was evaluated using a case-control design on data from conducted between 2011to 2013 in Mahatma Gandhi cancer Hospital, Visakhapatnam, Andhrapradesh, India. Data collected from 103 incident head and neck cancer cases were analyzed using odds Ratio and p values. The odds ratios (ORs) for larynx in males 12 (18.46%) and females 4 (11.43%) OR=1.753, 95% confidence interval (CI)= (0.52to 5.82). But male and female ratio is different in oral cavity, and highest among the total site of diseases with (58.25%)OR=0.876, 95% (CI)= (0.45 to 1.68). Pharynx has males with 17 (26.15%), and females are 7 (20%) OR=1.4198. 95% (CI)= (0.53 to 3.73). The P value shows insignificant. In conclusion, the higher incidence of oral cancer in the head and neck region was observed in this study. Occurrence of head and neck cancer mostly observed in male patients. Alcohol and tobacco alone does not show any significant influence on the site of disease along with gender statistics. But combined effect of drinking and smoking association is statistically significant as the p value is within the range.

Background: Approximately 80 fungus species have been reported to be connected with respiratory allergy. Moreover, it is proven that four of them are the most common: Alternaria, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. Despite of this, sensitization rates to these mould aeroallergens in children with asthma and allergic rhinitis are underreported. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the sensitization rates to mould allergens and to establish the correlation between them and sensitization to the other most common aeroallergens. Materials and methods: The study population consisted of 205 patients (126 boys and 79 girls) aged between 4 and 16 years with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Skin prick tests (SPT) were performed with 4 mould allergens: Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium mix, Aspergillus mix, and Penicillium mix. Also, all patients were investigated by SPT to other 17 aeroallergens: pollens, mites, and allergens with animal origin. Results: The study shows that 47 (29.93%) were sensitized to at least one mould allergen. Sensitization rates were as follow: to Alternaria alternata in 36 children (17.56%), to Aspergillus mix in 13 (6.34%), to Cladosporium mix in 12 (5.85%), and to Penicillium mix in 8 (3.9%). Often (n=33, 70.21%) sensitization to moulds were combined with sensitization to aeroallergens from the other investigated groups. Conclusion: This study found a high tendency of sensitization to moulds in children population with asthma and allergic rhinitis. Alternaria alternata was the most common established allergen from this group. In more than two thirds of cases sensitization to moulds was combined with sensitization to other common aeroallergens.

Aim: To prove the link of Aryans and Caucasians through dentistry and to prove the hypothesis of lord Ram actual existence. Introduction: There are documented facts that there was advent of Aryans in India. There are anthropological proofs of the same. Till date a lot have been done for the same and that there are instances of the very fact that Aryans were logically Caucasians. This article deals with one of the condition in dentistry called as Radix and describes the link of its prevalence with documented fact of Aryans did invade India. Discussion: In the 18th century, the most ancient known Indo European languages were those of the ancient Indo Iranians. The word Aryan was therefore adopted to refer not only to the Indo-Iranian peoples, but also to native Indo-European speakers as a whole, including the Romans, Greeks, and the Germans. It was soon recognised that Balts, Celts, and Slavs also belonged to the same group. It was argued that all of these languages originated from a common root—now known as ProtoIndo-European—spoken by an ancient people who were thought of as ancestors of the European, Iranian, and Indo-Aryan peoples. The ethnic group composed of the Proto-Indo-Europeans and their modern descendants was termed the "Aryans".1

The background ionizing radiation in some selected hospitals and diagnosticcentres in Owerri, Imo State, South-eastern Nigeria was measured using a portable Geiger Muller counter model GCA-04. The measured background radiation in all the environments considered ranged from 0.092±0.02-0.225±0.01 µSv/hr. The measured values were observed to be lower than the world average of natural background radiation of 0.2741 µSv/hr. This shows that the areas have low natural background radiation.

Blood pressure has been shown to vary in several health conditions. In adult life, weight gain seems to be an important risk factor for the development of hypertension. The relationship between measures of body mass and blood pressure has been extensively documented, usually with body mass index as the measure of relative weight. Since BMI is the simplest, affordable and noninvasive method of measuring obesity prevalence in a large population, this was adopted to ascertain how it correlates with blood pressure indices. To evaluate relationship between BMI and Blood Pressure indices among 1ST Year M.B.B.S. students of MNR medical college. A total of 235 students, 120 males and 115 females participated in the study conducted between June and July 2015 at MNR Medical College. Their ages ranged between 17 to 20 years were selected as subjects because of easy availability. All students were divided into underweight, normal, over weight according to Western Pacific Regional Organization 2000 (WPRO) BMI classification. Complications of cardiovascular system were determined from the measurement of Blood pressure (BP) indices. Comparison of blood pressure among different groups was made by ANOVA. The First year MBBS students were in the age group of 18 -23 years and male: female was in a ratio of 1:1. The mean height of the male students was 172.6 cms (SD= 5.0) and females155. 24 cms (SD= 7. 1). The mean weight of the Male students was 62.5 kg (SD=7.3); and females 56.9 kg (SD=7.6). Overall, 81% of students were within the normal weight range. Around 10% males and 20% female students were overweight. Obesity was found only in1% of students. The 3% students were underweight and included all the male students. Being overweight is a rising problem of male and female medical students. Both obesity and underweight issues are seen common in students. Carrying excess body fat, puts you at greater risk for health problems such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes and stroke.

Introduction and objectives: Serotonin; (5-HT) is a neurotransmitter that has major role in energy homeostasis, behavior and mood changes; thus affects the individual’s body weight and liability to obesity. 5-HT shows control over the appetite through different receptors with discrete functions. AA genotype of 5-HT2A gene promoter polymorphism was associated with increase receptor expression and binding. This study investigates the relation between the G1438A polymorphism of the 5-HT2A gene and the susceptibility to obesity. Material and Methods: 189 individuals divided according to their BMI into control group with BMI < 25 Kg/m2 and case group with BMI ≥ 25 Kg/m2. The G1438A polymorphism of the 5-HT2A gene was detected by restriction fragment length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) of peripheral blood DNA samples. Results: Genotype frequencies for AA and GA& GG were 25% and 75% respectively in the case group compared to 52.2% and 47.8% in the control group. Carriers of GA & GG genotype were at a significant high risk of developing obesity .Moreover; the mean energy intake per day was significantly increased among carriers of GA & GG genotype compared to AA genotype. Conclusion: G allele is a risk factor for obesity.

Polygyria is a developmental anomaly of the brain characterized by development of numerous small gyri. It is a neuronal migration cortical organization disorder which is often sporadic or genetic but is also seen secondary to vascular compromise. In the present study, 100 brain specimens fixed in 10% formalin were studied extensively in the department of Anatomy, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi and the pattern of sulci and gyri of the two cerebral hemispheres with their variations were identified and photographed. We observed an abnormal pattern of sulci and gyri in the form of polygyria on the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere in the occipital and frontal lobes in 2% cases. The length of the corpus callosum and frontal-occipital pole diameter of one hemisphere was more than that of the other in 1% cases. The association of polygyria with unequal size of cerebral hemispheres is a rare presentation. These presentations are associated with numerous neurological deficits like mental retardation, seizures, spastic hemiparesis or quadriparesis etc. which may be of relevance to physicians, neurologists, neurosurgeons and radiologists.

Microorganisms can grow almost anywhere! And these tiny organisms carry with them some unpleasant product changes or even disease. Cosmetic must be harmless for user so the aim of this study Determine the degree of bacterial contamination among different types of cosmetic products. Methods: a total of 70 samples of different cosmetics products were collected, 78.5% were found to be contaminated. The contaminants including bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylocoocus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Bacterial contamination was found to be more among high water content products because it act as agood media for their growth. Finally in all kinds of cosmetics (eye liner, lipstick ,mascara…etc) the bacterial growth had been increased with the time, it's more common among those opened for more than 3 months.

Lots of problems can be fenced if the biomedical waste management is properly executed. The activities that are usually performed as part of health care waste management involve segregation, storage, collection, transportation and disposal of biomedical waste. Since the implementation of the biomedical waste management rule in 1998, every concerned health personnel is expected to have proper knowledge and application of the same. In Oral Pathology & Microbiology department, a great number of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes are generated that can be detrimental to the environment and to personnel handling it if not properly managed. With this background, the study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and Practise of biomedical waste management among post graduate students and staff of Oral Pathology and Microbiology department, in various dental colleges across India. Methods: A cross- sectional questionnaire based survey containing 24 questions to assess the knowledge, attitude and practise on biomedical waste management was done. These questionnaires were distributed to teaching staff members and post graduate students belonging to Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology of various dental colleges in India. Results were expressed as number and percentage of respondents for each question and chi- square test was performed for statistical analysis. Results: The percentage of knowledge, attitude and practise scores were 72%, 65%, 42% among staffs and post graduate students and a significant association (p<0.001) was seen. Conclusion: The study proved that the knowledge and attitude regarding biomedical waste management among staff members and post graduate students were high but practise was comparatively low, implying the need for creating awareness and thus make its practise mandatory by including it in the dental curriculum compulsorily.

The Present study tries to explore the effect of Recreational Therapy on Mental Status of Schizophrenics. Anxiety is an emotion characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil, often accompanied by nervous behavior, such as pacing back and forth, somatic complaints and rumination. The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of Recreational Therapy on Mental Status of Schizophrenics. For this data was collected randomly from Chaitanya Rehabilitation center, Pune on 60 schizophrenic patients. “Brief Psychiatric Assessment Scale” was used to assess the mental status of Schizophrenics. Initially Mental status of the patients was assessed using the scale followed by 20 days of Recreation therapy and again posttest was taken using the same scale. The result of the present study revealed some significant findings indicating that Recreation therapy was significantly effective.

Foetal macrosomia is a rising challenge in present obstetrics. It is more common in the infant of the diabetic mother, but it occur in non- diabetic pregnancies. In modern obstetrics, fetal macrosomia is a major contributor to obstetric morbidity. Increasing birth weight is known to predispose to a more difficult delivery and increasing rates of caesarean delivery. Women with a history of one macrosomic infantare at significantly increased risk of another macrosomic infant in a subsequent pregnancy. We reported a rare case of primigravida, 39 weeks pog with breech in labour with big baby without any association of diabetes or hypothyroidism. By clinical examination baby was big and there was fetopelvic disproportion. She was planned for emergency caesarean section. She delivered a single live male, 6.1kg baby by emergency lower segment caesarean section.

Communicable diseases still remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality and is a major health concern. Present study was done to document incidence of various communicable diseases in a patient population attending tertiary care centre of north Maharashtra. Methodology- In this retrospective observational study with the help of data entry operator IDSP records from civil hospital Dhule were searched for the years January 2011 to December 2013. P and L forms data was collected and analysed. Results-Highest number of Dengue, typhoid and diphtheria cases were there in the year 2012. Number of cases of Chickengunya, plasmodium vivax and falciparum cases were highest in the year 2011. With the availability of Hepatits B detection kits there were 132 cases of Hepatitis B positive detected in the year 2012. Conclusions- This study was restricted to the reporting of different communicable diseases in the population attending civil hospital Dhule from year 2011 to 2013.

Implant placement in severly atrophic jaws is specially challenging because of the poor quality and quantity of the future implant bed. (Scortecci et al., 2001) Calvarial or iliac bone grafts, mental nerve displacement, and sinus lift procedures are often used to overcome the initially unfavourable anatomical and mechanical conditions. (Misch et al., 1999) Furthermore, patients are sometimes reluctant to undergo such procedures. Recent studies reported that basal Implants can be installed in which the vertical bone supply is reduced. The present case report highlights the placement of four basal implants (BCS-Basal cortical screw) in atrophic maxillary area with flapless technique. All the implants were immediately loaded and followed up for a period of 1 year.

Aims: To compare the pain threshold, efficacy and procedure time taken using Atraumatic restorative treatment (ART), Chemo-mechanical & Conventional restorative treatment (CRT). Design, Methods and Material: 7-12 year old pediatric patients with at least three cavitated dentinal lesions involving occlusal surface of primary or permanent teeth, without pain and pulpal involvement were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups- Atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) using a hand instrument like a sharp spoon excavator. Conventional restorative treatment (CRT) using an airotor, round diamond bur and straight diamond fissure bur with adequate coolant. Chemo-mechanical method where carious lesions were covered with CarisolvTM gel and gently removed after 30 seconds using a sharp spoon excavator. The procedure was repeated until the gel no longer became cloudy and all cavity surfaces were hard on probing. Caries detecting dye was applied for one minute and the efficacy was compared clinically by using the scale given by Erickson et.al. At the end of each excavation, children were shown the Wong-Baker scale, and asked to point the picture best describing their feelings regarding the treatment they just received. The Modified Behavioral Pain Scale (MBPS) was used for objective evaluation of the children’s reaction during excavation of carious lesion. Procedure time was recorded from the beginning until the restoration was completed. Caries free lesions were restored using restorative Glass ionomer Cement Statistical analysis used: Statistical data was analyzed by using ANOVA, Chi Square, Tukeys post hoc and Kruskallwallis Test. Results: The highest efficacy in caries removal was exhibited by CRT. The time taken for caries removal was the maximum with Chemo-mechanical method and Pain experienced by the patients was reported to be highest with CRT Conclusions: Conventional Rotary Method showed highest efficacy in caries removal & pain response. Chemo-mechanical method exhibited least pain but required more procedure time.

The main objective of this investigation was to find out the effect of yoga and brisk walking on selected physiological variables (blood pressure and pulse rate) among hypertensive men. Subjects included in this study were equally divided into three major groups comprised of 30 per group. The detailed description are Group I underwent yogic practices, Group II underwent brisk walking and Group III acted as control. The study was formulated by the random design, consisting of a pre test and post test. Pre test were conducted for all the 90 subjects on selected physiological variable including blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic) and pulse rate. The experimental groups participated in their respective yoga and brisk walking exercises for a period of twelve weeks. The post tests were conducted for all the subjects again after experimentation of yoga and brisk walking exercises. The data obtained were analyzed by Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) to assess the significant difference among the groups on post test for physiological variables. It is concluded that regular practices of yoga decreased blood pressure and pulse rate effectively among hypertension middle aged men than the control group. Brisk walking also reduced effectively blood pressure and pulse rate among hypertension middle aged men than the control group. It is found that yoga are slightly effective than brisk walking on systolic blood pressure whereas yogic practices and walking both are equally effective in diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate.

Background: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is still associated with frequent development of postoperative pulmonary complications, which are particularly concerning given its link to increased patient morbidity and mortality and resource utilization. Aim of the work: The aim of this study was to compare between the effects of two inpatient respiratory retraining techniques post coronary artery bypass graft. Subjects and Methodology: Forty-five patients of both sexes (22 women and 23 men) who underwent coronary artery bypass graft were enrolled in that study for five days while in inpatient period. Their age ranged from 45-55 years. They were assigned into three groups with equal numbers (control group, Buteyko breathing technique group and incentive spirometer group). Breath holding time (control pause) was measured for the three groups at the beginning of the study (1st day postoperative) and after the end of training (5th day postoperative). Results: There was significant improvement in Breath holding time (control pause). (P<0.05) for three groups. Significant difference was noted between three groups postoperatively, in favor of incentive spirometer group. Conclusion: Both Buteyko breathing technique and incentive spirometer induce significant improvement in Breath holding time (control pause)after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft surgery, in favor of incentive spirometer.

Objective: This article aims at making Chest physiotherapy (CPT) simple, so that it could be incorporated as a routine intensive care procedure in neonates with respiratory problem for managing respiratory ailments. Introduction: Respiratory problems occur in 4 to 6% of neonates. CPT in the neonatal intensive care unit is associated with taking care of the neonatal lungs. CPT such as percussion, tapping or vibrating on the chest has been used to clear the secretions from the baby’s lungs. Respiratory distress is one of the commonest disorders encountered within first 42-78 hours of life. Study design: Experimental study Sampling Method: Randomized sampling Methodology: Single session study was done on 50 neonates with respiratory problems like Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS), Severe Birth Asphyxia (SBA), Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS), congenital pneumonia. The contra indications to active CPT were ruled out before starting the intervention. The outcome measures were SPO2, RR, and Silverman score. Pre intervention outcome measures were taken after that intervention in form of active CPT was given and then suction was done. Immediately after the intervention again the outcome measures were recorded. The data was collected and analyzed. Results: Z test was done to compare the values of SPO2, RR, and Silverman score pre and post CPT in 50 neonates. It signifies that the p value of pre and post physiotherapy Spo2 is significant and it suggests that there is improvement in oxygen saturation after giving chest physiotherapy, and the p value of pre and post physiotherapy RR and Silverman score is significant which suggests that there is decrease in the respiratory distress after giving chest physiotherapy. Conclusion: This study suggests that introduction of CPT as an adjunct with ongoing medical treatment improves the oxygen saturation and reduces the signs of distress in neonates suffering from respiratory problems.

Intussusceptions’ is the telescoping of portion of intestine into other; it is usually idiopathic, without an obvious anatomic lead point. Intussusceptions are classified into three general categories: enteric (small bowel into small bowel), ileocolic (small bowel into colon) and colonic (colon to colon). Ileoileal intususception due to polyp is very common. This cases is presented for its rarity.

Aims: To determine the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity in healthy adolescents as well as to establish the relationship of nutritional status with dietary habits and physical activity. Material & methods: Across sectional, observational study was conducted in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital for 12 months, which included 407 adolescent students of different socio economic group. Anthropometric measurements were taken and information regarding dietary habits, physical activity, TV watching habits and computer work were noted in a questionnaire. Statistical analysis of the data was done by SPSS v 17. Pearson’s Chi- square test was used. Results: Total 407 students of age group 11 to 16 years including 185 boys and 222 girls participated in the study.19.42% students were underweight, 64.61% were healthy weight, 12.29% were overweight and 3.68% were obese. A significant correlation was found between the different age groups and nutritional status. Mean caloric intake in underweight students was 1545.51 and2209.13 in obese students, with statistically significant relation between nutritional status and average diet. Statistically significant correlation found between decreased physical activity & overweight/obesity, as well as between increased duration of TV watching & computer work and overweight/obesity. Conclusion: A baseline level of nutritional status of healthy adolescents is developed in the present study. Nutritional status of adolescent school going children is related with their dietary habits & physical activity.

The current concept of idiopathic scoliosis (IS) consists of a multifactorial disease involving genetic and non-genetic factors in the occurrence and progression of curvature. The candidate gene association study begins with selection of a putative candidate gene based on hypotheses, including biological systems involved in the development of deformity and assumptions based on results of clinical observations. The aim of a genome wide association study (GWAS) is to detect significant associations in a population between common diseases and common genetic variants. The results from previous association studies based on hypotheses and from whole genome scan suggest involvement of polymorphic variants of different candidate genes with different impact on the etiopathogenesis of IS in different population groups. The identification of molecular markers with diagnostic and prognostic value could be useful in clinical practice for early diagnosis of scoliosis among relatives and for more accurate prognosis of the risk of rapid progression of the deformity among affected individuals. That will permit prophylaxis and early treatment with less invasive procedures.

Introduction: Intracanal medicament has been widely advocated to help eliminate pulpal or periapical tissue microorganism either as local dressing after excavation of carious lesions or as a root canal medicament. Herbal medicine, also called “botanical medicine” or “phytomedicine”, refers to the use of plant seeds, berries, roots, leaves, bark, or flowers for medicinal purposes. Ocimum sanctum (Holy basil, Tulsi) is a plant native to India and has been known to have antimicrobial and anti inflammatory properties. The present pilot clinical study used Ocimum sanctum’s essential oil extract to test its anti inflammatory properties in deep carious teeth with irreversible pulpitis slated for extraction. Materials and methods: Six patients with irreversibly inflamed pulp in carious third molar slated for extraction were randomly divided into two groups. Gross carious excavation was done in all the selected teeth. IRM restoration was placed in teeth of control Group A while cotton pellet dipped in Ocimum sanctum’s essential oil extract was placed in group B before restoration. Both groups were called after 48 hrs for extraction and teeth were longitudinally grooved with a fissure bur and split in half. The dental pulps were extracted carefully from all the teeth using a spoon excavator which was fixed in 10% formalin solution. It was then subjected to dehydration with graded alcohol 70%, 80%, and 90% successively. The tissue embedding was done in blocks of paraffin wax after clearing with Xylene. The specimens were examined under compound microscope after staining with haemotoxylin and eosin stain. Results: Group A (Control): Cellular collagenous pulp tissue showing interstitial edema with moderate diffuse infiltrate of neutrophilic polymorphonuclear cells with evidence of acute inflammation. Group B (Ocimum Sanctum (Tulsi) essential oil extract): Cellular collagenous pulp tissue with no evidence of acute inflammation was seen. Conclusion: After 48 hours deep carious third molars in contact with Tulsi oil the mediators of acute inflammation was totally eliminated. Thus extract showed its efficacy against acute inflammation.

According to WHO, Hypertension is a condition in which the blood vessels have persistently high pressure. Normal adult blood pressure is 120mm Hg when the heart contracts (systolic) and 80mm Hg when the heart relaxes (diastolic).When systolic pressure is equal to or above 140mm Hg and diastolic pressure is equal to or above 90mm Hg the blood pressure is considered to be raised or high (WHO, 2015). Obesity is also a major contributing factor towards hypertension. There are at least 970 million obese people worldwide with elevated blood pressure (World Heart Federation, 2015) Looking at the severity of its occurrence a need was felt to conduct a study on hypertension in subjects belonging to the region of Delhi (NCR). Dietary interventions particularly potassium intakes have demonstrated their ability to reduce blood pressure in humans. The present study was carried out on 40 hypertensive patients belonging to the region of Delhi (NCR). The general information, medical history and dietary survey was collected through interview cum questionnaire method. The Blood pressure was measured by Sphygmomanometer. The subjects were having very high BP than prescribed normal range by WHO. The mean nutrient intake viz. calories, protein, fat, carbohydrate, sodium was calculated by seven day dietary recall method. It was found that hypertensive subjects were taking more amount of sodium in their diets. The BMI of the subjects was calculated and they were categorized according to grades of obesity. Therefore it was concluded that the subjects having high BMI were suffering from hypertension. The knowledge of nutrition education and diet was imparted for the prevention and control of hypertension.

Background: In Arab countries, many women continue to get pregnant until very advanced age. Many studies have investigated the outcomes of pregnancies in women above the age of 35. However, as it is such a controversial topic, there is no certain answer as to whether or not advanced maternal pregnancies affect the mother and baby’s health. This study aims to describe the maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnancy at 45 years and beyond. Results: A retrospective review of three hospitals records from Riyadh encompassing 15,415 deliveries was carried out. Out of them, 84 women (6 per 1000) aged 45 or more delivered. About 11% of deliveries were preterm and 38% were by Cesarean Section. Low birth weight was reported in 10% of cases and no stillbirth occurred among the studied sample. Conclusion: Overall, the maternal and neonatal outcomes in this studied sample did not show grave consequences of conceiving at very advanced maternal age. The Saudi mothers suffered from co morbidities such as diabetes and hypertension, which are expected to be common among non-pregnant women of the same age. The preterm labor and low birth weight were lower than those reported globally and comparable to those reported in Saudi Arabia.

Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been used in periodontal therapy for past two decades. However, results obtained are conflicting. Moreover, the optimum concentrations of PRP to promote wound healing and regeneration still remains uncertain. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biological effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) in vitro. This study was an attempt to find ideal concentration for clinical uses. Materials and method: Primary cultures of hPDLCs were obtained from healthy premolars. PRP was isolated by two-step centrifugation. Platelet gel releasate (PGR) was prepared by activating PRP with thrombin and CaCl2. The functional parameters of hPDLc (proliferation, alkaline phosphatase) were analyzed in vitro for 14 days in the presence of different concentrations (100%, 75%, 50%, and 25%) of platelet gel releasate (PGR). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA. Results: There was time-dependent increase in cell count in all groups till 14th days. The number of cell was maximum in 100% PGR on 1st (n=15+4.3) and 3rd (n=17+6.1) day. 25% PGR showed maximum proliferation on 7th and 14th day. Spectrophotometric ALPase activity assay showed time dependent increase in ALPase activity till 7th day and decrease afterwards. 25%PGR showed maximum ALPase activity on 7th day. Conclusions: PGR is an effective stimulator of hPDLc. Higher concentrations (100% & 75%) of PGR results in excessive proliferation of cells in the initial stage but lower concentration (25%) showed controlled and gradual proliferation. Moreover, lower concentration of PGR caused differentiation (ALPase activity) of cells in the late stage. Thus, it seemed that PRP with 25% concentration was an ideal.

During the period of seeds germination, many factors are determinant to the establishment of seedlings in field, being the water stress a negative effect. To create or adapt new cultivars to these conditions, plants breeding programs are fundamental. With this, the aim with this work was to verify the physiological quality of soybean seeds submitted to water stress. Were used seeds of five soybean cultivars (Savana, Conquista, Valiosa, BRS Celeste and Baliza) and five osmotical potentials (0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6 and -0.8 MPa) diluted into water. To evaluate the physiological potential of these seeds, were realized the germination test with four replications of 50 seeds, distributed between three germitest paper moistened with PEG6000 solutions, described above. The evaluation was performed on the eighth day, with the first count realized determining the percentage of normal seedlings on the fifth day after planting and vigor evaluation of shoot and root length. The biochemical evaluation was performed by the expression of isoenzymes esterase (EST) and catalase (CAT). Based on the results was possible to observe that with the increase of water stress occurs reduction in the physiological quality, as well as reduction in the development of seedlings, independently of cultivar. The cultivar Savana is the most tolerant to water stress when compared to the others. There is variation in the expression of catalase and esterase in function of water stress levels in which seeds of soybean cultivars are exposed during the germination process.

The use of quality seeds is fundamental to the success of any crop. In Brazil, it has been growing significantly the implementation of pastures areas, mainly of brachiaria. However, there are many difficulties to determination of quality of seeds from this genus of forages. With this, the aim with this work was to relate the characteristics of different substrates and the physiological potential of seeds of brachiariaMulato II. Was evaluated the germination of bared and treated seeds of brachiaria in the following substrates: germitest paper (described at RegrasparaAnálise de Sementes), sand and perlite in two gradations (small and large). According the results, was possible to conclude that the utilization of substrate small perlite, when used bared seeds, is more promising to evaluate the germination of brachiaria seeds cultivar Mulato II. For seeds treated, all substrates used are efficient to evaluate the germination of brachiaria seeds cultivar Mulato II. The substrate 100% small perlite achieved the desired index of germination of brachiaria described by the normative instruction 45 from 17 September 2013 (MAPA).

The corn extruded snacks were supplemented with moth bean and garden cress in order to enhance the nutritional quality of the snacks. The garden cress (GC) was added to different extruded snacks at the level of 2.5, 5%, 7.5% and 10% level while, moth bean (MB) was added at the level of 20 % to the corn flour. The developed snacks were acceptable till 7.5% level of garden cress incorporation. The organoleptically acceptable snacks were analysed for nutritional evaluation. All the developed extruded snacks incorporating MB and GC were high in protein ranging from 15.08 to 16.9g/100g in comparison to the corn extruded snack (9.1 g). The iron and calcium content of the snacks ranged between 18.4 to 21.3 mg/100g and 54.6 to 57.3mg/100g DM respectively, which were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher than the control. The essential amino acids like methionine and cystine content of the snacks was significantly higher than control, it ranged from 105.3 to 109.5 mg/100g DM and 102.3 to 109.2mg/ 100gDM, whereas their content in corn extruded snack (control) was 84.6 and 99.2mg/100gDM. The lysine content of MB and GC snacks was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher than the corn extruded snacks. The antinutrients like oxalate and phytate content were low ranging from 1.3 to 2.1 mg/100g and 128 to 144 mg/100g respectively. The developed snacks had high protein, iron, iron bioavailabilty, invitrocarbohydrate and protein digestibility.

This study assessed for the first time new trends in the epidemiology of Pediculosis in school children (age 5-14years) in the humid Niger Delta region and from the relatively drier environments of the south eastern states of Nigeria. Samplings covered 8230 pupils with more than 750 children interviewed and examined per selected school from nine cities of the two zones. Pupils from the two zones suffered pediculosis infection in 2012. Pediculosis cut across all ages sampled. Percentage infection was generally low;out of 1000 school children interviewed and examined in the Niger Delta zone, highest percentage infection of 4.7% was recorded in Bayelsa and the lowest was from Delta (2%). Data from the south-east were higher than what were collected from the Niger Delta zone. Results from the current survey show a new trend in Pediculosis infection in pupils of both zones; infection was higher in boys than girls in 2012. The overall assessment shows that only 195 girls (2.4%) had Pediculushumanuscapitis infection as against 372 boys (4.5%). Girls make use of salon facilities more than boys. Apart from poverty which was associated with pupils from low socioeconomic cadre other major factors that resulted in the new trends in the spread of the disease in the two ecological zones of Nigeria are discussed.

A field experiment was conducted at Dilla district, Gedio Zone Southern Ethiopia during the 2014 main cropping season under rain-fed condition, to study the effects of variable seed rates and time of nitrogen fertilizer application on yield and yield components of tef. A factorial experiment with three variable seed (15, 25 and 35 kg ha-1) and four timing of applications (full dose at sowing, full dose at tillering, ½ dose at sowing + ½ dose at tillering, ¼ at sowing+ ½ after 30 days of sowing+ ¼ after 60 days of sowing) were used in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replication. Nitrogen fertilizer at recommendation rate of 46 kg N ha-1 was applied by broadcasting urea. Phosphorus was applied to all plots equally at the blanket recommendation rate of 46 kg P205 ha-1 as TSP (Triple- supper phosphate). The tef variety used for the study was, Kuncho (DZ-CR 387 RIL 355). Both seed rates and time of nitrogen application significantly affected days to heading, physiological maturity, plant height, panicle length, straw yield, above-ground biomass, grain yield and harvest index. The treatment interaction significantly (P<0.001) affected plant height and lodging index of tef. Low seed rates delayed days to panicle initiation and days to physiological maturity of tef plants. Seed rate at 15 kg/ha increased above ground biomass yield by 4.65% over seed rate at 35 kg/ha. Application of the recommended rate of nitrogen 1/2 dose at sowing and 1/2 dose at tillering also increased total aboveground biomass yield and straw yield of tef as compared to other treatments. Application of the recommended rate of nitrogen half dose at sowing and half dose at tillering gave significantly higher (2308.96kg/ha) grain yield than the rest of the treatments. Significantly higher (2000.24 kg/ha) grain yield was also recorded under low seed rates. Hence, reducing seed rates and using application of the recommended rate of nitrogen half dose at sowing and half dose at tillering considerably increased the growth, yield and yield attributes of tef and can be suggested for higher tef production in the study area.

Fifty-one isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae were recovered from different hospitals in Northern Palestine, during September-December 2015. Results showed that the prevalence of ESBLs, MBLs and AmpC β-lactamases using multiplex PCR technique were 92.2%, 9.8 and 3.92%, respectively. For ESBL genes, TEM gene was the most dominant (72.5%) among K. pneumoniae isolates. Other genes were (0.0%), (17.6%) and (31.4%) for CTX-M, SHV and OXA genes, respectively. For AmpC β-lactamase producing K. pneumoniae, only DHA gene was detected and all MBL producing isolates were carried NDM gene. Molecular analysis by construction phylogenetic tree showed that all sequenced TEM, SHV, OXA, NDM and DHA genes were belonged to TEM-1, SHV-1, OXA-1, NDM-1 and DHA-1, respectively. In addition, 51% of K. pneumoniae harbored only class 1 integrons, whereas other tested classes were not detected. All class 1 integrons were detected in isolates carried β-lactamase genes. ERIC-PCR profile showed that these isolates were diverse and unrelated clones. This is the first study documented the prevalence and molecular characterization of β-lactamases producing K. pneumoniae isolates in Palestine Our results showed high occurrence of β-lactamases among K. pneumoniae isolates in Palestine. Based on these results we recommend the continuous monitoring and surveillance of the prevalence, proper control and prevention practices and effective antibiotic use will restrict the further spread of β-lactamases producing K. pneumoniae isolates within hospitals in this country.

Background: The Metabolic Syndrome is now considered as important factor of cardiovascular mortality around the world. Objective: This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in 81 voluntary men belonging to Toupouri ethnic group of Yaoundé Cameroon. The definition used is that of National Cholesterol Education Programm Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) 2001. Result: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Toupouri men was 29.62%. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome individual components was hypocholesterolemia HDL (64.20%), hypertension (60.49%), hypertriglyceridemia (37.03%), high waist circumference (22.22%) and hyperglycemia (2.46%). In our results 25.92% had three altered metabolic syndrome components while 3.70% had four and nobody met five criteria. Conclusion: Metabolic Syndrome is common amongst Toupouri men of Yaoundé.

The Ludhiana is one of the fastest growing and most centrally located district of Punjab. It is the largest city in Punjab, both in terms of area (3860 sq km) and population (approximately 34, 87,882 as per 2011 census). Ludhiana is the first metropolitan city, popularly known as “Manchester of India”. The rapid population growth in Ludhiana continues to be a matter of concern due to its manifold effects on environment and one of the most important being groundwater contamination and overexploitation. The major driving force affecting the study area is increase in population due to urbanization and industrialization seems to have a severe impact on the climate change as indicated by change in temperature, rainfall pattern and relative humidity in the study area.44 groundwater samples were analyzed during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods respectively from different depths to evaluate the groundwater quality for drinking purposes. For this purpose, the implementation of the sustainable management water will require an integrated approach to strike a fine balance between urbanization and environmental protection.

Experiments were carried out to test the effects of chemicals on different behavioural activities of T.chilonis females on the treated Corcerya cephalonica eggs was recorded the video for 10 minutes (600sec) and analyzed by using Observer® XT software developed by Noldus technology. The results showed that among the six insecticides and one antibiotic with the doses (LD50, half of LD50 and one fourth of LD50) tested, all the pesticides were negatively effects the behavioural activities of T.chilonis females, except only chlorantraniliprole pesticide and sublethal (lower) doses of Spinosad @ 0.0045% and streptomycine sulphate @ 0.000375% found harmless. The oviposition of T. chilonis females on treated C. cephalonica eggs was found in the lethal dose of chlorantraniliprole@ 0.006% and sublethal doses of 0.003%, 0.015%with mean duration of 211.3sec, 223.3secand230sec.The oviposition activity in the sublethal doses of spinosad @ 0.0045% and streptomycine sulphate @ 0.000375%with mean duration of 208.6sec and 226.4sec it was found that significantly lower than control. Thenon- ovipositional activities of T. chilonis females only found maximum in the remaining chemicalswhich suggested that T. chilonis females were trying to avoid the host treated site and escape.

In the present study antioxidant activities by (2,2-Diphenyl-0 picrylhydrazyl) radical (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical inhibition, hemolysis by hydrogen peroxide assay, reducing power and total antioxidant activities of polyphenolic extract of selected plants leaves were investigated. The total polyphenolic contents of the extract were determined using standard methods. The results of antioxidant activities of poly-phenol extract obtained by different in vitro methods were varied depending on the method used. Nevertheless, polyphenol extract showed significant inhibitory activities in all in vitro reactive oxygen species scavenging, might be attributed due to the high level of polyphenolic compound. Also, these various antioxidant activities were compared to α-tocopherol and L-ascorbic acid as reference antioxidant compounds. These findings provide evidence that the polyphenolic extract of selected plants is a natural source of antioxidant against oxidative damage.

The present study focuses on Family Asteraceae is reinvestigated in various districts of Uttar Pradesh in which Conyza canadensis showing highly extensive length about 280 cm in Gorakhpur district. This species showing length about 15-90 cm in Flora of British India, 90 cm in Flora of Upper Gangetic Plain, 30-70 cm in Flora of Madhya Pradesh and 15-90 cm in Flora of India. During the floristic investigation this species are collected from different regions of Uttar Pradesh. This species was identified on the basis of morphological, anatomical and floral characters. A taxonomic account of C. canadensis has been given along with their current valid name, flowering and fruiting, habit, locality and specimen voucher number.

The present paper highlights the isolation of potential fungal isolate for optimization and production of cellulase enzyme. Cellulase enzyme produced by the isolate under Solid State Fermentation (SSF) was used as refining aid to produce quality paper from paper cup waste pulp. Fifty six fungal isolates were obtianed from different sources using soil, degraded wood and paper mill waste pulp, cotton waste and screened for cellulolytic activity by congo red plate method. The most potent cellulase producing fungal isolate was identified as Trichoderma longibrachiatum and used in the present study to optimize environmental (initial pH, temperature, incubation period and moisture content) and nutritional (carbon and nitrogen sources) parameters for maximum cellulase production. Wheat bran an agro-industrial residue was used as carbon source to produce cellulase enzyme for economic viability of cellulase production under SSF. CMCase and FPase activities of cellulase from Trichoderma longibrachiatum were found to be 33.3 IU/gds and 9.4 FPU/ gds respectively. The cellulase enzyme thus produced was used as refining aid for paper cup waste pulp to convert it into quality paper. Studies were focused with an aim to find out the effect of cellulase enzyme treatment on paper cup waste pulp in reduction of energy consumption during refining and strength properties of the resultant pulp

In the present investigation immunomodulatory activity was studied for the plant Tinospora cordifolia leaf extract using rat model. Tinospora cordifolia is an Indian medicinal plant and has been used in ayurvedic preparation for the treatment of various ailments throughout the countries. Immunomodulation is a process, which alters the immune system of an organism by inferring with its function. Cyclophosphamide was used as a standard immunosuppressant agent. Sodium Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (SCMC) is being a non-immunogenic and tolerogenic substance, it has been considered as control group. In order to know their effectiveness on humoral antibody production against SRBC, haemagglutination and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) were studied. The results of immunomodulatory activity for 7 day pretreatment and 15 days post treatment are tabulated respectively. The antibody titer has been measured using haemagglutination (HA) test and DTH, it has been increasing in proportionate to the concentration of extract dose up to 1200 mg/kg.

Schizophyllum commune is an edible and medicinal mushroom. It is a very good nutritional source of proteins, vitamins, lipids and minerals. This mushroom has been considered as the popular food and an effective medicine to treat several diseases. In the present investigation the strain Schizophyllum commune was collected from Microbial Type Culture Collection at Chandigarh. The sample was maintained in Malt Yeast Extract Broth. The cell free filtrate used for biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. The UV-visible studies indicated the surface Plasmon resonance at 343 nm which depicts the formation of silver nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles showed an effective antibacterial activity against pathogens of gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The above study will concluded that the nanoparticles had potent effect on inhibiting methicillin resisitant bacteria.

Context: Stature estimation is frequently required by the Forensic Science experts which more often done on the skeletal remains. Since 1950`s the long bones in the human body for eg Humerus, ulna, Femur and Tibia are used for stature identification .Arm Span, nose length have also been used for height prediction. A study was needed to find out such a correlation in females as few studies have been conducted . Objective: To formulate an equation and relation for estimation of stature in living adult females by the measurement of their ulna bone. Method: This study was conducted in Sri Ramchandra Medical College Chennai and Dubai medical college for girls. Female participants who were chosen from faculty and students. Crown to heel measurement and ulnar length measurements (From tip of olecranon process to tip of styloid process) were done. Result: In the present study, the average height in 100 females was seen to be 162cm, the average length of right ulna was 25.7 and average length of left ulna was 25.4cm. The correlation coefficient(r) of the height and the length of the left ulna was (0.85) and that for the right ulna (0.81). Left side with height (0.85) The value of r implied that there was a positive correlation Conclusion: Being a percutaneous bone Ulna can be easily palpated and measurements for length can be taken reliably. A relation between height and length can be studied easily which will be beneficial for Anatomist, Clinicians and anthropometry studies.

Betel vine (Piper betle L.) is a dioecious perennial cash crop and its cultivation is referred as most distinctive agricultural industry. This crop had been referred in the ancient Indian literature dating back to AD 473. Betel leaf had an esteemed position in human society from the dawn of civilization. The origin of betel vine is believed to be in Malaysia or in surrounding East Asian region. Eight crore sq. km. area in the whole of the world is estimated to be under betel vine cultivation. According to Mabberley (1997), of the 2000 cultivars of P. betle distributed in the whole world, ten were available in Nepal. Pakistan and Sri Lanka are the other important countries with respect to variability in land races. Based on the morphological characters and essential oil content, Singh (1994) grouped betel vine varieties in India into five main groups viz., Bangla, Desawari, Kapoori, Sanchi and Meetha. Meetha was grown on commercial scale in West Bengal only. The important morphological characters of betel vine include plant height internodal colour, number of lateral branches, number of leaves, leaf area and weight etc. All these characters influence yield and consumer acceptability.

Short stature is a term applied to a child whose height is two standard deviations (SD) or more below the mean for children of that sex and chronological age. Turner syndrome is an important consideration in girls with short stature and especially growth failure, because shortness may be the presenting feature of this syndrome, other physical abnormalities can be variably expressed. Here we present a case of short stature, with some congenital abnormalities. The cytogenetic analysis from peripheral venous blood revealed four cell lines, 46, XX (10%) /45, X (10%) /46, X, i (Xq) (60%) /46, XX (ter rea) (20%), which is a rare finding.

Present study was carried out with the aim of investigating the effect of ascorbic acid supplementation and altered dietary protein level on the rectal temperature, haematocrit value and blood ascorbic acid status of rats exposed to chronic and acute heat stress. It was observed that the normal rectal temperature of adequately (18%) protein fed rats was quite higher (37.41 ± 0.12⁰C) than that of the protein restricted (6%) rats (36.65 ± 0.12⁰C) which was observed to be further augmented by the prior supplementation of ascorbic acid. It was further observed that the stabilizing tendency of rectal temperature took more than 3 days of heat exposure when rats were under protein restriction. Decrease in haematocrit value after chronic heat exposure and an increase in it in acute heat-exposure were observed. Haematocrit values of both control and treated groups of animals were also observed went down to a great extent as a result of protein restriction. Plasma ascorbic acid level was observed to be increased after acute heat exposure in 18% as well as 6% protein-fed rats and after chronic heat exposure in 6% protein-fed rats. But, when the ascorbic acid content was estimated in erythrocytes it was found to be diminished after acute heat exposure in protein-restricted rats only.

Optimization of initial pH of the medium, suitable carbon, nitrogen sources, temperature, metal ions, phosphate source and C/N ratio for improvement in red pigment production by Pezicula sp. BDF 9/1 was carried out. Carbon sources like fructose and glucose were found important for growth and pigment production. Among the nitrogen sources glycine was found suitable for growth whereas maximum pigment production occurred with NaNO3. The pronounced formation of red pigment was found after the incubation time 20 days, initial medium pH 5.0 and at 23 C. C/N ratio 3: 0.8 was found suitable for both mycelial growth and pigment production. RSM optimization based on Box-Behnken Design (BBD) revealed that most influencing interaction of the variable on pigment production is in between temperature and glucose concentration followed by pH and temperature, and incubation time and pH. Furthermore, RSM study stated that maximum biopigment production (1.695 OD at 500nm) can be achieved when 20.15 days incubation time, 23.2 C temperature, 5.07 pH and 2% glucose were provided. The experimental result also very close to the predicted optimized response which validates the employment of the RSM in this case.

The anti-tubercular drugs Isoniazid and Rifampicin, the first line drugs used for tuberculosis therapy are associated with severe hepatotoxicity in Indian patients as compared to United State. Data reported that the combination of INH and RIF treatment in pulmonary tuberculosis patients taking ATD enrolled under DOTS, results in development of oxidative stress which has been considered as the most important mechanism of hepatotoxicity which results increase of MDA level decrease in body antioxidant level. MDA level is more in contrast to that observed in the normal GpI (48.21±12.13 n mol TBARS/ml blood Vs 13.56±2.06) & after treatment decreased significantly (** p<0.001). GSH levels in INH+RIF treated GpII and caused significant decrease in the blood GSH as compared to Normal GpI (169.95±96.4 Vs 218.51±121.5) while after treatment level increases (** p<0.00) vs normal (GpI). Similarly trends were recorded in SOD and Catalase level after treatment respectably (**p<0.001) vs normal group (GpI) & ** p<0.001 vs normal group (GpI). The postulated role of garlic organosulphur compounds in the prevention of INH and RIF hepatotoxicity was explained by their ability in free radical scavenging and prevention of hepatocyte GSH depletion. The aim of the study was to assess the role of garlic supplementation in the hepatoprotection of INH and RIF induced hepatotoxicity in pulmonary tuberculosis by monitoring the antioxidant levels.

The present analysis deals with the study of physico-Chemical nature of water from Durgham Cheruvu. Water from 3 sites were collected monthly for one year from August, 2012 to July, 2013 analyzed for parameters like chlorides, pH, Atmospheric Temperature, Water temperature and Humidity. Throughout the study period Chlorides in water were 21 folds higher than normal value 8.3mg/l according to Livingstone 1963. The Atmospheric and Water temperatures are directly proportional to chloride concentration and the Humidity is inversely proportional to Chloride concentration in lake water. Therefore, the high levels of Cl was influenced by domestic sewage into the lake water in monsoon and evaporation in summer. Thereby there is an urgent need to evolve plan to protect the lake.

The role of the agro-industry sector is important because it has strong linkages to other sectors. The linkage is not only the relevance of products, but also through linkages with final demand and primary inputs, namely the relationship of consumption, investment and labor. This implies that an increasing investment in the agro-industry sector will create job opportunities and sources of income of the people, so the farmer households are not only depend on a piece of land that is increasingly narrowed as their livelihood, but it able to support the growth of productivity. All of it will have a positive impact for poverty reduction which is mostly within the agricultural sector. Based on the background problems of production systems and the increase of competitiveness of rice production in the above, it is necessary to develop a model of group-based management of rice fields in order to create a strong structural transformation. One of the requirements that must be met in order to achieve the structural transformation of agriculture (paddy rice) to the manufacturing industry is an association of agricultural sector and industrial sector. The most appropriate link is processing of agricultural products into production systems through the development of business patterns. Strengthening institutions of rice farmers who produce rice needs to be fostered in order to increase capacity in the process of technology transfer and improve competitiveness and achieve their bargaining power in the market. A dynamic rice market conditions is indeed caused by the condition of "supply-demand" of rice in the respective markets. However, since rice is the staple food, the majority of the population demand are "in-elastic" so that the dynamic market conditions are likely to be affected by its supply side.

Hydrocephalus is a condition in which abnormal accumulation of cerebro spinal fluid within the ventricles or subarachnoid space of the brain. It develops when there is an imbalance between the amount of CSF production and the rate at which it is absorbed. This can be caused by a blockage in the pathways through which the fluid travels or from an overproduction of fluid. This disturbance then causes the ventricles to enlarge (i.e. ventriculomegaly) or subarachnoid space and intra cranial pressure to increase, resulting in an enlarged head along with other symptoms i.e. headache, irritability, lethargy, fever, vomiting, visual changes like setting sun sign, visual field defect, strabismus, papilledema etc.. Cranial Ultra Sound, CT and MRI play an important role in the diagnosis of Hydrocephalus. CT can assess size of ventricles and other structures. MRI can find malformation, tumors and other causes. Patients who progress to more severe forms will have to either undergo a shunt placement or endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Thorough eye examination is important to detect ocular changes and it will be useful to stop further vision loss. Further research is required in order to early diagnosis which helps in reducing severity of disease.

Background: The increasing prevalence of obstructive respiratory diseases is a matter of concern, as of 2010 three hundred million people were affected worldwide, and in 2009 Bronchial Asthma caused more than two Lakhs deaths globally (GINA 2009). Proper practice and training of the correct steps of using MDI can minimize the drawbacks and therefore nurses need to observe and analyze the existing knowledge and practice on the use of MDI use. Objectives: The objectives of the present study were to assess the patient knowledge regarding use of MDI, to observe the practice, correlate knowledge and practice and associate the knowledge and practice with selected socio demographic variables. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was undertaken with two hundred and three randomly selected participants with Bronchial Asthma and COPD .The knowledge regarding the MDI use was assessed by using a semi structured interview questionnaire and practice was observed using an observation checklist. Result: Majority were suffering from Bronchial asthma (87%, 177) and more than half had duration of disease of ≤ 10 years. The Mean knowledge score of the sample was 33.4 which fall into good category and mean practice score was 8.1. Socio demographic variables like age, gender, education, duration of using MDI had no significant association with both knowledge and practice of using MDI except the place of residence (p<0.05) and duration of disease suffering (p < 0.005). Conclusion: Incorrect inhalation practice is common among Bronchial Asthma and COPD patients in a pulmonary outpatient clinic. The results of present study have shown that the correct use of MDI was found to be poor for most participants even though they had good knowledge. All participants had made at least one essential mistake in their inhalation practice and the study emphasizes on the importance of enhancing the patient’s practice of correct steps of using MDI by providing regular reinforcement and training through an Asthma Action Plan or Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease Action Plan in the respiratory OPD using multimedia touch screen computer (MTS).

Background: The increasing prevalence of obstructive respiratory diseases is a matter of concern, as of 2010 three hundred million people were affected worldwide, and in 2009 Bronchial Asthma caused more than two Lakhs deaths globally (GINA 2009). Proper practice and training of the correct steps of using MDI can minimize the drawbacks and therefore nurses need to observe and analyze the existing knowledge and practice on the use of MDI use. Objectives: The objectives of the present study were to assess the patient knowledge regarding use of MDI, to observe the practice, correlate knowledge and practice and associate the knowledge and practice with selected socio demographic variables. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was undertaken with two hundred and three randomly selected participants with Bronchial Asthma and COPD .The knowledge regarding the MDI use was assessed by using a semi structured interview questionnaire and practice was observed using an observation checklist. Result: Majority were suffering from Bronchial asthma (87%, 177) and more than half had duration of disease of ≤ 10 years. The Mean knowledge score of the sample was 33.4 which fall into good category and mean practice score was 8.1. Socio demographic variables like age, gender, education, duration of using MDI had no significant association with both knowledge and practice of using MDI except the place of residence (p<0.05) and duration of disease suffering (p < 0.005). Conclusion: Incorrect inhalation practice is common among Bronchial Asthma and COPD patients in a pulmonary outpatient clinic. The results of present study have shown that the correct use of MDI was found to be poor for most participants even though they had good knowledge. All participants had made at least one essential mistake in their inhalation practice and the study emphasizes on the importance of enhancing the patient’s practice of correct steps of using MDI by providing regular reinforcement and training through an Asthma Action Plan or Chronic Obstructive Airway Disease Action Plan in the respiratory OPD using multimedia touch screen computer (MTS).

In the past few years there has been a major shift in the driving force for development of new packaging technology. Changing consumer demands for food products that are minimally processed and can prolong for longer time with minimal loss in quality, new regulations for consumer health and safety, need for packages that prevent microbial contamination, rancidity and production of off-odours, gases, off-flavours etc. are some of the driving forces. Moreover, there have been changes in retail, distribution and purchasing of food products such as internet shopping. Henceforth, technologies like active packaging, interactive packaging, smart packaging, intelligent packaging, and modified atmosphere packaging are need of the hour. In this review different aspect of active packaging are discussed.

The 21st century is characterized by unprecedented challenges and opportunities, arising from globalization, the desire for inclusive development and the imperatives of climate change. Indian business, which is today viewed globally as a responsible component of the ascendancy of India, is poised now to take on a leadership role in the challenges of our times. It is recognized the world over that integrating social, environmental and ethical responsibilities into the governance of businesses ensures their long term success, competitiveness and sustainability. This approach also reaffirms the view that businesses are an integral part of society, and have a critical and active role to play in the sustenance and improvement of healthy ecosystems, in fostering social inclusiveness and equity, and in upholding the essentials of ethical practices and good governance. This also makes business sense as companies with effective CSR, have image of socially responsible companies, achieve sustainable growth in their operations in the long run and their products and services are preferred by the customers.

This research focuses mainly on the three most elegant statements of triangle geometry, namely, Pythagorean, Euclidean, and Napoleonian theorems. In classical geometry, Pythagorean Theorem states that if one is to construct squares to each of the sides of any right triangle, then the area of the square constructed at the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the areas of the other two squares constructed on the other two sides, while Euclidean Theorem states that if one is to construct similar figures to each of the sides of any right triangle, then the area of the figure constructed at the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the areas of the other two figures constructed on the other two sides. On the other hand, Napoleonian Theorem states that if one is to construct equilateral triangles on the sides of any triangle, the centers of those equilateral triangles themselves form an equilateral triangle. Here, the researcher investigates the three above-said theorems and in the process provides proof of Euclidean Theorem using the Pythagorean Theorem, then goes to prove Napoleonian Theorem using again the Pythagorean Theorem.

Binuclear complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) with bis-biacetyl- 2-aminothiophenol (Schiff base) ligand have been synthesized and characterized on the basis of molar mass, elemental analysis, IR and electronic spectral studies, molar conductance and magnetic susceptibility measurement. On the basis of above physicochemical and spectrometric measurements it is proposed that the compounds act in a bi-dentate manner. Such complexes have varieties of useful pharmaceutical activity and many of them gained wide acceptance in clinical practice. The resulting complexes have been tested for their antifungal activity against various organisms. Complexes, excepting that of Zn(II), are colored. Electronic spectra and magnetic susceptibility study proposes octahedral geometry of the complexes.

Extra-marital affairs are a common phenomenon in marriages in Rongo town, Kenya. Extra-marital affairs are an emerging alternative to polygamy. Formal polygamous marriages are diminishing and are being replaced by extra-marital affairs. Men and women prefer to keep other sexual partners besides their legitimate spouses for convenience. In Rongo town, Kenya, these sexual partners are referred to as side dish or ‘mpango wa kando’in common parlance. The study found out that the prevalent nature of extra marital affairs in Rongo town is emotional sexual affairs and transactional affairs. Generally, communication breakdown has been discussed as one of the major causes of extra-marital affairs. However, this study established that the cause of extra-marital affairs in Rongo town is the shift of communication due to family roles. The study also found out that men engaged in extra-marital affairs for sexual pleasure and for adventure while women engaged in extra-marital affairs to seek love and money. The study found out that men and women experienced positive and negative consequences as a result of extra-marital affairs. In regard to attitude towards extra-marital affairs, the study established that men felt that extra marital affairs were necessary while women felt they were necessary but evil. This study adopted a mixed approach in the generation and analysis of data. The study employed case study as the research design. It applied questionnaires and interviews as data generation techniques. Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended that programmatic guidance and counseling that enables couples to secure and sustain their marriages should be put in place by expert organizations. The continuous guidance and counseling should focus on the changing roles in marriage and communication in marriage

One of the major issues in verification of fingerprints is the lack of robustness against image-quality degradation. Poor-quality images result in spurious features, thus degrading the performance of the overall system. Due to this, it proposes a fingerprint recognition system with enhancement of image ridges and also optimization of dataset by ANN. The objective of the proposed system is to enhance the biometric recognition frameworks, by adding liveness assessment in a fast and user-friendly manner through the use of image quality assessment. To remedy the ridge areas and enhance the contrast of the local ridges, we first enhance the fingerprint image in the spatial domain. Experimental results show that our proposed algorithm is able to handle various types of input image contexts and achieves better results in terms of BER and PSNR value.

The aim of this paper is to identify the impact of the fuzzy based privacy preserving method for protecting sensitive data in Privacy preserving data mining. Fuzzy based member ship functions like Bell shape, S- Shape and PI shape member ship functions are applied on standard database to generate sanitised database. Further, Popular K-mean Clustering algorithm of data mining is applied on the sanitised database and the results are compared. WEKA tool is used for testing data mining algorithm on privacy preserved database generated using various fuzzy member ship function. This analysis will help to develop new Fuzzy Based privacy preserving techniques which can be applied for Privacy preserved data mining.

An effective and convenient procedure for the Michael Addition using Fe (acac)3 (5 mol %) as an effective catalyst, catalyses the Michael addition reaction of nitro methane to Chalcone to produce corresponding γ- nitro ketone derivatives with good yields (85-95 %) under mild condition with high yield. Accordingly, we applied this synthetic strategy for synthesis of (±)-Baclofen and (±)-Rolipram. Reaction Conditions: a) Chalcone (0.82 mmol), Nitromethane (2) (4.10 mmol), 5 mol % Fe(acac)3, anhy. DMSO (2mL), rt.

The “Sentiment Analysis” task focuses on the recognition and classification of emotions (positive, negative, conflict, neutral) in reviews for the aspect. In this paper we propose the system for recognizing and analyzing the sentiments using SVM for the restaurant and laptop review dataset. Here we also apply the proposed system of text classification for identifying the aspect in the review sentences. We compare the performance of the system with well-known KNN, Naïve Bayes and Neural Network classifiers.

The language of nature is mathematics and this language is the language of execution. Now in this discussion we try to identify the relationship between zero and nature and also determine the role and relation of this number in fluidity and water in the planet earth. We have to say that zero in mathematics is a basic number and when it releases in the horizon of the planet earth it establishes the water in the planet earth. Now how this number enter into the horizon of the planet earth. This is the discussion that we want to follow till the end of this article and to develop it we have to define the horizon of the planet earth. We continue this discussion as far as our imagination let us to follow this discussion.

Copper indium diselenide (CuInSe2) thin films were deposited by using electrochemical deposition technique. The electrochemical parameters were optimized with the aid of cyclic voltammetry for slow scan rate. CuInSe2 thin films were electrodeposited on FTO coated glass substrates at -0.6 V and -0.8 V versus Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The films were thermally treated at 400 0C for 15 minutes to improve the homogeneity and degree of crystallinity. The electrical properties have been studied with the help Autolab potentiostat/Galvanostat.

Plants play an important role on medicines since thousands of years to treat various diseases. Oxidative stress may precede and speed up to development of diabetes. In diabetic complications antioxidant action may be an important property of medicinal plant linked with diabetes. The Lily family, Liliaceae, consists of fifteen genera about 600 species of flowering plants with in the order. Onion (Allium cepa) belongs to the Lilly family, it shows only a particular vertical shoot above the ground and is used for energy storage and as a spice. It could be in a range of shapes and sizes. Garlic (Allium Sativum) also of the lilly family has a strong characteristic odour and taste and the bulb is used a flavoring agent. Both plants of medicinal values excluding common cold, heat disease, osteoporosis and other diseases, which may be associated with its high bioactive compounds including flavonoids, polyphenolic and antioxidant properties. In the present study antioxidant activity of Liliaceae family was assayed by DPPH scavenging activity, flavonoid and total polyphenolic content.

University of Allahabad, India In this paper, we have studied the major reasons affecting the population, social and economic development of Jammu and Kashmir. In particular we have studied various demographic rates and compared them with the respective rates of India. Also we have mentioned the major challenges for women in Jammu and Kashmir.

The project work assigned to us was to design a 132/33 KV EHV sub-station. We considered incoming power at 132 KV and the power was transferred to main bus through isolator-circuit breaker-isolator combination. The power from main bus was fed into a 20MVA transformer which stepped the voltage down to 33KV. The power is then fed into a 33KV bus from which different loads were tapped. In the process, the surge impedance loading of 132 KV and 33 KV lines were calculated and they were used to estimate the maximum power that can be transferred by one transmission line. The design of the entire substation was made keeping in mind the most basic requirements of a proper substation including the civil and domestic requirements. The design is then submitted to our mentor for verification

Hesperetin is a flavanoid commonly found in many herbal medicines and food. The antidiabetic effect of hesperetin was determined. The animals were divided into six groups such as normal, diabetic untreated, diabetic treated with (20mg hesperetin/kgbw in saline), diabetic treated with (40mg hesperetin/kgbw in saline), normal rat treated with 40mg of hesperetin/kgbw in saline) and diabetic treated with reference drug Glibenclamide (1mg/kgbw in saline). Nine-week-old adult male albino rats of Wistar albino strain, weighing 120-150 g were acclimatized for one week at air conditioned room (25± 1°C) and relative humidity (55%) in a 12-hour light/dark cycle in a room under hygienic condition. The experiment is carried out for 45 days. After 45days, the rats were fasted for 12hr, anaesthetized and sacrificed by cervical decapitation. Blood samples were collected by and various biochemical parameters were measured using auto analyser. The levels of plasma glucose, insulin, blood haemoglobin and glycosylated haemoglobin were determined. The level of lipid profiles was also determined. Histopathology of pancreas was also determined. Our experimental findings with respect to the mechanism of action of synthetic compound in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats suggest that it enhances insulin secretion by the islets of langerhans and enhances glucose utilization.

The transformation of e-Government to Smart Government services triggered many research in the area of business process change, information use and nature of business integration in the changing work system environment to realize organizational benefits. This paper addresses the question, “How can IS sustainability (ISS) benefits be conceptualized in the transformation of Government services?” This study build on the Belief-Action-Outcome (BAO) Framework that leverage on the Information System Integration (ISI) and Work System Theory (WST) and suggest that organizational memory and informational system’s ability to achieve organizational knowledge sustainability in realizing ISS benefits. The study couple this theoretical understanding and previous research on ISS benefits embedded in ISI under grids the explanation of our approach to measure an organization’s ISS benefits. Our measurement approach considers (1) the ability of organizational memory and informational system’s integration in the business processes that enable ISS realization, (2) the collaborations of stakeholders in business and system change, and (3) the organization’s ability in maintaining the equilibrium between work system elements. The research contributions is on ISS and government service transformation in specifying a conceptual model that link ISS benefits and ISI building upon BOA framework and WST, simultaneously giving adequate understanding of the implication and realization practice of ISS benefits during business change and government service transformation. In sum, the study provides insights into social and organizational perspective of sustainability, i.e. organizational knowledge as a valuable asset in sustaining government services.

Society has changed the direction of the way in which it educates its children. This trend, which has gained momentum since 1970 s, is the merger of regular or general education with special education; know as inclusion. Now the schools have to accommodate all children and arrange education according their needs. The term special education needs (SEN) refers to all those children whose needs arise out of their specific abilities on learning difficulties. Most people feel that educating a child with disability in general school is inclusion but it can be treated as total inclusion only when the general classroom teachers take most of the responsibilities for the education of these children. If the disabled child's needs are taken care of only by a specialist teacher in the general school, it is not total inclusion.

This article focuses on the problems and prospects of civil society formation in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The authors give complete information referring to various sources about the history of the development of civil society in Kazakhstan. There are some positive examples of cooperation between the state and civil society, information on civil forums that were organized with the support of the state. In addition, the authors dwell on the legal framework of civil society in Kazakhstan. The article also discusses the main challenges hindering the development of civil society of modern Kazakhstan. By giving some negative examples of government’s interference in the affairs of Kazakh civil society institutions, authors try to provide the realistic assessment of the government interaction and civil society institutions. As an example, the authors have chosen the most high-profile criminal cases against some excited Kazakh civil society activists in recent years. In the final part of the article, the authors give their recommendations referring to the opinion of authoritative experts on development of civil society in Kazakhstan.

Background: Coronaviruses are enveloped virus with a high case fatality rate. Medical students are at risk of acquiring this lethal virus. Aim of the study: Assess the knowledge and attitude among medical students in King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH). Methods: A cross sectional study was performed in (KAUH) on a 672 Medical students who were participate in this study. Knowledge and attitude were assessed by using self-administered, pretested questionnaire based on WHO guidelines. Descriptive statistics were carried out to express participants’ sociodemographic information, mean knowledge and mean attitude scores. Inferential statistics (p < 0.05) were used. Result: Our sample include 56.2% female and 43.8% males with mean age 21.91 ± 1.433 years. 49.9% of them have high social class. The mean knowledge score of the students was 10.32 ± 4.21 (based on 25 knowledge questions) which internet is the main source of their knowledge 19.5%. The mean attitude score was 8.53 ± 1.70 (based on 11 attitude questions). 51.4%, 57.1%, 51.4% of high knowledge were female, and in clinical years and who are lived in north Jeddah respectively. Also, positive attitude was noticed more in female 56.6%, students in clinical years 70.8%, and who are lived in north Jeddah 52.5%. Discussion: Data of the present research revealed that there is a statistically significant difference in students' knowledge according to their grade in college, age group, and social class (p<0.05) similarly to Muhammad, et al., 2014. While, there is a statistically significant difference in attitude of the studied sample according to their age group, and social class only (p<0.05) similarly to Mohamed O.et.al, 2015 Conclusions: Findings of this study showed that female medical students, high social class one and who are in clinical years in KAUH, in Jeddah Saudi Arabia have good knowledge and positive attitude towards MERS CoV more than others.

Early 20th century all the Islamic movement organizations, both local and national, are all pushed to Islam Wasyatiyah (moderate Muslims) and not sensible radical. Where educational institutions were born of the participation of the local population, the primary mission of these institutions is the development of character and morals of Muslims in Maluku. Judging from the movement (2001-200), more focus on jihad (war), the Salafi movement today is more focused on missionary movement, education and economics. As for the future, be offered the idea of Islamic schools of Ambon as a movement of cultural Islam which is based on the contextual reality by opening up a dialogue that is honest and critical now, to build awareness of diversity, solidarity and mutual pro- existence, as well as social cooperation in various fields of life and development, Voicing human values as part of the mission of Islam which is a blessing for the universe.

This paper refers the discussion of earning per share with the predictors in evidence of banking sector in Pakistan. In this we analysis the sample of 12 from 2007 to 2011.A conceptual model has been developed for the understanding the whole model and key findings have been explained for the future decision makers which involve the investors and decision makers. We use the different model to analysis that market based factors have no significant effect on outcome and firm based factors have a significant effect on the outcome and this result is derived by random effect model.

The paper dwells on the attainment of positive social change through sufficient design and teaching of peace education in Nigeria. The frequent crisis since after independence in the six geopolitical zones of the country presupposes absence of or lack of enough peace education. Ignorance of conflict resolution through dialogue is lacking in the consciousness of many Nigerians due to lack of proper information and training. The incidences of Niger Delta Militia, the kidnapping cases, the community clashes, the politically motivated crisis, the Boko Haram insurgency, among others in Nigeria show little or no peace education. On the basis of the country’s situation, among the suggestions made for change include: designing peace education programme at the formal and informal levels in such a way that the community leaders, churches, mosques, town union members and other social organisations will be involved; the faith based organisations have to live up to their responsibilities; peace education should be included in Nigeria’s education curriculum so that all levels of education are given the basic fundamentals of peace education.

This paper examines the role of aggressiveness on performance of firms on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. The paper is designed to look at the role of aggressiveness on performance of firms on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. The paper took critical interest in the contents of a number of studies which concluded that among Nigerian managers, lack of innovation and pro-activeness, aggressiveness, aversion to risk-taking, which are critical factors for growth of SMEs, were found to be high in 2007. The target population is 176 firms listed in the Nigerian Stock Exchange with financial returns as at August, 2014. Out of the population, a sample of 60 firms was taken. Methods of statistical analyses include mean, standard deviation, and Pooled, Random and Fixed regression models based on the preferences suggested by the Hausman specification test results. The results of panel analysis of the relationship between Entrepreneurial Orientation dimension – aggressiveness, and performance of firms listed in the Nigerian Stock Exchange, with returns on assets and returns on equity as proxy showed a positive relationship between aggressiveness and returns on assets and aggressiveness and returns on equity. This result negated a study conducted in 2007 in Nigeria on 88 SMEs earlier mentioned. But, it also confirms the outcome of a study carried out among Kenya’s manufacturing firms operating under the EAC in 2012, which showed that there existed a positive relationship between entrepreneurial orientation adoption and firm performance. Aggressiveness was found to have positive relationships with both returns on assets, and returns on equity. The implication of this study results is that, in Nigeria, entrepreneurial orientation has been widely adopted and practised, and aggressiveness exhibited a positive relationship with both returns on assets and returns on equity as it was found in Kenya.

Fresh water is a scare resource. During recent decades, each and every anthropogenic activities such as domestic, agriculture and industries require large amount of surface water and ground water. It has been seen that globally water resources face extraordinary challenges but these are at highly in the world’s arid and semi-arid regions. In this region due to very little or no rainfall and lack of surface water, a ground water source becomes desired source for all activities. Identifying the potential region of ground water source become important for fulfilling the basic requirement of such region. In recent time the development of remote sensing approaches has helped in getting repetitive information of large area in short span of time. The satellite imageries of moderate to high resolution help scientist to delineate the ground water potential zone of the area with help of geospatial modeling approach. The present study employs the satellite imageries (Landsat Imageries, LISS III and Aster DEM) along with GIS technique to delineate the area having high potential of ground water source. The weighted overlay analysis is done using various thematic maps like, lineament density, geology, geomorphology, drainage density, Slope etc., to delineate the potential zones of ground water in water deficit district of Kalaburagi and Yadgir district of Karnataka.

The concept of sustainable development is used together with the cultural, political, social and environmental concepts as well as the production, consumption, trade and development concepts. In this study, the fundamental idea is to provide a sustainable development with the help of green economy. The main purpose of this study is to question the operation of the green economy with reference of the concept of sustainable development. The evaluation of the world countries or country groups (China, United States, South Korea, European Union, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, India and Brazil) which attract the attention with their economic condition shall be evaluated for sustainable development and green economy within frame of this main purpose. While this evaluation is made, green economy policies of China, United States, South Korea, European Union, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, India and Brazil shall be considered.

Tungiasis is caused by female Tunga penetrans that embeds in the hosts, epidermis. The disease causes morbidity and social stigmatization among the children. It is also a health burden among children and elderly in the endemic areas. It may have negative effects on the economic activities of the infested adults and hence indirectly influence school attendance among children in the affected areas. The study focused on the relationship between the disease and school attendance and a possible cause of high drop-out rates among children of peasant families in Murang’a County in Kenya, East Africa. Cross-sectional survey involving randomly selected 720 pupils from six schools was used. The questionnaires captured data on disease infestation and school attendance among children. Of the participants 3.8.0% were infested while 96.2% had no infestation. Absenteeism and school dropout due to Tungiasis was found to have negative impact on children participation in educational activities.

It has been a long time concern raised by ecologist and environmentalist over various threats from industrialization and urbanization which influence consistently terrestrial ecosystem and its biota from last two decades. Present investigation conducted to assess the species diversity of earthworms with their inhabiting soil physicochemical analysis to ascertain the range of impact under the hammer of Paradeep Phosphate Limited PPL pollution. Investigation revealed five earthworm species, Octochaetona surensis, Octochaetona barkudensis, Lampito mauriti, Perionyx excavates and Pontoscolex corethrurs belongs to three families, Octichaetidae, Megascolecidae and Glossoscolecidae. Perionyx excavates was the new arrival for this particular region of Odisha because it was not reported previously in this particular part of the district. Physicochemical assessment of soil ascertain that soil was highly contaminated with heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Zn and As, which directly influence the earthworm population and its inhabiting number. Concentration of heavy metals was Cr>Cd>Pb>Hg>Zn>As>Cu>Ni. Particularly the around areas of PPL shows high contamination with heavy metals and very low pH (3.4) with high electrical conductivity (0.5) which is the consequence of high metallic deposit on soil. But the soil contamination levels gradually decreases with increasing distance from the plant.

Goldbergian construction grammar as a cognitive theory which gives the same weight to form and function is used, here, to analyze Topicalization (TOP) and Left Dislocation (LD) as the very productive syntactic construction in spoken language of Persian. This theory by exploring argument structure and information structure, could present a comprehensive analysis of the studied construction. Results showed that the ‘agent’ cannot be topicalized in TOP and LD and the Aktionsart type of the verb plays no role in determining what may be topicalized in both of them. Preposed element in TOP could have a macro role assignment of ‘undergoer’ or no macro role assignment, but the element in LD must always have a macro role assignment. The topicalized constituent in LD, always represents with ‘-ra’ as topic marker, but the representation of this functional postposition with TOP is somehow optional. The leftmost constituent in TOP and LD constructions could have different functions depending on the previous discourse. The common functions of their sentence-initial element are ‘secondary topic’ and ‘contrastive focus’. The topicalized element in TOP could also be ‘focus’ which always contains new information. It also has been cleared that TOP and LD as abstract constructions are inherited by some less abstract constructions and also inherit some properties from more abstract ones. Goldbergi an construction grammar could determine their position in the network of constructions which exist in the mind of Persian native speakers based on their inheritance relations.

The underlying principle for developing culturally indigenous materials for teaching of English at the middle school level in Nagaland is that it would help the learners learn English as a second language in the context of the learners’ own cultural experience. It is believed that themes familiar to the learners would facilitate the learners to learn better, the reason being that any new learning is in one way or the other influenced by previous experience and therefore learning a language in a situation away from learners’ context and experience would be less motivating and irrelevant. Culturally indigenous materials for teaching of English are required if at all the curriculum is to be socially and culturally sensitive however, should not be narrowed down to local materials alone but incorporate materials from other sources which are relevant.

Being one of the basic human needs, security is the most important public services provided by the law enforcement agencies, public or private, throughout the world. These agencies use different strategies and policing models to provide public order and security. Now more than ever, it is very necessary for police to repair relations with the people they serve by stepping up to the ethical mind as the security services when conducted in an ethical manner directly affects the work of high quality that matters to society and enhance the life quality of people. Respected researchers are stressing the importance of developing the exact skills that are being lost in order for today’s policing services to be successful. It is obvious that 21st century requires the demand for qualified police who have signs of ethical mind as ethical behaviors are essential to policing a democratic society. Therefore police should be equipped with ethical values that we must develop to meet the challenges of the future. It is believed that complying with the ethical values and principles will improve the quality of security services police serve. It is therefore important to examine the impact that the ethical mind could potentially have on policing services. In short, this paper aims to extrapolate the ethical mind to the profession of policing and to identify how the ethical mind could impact upon policing effectiveness.

The present investigation is to the social adjustment and emotional adjustment. The study is based upon sample of 60 children and the age rang 9-14 year. The sample consisted of 40 disabled children and 20 normal children selected randomly majority of the children were purposively in Lucknow city. A questionnaire schedule to elicit information of the respondent, self-administer questionnaire were used. The finding of the study was that there is a significant adjustment difference between disabled children and normal children.

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of dietary halal practices to organizational performance among the halal food industry in Malaysia. In this study, four key elements have been identified as performance predictors which are; halal and thoyyib, internal process, halal assurance, and staff. A cross sectional study design has been adopted in this study through quantitative methods using closed ended questions. Questionnaires were distributed to the halal food industry in Malaysia and 241 of them are usable for analysis at an organizational level. Respondents who participated in this study are internal committee members who are specially appointed for halal dietary management control within the organization. Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 21. Descriptive analysis showed that the level of halal practices and the performance of the halal food industry in Malaysia is positive. In addition, the inference test results prove that there is a significant correlation between all the variables studied. However, based on the regression analysis, the halal and thoyyib dimensions majorly influence the performance of the organization as compared to internal dimensions of process, halal assurance, and staff. In this research, few limitations have been identified. The first limitation is that there was limited number of respondents (241 companies) due to time constraint. Furthermore, some respondents were quite hesitant in giving their cooperation due to company’s confidentiality. If the return rate is higher then, the possibility to obtain more accurate results is higher. Secondly, the research was more focused on ‘halal’ food while the term ‘halal’ is now globally known not only in food industry but also in pharmaceutical, logistic etc. The standards used are only limited to the management of food. The implication towards theory and literature - Quality researches have always been linked to total quality management, this time it is the ‘Research Based View’ approach that was actually used. With that, the number of researches using strategic management as the core theory can be increased. Moreover, this research showed that other factors must be studied in order to produce a working halal model. Besides, the implication towards the industry is that the findings obtained have produced a new phenomenon in which the industry needs a paradigm shift and does not only stay in the secure zone but accept all the changes outlined by the government or halal certification body. In relation to this, the industry must know its responsibilities in order to convince the customers on the practice of halal by the organization. For the government on the other hand, it will be easy for them to make assessment on halal food industry in Malaysia aside from preparing an effective plan especially in the effort to draw a clear picture on the industry in relation to the real halal management including the understanding on standard acts or all the guidelines that have been introduced. For users, it gives the assurance that a product must undergo a few steps which are not only controlled by the industry, but the competent authorities as well in halal certification. In addition to the existence of a few acts, the rules and standards which binds the industry to always be responsible and practice integrity in halal implementation