August 2016

Background: Biosafety is a concern in all health sector services. Confronted with a high biological riskboth for patients and professionals in dentalcare and due to the constant development of new technologies, information, equipment, material and behavioral attitudes in this area. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess sterilization and infection control practices that are followed by private dental practitioners in East Delhi region. Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess the attitude towards and sterilization practices among the private dental practitioners in East Delhi, India. A structured proforma was used for the collection of the information by the investigator. Results: A large proportion (68.0%) of the private dental practitioners carried out the pre-cleaning of the instruments before sterilization. Autoclave (66.0%) was the principle method of sterilization of the instruments among the private dental practitioners followed by Chemiclave (18.0%). Most (46.0%) of the private dental practitioners utilized the sterilized instruments within 1 week of sterilization. Autoclave was used more by the dental practitioners with more than 10 years of experience (35.7%) for sterilization of burs. Most (40.0%) of the private dental practitioners were not sterilizing endodontic files in their office. Most (52.0% and 66.0% respectively) of the private dental practitioners sterilized paper points and guttapercha respectively in their office. Conclusion: To achieve sterilization, it is necessary to adhere strictly to procedures for instrument cleaning and wrapping and to follow carefully the sterilizer manufacturer's operating and maintenance instructions.

The importance of male to women´s sexual and reproductive health promotion was officially recognized by International Conference on Population and Development. Increase male involvement may therefore improve maternal health and reduce maternal morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study was to appraise the involvement of men in antenatal, labour and postpartum care services in different regions of the world. Information was obtained through electronic literature search conducted in Pub Med, Medline, and Google scholar, using the following search terms in combination, from 1st January 1992 to 31st December 2015: Male involvement, Maternal healthcare, Nigeria, Developed countries, Developing countries. All relevant peer-reviewed English language articles and publications were identified, retrieved and reviewed. Major findings from the review were analyzed and presented in text. The findings indicated that while there was high level of male involvement with consequent beneficial effects in maternal health in England and USA, the levels of involvement of men in developing nations such as India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Africa are variable with cultural and socioeconomic factors affecting them. The differential level of male involvement in maternal healthcare across different regions of the world underscores the need for health providers and policy makers to evolve couple-centered and male-friendly healthcare services, and also modify factors found to influence male involvement so that maternal health may be improved.

Environmental factors have a profound effect on the microbial quality of cosmetic products. Research works have been done investigating effects of the factors singly. In this work, the microbial quality of the samples and the effect of environmental factors such as temperature and pH with change in time on the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained by culture were examined. Our findings indicate that the effects of environmental factors such as temperature and pH on the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with change in time increased with increase in temperature and time while effect of pH revealed that growth of the organism was highest at pH 7. The effect of pH varied across time and growth increased with increase in time. The combined effect of different temperatures and different pH with change in time on the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed that growth is affected when the microorganism was exposed to more than one factor. The combined effect produced a growth pattern that is different when the factors are acting independently. Environmental factors influence significantly the condition of products during in-use by consumers and storage.

Osteoporosis is a global health problem both in developed and developing countries. Community education forms an important part in the management of osteoporosis. The objective of this study was to evaluate knowledge and awareness about osteoporosis and identify their sources of information. Study samples are school teachers and rural women belong to age group 35-55. Knowledge was assessed using osteoporosis questionnaire and analysis was performed using Minitab software. Of the total sample 96% had heard osteoporosis and 35% reported television as the major source of information. Total sample were consisted of 60 and 35 of them were school teachers and 25 of them were rural women. Out of 35 of school teachers only 40% were aware about osteoporosis and 24% of rural women were aware of it.

Background - SCCs (SCC) of the gingiva are relatively rare tumours. Many unique features of gingival SCC clearly delineate it from oral SCC arising in other sites. Gingival SCC can mimic a multitude of oral lesions, especially those of inflammatory origin.1 Objective – to retrospectively evaluate the number and presentation of cases of gingival and alveolar ridge SCC reported in a period of two years. Methodology - Outpatients records, in the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology and Forensic Odontology, SDS, KIMSDU were retrospectively evaluated. Cases diagnosed as gingival/alveolar ridge carcinomas during January 2012-December 2013, were selected and their clinical and histologic findings were recorded and analyzed. Results – In the present study during the two year span, it was found that 70% oral SCC reported were found to be gingival and alveolar ridge SCC with the highest incidence in the 5th -6th decade of life, a predilection for males and the mandibular posterior region was also observed. 10% cases in the present study had a innocuous presentation which could have been missed without adequate investigations. Conclusion – These carcinomas constitute an extremely important group of neoplasms since the initial presentation mimics common dental infections & this may lead to delay in diagnosis and even misdiagnosis. Hence a thorough history taking, clinical examination and further investigation are vital to avoid a delay in diagnosis and or misdiagnosed.

Ageing is a multifaceted process that is determined not only by the passage of time, but also by certain psychological, physiological, social, economic and cultural factors. Loneliness is one of major problems elderly face. The main requirements of old people today are social, health and financial security apart from those related to psychological and emotional support, which can only be derived by family members and friends. This study is an attempt to find the loneliness experienced by elderly residing in the institution and also at home. The data was collected from 255 elderly (Institution-based=120 & home-based=135) in and around Bhopal. It was found that elderly in the institution experience more loneliness than the elderly who are staying with their family. It was also found that female elderly experience more loneliness than their male counterparts.

Giant cell fibroma (GCF) is an extremely rare histopathological entity characterized by uninucleated or multinucleated giant fibroblasts subepithelially, representing 0.4 - 1% of total biopsies. Etiology is unknown and there are various controversies regarding origin of giant multinucleated fibroblasts. It clinically presents as an asymptomatic, pedunculated or sessile growth less than 1 cm in size. A 30 year old male patient reported with a small growth over the tip of the tongue. Intra-oral examination revealed a solitary, pinkish-white firm growth with a sessile base, was firm and fibrous in consistency. A clinical diagnosis of fibroma was given and excisional biopsy was done. Histopathological examination revealed long and slender rete ridges. The underlying connective tissue consisted of dense collagen bundles with large multinucleated stellate shaped fibroblasts subepithelially. Based on the microscopic findings a final diagnosis of a giant cell fibroma was made. This case is reported for its rare occurrence.

Purpose: The worldwide prevalence of diabetes mellitus has risen dramatically in the developing countries. Diabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes, has a significant impact on global health and that may threaten patient’s visual function. There are limited studies on knowledge, attitude and practice on diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy in rural population. Such data are extremely important to plan the public health policies. The aim of the study is to report the KAP (Knowledge, attitude and practice) study of diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy among patients and attendants of patients visiting hospital in rural Karnataka. Practice was evaluated only in diabetic patients. Methods: This observational study was conducted on patients and attendants of patients (n- 200) visiting various out-patient departments of hospital between November 2014 and December 2014. The participants answered questionnaire which included demographic profile, awareness about diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy, attitude towards going for eye examination and practice of diabetes control and management. Result: Of 200 participants, 46 (23%) were diabetic, 172 (86%) heard of diabetes mellitus, 80 (40%) were aware of complications of diabetes mellitus. Among these 172 participants, 62 (36.04%) had heard of diabetic retinopathy and 20 (32.25%) were aware of treatment for diabetic retinopathy. Source of information of complications of diabetes mellitus were medical personnel 47 (58.76%), relatives 31 (38.75%) and media 2(2.5%). Only 38 (61.29%) out of 62 who had heard of diabetic retinopathy had attitude to go for eye examination. 32 (84.21%) participants who had attitude of going for eye examination only when vision is affected. Conclusion: This study reflects the poor knowledge and awareness in rural population. It emphasizes the need for increasing diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy awareness activities in the form of mass campaigns, training anganwadi workers, ASHA workers and paramedical personnel who work at community level in rural areas.

Aim: To clinically assess and compare cryosurgical therapy with tetrafluoroethane (TFE) and surgical scalpel technique in gingival melanin depigmentation. Twenty periodontally healthy, esthetically inclined males and females, with black gums were included in the study. Split mouth design was carried out in anterior maxilla and for each subject; area extending from mesial surface of right central incisor to distal surface of right canine was designated as Group A and treated with cryosurgical therapy. Area from mesial surface of left central incisor to distal surface of left canine was designated as Group B and treated with surgical scalpel technique. Melanin index and Area of pigmentation evaluated with help of standardized images, recorded at day one, 30th day, 90th day and 180th day, postoperatively. Statistical Analysis: Mann-Whitney U Test for intragroup and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test for intergroup comparison was used. Results: Mean Melanin index score and Area of pigmentation (sq.mm) in Group A and Group B had decreased from day one - 30th day. Thereafter, there was an increase in repigmentation on 90th day and 180th day in both groups. On comparison, Group B showed a statistically significant decrease in repigmentation compared to Group A. Conclusion: Both techniques were clinically efficient for gingival depigmentation from day one -30th day. All subjects were satisfied esthetically and did not report any pain or discomfort during or after procedure. Though repigmentation had occurred in both groups, extent was less in surgical scalpel technique, compared to cryosurgical therapy.

This is a case of an individual having bilateral canines with two canals. This is a rare entity and is often misdiagnosed leading to failure of endodontic treatment. The mandibular canine is usually considered a single-rooted tooth with a single root canal. However, twocanals and more occur rarely. This paper reports the case of a patient with bilateralmandibular canines with single root and two root canals.

Background: Good oral hygiene and the use of appropriate brushing technique is essential for the best of oral health. Bad oral hygiene is a conducive environment for dental caries, halitosis and a host of other dental problems. Good brushing techniques play an important role in the prevention of these problems. Purpose: Aims to evaluate the knowledge of patients of their routine brushing technique that they routinely use, and aspects of their oral hygiene and practices. To spread awareness of various tooth brushing techniques and their suitability in various oral conditions. Methods and Materials: Study subjects were recruited from a randomly selected patient population attending the outpatient department of a dental hospital. (n = 304). The patients who participated were from different socio-economic backgrounds, age, educational background, locations and included men and women. An informed verbal consent was obtained from the patients, to conduct the survey. The data collected was analyzed using Microsoft Excel (version 10) and tabulated along with explanatory visual charts with respect to the various parameters chosen. Results: The study showed a need for increase of awareness correct brushing techniques. Socio-economic status and education also play a significant role in affecting oral hygiene measures. Conclusion: There is a need to develop initiatives, patient educations programs targeting the lower socio-economic group and those groups of low literacy. It also shows the need for dentists to play a more dominant role in educating the general public on oral hygiene conditions.

Pain during AV fistula puncture is a common problem in patients undergoes haemodilaysis. Cutaneous stimulation is an independent nursing intervention that advocated relieving pain and the nursing practice is qualified to give it accurately. Cryotherapy is a form of therapy consisting in the local or general use of cold. The study concluded that the cryotherapy is an effective intervention to reduce pain during puncture of arteriovenous fistula among patients of haemodialysis.

Back ground: Unstable intertrochanteric fractures which lack either posteromedial buttress, lateral buttress, or both, after stabilization with a dynamic hip screw (DHS), these fractures tend to have excessive fracture collapse, with significant limb shortening and occasionally fixation failure. In general for treatment of unstable intertrochanteric fractures, two options exist: extra medullary or intramedullary stabilization. Currently controversies still exist about a suitable device for an unstable intertrochanteric fracture. Materials & Methods: Study was undertaken in Department of Orthopaedics, KMC, Manipal between August 2012 and July 2014. A total of 70 cases of unstable intertrochanteric fractures (AO 31 2.2 and above) were randomized into two groups (one group treated with (Dynamic Hip Screw and Trochanteric stabilization plate (DHS+TSP) and other with Proximal Femoral Nailing (PFN) ) as per computer generated randomised table at the time of first presentation to hospital, followed up both clinically and Radiologically. Clinical variables assessed were limp, limb shortening, range of motion, Salvati wilson hip score, Hip abductor power. Radiologically variables like progress of union, varus collapse, and screw cut out were analysed at 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and at 1 year Results: 20 cases were lost to follow-up. Remainder study group comprised of 32 males and 18 females with mean age of 68.3 years. All fractures united at mean 16.3 weeks in TSP group and 15.4 weeks for PFN group. There was 1 lag screw back out in TSP group & 2 in PFN group at 6 month follow up. None of the patient required revision surgery. At the end of one year, clinical variables (Limp (P value<0.08), Hip Movements, Hip Score (0.087), limb shortening (P value<0.11), Abductor power) and radiological variables (Varus collapse (P value<0.8)) showed no statistical significance. Statistical data was evaluated with the help of SPSS 21 software using Independent T test. Conclusions: In treatment of unstable trochanteric fractures, DHS+TSP and PFN have comparable clinic-radiological outcomes at the end of one year. However, further studies are required with large sample size and comparable groups.

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is rare entity of breast simulating carcinoma clinically and its aetiology being unclear. We report this case as how idiopathic granulomatous mastitis can mimic other breast disease, correct diagnosis , treatment may prevent recurrence and avoid various iatrogenic complications.

The main aim of the study was to assess the heath-related physical fitness in Indian school children. For this purpose, a cross sectional purposive sample of 437 male children into seven age groups i. e. 12 (N=63), 13(N=59), 14(N=63), 15(N=63), 16(N=63), 17(N=63) and 18(N=63) years belong to middle (N=215) and higher secondary (N=222) schools. The random sampling method was employed for the purpose of data collection from various schools running in the tribal region of Sarguja division in the state of Chhattisgarh. For estimated body fat percentage of an individual, two skin-fold sites i.e. triceps and sub-scapular were measured by standard Skin-fold Caliper of all the male subjects in millimeters. The measurements were made while the children were wearing light clothes and no shoes. Health-related physical fitness was assessed through the sit-and-reach test for flexibility, modified sit-ups test in one-minute for strength/muscular endurance and nine-minute running/walking test for cardio-respiratory endurance. The subjects were tested within one month of their birthdays. All the subjects were tested in AAHPER health related fitness test items i.e. 1.5 mile run, modified bent knee sit-ups for one minute, sit and reach test and triceps and sub scapular skin folds to collect the data on cardiovascular endurance, strength and endurance of abdominal muscles, flexibility of back and hamstring muscles and amount of fat. From this study, it was concluded that the health related fitness of boys of twelve to eighteen years of age of Sarguja division declined in all age groups on flexibility with advancement of age except fifteen years of age and inclined in all age groups on abdominal strength/muscular endurance and body composition with advancement of age. Which, possibly, may be attributed to the lack of physical activity after the age of fifteen years. They unproved in cardio-respiratory function at twelve to fourteen years of age and later on, they improved significantly up to the age of eighteen years with some fluctuations in time.

Surgery for thyroid disorders are of several types depending on the amount of tissue that is left behind rather than the amount of tissue that is actually removed. In this regard, the thyroid surgeries that are widely practiced at present are total thyroidectomy, near-total thyroidectomy, hemithyroidectomy and the recent advance being the laparoscopic procedures. Though the type of surgery that is required depends on the anatomical diagnosis, consideration of the pathological diagnosis is essential before planning for surgery.Doing a total thyroidectomy for a benign solitary nodule of thyroid which is considered as over treatment, becomes the standard of care if the postop HPE proves it to be malignant and a hemithyroidectomy if done for the same patient might become an undertreatment.As there are no standardised institutional protocol for the management of solitary nodular thyroid, a retrospective analysis was done on 60 patients who had solitary nodule thyroid, half of whom underwent total thyroidectomy and 30 others who underwent hemithyroidectomy for the same.The main objective of this study is to compare the complication rates between total and hemi thyroidectomy for solitary nodule goitre. All the patients were preoperatively workedup which includedthyroid function test, ultrasound of neck and FNAC of the nodule. A comparative analysis was done based on the complication rates of the 2 procedures (Total and Hemithroidectomy). Though the incidence of clinically significant nerve injury was same in both, the need for resurgery was there in 9% of patients who underwent hemithyroidectomy. The other justifications for total thyroidectomy were based on intraoperative presence of nodules in the opposite lobe, incidence of malignancy, incidence of recurrence, difficulty of resurgery, patients losing followup, easier postoperative titration of thyroxine with total thyroidectomy and the pathological evidence in support of total thyroidectomy. In spite of all these, larger prospective trials with long term follow up is required to decide upon the standard of care for such patients.

The practice and significance of medicinal plants and traditional health systems in answering the health care problems of the world is ahead cumulative attention. As of this revival of interest, the investigation on plants of medicinal importance and applications is growing phenomenally at the international level, often to the detriment of natural habitats and mother populations in the countries of origin. Garciniagummi-gutta is medicinal plant with medicinal applications. In this review article described the features of Garciniagummi-gutta.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is mainly related to atherosclerosis, tissue destruction, and inflammation. Reactive oxygen species are involved in the pathophysiology of inflammation and atherosclerosis. In this study, activity of (Myelopeoxidase) MPO, Catalase and levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Nitric oxide (NO) were determined in 50 AMI patients and 50 healthy controls. Unit of MDA as nmol/mL (99.42 ± 52.84, 35.72 ± 11.63) and MDA levels (5.6 ± 1.5, 3.88 ± 1.81) were significantly increased in AMI patients. Unit of NO as µmol/L (20.57 ± 6.05, 36.17 ± 7.02) and activity of the antioxidant enzyme Catalase (20.28 ± 10.35, 35.3 ± 7.7) were found to be significantly decreased in AMI when compared to controls. The present study indicates that there is increased activity of MPO, reduced activity of Catalase and reduced nitric oxide levels may lead to oxidative stress in AMI. MPO generated free radicals may induce damage in the form of endothelial dysfunction, plaque formation and plaque rupture. This may leads to progression of atherosclerosis and finally develops into AMI. Thus the study concluded that MPO, Catalase and nitric oxide have an important role in pathogenesis of AMI.

Background and Objectives: This study was designed to emphasise upon alarming rising trends in incidence of carcinoma cervix, vagina, vault, vulva and their precursor lesions eventually presenting with carcinoma cervix in follow-up. The main aim of this study was to identify precursor lesions as soon as possible by screening through PAP SMEAR as soon as possible and to make the patients and attending clinicians aware so that themorbidity can be reduced. Context: It’s unfortunate that incidence of female genital tract malignancies especially cervix has been rising due to lack of awareness, early age of sexual intercourse. Materials and Methods: Cusco’s speculum, swab stick, Ayre’s spatula, 95% Alcohol, PAP STAINING, Histopathological Techniques. This study was conducted over a period of 7 years commencing from August 2009 to July 2016. Approximately 11,200 patients were taken for the study and all these patients were subjected to Pap smear screening. The patients with diagnosis of L-SIL, H-SIL or carcinoma were further advised follow-up and Biopsy. Settings and Design: It is a prospective study carried out in department of gynaecology cytology, department of pathology, RIMS Results: Out of 11,200 cases, 874 cases were diagnosed as malignant, 3662 as premalignant, 6171 as inflammatory, 493 as ASCUS/ AGUS.4464 cases who came as follow-up for biopsy were diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma (711 cases), Adenocarcinoma (355 cases), Small cell carcinoma (178 cases) and clear cell carcinoma (6 cases), LSIL (2232 cases) & HSIL(982 cases). Conclusion: This study was conducted to create awareness about rising trends in incidence of carcinoma cervix. Patients and general public should be aware so that predisposing factors to carcinoma cervix can be prevented and the incidence of disease can be controlled.

Treatment of severe generalized dental fluorosis with surface defects to rehabilitate esthetics, phonetics, and mastication require removal of unsupported and pitted enamel and/or dentine, reestablishment of centric relation with or without reestablishing vertical dimension of occlusion and fabrication of full mouth crown and bridge work. Full mouth rehabilitation continues to be the biggest challenge to any clinician in Restorative dentistry. It requires efficient diagnosis and elaborates treatment planning to develop ordered occlusal contacts and harmonious articulation in order to optimize stomathognathic function, health and esthetics which then translates to patient's comfort and satisfaction. This case report describes the Full mouth rehabilitation of a 21 year old boy who reported with multiple decayed and discolored fluorosed teeth. The case was treated with individual Porcelain fused to metal crowns and a bridge with Group function occlusal scheme using Simultaneous full arch technique which is although exacting, exhaustive and demanding provides for a structured stable and predictable articulation.

Exclusive breastfeeding is a well-established and recommended intervention for the improvement of child nutrition but still there exist many discrepancies. The present study was conducted with objectives to identify prevalence of breastfeeding practices and to study various socio-demographic factors influencing breastfeeding. A sample of 580 mothers accompanying under- five children were selected randomly at health centres in the Tricity of Chandigarh, India between April 2012 and September 2013.Stratified multistage sampling technique was used to select six community health centres, four primary health centres and eight sub centres from Chandigarh Tricity namely Chandigarh, Panchkula, and Mohali. Discrete data was analyzed using frequency, percentages and Chi- square test. Logistic regression was done to find the risk factors associated with breastfeeding. It was found that prevalence of exclusive breast feeding was 61.0%.Maximum children (72.6%) received breastfeed within one hour of birth. Among participants of low socio-economic status, exclusive breast feeding was found to be significantly higher (p=0.00). Exclusive breast feeding was significantly more among children those delivered in institutions as compared to home delivery (84.2%vs.15.8%, p=0.04). Practice of giving pre-lacteal feed was found among 35.3% participants. It was concluded that although exclusive breast feeding was found to be high in tricity but still pre-lacteal feeding practices were prevalent in society. Hence, focus on factors associated with exclusive breast feeding needs to be addressed for promotion of exclusive breast feeding and avoidance of pre-lacteal feed.

The Juxtaoral Organ of Chievitz is a normal anatomical structure located within the soft tissue in the buccotemporal fascia on the medial surface of the ascending ramus. It is considered of neuroepithelial origin with no known function. This structure is not unique for only adults but is also been reported in some other species. As a matter of fact, JOOC is one of the most treacherous pitfalls in surgical pathology with respect to lesions in the head and neck area. Hence the basic aim of this review is to reveal the importance about this organ and enlighten the oral pathologist about this histopathological structure, thus preventing extensive and unnecessary investigations.

Patch test (epicutaneous test) is the gold standard in the diagnosis of Contact Allergies and Allergic contact Dermatitis: Performing the test significantly increases probability of accurate diagnosis, reduces costs of treatment, and leads to improved patients’ quality of life. Patch test results may be influenced by patient’s medication and health status, and interpretation requires due knowledge and experience.

With the advent of digital technologies in Prosthodontics, the use of newer technologies must be used to aid the clinician in more objective methods than subjective methods. Clinician must rely on more than subjective findings (e.g. palpation and auscultation) when evaluating the temporomandibular joint. We need a way to objectively assess patient’s joint health and document both the pre-treatment conditions and the response to the treatments we provide. Use of Pre - treatment evaluation by Joint Vibration Analysis (JVA), helps in determining the presence or absence of joint pathologies before changes are made to the stomatognathic system. A post treatment evaluation will further aid in knowing the deleterious effects of the treatment procedures on the joint and suitable corrections can be initiated before permanent damage occur. The existence of this type of evaluation of the TMJ in function is critical for objective, diagnostically driven treatment. This article will describe the application of Joint Vibration Analysis in understanding the TMJ disorders and the role of DVA in occlusion.

Back ground: Argon Plasma Coagulation (APC) is the standard treatment of Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy (PHG). Endoscopic Band Ligation (EBL) is emerging as a new modality for treatment of PHG. Objective: Compare the effect of APC to EBL for the treatment of bleeding PHG in cirrhotic patients. Patients and methods: The study was conducted on 236 patients over a period of 30 months. The patients were divided into two groups as follows: • Group A (control group):124 patients who underwent primarily APC irrespective of the severity of PHG and • Group B (study group) :112 patients were managed by EBL of the gastric mucosal lesions also irrespective of their severity. Sessions were applied every 3 weeks till adequate endoscopic ablation was achieved. Regular follow-up and endoscopic assessment within 6 months Results: The efficacy to eradicate PHG (response to treatment) was 95.1% in APC group and 98.2% in EBL group. The number of endoscopic sessions needed to eradicate PHG was significantly less in EBL group (2.02 ±0.75) than in APC group (4.01±0.34).During the follow-up period, patients in APC group had significantly high rate of re-bleeding from recurrent PHG compared to EBL group mainly in patients with initially severe PHG Conclusion: Both treatment by APC and EBL are effective methods in treatment of bleeding from PHG ,however, EBL seems to be a significantly more effective modality on the long term follow up and prevention of recurrence.

Aim: The clinical and antimicrobial efficacy of diode laser as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) was evaluated in chronic periodontitis patients. Materials and Methods: The study included 8 Chronic periodontitis patients, of which 72 sites were randomly assigned into three groups; Group I : Scaling & root planing (SRP), Group II : Laser (L), Group III : Scaling & root planing followed by laser (SRP + L). The clinical parameters included were Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Bleeding on probing (BoP), Probing depth (PD) & Clinical attachment level (CAL) & subgingival plaque samples were taken for the microbiological assessment of the major periodontopathic bacteria (S.Mutans, P.Gingivalis, P.Intermedia, T.Denticola, T.Forsythia).These parameters were evaluated at baseline, 4weeks & 8weeks except for PD & CAL which were evaluated at baseline & 8 weeks. Results: The clinical parameters showed significant reductions after 4weeks & 8weeks, in which the SRP+L group showed statistically significant reduction for PI, GI, BOP, PD & CAL compared to the other two groups. Also, the SRP group showed greater reductions compared to the laser group. The microbiological analysis also showed statistically significant reductions of the microbial colony count for the SRP+L group compared to the other two groups. Conclusion: The use of diode laser as an adjunct to scaling & root planning may lead to improvement of clinical parameters as well as the reduction of the microbial load and therefore a potential advantage over SRP alone.

The main goal of endodontic therapy is to maintain the original canal anatomy of the root canal system. This can be attained by establishing a proper Glide path. The ease and success of root canal preparation is considerably increased when an effort is made to provide an effective glidepath. Glide path can be achieved using hand files as well as rotary glide path files. If glide path is established properly then there are less chances of endodontic mishaps and risks of undesirable instrument separation is reduced. Hence Glide path is the key to achieve success in endodontic therapy.

Arsenic contamination in ground water has caused severe health problem around the world. The purpose of this study was to evaluate health impact of Arsenic contaminated ground water used for drinking in Gorakhpur, U.P, India. Arsenic was analyzed in ground water of study area during March to August 2015. Total 120 samples collected from different area of Gorakhpur. From the collected 120 ground water samples 31.67% of the samples were found arsenic concentration in the range of 10-50 ppb and 16.66% of the water samples were above 50 ppb. Thus total 48.33 % samples were recorded as arsenic more than the WHO standards of 0.01mg/l or 10PPb. Hydride generator Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (HG-AAS) is employed for the determination of Arsenic in water samples. Arsenic poising through drinking water can cause many disease like Skin cancer, gangrene, internal cancer, neurological effects, and pulmonary disease. Thus results indicate that the people drinking ground water of Gorakhpur are at risk.

Bacterial and fungal diseases directly affect rice yield and quality, and the simplest and, often, the most cost effective management for diseases is planting resistant varieties. The aim of this study was to evaluate thirteen elite lines from the Brazilian Upland Rice Breeding Program for grain yield and tolerance to leaf blast, neck blast, grain discoloration, and leaf scald diseases, in order to select superior genotypes with potential to turn into new cultivars adapted to the upland crop system. The experiments were carried out in two environments considering the randomized block design with two replicates. The means for each trait were grouped according to the Scott-Knott approach, and it was obtained the Pearson correlation of diseases grades with grain yield. Lines showed significant differences for all traits, except for leaf scald resistance. All diseases showed negative correlation with grain yield, meaning that the occurrence of these diseases resulted in losses in lines productivity. Despite the incidence of diseases, nine of the thirteen lines showed grain yield above the national mean in 2015. However, lines CMG1509 and CMG1896 showed a bad performance for grain discoloration, what can be a limitation to its acceptance in the market. The lines with best performance for both grain yield and tolerance to the diseases considered were CMG1511, CMG2085, CMG2089, CMG1977, and CMG2170, indicating potential to be new upland rice cultivars.

Among several functions, the nitrogen plays a key role on plants metabolism, this element takes part in different metabolic path ways of great importance to plants and participates in the protein synthesis. Most of the cultivated soils allow plants growth without addition of nutrients in mineral form. However, to seek higher production levels, the application of nutrients in mineral form is required, the current recommendation of nitrogen fertilization to define the amount to be applied. More than 95% of the nitrogen in the soil is organic, this organic form is not assimilated by plants, requiring to go through a mineralization process, in other words, the transformation from organic to mineral nitrogen called amination and ammonification. The identification of the character of highest contribution to maize yield is an important tool which assists identifying the critical period of the crop development, allowing the adoption of management practices in order to optimize the conditions at the moment of the main grain yield component definition. Generally, nitrogen is present in the soil solution on nitrate or ammonium forms, however the plants are physiologically responsive only to nitric nutrition, there were verified different responses among genetic materials regarding on nitrogen utilization efficiency

Background: There are about 1.2 billion adolescents, a fifth of the world’s population, and their numbers are increasing. In India the statistics shows that the adolescent population is 8.3 crores, so this large population needs special attention as this period of growth is very important and crucial span of life. Proper nutrition of children belonging to this group is essential so that optimum growth can take place, hence the present study was undertaken to assess nutritional status of adolescent girls. Materials and Methods: Present paper aims at assessing the nutritional status of adolescent girls of Raipur district of Chhattisgarh. 1000 adolescents girls aged between 12 and 18 years were selected from various schools of Raipur district (Chhattisgarh). Anthropometric measurements including weight, height were taken following standard techniques. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated using international BMI cut-off point for children and adolescence from 12 to 18 years of age. Results: Results revealed that girls of 12 years had highest (37.8%) prevalence of under nutrition. The overall prevalence of under nutrition was (64.7%). Body weight and height of the girls of present study were compared with reference data of NCHS (National Centre for health Statistics 1987), ICMR (Indian Council Medical Research 2010), CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2007-2010) and M.Mitra (2002) which shows that the mean of the present study was lower than NCHS (1987), ICMR(2010) and CDC (2007-2010) and higher than M.Mitra (2002). Conclusion: It was concluded that the school going girls of Raipur district were suffering from very high rate of undernutrition. Nutritional intervention programme should be planned to enhance nutritional status of adolescent girls.

Eutrophication of Litani River, the most important water resource in Lebanon, has become a pressing national concern. In spite of the intensive efforts on studying the physiochemical properties of its water, not enough attention has so far been given to the biological quality elements and trophic status of the river. Considered as the most sensitive indicator for nutrient enrichment and algal biomass, seasonal levels of sestonic chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) were determined in this study at five stations of Litani River during 2013 and 2014 and the relationship with transparency (Secchi disk), nutrients and mineralization levels was tested. Findings revealed statistically significant spatial variations in chlorophyll-a between the stations under study with Upper Litani River forming a homogenous subset characterized by hypereutrophic levels (54.54±38.61 µg/L in Rayak; 57.39±42.67 µg/L in El Marj and 67.21±60.94 µg/L in Jib Janine), while oligotrophic levels were observed at the Lower Litani River (2.60±2.82 µg/L in Dellafi and 3.14±1.49 µg/L Khardali). Correlation coefficients between chlorophyll-a and levels of phosphates, nitrites and ammonia were significantly positive. Negative correlation was revealed with Secchi disk readings and nitrate levels, yet no statistical significance was reached with nitrates. It is concluded that phosphates and both nitrites and ammonia have positive influences on algal proliferation and eutrophication of Upper Litani River. However, the negative correlation with nitrates suggests that Chl-a did not relate to nitrates and it may be a poor criterion for assessing the ecological status and nutrient-related problems of the river possibly due to the complex nitrogen cycle dynamics of the river. Thus, it is of importance to explore total nitrogen and total phosphate and their relationship with chlorophyll-a as potentially a more reliable tool.

The present investigation was aimed to evaluate the growth inhibitory effect of Hibiscus rosasinensis, Azadirachta indica, Ficus religiosa and Ocimum sanctum leaves extracts on Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Cunninghamella bertholatiae and Penicillium notatum. Aquous plant extracts were tested against 4 fungi. Gel diffusion method, were used in this investigation. The Azadirachta indica medicinal plant extract 11 mm (Mean value in Dia.) were showed enormous antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and Cunnighamella bertholatiae. Ocimum sanctum medicinal plant extract showed the maximum zone of inhibition 11 mm (Mean value in Dia.) against Penicillium notatum. Moderate amount of antifungal activity was observed on Hibiscus rosasinensis medicinal plant extract, the maximum zone of inhibition 7 mm (Mean value in Dia.) against Aspergillus niger. At the same time Hibiscus rosasinensis plant extract was highly sensitive 11 mm (Mean value in Dia.) against Candida albicans. All the pathogenic fungi were more resistance to Ficus religiosa medicinal plant extract. The present observation, the Azadirachta indica and Ocimum sanctum medicinal plants extracts were showed very promising antifungal activity.

The study was carried out in five North Eastern districts of Tamil Nadu (Kanchipuram, Thiruvallur, Vellore, Thiruvannamalai and Villupuram) five blocks were randomly selected from each districts. Ten apparently healthy female sheep aged below one year were randomly selected from a block. Approximately 8 ml of blood was collected from each sheep by jugular venepuncture. Predominantly two breed was observed such as Madras Red and Ramnad white in the study area. The blood samples were collected in EDTA vaccutainer for haematology and transported to the laboratory by using ice box. The samples were estimated by using auto Haematology analyser (Mindray BC- 2800 Vet). The hematological parameters viz., Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Hemoglobin (Hb), Red Blood Cell (RBC count), platelet count, Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), of sheep were found significantly (P≤ 0.01) different between the districts. However the values were within the normal range.

Information on land use/land cover in the form of maps and statistical data is very vital for spatial planning, management and utilization of land. Satellite images are using in the investigation of changes in land use and land cover as extremely useful tools. The objective of this study was to obtain changing in land use/cover, especially the rice production area is nearly 40% of the production takes place in turkey is located along the Meric river in Edirne province of Thrace region in Turkey. Landsat TM of 2001, 2006 and 2011 were acquired by USGS Earth Resources Observation and Science Center Site. Rapideye image of 2011 was obtained from Local distributor in order to control classification accuracy of low resolution Landsat image. For this purpose, a supervised classification methodology has been employed using maximum likelihood technique in Erdas 9.3 software. Study area were categorized into six different classes namely, Rice, Forest, Water, Agriculture, Pasture and Roads. The results were validated using ground truth data and long term data of Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI). The results indicate that especially between 2001 and 2006 Rice areas have been great increased as 41% from 25909 ha to 43839.33 ha and decreased to 41021.18 ha in 2011. In addition, as a result of comparison of high resolution Rapideye and low resolution Landsat image, highly good relationship was found in detection of Rice areas. The results show that the Landsat images could potentially be applied at large spatial scales to monitoring of rice on a timely and accurately.

Background: Several epidemiologic studies have reported that high serum uric acid levels are strongly associated with prevalent health conditions such as obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, essential hypertension and renal disease. There has been a growing interest in the association of hyperuricemia with hyperglycaemia. Thus, the study is conducted to investigate the association of serum uric acid with deterioration in glucose metabolism. Objectives: 1) To measure Serum fasting blood glucose (FBG) and Serum Uric Acid in prediabetics, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients and normoglycaemics. 2) To assess the correlation between Serum FBG and Serum Uric acid in the above patients. Material and Methods: Case Control study of 30 prediabetics, 30 Type 2 DM patients of age group 20-85 years in Victoria Hospital, attached to Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore and 30 healthy individuals of same age group with no family history of Type 2 DM from general population. Data analysis was done by Pearson’s Correlation analysis, Chi square test and Student’s t test. Results: Mean serum uric acid levels in prediabetics is 6.903±0.42mg/dl, Type II Diabetes Mellitus is 2.97±1.01mg/dl and in normoglycaemics is 3.5±0.54mg/dl respectively. There is a positive correlation of FBG and Uric acid in prediabetes and a negative correlation in type II DM and both are statistically significant (p<0.00001). In normoglycaemics, uric acid shows a positive correlation but statistically insignificant (p=0.424) Conclusion: Fasting serum uric acid levels were higher in prediabetic population but lower in people with diabetes than in normoglycaemic people. Therefore uric acid may serve as the potential biomarker of deterioration in glucose metabolism.

Molecular markers have been extensively investigated with a view to providing early, precise and accurate information on breast tumor outcome and predict response to treatment. We aim at comparing overexpression of certain tumour markers in patient below and above 50years of age. Archived breast tissue specimens were retrieved from the department of histopathology and subjected to routine pathological examinations and receptor status assessed by immunostain. The p53, Ki-67, BRCA1 and BRCA2 over expression were reported as dark golden-brown precipitate in 35%, 70%, 75% and 55% respectively out of the 20 cases that were malignant within the period of study. The p53 overexpression was more frequently seen in patients below 50years (85.7%), compared with those over 50 years old (14.3%).The immunohistochemical over expression of p53 shows high degree of receptor negativity for Her 2, progesterone and estrogen compared with positive receptor status. The Ki-67 immunostain shows more reactivity in patient below 50 (71.4%) compared with those above 50 years (28.6%). Ki-67 over expression was seen in 57.1%, 57.1%, and 35.7% for estrogen, progesterone, and Her2+ respectively compared with 42.9%, 42.9% and 64.3% with majority of the tumour been grade 3(71.4%).Also the immunostain ratio of BRCA 1: BRCA 2 shows a corresponding reactivity for estrogen positivity of 67.7:40.0%, progesterone 80.0:30.0% and Her2+ of 26.7:20.0% versus corresponding negativity of 33.3:60.0%, 20.0:70.0%, 73.3:80.0% for estrogen, progesterone and Her2 though not statistically significant at p<0.05.Tumor suppressor gene and proliferative tendencies is more expressed in breast cancer patients below 50 years suggesting good prognosis and response to treatment than those above 50years.

The polyphenolic components of wines can be correlated to their antioxidant activity, which can provide human’s health with several benefits. Samples of eight different red and white wines, produced in the region were characterized in terms of their antioxidant capacities, resveratrol concentration, color index, tartaric acid content, and total polyphenols concentration. The total polyphenols content found in red wines was higher than in white wines. Among the varieties tested, the red wine Tannat accounted for the highest polyphenols content (19.1 μg/L) compared to the white variety, Chardonnay with 10.96 μg/L. Burgundy showed the highest resveratrol content (43.29 μg/mL). The highest concentration of tartaric acid was found in the red wines Burgundy (0.60%) and Cabernet Sauvignon (0.58%) while the dry whitewine accounted for the lower concentration (0.47%).

Lipase is an industrially important enzyme and has a wide range of applications in dairy, food, detergent and pharmaceutical industries. Lipases are highly produced from microbes and specifically, bacterial lipases play a vital role in commercial importance. The present investigation deals with the production of lipase from petrol spilled soil sample. The sample was collected from petrol bunk situated in Coimbatore, followed by serial dilution and subsequently spread plated on nutrient agar plates. 8 colonies were selected and characterized based on morphological and biochemical test. The selected colonies were streaked on Tributyrin agar plates. From the 8 isolates, 5 bacterial isolates that showed clear zone after incubation were selected as lipase producing strain. Selected bacterial isolates were then optimized for maximum yield of enzyme under various parameters like carbon, nitrogen sources, pH and temperature on production media. Lipase production was increased with sucrose and lactose as a carbon source and yeast extract as a nitrogen source. Effect of pH and temperature indicated that, the lipase production was maximum in pH 6.0 and at 37°C.

Poliomyelitis was re surfaced in Hyderabad, India. Water samples were collected from different polluted water bodies near Amberpet nala of Hyderabad and observed the presence of P2 Strain, which has resistance for the polio vaccine, causing a great concern not only to the government of Telangana and also the Indian government. The P1 and P3 serotypes are controlled by vaccination. Polio 1, 2 and 3 are called serotypes also called as P1, P2 and P3.

Plant derived essential oils may be an alternative agent in controlling the diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi. Antifungal activity of Ageratum conyzoides, Eupatorium odoratum and Messua ferrae oil was evaluated against phytopathogenic fungi namely Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium expensum those cause post-harvest diseases in Kiwi fruits. Essential oil of A. conyzoides inhibits 100% growth of all the four phytopathogenic fungi at 5000 and 1000ppm concentrations and at low concentrations also growth of fungi was found inhibited. Essential oil of E. odoratum inhibited 100% growth of tested fungi at 5000ppm concentration and at low concentration also growth was found restricted. Inhibition in the growth of fungi was also reported by M. ferrae but it could not restricted 100% of growth at any concentration. On the basis of results it could be concluded that essential oil of A. conyzoides may be an alternative for control of phytopathogenic fungi after performing pharmacological evaluations.

Fresh water is essential for healthy living. River water is used for various purposes such as bathing, drinking, community water supply, irrigation etc. This natural resource is being polluted by disposal of industrial waste sewage and human activities which affect the quality of river water. In the present study an attempt has been made to study water quality parameters and pollution status of Mini River of Vadodara region (Gujarat). For this study the water samples were collected from pre-selected sampling stations during December to March 2015 and important physico-chemical parameters such as Temperature, Conductivity, pH, DO, BOD, COD, Salinity, TSS, TDS, Phosphate, Nitrate-N, Nitrite-N, Total nitrogen, Silicates, Sulphate, Flouride, Dissolved Petro-Hydrocarbon were analyzed. The values of COD at all stations was within Permissible limits prescribed by CPCB. The value of salinity and DO were beyond permissible limits in some samples. On the basis of this study it was concluded that water of Mini River is moderately polluted due to discharges of industrial waste, domestic sewage and agricultural run-off and required more efficient management to conserve this river.

Plant derived essential oils may be an alternative agent in controlling the diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi. Antifungal activity of Ageratum conyzoides, Eupatorium odoratum and Messua ferrae oil was evaluated against phytopathogenic fungi namely Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium expensum those cause post-harvest diseases in Kiwi fruits. Essential oil of A. conyzoides inhibits 100% growth of all the four phytopathogenic fungi at 5000 and 1000ppm concentrations and at low concentrations also growth of fungi was found inhibited. Essential oil of E. odoratum inhibited 100% growth of tested fungi at 5000ppm concentration and at low concentration also growth was found restricted. Inhibition in the growth of fungi was also reported by M. ferrae but it could not restricted 100% of growth at any concentration. On the basis of results it could be concluded that essential oil of A. conyzoides may be an alternative for control of phytopathogenic fungi after performing pharmacological evaluations.

Food safety practices are the shared responsibility of everyone in the food industry in all stages like production, storage, packaging and serving food. It is an increasingly important public health issue to prevent or control food borne illness. The food safety practices of the food handlers are often associated with the certain factors like education, basic awareness about hygiene and sanitation, economic background etc. For this reason, assessing the food safety practices and its influencing factors among the Self Help Group Food Business Operators in Puducherry region was felt very indispensable. The study targeted the SHG FBO’s in Puducherry region. The study involved a field survey and the food safety practices of the SHG FBO’s were analyzed through interview schedule. Majority (59.7 percent) of respondents belonged to the age group of 31-40 years. Majority (46.7 percent) of SHG FBO’s were able to read and write. Contribution of independent variables on food hygiene risk score was analyzed using Multiple Linear Regression analysis (α= 0.05 significant level). Out of the twelve independent variables, the regression coefficient of scheme of the SHG, monthly income, per captia income of the respondents and the years of experience in the field of SHG were statistically significant with the food safety practices of SHG FBO’s. From the results it was clear that the SHG FBO’s should be educated about the food safety practices, cross-contamination, safe temperature and technological aspects of street food vending.

Hepcidin, a small peptide hormone produced mainly by the liver, plays a central role in iron status regulation in humans and other mammals. Thirty six male albino rats were classified randomly into equally six groups (G). The obtained results revealed that low (17.5) and high (35) mg/kg b.w. DZN dose (G2 and G3, respectively) administration for 28 days significantly increased the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) and hepcidin, decreased erythropoietin and significantly decreased hemoglobin concentration, red blood cells counts, serum iron and its related parameters in comparison to untreated healthy control G1. Moreover, the groups co-administrated with curcumin (CUR) mixed with diet for 28 days (G5 and G6) revealed improvement of these parameters in comparison to those of corresponding groups. Thus it was concluded that subacute toxicity of DZN induces alteration in some immunological and hematological parameters which in turn cause alteration in hepcidin and CUR administration had a protective effect against these adverse effects of DZN.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of solar radiation, combined with chemical treatment in acid and alkaline media during different hygienization periods given the total content of volatile solids, total solids, temperature, pH and total coliforms in sewage sludge. The experimental design process used was randomized blocks in a 5x3 +1 factorial scheme, with four replications, with plot factor being made up of disinfectant products (260 mg L-1 peracetic acid, 2400 mg L-1 Quaternary Ammonium Compounds, lime equivalent to 30% of the dry mass of the sewage sludge, 2500 mg L-1 sodium hypochlorite and pure sludge) and subplot factor being treatment period (T1= 7 days, T2= 14 days and T3= 21 days), plus an additional treatment made up of pure sludge at zero time. Hydrated lime at 30 dag kg-1 has reduced levels of total coliforms to acceptable limits by environmental standard, has raised total solid content, reduced volatile solid content and lowered foul odor emissions. Solar radiation itself was not able to reduce the amount of total coliforms to an acceptable standard required by Brazilian environmental legislation. Hydrated lime in the ratio of 30% dag kg-1 by weight of dry mass can be used as a way to disenfect sweage sludge, concerning bacteriological content and stabilization. The other disinfectant products did not perform the same efficiency on reducing total coliforms or volatile organic compounds.

Although cassava plants present high productive potential, national productivity is low, especially in the north of Minas Gerais. Therefore, the evaluation and characterization of genotypes adapted to the north of Minas Gerais are important because it enables the selection of genotypes with agronomic potential for cultivation and the integration in breeding programs. Therefore, the aim was to evaluate the most cultivated cassava varieties in the north of Minas Gerais, in order to obtain information of genetic parameters, correlations, dissimilarity and agronomic performance. For that, 54 morpho-agronomic traits were evaluated in 6 varieties in a randomized block design with four replications. For the dissimilarity study was performed the Tocher test and hierarchical dendrogram by the UPGMA method. There was genetic variability among the varieties and prevalence of genetic effects over the environmental ones for most evaluated features. The Vassourinha variety stood out with higher roots productivity being the most recommended for cultivation. The features, net photosynthesis and transpiration rate correlated with the root productivity, making them important for breeding programs. Three groups were formed by multivariate analysis, verifying that the crossing of variety Vassourinha with Amarelinhavarietie, Ass. E.N. or Sabará can enable obtaining high genetic variability progenies.

Free radicals are substances normally produced by the human body as one of the defense mechanisms against harmful substances. When the rate of their production exceeds the antioxidant capacity of the body, oxidative stress occurs. Oxidative stress carries harmful effects to all the body systems and is implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases including hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus and cancer. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants play an important role in protection of the body against the harmful effects of free radicals. A lot of researchers are going on worldwide directed towards finding natural antioxidants of plant origins. In this study, we assessed enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant properties of stem of Tinospora cordifolia. Aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia (stem) was carried out by using Soxhlet apparatus. The resultant extraction was used to determine the enzymatic antioxidants (Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase, Glutathione Peroxidase, Glutathione S transferase) and Non-enzymatic antioxidants (Total reduced glutathione, Vitamin – C,) The present study revealed that stem of Tinospora cordifolia has an excellent source of enzymatic and non – enzymatic antioxidants. The present study, reveals the capability to scavenge the free radicals and protect against oxidative stress causing diseases. In future stem of Tinospora cordifolia may serve as a good pharmacotherapeutic agent.

Single extraction of solid phase metals in soil using selective chemical extractants such as strong chelating agent has been used to indicate the bioavailability of heavy metals in soil. Chelating agent like DTPA is used as the common extractant to determine the bioavailability of metals in soils. Bioavailability of metals in soil is controlled by several chemical reaction like adsorption, desorption and precipitation. These reaction govern the chemical equilibrium of metal ions in solid and solution phases in soil. Use of plants which are hyper accumulators of metals like different species of Brassica for phytoremediation of polluted soils. Chemical immobilization of heavy metals by the application of amendments like lime, FYM, phosphate and their combination.

Lawsonia inermis plant, generally identified as Henna, is a medicinal plant and leaves of this plant are used as dye from ancient time. The present study was conducted to study antityphoid activity and phytochemical screening of different extracts of Lawsonia inermis leaves. Methanol extract showed highest inhibition zone (13.74±1.52) at 20mg/disc and lowest inhibition zone (8±1) was demonstrated at 5mg/disc of hexane extract. Phytochemical screening of different extract revealed the presence of various phytoconstituents such as flavanoids, alkaloids, carbohydrates etc. Quinone is the main phytoconstituents which is responsible for antityphoid activity and presence of this compound was confirmed in all extracts while protein was absent in all extract of Lawsonia inermis plant leaves.

The present study investigate the phytochemical screening and quantification of primary and secondary metabolites like carbohydrates, protein, lipids, phenol, tannin and flavonoids from Spilanthes calva DC. The S. calva plant showed highest carbohydrate value (5.96%) than the other primary metabolites so it can act as a good remedy for nutritional disorders. Estimation of Secondary metabolites showed that phenol content (1.8%) is higher Spilanthes calva DC than the other metabolites. Thus Spilanthes calva DC can act as a good therapeutic agent.

Surfactants are the amphiphilic compounds which reduce surface tension between molecules. In the past decades, such compounds were reported to be produced on the surface of living organisms, especially microorganisms and are termed biosurfactants. These compounds are used for a variety of industrial purposes because of their varied advantages such as biodegradability, renewability, functionality under extreme conditions etc. The main areas of usage include oil and petroleum industries, pollutant site remediation, detergent formulations, cosmetics, food additives, pharmaceutical industry etc. Though these are promising compounds, the large-scale industrial production is difficult due to material costs, processing costs and manufacturing output. The work is done to identify and isolate microorganisms from marine system with a view to carry out in depth studies on the activity of the isolated strains and ways by which these strains can be used as economically viable sources for biosurfactants. Twelve strains were isolated from the marine water sample. Eight strains showed growth in oil supplemented medium. Four of these strains showed slightly higher growth than the rest of isolates. Emulsification index was calculated for these strains and two strains, Tb1 and Tb3 showed maximum emulsion index in both kerosene and diesel. But none of the tested strains showed glycolipid production.

Fourteen sorghum genotypes grown at Dharwad and Udaipur during Kharif season-2015 were evaluated for nutritional and roti quality. The nutritional constituents proteins, sugars, starch, free amino acids and phenolics were found at higher level in Udaipur sample. From Dharwad center CSV 23, CSV 6, SPV 2296 and SPV 2305 were found promising for roti as well as for nutritional quality. From Udaipur SPV 2293, CSV 20, DSV 6 and SPV 2305 were found promising for roti and nutritional quality. The sorghum genotype SPV 2305 was found well for nutritional and roti quality at both the locations.

This study aimed to evaluate the genetic divergence, the relative contribution of variables to the dissimilarity and the direct and indirect participation of the characters with the grain yield of commercial varieties of transgenic soybean first (RR) and second (intacta RR2 PRO) generation. Eight morphological characteristics of a quantitative nature were analyzed, 42 cultivars in the harvest 2014/2015 in Londrina, PR, Brazil, in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The Mahalanobis distance based the UPGMA cluster and canonical variable technique analysis. The relative contribution of the characteristics was calculated by Singh method and path analysis allowed us to estimate the direct and indirect participation of the variables with the grain yield. The 50% genetic distance was the formation of five groups by UPGMA method, with similar results to those obtained in the study of canonical variables. The largest relative contribution to the dissimilarity of the cultivars was provided by hundred grains mass, with the highest direct effect on grain yield, low participation of indirect effects.

Oil tank bottoms have a significant oil concentration, which is recovered by physical and chemical methods. The waste remaining after this process can be remediated by microorganisms. In this study, the benefits of integrating electro-bioremediation, which is an hybrid technology coupling bioremediation and electro kinetics to decontaminate contaminated oil tank bottoms were evaluated in 69-day-long laboratory-scale experiments. The unsaturated oil tank bottom sample was placed in three-compartment electro-bioremediation glass cells with a potential difference of 0.5V cm -1, applied to the electro-bioremediation cells for 69 days. Aliphatic and polyaromatichydrocarbons decreased from 80741.4 ppm to 32341.2ppm and from 414.2 ppm to 24.344 ppm respectively. The pH changed from 7.26 to 7.47 in the cathode and to 7.8 in the anode.

In this research, we report a facile approach to synthesize NiO nano particles via simply sono chemical method, which revealed high proficiency and discrimination towards the adsorption of organic dyes. The structure and morphology of the nano particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. NiO nano particles were successfully employed as nano adsorbent for the treatment of congo red (CR) dye assisted simulated waste water under the influence of variable conditions to triumph best adsorption capacity. The effect of adsorbent amount, adsorbate concentration and stay time were analyzed. Adsorption isotherm models were also employed to analyze the practicability of the adsorption process. The adsorption results poved that the equilibrium data coincides very well with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm, and the maximum adsorption propensities for Congo red (CR). The kinetic data can be interpreted by pseudo-second order model. The rational mechanism of adsorption attributed to hydrogen bonding, electrostatic attraction and ion \exchange between the dye molecules and NiO in the adsorption progression. These reutilizing methods effectively instigated at industrial scale and therefore assess the challenges pretended by them in the environment and community health.

The conventional technique for power flow measurement of a network system are bulky in nature. The newer technique of Phasor Measurement Unit would be used for measurement of bus voltage and power flow. On usual, the concept of full weighted least square state estimator is follow a nonlinear technique, but in co-operation with PMUs it may improves the accuracy of the measurement without doing a bulky iteration process. In this paper the way of formation of measurement by using Full weighted least square state estimation and PMU device with conventional method will be investigated. A number of cases are tested by use of PMUs and their effect on variables accuracy on Real Power and Reactive Power flows over a system are demonstrated. The assessment of parameter obtained on IEEE 14 bus and IEEE 30 bus system will be discussed.

This Paper presents two adaptive vehicle suspension control methods, which significantly improve the performance of mechatronic suspension systems in full car model by absorbing shocks caused by bumpy roads and preventing vibrations from reaching the cockpit and providing stability and coherence required. The first control approach is an extension to the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) called Extended adaptive Neuro fuzzy inference system (EANFIS). The second control approach is a special type of multi-inputs multi-outputs ANFIS model called Co-Active adaptive Neuro fuzzy inference system (CANFIS). MATLAB Simulink has used to build controllers and the full vehicle active suspension model with seven degrees of freedom. Three types of disturbances have been applied individually as excitations to test the robustness of the proposed controllers. In addition, a comparison between EANFIS controller, CANFIS controller and open loop model (passive suspension) has made with the three types of disturbances.

A Graph G = (V, E) with p vertices and q edges is said to be a Geometric mean graph if it is possible to label the vertices xV with distinct labels f(x) from 1,2…..,q+1 in such way that when each edge e=uv is labeled with f(e=uv)=⌈√(f(u)f(v))⌉ or ⌊√(f(u)f(v))⌋, then the resulting edge labels are distinct. In this case, f is called Geometric mean labeling of G. In this paper, we investigate the Geometric mean labeling behaviour of subdivision on Triangular Snakes.

This study investigated factors that affect secondary school Mathematics teachers' teaching methodology & it was carried out secondary schools in Western Oromiya & SNNP regions, Ethiopia, from July 2014 to June 2015. Data sources was secondary schools’ mathematics teachers, vice principals, students & observations of mathematics lessons. This study involved six sample secondary schools that were selected through stratified random sampling technique &a sample of two, sections from each of the 6 sample schools was selected for data collection purposes. A total of 406 sample students were selected from each sample sections using proportionate allocation system. In addition, 26(all) mathematics teachers& six vice directors in the sample schools was selected & participated in the study. Lottery technique of random sampling was employed to select sample sections as well as the required sample students from each sample section. Data collection tools were structured questionnaire, structured interview & lesson observation check list. The teacher is a crucial tool when we want to ensure that students are developing a concrete understanding of all the mathematics concepts. Therefore I focussed on factors that affect secondary school Mathematics teachers' teaching methodology. The findings of this study revealed that there are negative as well as positive factors affecting mathematics teachers’ teaching methodology. Factors related to teachers, students & schools that are affecting mathematics teachers’ teaching method or strategy was identified from the survey analysis. An awareness of these factors can help, to improving the effectiveness of mathematics teacher’s teaching methodology if they are dealt with successfully.

In this paper illustration of the influence of input machining parameters on the surface roughness and Tool wear rate are determined along with regression analysis. This experiment was conducted on High Carbon High Chromium Steel (HCHCR) with Copper as tool electrode. The data collected during experimentation has been used to yield responses in respect of surface roughness and tool wear rate (TWR). The objective of this paper is to study the influence of operating input parameters of copper electrode on surface roughness of HCHCR and tool wear rate of copper followed by optimization. The effectiveness of EDM process with copper electrode is evaluated in terms of surface roughness and tool wear rate. In this work the parameters such as current, spark gap, flushing rate pulse on time, pulse off time were selected. Analysis is carried using the Anova analysis.

This paper presents a new procedure for the construction and selection of Single Sampling Plan (SSP) using weighted gamma Poisson distribution as a base line distribution. The main theme from this article is to briefly present the theory and technique of (SSP) using Gamma prior distribution and demonstrate how it can facilitate to find Average Quality Level (AQL) and Limiting Quality Level (LQL) bring about the result to reduce the Producer's Risk (α) and Consumer’s (β) Risk. In this article, we further designs the parameter of the plan indexed with Probabilistic Quality Region (PQR) and Indifference Quality Regions (IQR) which gives potential application to improve the quality levels in industry products. Tables are constructed for the selection of plan parameters.

Reliability of electric power delivery system is a critical issue in order to make a continuously available sufficient voltage, of satisfactory quality, to meet the consumer's' needs. The paper studies about the reliability analysis of Arba Minch distribution system using different index parameters. In the city electricity is highly affected by a continuous power interruption and outage from the main grid. The reliability indexes such as SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI, and ASAI parameters has been analyzed based on power interruption frequency and duration data. The reliability of Arba Minch city is poor so EEPCO should take different mechanisms of improving the power availability hours and reduce interruption frequency and duration.

Aim of the present work is to synthesize 1-N amido 5-methyl 3(3-hydroxy) phenyl amino 1,2-pyrazole and its nitroso and benzoyl derivatives. Corrosion inhibition tendency of these compounds has been studied using weight loss method at different concentration of synthesized compounds at 300C in presence of HCl (0.1M) and H2SO4 (0.1M). Results of gravimetric analysis reveals that 1-N amido 5-methyl 3(3-hydroxy) phenyl amino 1, 2-pyrazole shows more corrosion inhibition efficiency towards H2SO4 as compared to HCl. Derivatives of these compounds also shows inhibition efficiency against corrosion of mild steel in acidic medium.

Carbon dioxide is one of the most important greenhouse gas that is threatening the present day human life as well as the quality of the environment, resulting in large scale effects (disasters) on the living organisms. The present work aims to employ process simulation software (Aspen Plus software) for the recovery of carbon dioxide evolved from the urea manufacturing plant. Though, commonly used solvent for the removal of carbon dioxide is Monoethanolamine, in this work CO2 extraction was by studied by employing three more solvents i.e., Diethanolamine, Methyl diethanolamine and Diglycolamine. An effective UNIFAC method is used to estimate the CO2 recovery (from carbon dioxide recovery plant). The recovery of CO2 is estimated at different absorber & stripper temperature conditions and concentrations of the solvent(s). The results of the solvents are compared to identify best operating parameters (solvent temperature and concentration). In absorber the overall percentage of CO2 removal from the flue gas for all the solvents was found to be; 99.983% with Diglycololamine solvent (at 0.55 concentration (mole%) and 10°C temperature), 99.981% with Methyldiethanolamine solvent (at 0.55 (mole%) concentration and 5°C temperature), 99.74% with Diethanolamine solvent (at 0.5 (mole%) concentration and 8°C temperature) and 98.07% with Monoethanolamine solvent (at 0.2 mole% concentration and 8°C temperature). From the results of this study, Diglycolamine is the best solvent to remove carbon dioxide from flue gas.

The oxidation of different alcohols by tetramethyl ammonium fluorochromate in acidic medium is studied kinetically. The reaction was arranged to be pseudo-first order with respect to oxidant for all alcohols. The reaction is found to be catalyzed by the hydrogen ions. The effect of change in temperature, concentration of substrate, oxidant and acid medium is studied kinetically. On the basis of results obtained the mechanism of the reaction is proposed and discussed.

The term Biometric has the relation with "life measurement" however the tenure is commonly interconnected by means of exclusive physiological personality to recognize an individual. A uni-modal biometric system has a diversity of problems such as noisy data, nonuniversality, spoof attacks and undesirable error rate. These limitations can be solved by deploying multimodal biometric system. Multimodal biometric authentication system makes use of two or more individual modalities, like face, iris, retina and fingerprint etc. Here we have anticipated fingerprint and iris traits at feature level extraction. Pre-processing of images of iris and fingerprint is done and features are extracted from them. Our work composed of two foremost sections: Feature extraction of both traits and fusing them before matching and appliance of an encryption technique to boost the security of the fused template and lastly matching stage to authenticate a person.

Electronic systems are becoming more compact thanks to technological development. Integrated technology provides electronic systems that are more and more thumbnails, economical and robust for different operating conditions. Biomedical technology and especially the electrical stimulator are also concerned by the embedded technology to provide a portable, inexpensive and most flexible and efficient in terms of accuracy and speed. In this work, we present a new VHDL modeling of an electrical rehabilitator from an original design. First, we propose an integrated architecture to reduce the electrical stimulator. We will discuss the operational units and their main functions. Then we present a reduced interface well suited to the portability of the device. The reduced system contains tow global blocks of analog and numerical treatment. This last one constitutes the main of this study and it consists of six blocks to generate stimulus signal and the command signal. The interface adopts two types of manual and automatic amplitude control in order to control the stimulation signal, and allows the setting of the stimulation training.

Nitrate contamination in groundwater is a common problem in many parts of the world. Nitrate is a common nitrogenous compound due to natural processes of the nitrogen cycle, igneous rocks, anthropogenic sources like unsecured septic tanks, application of nitrogen-rich fertilizers in agricultural processes. The level of nitrate concentration in groundwater of three densely populated areas, Proddatur (PDTR), Mydukur (MYD) and Yerraguntla (YGL) of YSR Kadapa district was evaluated. A total of 30 samples from tube wells were collected and analyzed for nitrate using UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The average groundwater nitrate concentrations of the study areas are reported as 112.7 mg/L for PDTR, 41.3 mg/L for MYD and 120.82 mg/L for YGL area. The nitrate concentration in 63 % samples of the study area exceeded the maximum permissible limit of nitrate (45 mg/L) for drinking water set by WHO and thus pose a threat to human health. The consumption of nitrate rich water causes a large number of diseases like dizziness, abdominal disorder, vomiting, weaknesses, mental disorder and even stomach cancer and blue baby syndrome or methemoglobinemia which robs the blood cells of their ability to carry oxygen. Due to the detrimental biological effects, treatment and prevention methods must be considered to protect groundwater aquifers from nitrate leaching and high concentrations.

Super resolution is astoundingly significant and captivating zone of examination for image planning applications in light of wavelet change. Stationary Wavelet Transform (SWT) and Discrete Wavelet change (DWT) are utilizing as a part of our proposed work for actualizing the Super Resolution of the specific picture. In for the most part Single frame super resolution can be refined by utilization of various extension strategies like interpolation in any case this technique doesn't give precise result at edges, means here edges are getting with blur. Consequently this paper we are taking the samples from the pictures after that we are applying Discrete wavelet change (DWT) and Stationary wavelet Transform (SWT), then we are applying the wavelet filters on that super resolved image. For purpose of value part of the recently remade picture, for example, mean, variance, median, mode furthermore finding the MSE and PSNR.

This study examined the impact of financial sector reforms on the Nigerian economy, utilizing annual time series data from 1987 to 2014. Financial reforms variables of interest rate, recapitalization, consolidation, credit to private sector, loans to deposit ratio and the ratio of non-performing loans were regressed on economic growth, represented by the gross domestic product. The data were analyzed using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression method. The results revealed that financial reforms, interest rate and the ratio of private sector credit to GDP have significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria. However, loans to deposit ratio and non-performing loans to total loans ratio showed negative relationships with Nigeria’s economic growth. Accordingly, the study recommends a regime of attractive interest rate on savings so as to attract more savings, leading to accumulation of large amount of savings for investment. Also, there should be a deliberate incentivization of credit to the private sector of the Nigerian economy in order to increase real sector investment that will grow the economy. Finally, the enforcement of effective risk management mechanism that moderates loans portfolio at risk to reduce non-performing loans, preserve depositors’ funds and maximize loan interest earnings to improve the profitability and stability of banks should be institutionalized (Word Count, 205).

Histograms of lineament intersection lengths in the study area are positively skewed Variations in frequencies within their respective class intervals suggest that the stress intensity which gave birth to the lineaments are unequal. This is also true by the absence of lineaments within some class intervals. Directional lineaments’ intersection of the rose diagrams are mainly found in conjugate NE – SW and NW – SE orientations. Only small parts of the Kagoro hill area and associate rocks are covered by lineament intersections of high densities by drainage and satellite maps which suggest that they were produced mainly from shallow structural features associated with joints, stream and rivers. Magnetic and gravity maps present ideal images of lineament intersections, as high lineament intersections are located on the Kagoro Younger Granite outcrop and other rock exposures, which clearly indicate that they are derivatives of deep seated structures which could be linked to fractures and faults. A combined map of the four lineament sources expresses clearly the locations and trends of the Kagoro Younger Granite complex and its associate rocks. On this map, densely populated lineament intersections are located over outcropped rock units and trend in the same directions. Generally the two dimensional maps indicate the main structural features to be trending along the N – S, NE – SW, E – W and NW – SE directions, which is consistent with structural trends in the region and regional tectonic stress regimes and fractures in Nigeria.

Malnutrition is the manifestation of the inadequate or improper nutrition. The co-existence of under and over nutrition within the population is termed as dual burden of malnutrition. The emergence of the dual burden is a result of the nutrition transition along with epidemiological transition is underway in the populations. This phenomenon is not limited to upper-income developing countries, but is occurring across the globe in countries with very different cultures and dietary customs. Stuffed and starved both the extremes are responsible for dual burden paradox of under nutrition and obesity. Under nutrition and over nutrition co-exist in developing countries undergoing rapid nutrition transition, and women are susceptible to this double burden of "dysnutrition" often cumulating stunting or micronutrient malnutrition with obesity or other nutrition-related chronic diseases. Improving women's resources, including health, nutrition, education, and decisional power, is critical for equity and for the health of children and adults of future generations, since poor fetal and infancy nutrition is another risk factor for chronic diseases, in particular abdominal obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Addressing malnutrition and nutrition-related chronic diseases simultaneously is a challenge facing developing countries, and examples of promising initiatives are provided. Focusing on women along the lifecycle, according to the continuum of care approach, is essential to achieving the Millennium Development Goals and to breaking the intergenerational cycle of poverty, malnutrition, and ill-health.

Mysuru city is among those cities that have been witnessing a drastic increase in urban areas and an inflow of population from its surrounding rural areas. The city has several well-known tourist attractions, which adds a good revenue to the city’s economy. These urbanization and tourism not only brings in prosperity to the city, but also the crisis of municipal solid waste management. The Mysuru City Corporation works hard to retain the title of the Cleanest City in India. The Land Use and Land Cover were assessed that clearly showed the development of settlement around the existing landfill site causing health hazards to the residents. To study the effects of the landfill site and several unauthorized disposal sites around the city on the groundwater resources, tools of Geographical Information System and Water Quality Index were used. The leachate formed from the MSW disposal sites drains down the soil, polluting both the soil and the groundwater. Groundwater quality were assessed based on certain chemical parameters & the standards prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards. The Inverse Distance Weighted method of spatial interpolation was applied to derive the groundwater quality for the study area based on the locations of the samples. To assess the quality of soil, samples were collected from in and around the landfill site. The environmental impact of the existing municipal solid waste landfill was found alarming and requires a new landfill site away from the inhabited areas.

Farmers are plagued by myriad issues such as timely and reliable access to farm inputs, access to markets, access to reliable information at the right time and cheap access to credit. The proliferation of mobile phones across the globe has impinged on agriculture in various ways. Mobiles are being used to help raise farmers’ incomes, making agricultural marketing more efficient, lowering information costs, reducing transport costs, and providing a platform to deliver services and innovate. The role of mobiles in enhancing food security and supporting rural livelihoods is increasingly being recognized and was officially endorsed at the World Summit on the Information Society (2003-2005). Several countries in Africa and Asia are now using mobiles for the dissemination of agricultural knowledge and information. Ethio Telecom currently provides mobile telephone service to approximately 50 million subscribers and aims to provide mobile telephone service to a total of 91 million subscribers, which is nearly double the number of current mobile users. Broadband internet data subscription will grow to 39 million from the current 1.46 million subscribers. Mobile internet data coverage will also grow from 8 million to 16.9 million users, while overall internet data coverage will grow to 10 per cent from the current 3.3 percentage. The most notable opportunity in Ethiopia is the presence of ICT infrastructure called the Woredanet that can be easily extended to reach most of the rural farmers and to further strengthen the research-extension-farmer linkage. The challenges of access to ICT can be divided into two: (i) access to ICT infrastructure and (ii) access to ICT services. The access to ICT infrastructure in Ethiopia is still very low despite some noticeable improvements registered in recent years. Damages on fibre optic cables and power interruptions are among the challenges the service provider faced in its expansion and network quality improvement efforts. However, the power of mobile phone technology in agriculture is its ability to catalyse a wide range of interventions that are core to transforming the sector.

Hospitality and tourism industry has emerged as one of the key drivers of growth among the services sector in India. Tourism in Uttarakhand is a potential game changer. It is a sun rise industry, an employment generator, a significant source of foreign exchange for the country and an economic activity that helps local and host communities. The hospitality and tourism industry is a major contributor to the economy of Uttarakhand. The sector also employs a high proportion of young workers and migrant workers. There are five main departments of hospitality and tourism industry i.e. front office, housekeeping, food production, food service and tours and travel. In order to achieve the objectives of the study descriptive cum experimental design was planned. The present study was carried out in Kamaun regions of Uttarakhand. Both purposive/convenient and snowball sampling techniques were used to select the study area and samples. A total of 200 workers were selected from kumaun regions of the Uttarakhand. There are various hospitality and tourism industry in uttarakhand but we selected almora, mukteshwar, binsar and lohaghat towns because of the need of the research. While comparing the data among different departments of hospitality industry, it was observed that among front office workers who were involved in official work, majority of the workers i.e. 80 per cent had reported pain/discomfort in shoulder, whereas workers of housekeeping department reported that problem occurred in elbow and upper back and in the food production department workers said that most affected body part were shoulders, neck, both wrist/hand and upper back. However, 50 per cent workers of tours and travel had reported that maximum pain/discomfort in both shoulders and wrists/hands and this may be due to lifting, loading and reloading etc. while on tour.

The study was conducted on influence of social support on mental health of elderly. The random sample consisted of 80 male and 80 female elderly was selected from Dharwad district in Karnataka state. The study emphasized on relationship between social support and mental health of elderly. Social support questionnaire developed by Heitzmann and Kaplan (1988) was used to assess the social support status of elderly and Mental health inventory by Jagdish and Srivastav (1983), was used to analyse the mental health status among elderly. Results revealed that Nearly 50 per cent of the elderly had very poor mental health status. Majority of elderly received support from 3-6 number of members. Social support and mental health were significantly related as a social support increased mental health status also increased among elderly.

Water is a unique substance and it is essential for human beings and other animals as well as plants for survival. Agriculture requires vast quantity of water. Irrigation is an important factor for determining the water balance and cropping pattern of a region. Cultivated area determines the productivity of a land when it is facilitated by irrigation water, fertilizer, good quality seeds and other facilities. Kharif crops (Aman) are cultivated in the Monsoon season. A good rainfall produces bumper production and vice-versa. The Present study is confined on Simlapal block of Bankura District. The study has been taken keeping in view of the analyses focuses on the identification of net irrigated area (NIA) that provides a clear areal differentiation in case of net sown area (NSA), which also gives opportunity to future planners to establish more suitable irrigation system and agricultural development strategies.

The research aimed to explore the relationship between Parents’ Socioeconomic Status (education level, income level and marital status) and the student academic performance in the urban primary schools of Bhutan. 408 urban student’s parents were selected as sample through multistage random sampling method. One-way ANOVA statistics was employed to test for statistical significant differences among the observed sample means of student academic performance based on parent’s socioeconomic status. The results indicated that there were statistical significant differences in student academic performance based on parent’s income level; the student academic performance of the parents with high income is higher than those with middle and low income, while there were no statistical significant differences in the student academic performance based on parent’s education level and marital status.

The study is based on the investigation of malaria status among Bharia tribe. Bharia tribe is mainly resided in patalkot valley of Chhindwara district. Geographically the patalkot valley is situated from 22.24 to 22.29 ° North and 78.43 to 78.50° and spread over an area of 79 square kilometer. The valley is horse-shoe shaped and surrounded by giant hills and forests give suitable environment for mosquitoes breeding. Malaria disease spreads by the bites of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. Fever, shivering, aches, and pain in the joints and headache are the early symptoms of malaria. This study is based on secondary data collection from PHCs, District malaria office and their analysis.

Objectives: The research aimed to determine the structure of functional abilities of folk dancers. Methods: In order to determine the structure of functional abilities, 100 dancers of the Academic Folk Ensemble "Oro" of the Student Cultural Center of Nis were tested. The dancers ranged in chronological age from 18 to 27 years. The average dancing experience of the dancers was 8 years, while the continuous multi-year training process implied three sessions per week. For the assessment of functional variables, systolic (FBPSYS) and diastolic (FBPDIA) blood pressures were measured. Pulse rate at rest (FPURE) was determined by palpating the respondents` carotid artery after their 15-minute rest in a sitting position, and the number of beats in 15 seconds was multiplied by 4. Thus obtained frequency per minute was taken for processing. All the data in this study were processed at the Multidisciplinary Research Center of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Pristina through the system of data processing software programs DRSOFT developed by Popovic, D. (1980), (1993) and Momirovic, K. & Popovic, D. (2003). Results: Pulse frequency during physical exertion (FPUEX) was measured in the sixth minute of riding a cycle ergometer. Maximal values of oxygen uptake VO2max, (FO2LM) and (FO2ML), or absolute and relative values, were determined by Astrand`s indirect method (Zivanic et al., 1999). Conclusions: The factor structure of functional abilities was analyzed on the basis of all the information provided by a matrix of significant principal components (Table 1). Based on the Guttman measure6, three characteristic roots (three latent variables) which explained 83.08% of the common variance were obtained.

The study was primarily designed to assess the learning preferences and the academic performance of the working college students of Batangas State University – Malvar Campus. Specifically, the researcher first identified the profile of the respondents in terms of sex, year level, college/department, parents’ educational attainment, monthly family income, college/department and type of work. In addition, the respondents’ General Weighted Average from the previous semester was obtained to describe their academic performance. Likewise, their learning preferences were assessed along diverging, converging, assimilating and accommodating learning. On the other hand, significant differences on the respondents learning preferences were tested when grouped according to their profile as well as the significant relationship that existed between their learning preference and their academic performance. This has an end view of stipulating the implication of the findings of the study to the administrators of Batangas State University. The researcher utilized a total of 150 college working students coming from the different colleges of the university. The descriptive method of research was employed so as to fulfill the objective of the study. A self-constructed questionnaire which gone thorough validation served as the main tool in data gathering. Statistical treatments applied the gathered data include frequency and percentage, rank, weighted mean, T-test and Chi – square. Based on the results, majority of the respondents were females, with 4 – 6 siblings, with monthly family income of 5, 000.00 and below, their parents were mostly high school graduates, in the fourth year already and they are working as crew in restaurants and fast food chains. In addition, the working student – respondents assessed that they preferred diverging, converging, assimilating and accommodating learning styles. Meanwhile, it was found that most of the working – student respondents obtained very satisfactory academic performance. On the other hand, there were no significant relationships noted between the learning preferences of the respondents such as diverging, converging, assimilating and accommodating when correlated with their academic performance. As to the test for difference, there was significant difference observed when the learning preferences of the respondents was compared according to their sex. On the contrary, when the learning preferences were compared according to the respondents’ year level, college/department, parents’ educational attainment, monthly family income, college/department and type of work, significant differences were noted. Moreover, the analysis of data disclosed that the most common problems encountered by the working students were time management, having no time to join school – clubs, having less time with classmates and friends and to attend to extra –curricular activities and having less time to study and pass their assignments. Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following recommendations are hereby given: the administration of the university may find ways on how they can employ their students inside the campus so that they will no longer work outside the school. They can do this by hiring more student assistants who can work for the university. They may provide as well more scholarship programs that can help unprivileged students to continue college education without having the need to work; the teachers may consider the learning preferences of the working students. They may create or design activities which are suited the preferred learning of styles of the respondents; given the reality that there are students who really depend on their work so that they can continue college education; the College of Arts and Sciences may provide the students seminar on time management as this was found to be the greatest problem of the working students. Through this, the college working students may know how to balance their time between school and work; the parents of these working students are encouraged to provide their children financial needs so that these students could focus with their studies; the different colleges where these working student – respondents belong may consider the schedule of the students. The students should be given chance and freedom to choose the schedule fitted to them provided that they will have proof of working.

Whistleblowing became the center of attention since the 1980s and is still understudy until today. In this paper the author introduces whistleblowing on the group level with the concept of collective whistleblowing intention. Combining the findings of Gao, Greenberg and Wong-On-Wing (2015) whistleblowing intentions of lower-level employees with Henningsen and Henningsen (2014) preliminary examination of perception of social influences. The paper model combining the two findings, proposes similar results to the individual model with some modification. Some possible uses of this paper findings are presented lastly.

Globally different countries in the world use environmental risk assessment as a tool to evaluate the toxicity of a pollutant in the environment. Health risk assessment is done to evaluate the possible adverse health effects of benzene on human health. The concentration of benzene was measured at two locations in Delhi, a global city, during 2011-2015.The cancer risk in ambient air of Delhi was calculated at CEXPavg, CEXP50, and CEX90. From the year 2011 to 2015 at CEXPavg and CEXP50 cancer risk varies from 1.71 to 9.26 per 106 and at CEXP90 cancer risk varies from 3.9 to 24.12 per 106 which were higher in comparison with mean and median concentrations. The cancer risk calculated in this study is comparable with the studies conducted in Kolkata, India and few other European countries. The annual average exposure concentration of benzene ranges from 3.02 µg/m3 in 2015 to 16.3 µg/m3 in 2011.The mean value found in 2015 was less than National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of benzene i.e. 5µg/m3.Our study revealed that there is a decrease in the level of benzene from 2011 to 2015 at two locations in Delhi which may be attributed to the implementation of Auto Fuel Policy 2003, by the Government in reducing benzene contents in the gasoline from the source and subsequent environmental measures in Delhi.

In 2008, the EU and India for the first time showed their willingness ‘to work for peace and comprehensive security’. It was known as Joint Action Plan which did conceptualize ‘Non-Traditional Security’ (NTS) though it was regarded as part of comprehensive security. Nevertheless, elements of NTS have been part of the bilateral relationship for years. The paper will analyse how this concept of ‘non-traditional security’ should be understood; what are the limitation and what impact such limits may have on bilateral relations. Also attempt may be made to evaluate what has be done in this multifaceted field, and identifies such issues which raises specific challenges. As such it is necessary to examine the broader Asian and global context before defining the scope for enhancing Indo-EU cooperation.

Reliability of electric power delivery system is a critical issue in order to make a continuously available sufficient voltage, of satisfactory quality, to meet the consumer's' needs. The paper studies about the reliability analysis of Arba Minch distribution system using different index parameters. In the city electricity is highly affected by a continuous power interruption and outage from the main grid. The reliability indexes such as SAIFI, SAIDI, CAIDI, and ASAI parameters has been analyzed based on power interruption frequency and duration data. The reliability of Arba Minch city is poor so EEPCO should take different mechanisms of improving the power availability hours and reduce interruption frequency and duration.

Background: The ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration cytology has become optimal procedure to establish tissue diagnosis for discrete hepatic masses for their appropriate management. Aims: To study detailed cytomorphological features of hepatic aspirates and to correlate them with clinical, serum Alpha fetoprotein levels as well with radiological findings in order to distinguish benign from malignant and further to differentiate primary carcinoma from metastases. Material and Methods: This was a prospective study over period of two and half years,(January 2013 to July 2015) comprising of 150 patients with liver space occupying lesions who underwent ultrasound guided FNA. FNAC was performed under ultrasound guidance using a 21-23 guage lumbar puncture needle, fitted to a 20 ml disposable syringe attached to metallic syringe holder.1-3 passes were made to get adequate aspirates. Direct air dired smears were prepared for May Grunwald Giemsa and few smears were immediately fixed in 95% alcohol for Haematoxylin and Eosin stain. Special cytochemical stains such as Periodic acid Schiff and Ziehl Neilson were done as and when required. The stained FNA smears were examined by two cytopathologists and were categorized as satisfactory and unsatisfactory for evaluation Results: Out of 150 aspirates 10 aspirates were considered unsatisfactory for evaluation. Out of remaining 140 patients 110 were male and 30 were female. The male to female ratio was 3.6:1. The age of patients ranged from 25 to 80 years and mean age was 55 years. Neoplastic lesions (86.66%) of liver were more common than non neoplastic lesion and further metastatic deposits (66.6%) were more frequent than primary HCC (20%). Serum AFP levels were raised in HCC. HBsAg and HCV antibody positivity was observed in 70% and 6.6% cases of HCC respectively.HCC presented with solitary space occupying lesion in 76.66% patients and as multiple SOL in 33.33% cases. Among the cytomorphological features the presence of predominant trabecular pattern with transgressing vessels (70%), endothelial wrapping (20%), intracytoplasmic bile in tumor cells (33.33%), scattered atypical nuclei (88.33%) and high N/C ratio (86.66%) were the most important features which helped in distinguishing HCC from metastasis. Conclusion: The present study emphasized on stepwise algorithmic approach to fine needle aspiration diagnosis of hepatic lesions with close coorelation of clinicoradiological and serum AFP with cytomorphological features.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder with periodic reduction or cessation of airflow during sleep. It is associated with loud snoring, disrupted sleep and observed apneas with prevalence up to 54% in elderly people. Treatment of OSA varies from simple measures such as dental appliances and nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) to surgical procedures like Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and tracheostomy. Dental appliances are a viable nonsurgical treatment alternative in patients with OSA, of which mandibular advancement appliances are most common. A Class II patient with retruded mandible contributes to the worsening of OSA is considered an indication to oral appliance therapy. This clinical report describes the treatment of a 32-year old Class II OSA patient for whom a modified mandibular advancement appliance was designed. The patient reported an improvement in AHI index and he was satisfied with the modified appliance.

An investigation was carried out to find the effect of integrated weed management on growth, flowering and leaf yield in Periwinkle at medicinal plants unit, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of agriculture, Annamalai university, Annamalainagar. This study was conducted in randomized block design with three replication of 12 treatments with and without the combination of three herbicides viz., Alachlor 1.5 kg ha-1, Pendimethalin 1.5 kg ha-1 and Fluchlorin 1.5 kg ha-1, sugarcane trash mulching @ 12 t ha-1 and hand weeding on 45, 90 and 120 days after planting. The growth parameters viz., plant height (92.18 cm), number of branches plant-1 (14.68), number of leaves (565.96) and leaf area (21.82 cm2). The flower and leaf yield parameters viz., number of flowers (59.44), fresh leaf yield per plant (113.70 g), total fresh leaf yield per plant (331.70 g), fresh leaf yield per plot (22111.12 g), fresh leaf yield per hectare (36851.87 kg), total chlorophyll content (0.499 mg g-1), crop dry matter production (66.43 g plant-1) were registered to be the highest in the treatment T12. From the experiment, application of Fluchlorin @ 1.5 kg ha-1 along with sugarcane trash mulching @ 12 t ha-1 and two hand weeding on 45 and 90 DAT could adjudged as the best treatment in improving the growth and leaf yield of periwinkle.

“An inve“Breeding potential of snake gourd (Trichosanthes anguina L.) genotypes using D2 analysis” was carried out in the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu. The parents from diversified genotypes in snake gourd were evaluated for fruit yield per plant, yield attributing characters and quality traits with the objective of selecting superior genotypes for heterosis breeding. The characters observed were days to first male and female flower opening, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit girth, flesh thickness, single fruit weight, fruit yield per plant, number of seeds per fruit, Vitamin C and acidity content of fruit. The degree of divergence among 40 genotypes was computed using D2 analysis. The results revealed that the genotype G27 followed by G2, G29, G5 and G12 expressed the maximum fruit yield per plant. High PCV, GCV and genetic advance as per cent of mean were observed among the genotypes for most of the traits studied except days to first male flower opening and acidity content of fruit. Among the 40 genotypes studied, the genotypes were grouped into eight clusters. Among 40 diversed genotypes, the cluster I consists the maximum number of 23 genotypes. The traits namely single fruit weight, fruit length, number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per fruit and fruit girth contributed more to the fruit yield per plant.

The Sandwiched Osmotic Tablet System (SOTS), which is composed of sandwiched osmotic tablet core surrounded by a cellulose acetate membrane with two orifices on both side surfaces has been successfully prepared with the purpose of delivering Glipizide. In this a core composed of polymeric push layer sandwiched between two drug layers with two delivery orifices. Influences of tablet formulation variables and membrane variables on Glipizide release of SOTS have been studied. NaCl was used as an osmogent and MCC used as a release retardant. Cellulose acetate was used as the semipermeable membrane and PEG 400 was used as pore forming agent. Optimization was done using 32 factorial design considering two independent variable at three levels. Optimized formulation exhibited zero order kinetics with a drug release of 98.10 % in 24 hrs. The optimized formulation was also found to stable upon stability studies. The ideal formulation (F6) was stable when it was stored at 40±2 0c/ 75±5% RH as per ICH Guidelines for 6 months. It can be concluded that release of Glipizide was significantly controlled from sandwiched osmotic drug delivery systems.

Background: Preoperative antibiotics for elective abdominal operations are essential in decreasing surgical site infections such that the timely and appropriate administration of antimicrobials is a quality benchmark measure. However, their role in emergent surgery for intestinal perforation is controversial. In the pre antibiotic era, penetrating abdominal trauma was associated with a mortality rate as high as 65% to 70%. 1 Methods: A prospective study compared using either 500 mg of intraperitoneal metronidazole or a saline control in 30 adult trauma patients requiring diagnostic peritoneal lavage was conducted over a 2 month period. Two groups were made Group A ¬ received metronidazole and Group B the saline wash. Result: In this prospective study comprising of 30 adults who underwent laparotomy, patients were randomised and assigned into group A and group B by odd even method. Group A consisted of 15 patients in whom diagnostic peritoneal lavage was performed using 500mg of metronidazole and group B consisted of 15 patients in whom diagnostic peritoneal lavage was performed using saline only. Septicemia evidence by presence of fever and tachycardia was noted in 8 out of the 15 patients of group B and 3 out of the 15 patients in group A comprising 53.3% and 20% of each group respectively. Wound dehiscence was seen i one patient of each group. Overall group A patients who received DPL with metronidazole 500 mg as compared to normal saline as DPL has lesser incidence of postoperative complication, shorter duration of hospital stay and lesser incidence of septic complication.

Background: The nutritional needs of every women increase during pregnancy and lactation, if the requirements are not met, it affects mothers’ own health, birth outcome as well as infant health and the consequences can be serious for women and their infants. The overall nutritional status of pregnant and lactating women is poor in Nepal. Couple of evidences have shown that the nutritional status of Dalit mothers is significantly poorer than the Non-Dalits since history as a result of Dalit women’s exclusion in socio-economic and political dimensions. Still there is lack of studies which explores the nutritional status and its determinants related to Dalit mothers. Objective: To assess and compare the nutritional status of Dalit mothers with Non-Dalit mothers and explore its determinants. Methods: A cross sectional analytical study was conducted in Eastern Terai ecological sub-belt of Nepal during July to December 2011 among 720 Dalit and Non-dalit mothers having under five years children. To assess the nutritional status of mothers, the height, MUAC and Body Mass Index (BMI) were obtained and compared. Chi-square, t- test and Logistic Regression Analysis were used to analyse the result. Results: The mean height of the study mothers was 151.2 cm with SD 5.4cm and the mean BMI was observed 19.5 with SD 2.6. Moreover, 15.8 percent Dalit mothers had short height (<145cm), 25.8 percent had thin MUAC (<21.0 cm) and 43.7 percent had low BMI (<18.5) in compared to only 8.1 percent short height, 15 percent thin MUAC and 33.3 percent low BMI among Non-dalit mothers respectively. All three indicators of Dalit mothers were significantly poorer than Non-dalit mothers (p<0.001). The age and wealth index was found significant determinants for height, wealth index and age at marriage for MUAC and education, decision-making capacity and numbers of CEB were found as the key determinants for Body Mass Index (BMI). Conclusion: Nearly half (43.7%) of Dalit mothers were observed with low BMI and one in every six (15.8) mothers had short height. Dalit mothers had significantly poor nutritional status than Non-dalit mothers (p<0.001) in both indicators.

Background & Objectives: Increasing incidence of bacterial resistance to β lactam antibiotics is a potential healthcare hazard. In majority of the cases, this resistance is orchestrated through production of β lactamases. Among these, Carbapenemases, especially transfer able metallo β lactamases (MBL), are the most important as they hydrolyze many antibiotics. MBL genes are often plasmid mediated and hence have potential for rapid dissemination. This study was conducted to phenotypically detect MBL in lactose non-fermenting Gram negative bacilli and to compare the different methods. Methods: Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. isolated from different clinical specimens were included in the study. MBL was detected using EDTA-Imipenem (EIC) & EDTA-Ceftazidime (ECC) combination assay and EDTA-Imipenem (EDTA-IPM) & EDTA-Ceftazidime (EDTA-CAZ) double disc synergy test (DDST). Carbapenemase was detected using Modified Hodge test (MHT). Results: A total of 54 strains of P.aeruginosa and 55 strains of Acinetobacter spp. were studied. MBL was detected in most number of strains of P.aeruginosa using the EDTA-IPM-DDST (75%) method whereas the EIC and the ECC methods detected MBL in most number (53% each) ofstrains of Acinetobacter spp. MHT could detect Carbapenemase in 22% and 40% strains of P.aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. respectively. Interpretation &Conclusions: Our results suggest that while EDTA-IPM-DDST is better method for MBL detection in P.aeruginosa, the EIC and ECC assays are equally good for MBL detection in Acinetobacter spp.MHT can only be used for screening of Carbapenemases in Acinetobacter spp.

The sedative effects of intranasal dexmedetomidine, ketamine and morphine combination were evaluated in young dogs. A combination of 0.1 mg/kg dexmedetomidine, ketamine 20 mg/kg and 0.4 mg/kg morphine was administered by inserting a lubricated catheter in intranasal. The sedation score was classified as ‘moderate’ from 2 to 10 minutes, ‘light’ from 10 to 30 minutes, the sedation level was insufficient from 30 to 45 minutes. The dogs were all awake at 45 minutes. Heart rate and rectal temparature did not change significantly from baseline at any time. Respiratory frequency decreased significantly (P<0.05) from baseline. Also SpO2 progressively dropped 10- 15 minutes when O2 supplementation was started, increasing significantly. PaCO2 enhanced significantly (P<0.05) at 10, mins and PaO2 lessening significantly (P<0.05) at 10, mins compared with baseline value. The intranasal dexmedetomidine-ketamine–morphine combinations has been successfully used for modarate sedation for 10 minutes in young dogs.

Eccrine porocarcinoma is a rare malignant tumour of the sweat glands. It is most commonly seen in elderly individual and it mostly involves lower extremities. It can arise de novo or from pre-existing eccrineporoma. We report a case of Eccrine porocarcinoma in a 13 year old boy over lateral aspect of face.

Thiadiazoles and their analogues exhibit a wide variety of biological activities like antibacterial, antifungal, antitubercular, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-convulsant, diuretic etc., In the present research work, some new series of 1,3,4- Thiadiazoles Schiffs bases were synthesized from Benzoic acid treated with thiosemicarbazide to form 2-amino-5-phenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivative, the free amine group at the second position of the formed product was modified into various Schiffs bases by treating with different aromatic aldehydes to obtain the desired entity. The purity of the compounds was identified by TLC and purified by recrystallization and column chromatography. The structures were determined by IR, 1H NMR and Mass spectral data. 2-amino-5-phenyl-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole Schiff base analogues were screened for their antibacterial (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922), antifungal (Aspergillus niger ATCC 9029) by disc plate technique and antitubercular activity by use of MABA (Microplate Alamar Blue assay) analytical method on H37Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Based on the results shown by the synthesized compounds, all showed significant antimicrobial and antifungal activity activity. The mechanism of action of the compounds can be implicated for their cell wall disruption by inhibiting the peptidoglycon synthesis as potential antimicrobial agent or inhibiting the synthesis of mycolic acid as potential antitubercular agent.

The study was designed to evaluate hepatoprotective activity of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy (CP) belonging to the family Gentianaceae in acute experimental injury by paracetamol (PCM) and the effects observed were compared with known hepatoprotective agent silymarin. Alcoholic (AECP), Chlorofom (CECP) and Aqueous (AqCP) extracts of Convolvulus pluricaulis Choisy in different doses (150 and 300 mg/kg)were administered to the groups for a period of 10 days which were pretreated with hepatotoxicant paracetamol (2 g/kg). The control group was administered with 1 % Tween 80. The blood sample was collected, centrifuged and the obtained serum was used for the assay of marker enzymes like and the liver was subjected to histopathologyAspartate aminotransferase (AST/SGOT), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT/SGPT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Acid phosphatase (ACP) and Bilirubin. The liver was subjected to histopathology and DNA Fragmentation assay. Hepatotoxic rats pretreated with silymarin or CP extracts exhibited significant decrease in biochemical parameters enzyme level. From the histopathological observation, lymphocyte infiltration and marked necrosis were observed in PCM-treated groups (negative control), whereas maintenance of the normal hepatic structure was observed in group pretreated with silymarinand the plant extracts. More over the DNA was secured in these treated groups compared to the broken DNA in PCM treated group. In conclusion the AECP, CECP and AqCP extracts exhibited hepatoprotective potential and thus warrents further investigation.

Fournier’s gangrene (FG) is a rare, rapidly progressive, fulminant form of necrotizing fasciitis of the genital, perianal and perineal regions, which may extend up to the abdominal wall between the fascial planes. Early diagnosis, aggressive resuscitation of the patient, administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics and aggressive radical surgical debridement(s), are the key of successful treatment. In this study, we aimed to investigate patients with FG and to identify risk factors that affect mortality. In this study the treatment records of 50 patients admitted to Patna medical college, General Surgery Department, with a diagnosis of Fournier’s gangrene during the 1 year period between May 2015 to April 2016 were reviewed. Of the 50 patients studied, 12 died and 38 survived; the overall mortality rate was 24%. The most frequent bacterial organisms cultured from the wound sites were Escherichia coli (85.6%) and Klebsiella (40.5%). Patients had a median hospital stay of 21 (range, 4–66) days. The median hospitalization time (MHT) for the surviving patients was 26.00 days compared to 8.00 days for the non-survivors.

To assess the anthropometric and nutritional status, to compared the relationship between socioeconomic statuses (SES) of preschool children (4-5 years) of West Bengal. A cross sectional survey was carried out among 200 preschool children in Paschim Medinipur district. Anthropometric measurement like height, weight, mid arm circumference, chest circumference and head circumference and following anthropometric indicator like Gomez classification and Water low’s classification were measured of preschool children. Dietary nutritional status was assessed following standard method. From this present study, it has been found that the weights of the boys and girls of high socio-economic status are significantly higher than the weights of boys and girls of low socio-economic status but height is remain unaltered between two groups. The results found that mid-arm circumference and chest circumference are significantly varied among boys and head circumference is also significantly differ among girls belonging to high and low socioeconomic status of preschool children. On the other hand, the Gomez classification and Water lows classification are significantly lower in both boys and girls belonging to low socioeconomic groups. The results reveal that preschool children belonging to high socioeconomic status consumed significantly higher amount of dietary nutrient compared to low socioeconomic status. The present study shows that nutrient intakes were lower among preschool children with low socioeconomic status in both sexes. Thus, mean anthropometric characteristics was lower in this group. Consequently, much more emphasis is needed to be given to increase the nutrient of their diets especially among preschool children belonging to low socioeconomic groups.

Introduction: WHO defined sudden death as sudden unexpected death of a person usually seen within 24 hrs of onset of symptoms. Autopsy study helps in effective evaluation of cause of death and to apply such knowledge to the prevention and treatment of disease in society. Material and Methods: Seven years retrospective study was done in pathology department in tertiary care center in which 150 cases were studied. After performing autopsy, organs were grossly examined, representative sections were taken, routine tissue processing, H and E staining and microscopic examination of slides was done. Result: Age ranged from 0 to 70 years with mean age of 41-50 years. Male (111) to female (39) ratio was 2.85:1. Deaths due to cardiovascular causes accounted for 60.7% followed by respiratory disease 18%, vascular pathology 5.3%, Hepatobiliary lesions 4.6%, Gastrointestinal diseases 3.4%, central nervous system diseases 3.4%, Unknown causes contributed to 4.6%. Coronary artery disease (67%)constituted most common cause of sudden cardiac death. In respiratory causes 9.4% of deaths were due to lobar pneumonia. Cirrhosis accounted for 2% in hepatobiliary lesions. 2.7% death occured due to gastrointestinal perforation. In 4.7% where cause of death could not be determined, death can be attributed to diseases like ventricular arrhythmias, coronary vasospasm. Conclusion: Diseases of cardiovascular system are the major contributing factor for sudden natural deaths. Among these coronary artery disease is most common factor. Sudden natural deaths were associated with treatable coronary risks such as hypertension, diabetes, alcohol smoking. Pneumonia can be attributed to poor hygine, malnutrition and low socio economic status. By modifying these factors sudden deaths can be decreased.

Gingival growths are most commonly seen now –a – days in daily routine diagnosis. These growths may be localized or generalized involving the gingiva. Most of these enlargements are considered to be reactive rather than neoplastic in nature. Clinically it is often difficult to differentiate one entity from other one. So in order to identify the lesion it is mandatory to perform biopsy andthus the histological evaluation. In this study, the clinical report of a 17 years old female patient with peripheral ossifying fibroma in the right maxilla (hard palate region) exhibiting significant size is presented posing diagnostic challenge. Clinical, radiographical and histological investigations are done to reach the final diagnosis of peripheral ossifying fibroma. Recommendations regarding treatment and follow up are provided in this case report.

Statement of problem: Glass fibres reinforcement and microwave polymerization, both has been suggested as a method to improve the mechanical strength of acrylic denture base. However the post polymerization effect of microwave sterilization on Polymethylmethacrylate Denture Base Resin Reinforced with Glass Fibre has not been investigated. Purpose. The study analyzed the effect of microwave Sterilization on Tensile Strength of Polymethylmethacrylate Denture Base Resin Reinforced with Glass Fibres. Materials and Methods: In this study Heat cure acrylic denture base resin material and loose glass fibres of diameter 12 microns and length 15 mm, were used. A total of 30 specimens were polymerized by conventional heat cure according to manufacturer's instruction and divided into 3 groups (N=10). Group A is control, Group B is acrylic resins reinforced with 5% glass fibres, and Group C is acrylic resins reinforced with 5% glass fibres, sterilized by microwave. Group C specimens were subjected to post polymerization sterilization in a microwave oven in power 800W and time setting of 5 minutes. Tensile strength load measurements were made using universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 3 mm/min with a span of 10 mm. The tensile strength values were calculated in Newton/mm2. Data analysis included one-way ANOVA and independent t- test. *Results: The tensile strength of Group C with application of microwave irradiation for sterilization, demonstrated significant strength improvement with respect to Group B and Group A. There was a statistical significant difference seen in between the groups (p=0.001). Conclusion: Microwave post polymerization irradiation for sterilization of acrylic resin prosthesis reinforced with glass fibres can be an effective method for increasing the tensile strength of acrylic resin.

Depression today is quite common and the word itself is used as an adjective (eg “I am so depressed.”) but the fact is many people are mistaken with this term itself. Depression is a serious life taking disorder, it can be triggered due to small significant factors like low mood or sad emotion due to failure, small family problems and many miscellaneous but minor jolt in the emotion. This article aims to do a comprehensive review of what depression actually is and the various researches made to understand depression and the link between depression and suicide and to review Cognitive Behavioural Therapy along with other ways of dealing like medication as an effective way of dealing with depression.

Mitral apparatus plays an important part in maintaining the geometry and LV function (LVEF).In India, Rheumatic valvular heart disease (RHD) is the predominant disease which affects all the components of mitral apparatus with heavy calcification, subvalvular crowding, and chordal fusion. Hence valve repair becomes near impossible. So, we have considered the use of Neo-Chordae with re-suspension of papillary muscles as a simple, easily reproducible method to maintain annulo-papillary continuity and hence post-operative LV dimensions, geometry and LV function. 100 patients underwent Mitral Valve Replacement with chordal re-suspension and were compared with that of non-preserved replacements. Improvement in LV dimension was seen in 80% of patients who had maintained annulo-papillary continuity in the form of papillary muscle re-suspension. 10% rise in LVEF was seen in our study. 24% cases had LV dysfunction in other group with increased LV dimensions almost 20%, post-operatively in this group B.

Introduction: Class II division 1 malocclusion due to mandibular retrognathism is considered as one of the most frequently encountered problems in the orthodontic practice. Objective: To compare dento-alveolar, skeletal and soft tissue effects of Twin Block appliance and Forsus FRD anchored on orthodontic mini-implants. Also, to evaluate whether an association of orthodontic mini-implant with Forsus FRD bring absolute skeletal correction of Class II division 1, avoiding the undesirable proclination of lower anterior teeth. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 2 groups: TB and FFRDI of 7 patients each. Lateral cephalograms were traced using NemoCeph (NemoCeph, NX 2006) software at T1(Pre treatment) and T2(Post functional). The data obtained was analyzed by using descriptive statistics, Paired t-test and Independent sample t-test through SPSS for windows (v 22.0). Results: TB was able to induce both skeletal and dento-alveolar effects while FFRDI mainly induced skeletal effects. Significant lower incisor proclination occurred with TB while there was slight or almost no change in the inclination of lower incisors with FFRDI. Maxillary molar retroclination was significant in both the groups. Maxillary molar moved distally in both the groups significantly.SNA decreased in both the groups, by 0.58° in TB and significantly reduced by 2° in FFRDI. Conclusion: Both appliances were effective in correcting the class II division 1 malocclusion. Skeletal changes were induced by FFRDI while TB induced skeletal and dento-alveolar changes. Favourable soft tissue corrections were achieved by both the groups.

Due to increasing awareness about oral cancer and concern for own health, any lump in the oral cavity is often served with suspicion. Foliate papillitis is one of the painful swellings located at the posterior lateral margin of the tongue. Foliate papilla is covered by thin muosa, which when inflamed ruptures exposing the underlying foliate papilla. These exposed papilla may get secondarily infection leading to pain and swelling. In this article, we report a patient with foliate papillitis.

The importance of male to women´s sexual and reproductive health promotion was officially recognized by International Conference on Population and Development. Increase male involvement may therefore improve maternal health and reduce maternal morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study was to appraise the involvement of men in antenatal, labour and postpartum care services in different regions of the world. Information was obtained through electronic literature search conducted in PubMed, Medline, and Google scholar, using the following search terms in combination, from 1st January 1992 to 31st December 2015: Male involvement, Maternal healthcare, Nigeria, Developed countries, Developing countries. All relevant peer-reviewed English language articles and publications were identified, retrieved and reviewed. Major findings from the review were analyzed and presented in text. The findings indicated that while there was high level of male involvement with consequent beneficial effects in maternal health in England and USA, the levels of involvement of men in developing nations such as India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Africa are variable with cultural and socioeconomic factors affecting them. The differential level of male involvement in maternal healthcare across different regions of the world underscores the need for health providers and policy makers to evolve couple-centered and male-friendly healthcare services, and also modify factors found to influence male involvement so that maternal health may be improved.

Background & Objectives: With increased awareness and interest in health and natural remedies, breathing techniques are gaining importance and becoming increasingly acceptable to the scientific community Breathing is the most vital function for maintenance of life. Pranayama is an art of controlling the life force of breath. It produces many systemic psycho-physical effects in the body, besides its specific effects on the respiratory functions. Pranayama helps to bring the conscious awareness in breathing to reshape breathing habits and patterns. Thus the present study was conducted to elucidate the effect of bhastrika pranayama, a fast breathing type of exercise, on various pulmonary functions. Methods: The study included thirty medical students both male and female of age group 17-21 years. Students practiced bhastrika pranayama twenty five minutes daily for three months. Pulmonary Function Test (PFT) are measured before, at 6 weeks and 12 week after pranayama practice. Parameters included in the study were Vital Capacity (VC), Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) and Maximum Voluntary Ventilation (MVV). Results: There occurs a significant increase (p value <.01) in all the parameters included in the study following practice of bhastrika pranayama for three months. Interpretation & Conclusion: Bhastrika pranayama plays a significant role in improving the various ventilatory functions of lungs in pranayama practicing subjects. Thus helps in improving the quality of life.

Background: Circulating 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH)D), an accurate measure of vitamin D status, is markedly reduced in rachitic infants. Aside from the known relationship between vitamin D and bone, vitamin D has also been implicated in cardiovascular homeostasis, immune function and inflammation. Furthermore, a mass of evidence is accumulating that vitamin D deficiency could lead to cardiovascular complications and imbalance of cytokines profile. Our objective was to study the relationship between vitamin D status (as determined by serum 25(OH) D concentrations) and inflammatory markers and left ventricular function in rachitic infants. Also, to evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the above parameters.
Subjects and methods: This study included two groups; vitamin D deficiency rickets (VDDR) group (25 infants) and an age matched control group (15 infants). After subsiding of the acute illness, the rachitic infants received vitamin D supplementation for 6 months. Blood samples were collected in the morning before the start of treatment and analyzed for serum 25(OH)D, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), Alkaline phosphtase (ALP), calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (Ph) and inflammatory markers (interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP)). Electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiography measuring left ventricular functions were done. The biochemical variables, ECG and echocardiography were assessed at baseline and after 6 months of vitamin D supplementation.
Results: VDDR group had significant lower 25(OH)D, Ca, Ph and significant higher iPTH, ALP, IL-6 and CRP compared to the age matched control group at baseline. Echocardiographic finding revealed significant increase in LVEDD and LVESD and significant decrease in EF% and FS% in VDDR group compared to the age matched control group at the study entry. Also, ECG finding showed abnormality in some patients at baseline. The biochemical, echocardiogrphic and ECG variables improved significantly after 6 months of vitamin D supplementation and reached to those levels found in the age matched control group. Finally, we found negative correlations between 25(OH)D level and IL-6, CRP, LVEDD and LVESD. Also, positive correlations were found between 25 (OH)D and EF% and FS%. These correlations were observed at baseline and after 6 months of vitamin D treatment.
Conclusion: VDDR is associated with increased inflammatory markers and impairment of left ventricular functions in rachitic infants. Vitamin D supplementation ameliorated these effects. Also, results gleaned from this investigation support the possible contributing role of the elevated inflammatory markers in the pathophysiology of left ventricular impairment in vitamin D deficiency rachitic infants. More studies are needed to fully characterize the relationship between Vitamin D induced inflammation and cardiac function in rachitic infants.

Backgrounds: Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to defective insulin secretion or action. There is increasing evidence of the involvement of trace elements in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the serum levels of copper and chromium in Sudanese patients with type 2 Diabetes with that of non-diabetic healthy controls. Methods and Results: A case-control study was conducted at Alsheifa specialized hospitals in Khartoum state, Sudan, during the period from December 2015 to January 2016.Included 60 type 2 diabetic patients and 40 non diabetic subjects (male and female) as controls were enrolled in this study. Written consent will be obtained from all participants whom will be asked not to alter their usual diets and physical activities throughout the study. Both groups were matched for age and gender. The serum levels of copper and chromium were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry technique. SPSS was used for analysis of data. In the diabetic group, the mean of the serum levels of chromium was significantly reduced, whereas the mean of the serum levels of copper also was significantly reduced when compared with the control group show in Table (1). The serum levels of chromium in the diabetic group had asignificant inverse correlation with HBA1c, Age and glycemic status (P≤0.05) show in Table (3), whereas the serum levels of Copper had insignificant inverse correlation with HBA1C%, Age and glycemic status (P > 0.05) show in Table (2). In conclusion: The results of this study showed significantly reduced serum levels of chromium and significantly reduced serum levels of copper in Sudanese patients with type 2 diabetes.

Background: Appendicitis is one of the most common diseases that needs emergency surgery (Williams et al.,, 1995). Variations in anatomical position cause different clinical presentations (Singh et al.,, 1999). The aim of this study is to determine the anatomical variations of the position of appendix in Acute Appendicitis. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in ESIC Medical college and Hospital, Coimbatore on 53 patients for a period of one year from January 2015 to December 2015 who had undergone appendicectomy in acute appendicitis. Following parameter was ascertained : 1) appendix position during appendicectomy. Results: in our study Retrocecal position was the predominant position (39.62%) followed by pelvic 25.42%, paracecal 18.8% and Preileal 9.43% respectively. Conclusion: Retrocecal position is the most common location in our patients.

Introduction: Wound sections resulting from high-energy laser treatment of premalignant oral lesions have a specific healing process. Objectives: Aim of this study is to follow up the dynamics of wound healing in patients with oral leukoplakia submitted to Er-YAG laser treatment. Materials: Observed in this study were 36 wounds resulting from surgical treatment of patients that were histologically proven with oral leukoplakia, without presence of cell displasia. Methodology: Laser ablation technique was applied using vapolarization. The rate of wound healing was taken each 1, 3, 7 postoperative days. Indications were followed up for pain, infection and appearance of healing in the treated area. Results: The wound healing processes run smoothly. There was no presence of pain and sensory disturbance. Feeding and comfort of the patients were recovered immediately after the procedure. Conclusion: Wounds resulting from Er-YAG laser treatment of oral leukoplakia are healing without pain and without complications. This method gives excellent comfort to patients combined with good quality healing outcomes.

Introduction: The skin acts as a buffer against the external environment and thus is more vulnerable to a variety of disease-causing microorganisms and physical assaults. The skin is affected by wide range of diseases comprising of inflammatory disorders to highly malignant neoplasms. Material & Methods: All the skin lesion received from Jan 2016 to June 2016, excluding those of oral & nasal mucosa and tongue, are studied retrospectively in the dept. of Pathology at Swami Ramanand Teerth Rural Government Medical College, Ambajogai. Results: Total 113 (10%) skin lesion specimens out of 1130 specimens were received during study period. Patient’s age ranged from 7 years to 80 years with maximum numbers of patients were from age group of 31 to 40 years and with male predominance (M:F= 2.1:1). Neoplastic (58%) lesions outnumbered non-neoplastic ones (42%). Epidermal cysts and squamous cell carcinoma were the most common benign and malignant neoplastic lesions respectively. Non-specific chronic inflammation was most common non-neoplastic lesion. Conclusion: Diversity of skin lesions were obtained among rural population in this study. Meticulous histopathological examination combined with awareness in mind regarding prevalence of diverse skin lesions in rural population can help in correct diagnosis.

Background: High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) quickly raises local temperature of subcutaneous adipose tissue, resulting in instantaneous cell death within the targeted area; higher temperatures can be safely applied using contact cooling. Objective: Evaluate safety and performance efficacy of HIFU with surface cooling for Non-Invasive reduction of the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT)in the abdomen. Methods: A new HIFU device (LIPOcel™, Jeisys Medical, Inc. Seoul, Republic of Korea) with contact cooling was used to reduce abdominal circumference adipose tissue in 3 treatment modalities. Results: 30 subjects, mean age of 35.4 years underwent one or 2 HIFU treatments. Mean total energy dose was 509.4 J/cm2, 495 J/cm2, and 374 J/cm2 for Groups A, B, and C respectively; whole study mean total fluence was 459.47 J/cm2. Mean waist circumference reduction was 2.95 cm, 2.4 cm, and 3.8 cm for Groups A, B, and C respectively. A significant mean waist circumference reduction of 3.05 cm from baseline was observed. Most subjects (63.3%) reported being satisfied or very satisfied with the results; 80% of the investigators reported satisfactory results. Conclusions: HIFU with surface cooling using high fluence, assessed by standardized waist circumference measurement, is safe and effective for abdominal SAT reduction and noninvasive body sculpting.

Tetanus is an illness caused by the neurotoxin produced by the Clostridium tetani and its control is a strategy of the vaccination programs developed by the Panamerican Health Organization. For the production of tetanus toxoid are used international standards of antitoxins gotten in equines, however, these antisera are not available for their routine use in Cuba. The purpose of this study was to obtain a potent antitoxin against tetanus toxin. Four groups of mares were immunized. For the immunization, the different amounts of immunogen were emulsified in Immune- stimulating oil emulsion and injected according to the several multisite immunization protocols in low volumes. The second immunizations were carried out in Immune- stimulating oil emulsion. The antibody response was evaluated by Ramón flocculation assay. The antitoxin antibody titers varied significantly from an immunization protocol to another according to the studied parameters. Nevertheless, the same antitoxin titers increased quickly and reached a plateau around the 6 weeks for three groups of animals. The antibody titers were significantly higher in the fourth group of animals, reaching their activity to 2000 LfeqU/mL. We could conclude that the antitoxin antibody concentration increases with the time and the repetition of the immunogenic stimulus, and it is demonstrated that immunization protocols more lingering produce better outputs of antitoxins. This potent antitetanus toxin should be useful as internal reference material in the tetanus toxiod antigen.

Joubert syndrome (JS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hypotonia, ataxia, abnormal eye movement, and intellectual disability with a distinctive mid-hindbrain malformation (the “molar tooth sign”). Variable features include retinal dystrophy, cystic kidney disease and polydactyl. Recently, substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the genetic basis of JS, including identification of seven casual genes (NPHP1, AHI1, CEP290, RPGRIP1L, TMEM67/MKS3, ARL13B and CC2D2A.) Despite this progress, the known gene accounts for <50% of cases and few strong genotype-phenotype correlations exist in JS; however, genetic testing can be prioritized based on clinical features. We present to you two sibling with JS, diagnosed on the basis of clinical feature and neuroimaging

A correct diagnosis and an understanding of the etiology and dynamics of the processes involved in tooth resorption is critical to effective management. Some transient trauma induced resorptions require no treatment but should be carefully monitored to check for any complications such as infection. Infection induced tooth resorptions require the removal of the invading micro-organisms by endodontic therapy including intra-canal medication that can eventually facilitate repair of the resorbed tooth structure. The hyperplastic invasive tooth resorptions pose considerable challenges in management due to the complexity and aggressive nature of the resorptive process. With careful case selection and complete inactivation of resorptive tissue, successful management can be achieved. This Case report explains management of external inflammatory root resorption with recently introduced material Biodentine. Radiographical follow up for upto 3 years showed the good healing of the defect and bone formation.

Introduction: The attitude of medical students towards the proficiency of teachers and their teaching skills is very influential and has changed over a period of time. Periodic Self-evaluation of faculty to improve teaching is pivotal to roughly know where we academically stand. This study is mainly capacitated to know, analyze about the teaching skills of the Microbiology department faculty from the students point of view. Aim of the study: To evaluate the attitude of second year medical students towards the teaching principles of a faculty during his microbiology didactic lectures for a period of two months. Materials and Methods: A total of 142 second year medical students were involved as study participants. The study was conducted as a prospective epidemiological study for duration of three months and a properly structured feedback assessment tool in the form of a questionnaire was given to be duly filled by the subjects to assess the attitude of second year medical students towards their teachers exclusively on their overall teaching methods and skills. A Five-level Likert’s criteria (Table 1) were used to analyze a few questions in the questionnaire. A set criterion for determining student’s attitude towards faculty (Table 2) was in IBM SPSS 20.0 version software, followed by tabulation of results and interpretation. Results: A total of 142 Second year MBBS students were involved in the study but only 110 out of 142 (78%) gave informed written consent and expressed their willingness to undertake the questionnaire. The sex distribution in terms of male and female ratio was 0.69. Nearly 76% (101/110) of the students had revealed that they are treated as adults by the faculty. Around 89% of the students were satisfied with the faculties teaching skills and 78% were satisfied with motivation skills of the faculty. Only 80% of the students agreed for the good quality of content presented by the faculty during the lecture class. Conclusion: This is a novel study conducted for the first time in this part of southern India targeting medical student’s attitude towards the efficiency of a teaching faculty. To conclude, faculty of Microbiology department had utilized the essential elements of a theory class in terms of content, language, teaching material used, inspiring students and imparting knowledge. The overall attitude of medical students towards the teaching faculty taking didactic lectures was good but continuous monitoring of faculty and student performance by means of periodic assessments is mandatory.

Background: The main purpose of this article is to focus on mortality rate among males and females in rural and urban areas of People’s Republic of China (PRC) due to viral hepatitis. The age group of the reviewed population is between 0 and 87 years of age. Study Design: Review of literatures relevant to the article. Methods: The article uses the data from "3rd National Survey of Death Causes in China", which compare the mortality rate of viral hepatitis among the males and females in rural and urban areas in China. Additionally, overall mortality due to viral hepatitis all over China has been compared with regional mortality. Data are analyzed and graphically presented using Microsoft Excel, version 2007. Results: In general, review of literatures and analysis of data reveals that mortality rate due to viral hepatitis is higher in the rural areas as compared to urban areas. Again, overall mortality due to viral hepatitis is higher among the males than the females. By sex and place of resident, mortality rate due to viral hepatitis is higher among the males than the females both in urban area rural areas Region-wise, overall mortality due to viral hepatitis in higher in Western part of China, closely followed by Middle part of China and least in Eastern part of China. Conclusions: Susceptibility to viral hepatitis is general and mortality rate due to viral hepatitis is higher among the males than the females both in urban and rural areas in People’s Republic of China (PRC).

For successful root canal therapy a thorough knowledge of the internal as well as the external dental anatomy is required. Variations in morphology can be seen in any tooth, even maxillary lateral incisor. This case report describes a multidisciplinary approach involving endodontic and prosthetic considerations for a good esthetic and functional rehabilitation of the maxillary lateral incisor fused with a supernumerary tooth. The clinician should have an accurate knowledge about the anatomy of each tooth, to identify the presence of unusual numbers of roots and their morphology. Careful interpretation of the radiograph and clinical visualization of the floor of the chamber and proper modification of access opening are essential for a successful treatment outcome.

Background and Objectives: The ultrasonographic visualization of the nerves to be blocked is a relatively new technique that holds promise for the future. The last few years have witnessed a tremendous increase in the use of ultrasound guidance for regional nerve blocks. Our study was conducted to study the effect of Dexmedetomidine added to the local an aesthetics for ultrasound guided supraclavicular block in respect to onset, duration of sensory and motor block along with duration of analgesia. Materials and Methods: After informed consent, 60 ASA I and II patients undergoing elective upperlimb surgery under ultrasound guided Supraclavicularbrachial plexus block in were divided into two equal groups in a randomized double blind fashion. Group I patients received 0.5% bupivacaine(15ml) + 2%lignocaine with adrenaline (15ml) + normal saline(0.5ml) and Group II patients received 0.5% bupivacaine(15ml) + 2% lignocaine with adrenaline (15ml) + dexmedetomidine (0.5ml-50mcg).Onset and duration of Motor and sensory block block were recorded. Results: Though with similar demographicprofile in both groups, sensory and motor block onset times was earlier in group II as compared to group I (p<0.001). Sensory and motor blockade duration were longer in group II than in group I (p<0.001).Intra-operative hemodynamicswere significantly lower in group II (P < 0.05) without any appreciable side-effects. Conclusion: We conclude that dexmedetomidine added to bupivacaine- lignocaine with adrenaline in supraclavicular brachial plexus block isextremely effective in reducing the time of onset and prolonging the duration of both sensory & motor blockade.

Anatomy stands as a backbone in medical education, teaching of gross anatomy in dissection hall by dissecting the cadavers facilitates the students to understand the subject very much advantageously in more efficient mode. Common problem encountered during anatomy dissection is drying of dissected parts of the cadaver and it is a major problem for medical colleges which are running in hot and dry climate areas like vidarbha region of Maharashtra. The concept of using thermocol in anatomy dissection for prevention of drying of dissected parts of cadaver is an innovative idea. Two adult male cadavers were used for the study, femoral triangle was dissected in both cadavers, Superficial and deep dissection was done by giving time interval for the study purpose. The dissected part of the cadaver (II) which was covered by thermocol box remains fresh, easy to identify the structures and to carry out further dissection. Other hand, dissected area of uncovered cadaver (I) was dried,the muscular boundaries and Neurovascular contents are decolourised and not clear for identification. The ideal thermocol box utilized for the study is most reliable, cost effective and easy to handle.

Pseudolesions (THAD) of the liver and target sign are seen in liver abscess on MDCT. These resemble primary liver cancer or metastasis. THAD is suggestive of underlying liver disorder. THADare areas of enhancement on hepatic arterial phase that are as a result of a localized variation of hepatic arterial and portal venous supply. Double target sign in hepatic abscess is observed during dynamic CECT of the liver. This sign consists of a hypodense central abscess cavity surrounded by an inner hyperdense rim (corresponds to capsule of abscess) and outer hypodense zone (due to edema of hepatic parenchyma surrounding abscess). We report a case of 60 year old male patient having liver abscess in right hepatic lobe with target sign and abscess in left hepatic lobe with THAD on triphasic liver study.

Problem Statement: Individual’s research activities are reported to be influenced by a number of issues such as disinterest in the research area, taking research process as a threatening factor or incapability of doing research. Identification of research competency, attitude and anxiety factors in nursing doctoral students is vital for demonstrating the current state in nursing doctoral students. Methods: This descriptive correlational study’s sampling was limited to the nursing doctoral students chosen from the Nursing College and Faculties listed by The Council of Higher Education. The Pearson’s Correlation Analysis and the Independent Samples T-test were utilized to evaluate the survey data. Results: Increase in the students’ appreciation of research and caring for research corresponded to higher research competency scores. The students that regard the scientific research unrealistic scored high in research anxiety. Conclusion: In the light of the findings, further investigation of the reasons lie behind the research anxiety among the doctoral students, identification of those challenges in the course of establishing and enhancing positive attitude towards researching, and developing solutions key to the problems are recommended.

Background: Stroke is the second most common cause of death worldwide after ischemic heart disease and is a major health burden. It contributes to three percent of disability worldwide. In developing countries, two-thirds of deaths occur due to stroke (Warlow, Sudlow, Dennis, Wardlaw & Sandercock, 2003). Stroke survivors may suffer from cardiovascular deterioration, motor deficits, postural control issues, balance disturbances, muscular weakness, spasticity and a limited ability to walk. Physical activity is decreased in people post-stroke, contributing to depression (O’Sullivan & Schmitz, 2004). A main goal of rehabilitation for people post-stroke is to improve motor performance and functional abilities when performing ADLs (Carr & Shepherd, 2003). Rehabilitation allows them to walk independently with sufficient velocity and endurance (Yen, Wang, Liao, Huang & Yang, 2008). It has been reported that up to 80% of people post-stroke are able to recover their ability to walk short distances, whereas the other 20% are not able to achieve the locomotor capacity that is essential for ambulation (Ross Bogey, 2007). In addition, people post-stroke require 50% to 100% more energy to walk at a self-selected speed as compared to age matched individuals (Ross Bogey, 2007). Treadmill walking with partial weight bearing helped improve gait patterns by reinforcing normal movement patterns by decreasing muscle spasms due to body weight (Petrofsky, Petrofsky & Bweir, 2004). Methods: Two people (1 male and 1 female) participated in land-based exercise, two people (1 male and 1 female) participated in aquatic exercise, and one person (male) was in the home-based exercise group. One participant in land-based exercise was excluded from the study for not being able to in the training sessions. Only four participants completed the study. The participants were recruited from Jaipur Physiotherapy College, Dhand They were randomly assigned to three groups: aquatic, land-based or home- based training programs. Inclusion criteria: Age 45-65years, Ability to ambulate, No cardiac conditions, Ability to communicate, Bladder and bowel control, No surgery within last six months, Minimum 10 month - 1 year post stroke, Medical clearance from a primary physician , No other neurological and/or orthopedic conditions, No current participation in any aquatic or land intervention. Exclusion Criteria: Fear of water, Open wounds, Inability to ambulate, Acute medical conditions, Any neurological condition other than stroke. The study was conducted at Jaipur Physiotherapy College, Dhand. The aquatic-based exercise program was held in a main therapy pool (4 foot depth) where the water temperature was maintained between 92- 94 degrees Fahrenheit. The land-based exercise program was held in the expansion room. The home-based exercise program was carried out at the participant’s home with a family member. Initial instruction and a program card were provided to the home-based exercise participant and their family member. Instrumentation: The Biodex Gait Trainer was used to collect participants’ walking data and Biodex Balance Equipment was used to collect participants’ balance data. Procedures: Two variables were tested with each participant: gait and balance. A total of five data collection points were included in the study. Pre-data were collected before the beginning of the exercise programs and then every alternate week during the exercise program. It was followed by the post data by the end of 8th week. The data collection procedures were explained to each participant and an informed consent form was obtained. After receiving instructions the participants were escorted to the assessment room for data collection. The participants were given two practice trials to determine the level of instability and for familiarization on the Biodex Balance Equipment. The participants were then given a 2-minute rest period followed by the three data collection trials. After the balance data were collected the participants were again given a 2-minute rest period followed by the gait data collection. For the gait data collection the participants were given one practice trial (2-minute walk) on the Biodex Gait Trainer to determine their comfortable speed and for familiarization of the equipment. This was followed by a 2- minute rest period. After the 2-minute rest period the data were collected on the Biodex Gait Trainer using a 2-minute walk test. Independent variables in this study were the training modes: aquatic exercise, land- based exercise and home-based exercise. The dependent variables in this study were spatiotemporal gait variables (cadence (steps/minute), stride length (meters), stride time (%), coefficient of variation (%), walking speed, and ambulation index. For balance, the dependent variables were: overall scores anterior/posterior index and medio-lateral index. Results: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of aquatic and land- based exercise on balance and gait outcomes in people post-stroke. A total of five people post-stroke participated in this study. Two people (1 male & 1 female) participated in land-based exercise, two people (1 male & 1 female) participated in aquatic exercise and one person (male) participated in the home-based exercise group. One participant from land-based exercise group was excluded and only four participants completed the study. All the profiles of the participants are listed in Table 4. Fatigue, lower extremity weakness, impaired walking and impaired balance were most common symptoms among all participants. One of the five participants had pain due to spasticity in addition to other symptoms. Participants were randomly divided into three groups: aquatic, land-based and home-based exercise groups. The aquatic and land-based group participated in an 8-week exercise program with the home-based group following a similar program at home. All of the groups were tested on balance and gait parameters before the exercise programs began. These data were collected bi-weekly during the 8-week exercise program followed by the post data at the end of the 8th week. There was a total of five data collection points. The Biodex Gait Trainer was used to collect data for the gait parameters while the Biodex Balance Equipment was used to collect data for balance variables. The outcome of the study was analyzed by performing a visual analysis of progress based on a time graph series. Copyright©2016, Dr. Ajeet Kumar Saharan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Adverse events during and after surgery are common. A number of patient, surgical and anaesthetic factors can result in such adverse events. We present the case of a patient who underwent laparoscopy and hysterectomy. Following uneventful surgery, patient developed hypoxia and was not responding to verbal commands. Also her pupils were constricted but her blood pressure was stable. Patient was shifted to I.C.U and after plethora of diagnosis; correct diagnosis of rare pentazocin intoxication was arrived after much deliberation and heartache. Antidote Naloxone was given with dramatic reversion of symptoms. Seven years later, another patient had similar episode after laparoscopic surgery in same hospital. This time being wiser, correct diagnosis of pentazocine intoxication was made and her wellbeing and the wellbeing of the coronaries of the surgeon ! were preserved with the same miracle drug Naloxone. Through this presentation we wish to highlight that though very rare lightening can strike twice and healthy suspicion bearing from knowledge of this entity may help in less panic and smooth management. And also the teamwork of surgeon and anesthetist help in proper diagnosis and hence prevention of morbidity and mortality.

Spontaneous Nephrocutaneous Fistula (SNCF) is a very rare entity. The known causes are: post-operative, calculous pyonephrosis, chronic pyelonephritis, renal infections, perinephric abscess, trauma, xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, renal tumours, open surgical procedures, reflux diseases and renal tuberculosis. Till 2013 only 29 cases were published. It is usually associated with obstructing calculus and non functioning kidney. A case of nephrocutaneous fistula in a 67 years old female patient complaining of seropurulent discharge from a fistula over the right lumbar flank for the last eight month, is presented and discussed here, for its rarity and management. CT fistulogram was performed which revealed a fistulous tract from the skin to the pelvicalyceal system of the right kidney, calcification of the renal parenchyma and obstructing renal stones (obstructive uropathy). Patient was investigated for renal tuberculosis, was found positive and was put on anti tubercular treatment to which she responded ,as the fistula healed and closed spontaneously. Open nephrectomy along with excision of the tract was performed. Follow up period remained uneventful. Open surgery, after 3-4 weeks of antitubercular treatment (ATT), is recommended in such cases.

Introduction: Staphylococci are a part of the normal flora of the human body. They are ubiquitous in nature and they cause a variety of infections ranging from suppurative lesions like folliculitis, abscess, wound infections to urinary tract infections, toxic shock syndrome etc. The carriage of this species can be of nasal, vaginal or perineal origin. The emergence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has evoked the need to screen for carriers since the treatment options available are very limited. Aim: A cross- sectional study was conducted among the medical and paramedical students to detect the nasal carriage of Staphylococcal species with emphasis on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Materials and Methods: Nasal swabs were collected from the subjects and the identification of different Staphylococcal species was done by correlating the results of Gram stain by light microscopy, Colonial morphology by culture, Biochemical reactions and Antibiotic Susceptibility Test results. The results were tabulated and the data was statistically analysed with IBM SPSS version 20 software. Results: Out of the 310 samples that were collected, 191 (61.61 %) samples showed Staphylococcal growth. A total of 75 (39.26%) isolates out of the 191 isolates were found to be Staphylococcus aureus. Out of which 13(6.8%) isolates were Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: The nasal carriage of Staphylococcal species, especially MRSA in healthy individuals carries a potential risk. In this study, a 6.8% incidence of MRSA was noticed among 191 Staphylococcal samples. Topical methods like nasal sprays or ointments of mupirocin or chlorhexidine can be employed to prevent the spread of the species.

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of Tactile, Radiovisiography and Electronic Apex Locator in determination of working length in primary molars. Materials and Method: In this study, 80 patients between the age group of 5-9 years were selected. After local anesthesia administration, tooth isolation and access cavity preparation was done. Pulp extirpation was done with the no. 15 H file and canals were irrigated using irrigating solution. File was introduced in the canal until tactile resistance was felt and rubber stop was adjusted. Distance from the tip of file to the rubber stop was measured and registered as tactile length. The same file was again introduced into the canal and intra oral digital radiograph was taken. This was registered as the radiographic length. Root canal length was clinically determined with the help of an electronic apex locator and was registered as the electronic working length. Statistical Analysis and Results: The data obtained was compiled, tabulated on a master chart and statistical analysis was carried out using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s Test for pairwise comparison. Using ANOVA test, we found that there was significant difference between the three methods. Using Tukey’s Test for pairwise comparison, we found that there was no significant difference between RVG and Electronic Apex Locator method, while a significant difference was found between Tactile method and RVG, also in Tactile method and the Electronic Apex Locator method. Conclusion: From the results of this in vivo study, it can be concluded that a combination of digital radiography and electronic apex locator provides reliable and precise information about root canal length in deciduous teeth.

Noonan syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disorder with an estimated incidence between one in 1000 to 2500 live births. Characteristic features involve short stature, cardiac defects, haematological problems, developmental delays and several malformations in the oral cavity. Several features of Noonan syndrome resemble those of Turner’s syndrome; however a clear demarcation can be made based on the karyotyping of the individual. A child with Noonan syndrome requires additional care and support while carrying out his daily affairs. Early detection of the syndrome can prove to be extremely useful for the child, thereby opting for a multidisciplinary management. The present case report sheds light on the various features associated with Noonan syndrome, thereby helping its early detection. Management of the oral diseases in such patients at the earliest proves beneficial to the child’s physical and psychological state. Signs and symptoms generally lessen with age.

The life was became strongly dependent from the presence of protons and electrons, which were formed during a events called as big bang, 15 billion years ago. i.e. the protons and electrons, which were formed during a events called as big bang through the process termed as singularity 15 billion years ago sets the stage for the formation of life in the universe. In this connection, it should be say that all Diagnostics and Treatment processes of Traditional medicine practices should be based on the morpho - functional unit, which really are existed inside a human body such as the membrane-redox potentials three-state line system dependent -full 9 stepped cycle of proton conductance inside human body, which we can see and measure. By us revealed that it is existed more close relationship between the membrane-redox potentials three-state line system dependent ATP making processes, which is functioned with participation of the full 9 stepped cycle of proton conductance inside human body and triple Rlung, Mkhris, Badgan theory theory of Tibetian Traditional medicine.

In this research, two types of LiNbO3 congruent composition, doped and substituted with different concentrations of Yttrium (Y) ranging from 0 to 5 mol % are prepared by the classical solid method. The structural properties and composition of the obtained powders are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and by the Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The main results of this work point out the fact that the ceramic powder processing method is a well adapt method for obtaining good quality LN: Y ceramics in the Yttrium concentration range analyzed for both kinds of LN:Y, as the LiNbO3 phase is lonely present in the ceramics at the end of the synthesized process. Lattice Parameter c increases with Y concentration whereas a parameter shows constancy for all powders. EDS results show that for substituted powders, Y content in the lattice cell increases monotonously, whereas for the doped ones, Y content increases up to 2.5% and remain constant above this concentration. A mechanism of Yttrium incorporation into the lattice of LN is proposed for the range of doping concentrations for both kinds of studied LN: Y.

The ternary charge transfer complexes of TMPD (N,N,N,N- tetramethyl-p- phenylene diamine) have been studied with FTIR spectroscopy. The complexes have two-lower and higher-absorption edges in infrared range associated with two acceptors. TMPD-chloranil – I2 have 0.22 eV and 0.12 eV as edges while TMPD-DDQ-I2have 0.28eV and 0.12 eV as edges. Similar edges at 0.22 eV and 0.09eV are found in TMPD-TCNQ-I2 and 0.27 eV and 0.12 eV in TMPD-TCNE-I2 complex. The analysis of free-carrier absorption shows scattering by acoustic phonons in TMPD-Chloranil-I2 and TMPD-TCNE-I2 complexes while impurity scattering in TMPD-DDQ-I2 and TMPD-TCNQ-I2complexes. Chloranil and TCNE based ternary complexes are highly conducting.

A cathode buffer layer made of TiO2 introduced in poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT): Indene-C70 Bis-Adduct (ICBA) bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell. The open-circuit voltage and fill factor increase respectively to 0.62 V and 63%, due to the enhanced electron extraction by inserting a TiO2 layer between the active layer and Al cathode. Thus, the power conversion efficiency increases from 5.8 % to 8% and the ecofriendly permanency is also much enhanced.

Using literature (11) (12) (13) (14) we proved that quantum mechanics describes in dual four- dimensional space-time w(x,k), matter waves are physical wave, parallel quantum state is the product of the quantum segment. Measuring micro object before and after physical space has changed. Many key basic knowledge are concentrated here. For example, double-slit experiment, delayed choice experiment, the Schrodinger cat paradox, and the non-local quantum communication all are controversial problems today. We think that energy of macro instrument itself is continuous changeable and there is no energy level transition, no constant phase difference. So the instrument itself is of mixed stated and there is no coherence. According to our understanding, Mixed state form is pure states noncoherent hybrid, but mixed state is a product of measurement. Quantum measurement can induce continuous interaction, so one of the mixture states, namely a pure state becomes the collapsed eigenvalue corresponding state during the measurement. There is no constant phase difference in each mixture states, thus there is no energy quantization. The mixture states is not in w(x,k) space but in M4(x) space. The physical model is changing from field matter sphere model to mass point model and the physical wave is changing to be probability wave, though the probability wave function has the same form as matter wave. We will discussion about these problems in dual four dimensional quantum mechanics.

In this paper researchers have discussed exchange call option valuation using Margrabe's formula in Fuzzy environment. To model the uncertainty in parameters of Margrabe's formula, the trapezoidal fuzzy numbers are used. By using case example, the range of option values is predicted to a certain extent, which eventually can help investors to decide the investment strategy.

Gender classification problem is an active research area which has attracted a great deal of attention recently. It is a challenging pattern recognition problem. Generally gender classification involves a process of determining the gender. Gender is among the strongest predictors of crime, particularly violent crime. Arrest, self-report, and victimization data consistently show that men and boys commit significantly more crime, both serious and not, than women and girls. This pattern persists despite data indicating that crimes committed by females may be rising. Evidence also suggests that males are generally more aggressive than females, even before the preschool years. A multidisciplinary approach to crime is crucial for understanding both why crime occurs and the conditions for any possible gender differences. Sometimes during the course of a criminal investigation and its subsequent autopsy the pathologist may find his or herself faced with the task of identifying the gender after decomposition. Obviously before decomposition there are detailed differences between the formations of a male or a female but once decomposition has taken a hold and carried out the unpleasant tasks that nature has intended, all that remains is the skeletal form with teeth and possibly some hair to work with. This paper suggests method for classification of gender since it plays an important role for understanding behavioral pattern of crime.

In the current information technology scenario cloud storage is one of the best database platforms which provide the high security to stored data, and also decrease the burden of local data storage and maintenance. Main problem in cloud computing was the problem of data security and data access by unauthorized users. Storage and sharing of data in cloud can be changed simply by user. To overcome this data modification idea by cloud signature is provided to each individual who access data in cloud once the data modified by the user on block the user must ensure that the signature is provided on specific block when user get revoked from accessing cloud the existing user of that cloud must resign data signed by the revoked user to resigned data user must download the entire data and signed it. This difficulty is rectified with novel public auditing mechanism.

The paper mainly focuses on how smart the traffic controlling is being done. In India as the population is being increasing day by day the traffic is also increasing with proportionality. So the traffic signals need good coordination for the smooth flow of traffic during the busy hours as the traffic is at peaks. In order to avoid traffic jams when the emergency vehicles are passing towards the junction this work is being implemented. Each vehicle is equipped with the RFID tag which can’t be removed or destroyed. When the emergency vehicle reaches the junction point the RFID reader reads the signals and shows a green wave so that it can move smoothly without any jam. Automatically when it crosses the signal point the signal gets changed. This is done by considering the multi road junction point. The application of the proposed work include • Stolen vehicle detection. • Fire car clearance. • Clearance to emergency vehicles.

Irrigation is quite time consuming process if it is not well managed by user. Hence this system stands for the need of automated irrigation system. In this system two micro-controllers are used. One at pump site and another one is at field. When moisture level is above threshold voltage the automated commands are sent through interface and valves is switching ON or OFF. GSM Module is used to keep updated to user. ZigBee module is used in this system to interface both the controllers. Hence this system have proven best to reduce time consumtion while irrigation. Aim is to design low cost and simple design by considering users are mainly farmers. Water wastage is reduce will be reduce by certain amount by implementing this automated system.

In this paper we introduce the notation of weak bi-ideals in near-subtraction semigroup. (ie) A subalgebra B of (X,) is said to be a weak bi-ideal in near-subtraction semigroup if B3B and obtain equivalent conditions for various regularities in terms of weak bi-ideals and bi-ideals.

Heat exchangers are equipment that transfers heat from one medium to another. An air cooled heat exchanger, or ACHE, is simply a pressure vessel which cools a circulating fluid within finned tubes by forcing ambient air over the exterior of the tubes. In cross flow exchangers, the hot and cold fluids move perpendicular to each other. Some actual heat exchangers are a mixture of cross flow and counter flow (Known as Counter to Cross Flow Heat Exchangers) due to design features (Parag Mishra and Dr Manoj Arya, 2016). The proper design, operation and maintenance of heat exchangers will make the process energy efficient and minimize energy losses. Heat exchanger performance can deteriorate with time, off design operations and other interferences such as fouling, scaling etc. It is necessary to assess periodically the heat exchanger performance in order to maintain them at a high efficiency level. This section comprises certain proven techniques of monitoring the performance of heat exchangers, coolers and condensers from observed operating data of the equipment. In this we are doing the thermal design of forced draft counters to cross flow Air Cooled heat exchanger at normal ambient temperature i.e at 38 oC. The most important parameter, while taking into consideration of designing Air Cooled Heat Exchanger is permissible /minimum tube skin temperature. A major problem constantly faced by heat exchanger designers is to predict accurately the performance of a given heat exchanger or a system of heat exchangers for a given set of service conditions. The problem is complicated by the fact that uncertainties exist in most of the design parameters and in the design procedures themselves. The design parameters that are used in the basic thermal design calculations of a heat exchanger include process parameters, heat-transfer coefficients, tube dimensions (e.g., tube diameter, wall thickness), thermal conductivity of the tube material, and thermo physical properties of the fluids. Nominal or mean values of these parameters are used in the design calculations. However, uncertainties in these parameters prevent us from predicting the exact performance of the unit. The effect of the uncertainties is mostly in the performance degradation in service. Hence, there is an imperative need to consider all the uncertainties and to critically evaluate them and correctly predict the thermal performance of a heat exchanger. This is particularly true for critical applications. In thermal design of heat exchangers there are presently many stages in which assumptions in mathematical solution of the design problem are being made. Accumulation of these assumptions (e.g. use of mean values) may introduce variations in design as large as the uncertainties introduced in heat-transfer and flow friction correlations. The designer needs to understand where these inaccuracies may arise, and strive to eliminate as many sources of error as possible by choosing design configurations that avoid such problems at source. Heat Exchanger Thermal Design Problem referred to as the rating and sizing problems (Parag Mishra and Dr Manoj Arya, 2016)

The purpose of this study is to identify the socio-economic determinants of cumulative fertility-number of children ever born to women at the end of their reproductive period. The data on the explanatory variables is obtained from census 2001 and 2011. The multiple regression technique is used to study the relationship between the dependent variable children ever born and the explanatory variables and to predict the average parity for the year 2011. Variance inflation factor is used to test for multicollinearity. SPSS 17.0 is used for statistical analysis. The bivariate correlation analysis indicates that Children ever born has a significant positive correlation with urban population, per capita income, Below poverty line and a significant negative correlation with Average household size, female literacy rate (p<.05). The multiple regression analysis shows that the largest significant contribution for lowering the cumulative fertility is the proportion of urban population. The other significant determinants are Work participation rate and below poverty line (p< .05).

Background: The endodontic therapy establishes the actual length of the root canal various methods are employed to measure this length, including, tactile sensitivity, x-rays and electronic locators foraminal. Objective: To evaluate the electronic foramen locator Root ZX in terms of accuracy and reliability in relation to the three locators third generation electronic foraminalNovApex, Gnatus and Apex Locator in determining root canal length of 0.0 millimeters (mm) and 1.0 mm below the apex with radiographic evidence. Methods: A total of 15 pre-molars of 15 patients donated by Term of Free Consent. The continuous predictors were the locatorsforaminal Electronics Gnatus, Apex Locator and NovApex. The response was the predictor Locator Foraminal Electronic Root ZX. Results: After nonparametric correlation between the response predictor Root ZX and continuous predictors Gnatus, Apex Locator and NovApex both 0.0 mm -1.0 mm as in the apex, it was observed that there was no statistically significant difference with p> 0.05, given that the measured values of locatorsforaminal diverged little from the exact value. Conclusion: the measurements Locator Foraminal Electronic Root ZX were accurate and reliable when compared to other locators of this study and compared with published results, and strongly indicated.

This tabloid presents a discovery with proof of identity of brain tumor, now It is use an image mining using development performances for a segmentation of image with engendered segmented image authorization to Multivariate division algorithm. Using MICCAI (Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention) dataset segmented image is alienated hooked on protuberances, at this time perceive accurate with dishonest protuberances with concurrence to factual lump proposal a sapling then the leap protuberances are mingling with engendered a result. Catching with improvement algorithm are use to improve the MICCAI result. In the occurring system neural network is use for result but in neural network result in the form of 0 and 1 so clamor in result. Hence using the prearrangement progress the result and performance with great accuracy. More over all get a result ten time faster than executing Result.

It was believed in the earlier part of the twentieth century that a person high on rational intelligence (IQ) will succeed in his life. Later, in mid 1990s, a theory was propounded that a person high on emotional intelligence (EQ), IQ being the same, has greater chances of faring well in life, for he is endowed with the capacity to manage his own and others’ emotions better. Towards the end of the century, it was highlighted that spiritual intelligence (SI), also SQ for short, is the ultimate intelligence, necessary for effective functioning of IQ and EQ. SQ allows human beings to be creative, to change the rules and to alter situations, giving us the ability to discriminate. Employing SQ one is enabled to differentiate between ‘right’ and ‘not right’ in the given framework of a society or a situation, listening to inner voice. Our brains are hard-wired for activation and utilization of SI, but most of the people let it remain dormant, missing out a richer quality of being. Quality of life (QoL or QQ) is perceived differently by different people, depending on their belief system. Life is infinitely a large canvas, all encompassing, major aspects being health (mental, physical, emotional and spiritual), finances, social well-being, job / occupation, family, reputation and the like. Life and its quality are influenced by application of human intelligences like IQ, EQ and SQ in different degree. Supported by the works of several renowned authors on emotional intelligence and spiritual intelligence, this paper is aimed at examining the impact of spiritual intelligence on quality of life.

In this paper we have discuss about the meaning of web mining, Digital Library, Various types of web mining, and advantages of web mining in digital library system to extract information. Web mining is part of data mining, helps to find new patterns that enable a merchant to take new decisions for business opportunity.

Detailed study has been carried out for understanding the environmental status of Kadalundi River Basin in Kerala using secondary data collected from various departments and field survey. This study is a preliminary investigation of the early and existing environmental condition in the river basin which is one of the hot spots of biodiversity. Based on the published information in news papers, articles, internet and a pilot field study was carried out to find out the actual environmental status of the river basin. As per the survey it is noted that environmental status of Kadalundi river basin is deteriorating day by day. The major environmental issues are the dumping of plastic wastes in open space, decrease in the annual arrival of migratory birds, reduce in area under mangrove forest, increase in pest attack over areas in mangrove forest, drudging and illegal sand mining, ecological disturbance, salt water intrusion and disappearance of local flora and fauna due to implementation of inter cropping agricultural pattern. This study can be a base for an environmental evaluation and formatting a plan for integrated river basin model for Kadalundi river basin.

This article examines the effect of the entrepreneur skills on predicting the default risk of investment credit. Our work seeks to determine if these variables affect the probability of default. To do this, we are based on a sample of 39 Small and Medium Enterprise to estimate a logit model of default probability. Our results show that the variables which are related to entrepreneur skills have a significant effect on the prediction of credit default probability. For that, Bank should take into account these variables and financial ones in their decision in order to minimize a credit risk specially after the spectacular government decision to remove the self-financing and guarantees for young unemployed who decide to create their own projects.

The incidence of child labour is one of the causes of social degradation particularly on the fair face of the globalized world. According to recent publication of ILO one in every six children aged between 5 and 17 (i.e., 246 million children) is involved in child labour. In India as revealed by the NSSO data 2007-08, the informal sector alone account for over two thirds of the child employment. The manufacturing sector and the trade, hotels and restaurant together accounts 6 per cent of the total child labour force in rural India. Moreover; there are substantial inter-state variations in the incidence of child labour. More surprisingly, the magnitude of child labours in the prosperous states like Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, and West Bengal is found to be much higher. Among 15 major states of India, West Bengal ranks 6th in the incidence of child labour using NSSO 64th round unit level data. This paper attempts to examine the nature and extent of the incidence of child labour in India in general and West Bengal in particular. Moreover, using the Tobit regression model attempts have been made to examine the socio- economic and demographic determinants of the incidence of child labour. The incidence of child labour is observed to be causality related to labour market imperfection and the level of human capital at the household level.

Multiculturalism as an academic discourse and a state policy drew the attention of scholars and policy maker around the world. The process of globalization brought broader impact on multiculturalism both at national and international levels. At the international level, the trends of assimilation and clashes of cultures can be seen in peaceful co-existence and radicalisation of many nations and communities. At the national level, it has brought numerous challenges and opened better opportunities to the culture of minorities. India, being a multicultural society, is also facing numerous challenges and providing better scope for peaceful coexistence to numerous cultures. Muslim, being the largest minority community in India has an own special identity based on her own distinct culture and religion. This community has own experience of multiculturalism in India. They have responded multiculturalism in their own way. The present paper is about the response of the Muslim community towards multicultural society of India. What are the challenges of multiculturalism to Indian Muslims and how they are responding? The globalization has also created complexities for Indian multiculturalism and Muslim culture in India. This paper has further explored the experience of Muslim in Indian multicultural society. This is important to understand the response of Indian Muslims towards Multiculturalism to understand the response of the Muslims of other countries towards multiculturalism. This study would help in the understanding of radicalisation in the Muslim countries in cultural context. This will further help to the national government and world community in the formulation of policy for peaceful co-existence in regard to culture.

Foreign direct investment plays an important role in the economic development of the country. It helps in transferring of financial resources, technology and innovative and improved management techniques along with raising productivity. An Indian company may receive Foreign Direct Investment either through automatic route or government route. N the last years, investment in the agricultural sector in developing countries has been neglected and the share of public expenditures as well as Official Development Assistance (ODA) in agriculture has declined. The rising commodity prices have served as a wake-up call to support agricultural development and ensure food security and poverty education. FAO has estimated that investment of USD 83 billion per annumis required in developing countries’ agriculture to meet the food demand in 2050. This estimate does not include the investment in public good provision such as infrastructure, storage facilities, market development or R&D. Government spending and involvement (e.g. through ensuring agricultural institutions, extension services, education, sanitation) in agriculture and provision of public goods are suggested to be most effective in increasing productivity, enabling capital formation, providing incentives and opportunities for farmers to increase their private investment, and strengthen the sector and smallholder farmers in order take advantage of the prospective Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the sector. FDI in agriculture of developing countries was only 1% of total world FDI inflows, but has increased in the recent years, in particular in Asia and Oceania, Latin America and the Caribbean and South-East Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. However, developing countries receive (I) less FDI in food processing than developed countries, implying that a large share of higher value added activities takes place in developed countries, and (ii) more FDI in cash crops, e.g. renewable energy sector, than staple crops. Large-scale cash crops production may drive small-scale farmers out of production, increase farmer’s production risks, and negatively impact food security.

The functions of chief executive officers of universities differ only slightly from chief executive officers in other organizations. As special bureaucracies with very large concentration of professors and other professional groups, chief executive officers supervise their staff to teach, research, disseminate knowledge and to collate divergent opinions towards national development. The paper consults and criticizes the views of earlier writers on chief executives of universities. This paper painstakingly examines the roles of chief executives, highlighting their backgrounds before becoming chief executives, and their roles as heads of administration upon becoming presidents or vice-chancellors. Besides observations, the study relied on literature review (Desk Study). The paper further looked at the perceptions and attitudes that promote or impede the efforts of many presidents/vice chancellors. Changing university environments through large enrolments, aging professors, and stakeholder interests, curricula reviews for relevance, quality and equity among others have resulted in changing parameters in the searches for vice-chancellors. The changing scope and demands may be useful for sitting and future vice-chancellors in their search for jobs or in their performance upon appointment. A fundamental familiarity with motivation and respect of human beings for collegiality have been behind those presidents who were acclaimed as effective executives.

This research sought to identify the motivational factors associated with the intention to readiness to retirement planning of estate sector employees in Sri Lanka. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) investigates the effects of the behavioral factors associated with the intention to readiness to retirement planning. Simple random sampling method was used to select the respondents and face-to-face interview was conducted to survey 900 households in the Nuwara Eliya district of the central province in Sri Lanka. The principal component analysis was used to calculate factors with Varimax rotation applied factor extraction. The regression analysis method was used to facilitate a path analysis of respondents’ behavior. The result revealed that estate sector1 employees’ readiness to retirement planning was significantly related to personal attitudes, social pressures and a sense of control. Readiness to retirement planning turns out to be of utmost important and the study discovered behavior patterns that have implications. Reducing structural barriers, financial knowledge and financial inclusion may culminate the retirement planning behavior. Findings of this study can be beneficial for financial product development, especially for rural and informal sector employees in attracting and retaining clients.

This research aims to study the implementation of elementary school teachers that demonstrate learning management in the 21st century and to compare by gender, work experience, and levels of education. The survey methodology was used, gathering data from a sample of the population who are the elementary school teachers in KhonKaen province, Thailand. The results showed that: (1) the different gender; male and female, of elementary school teachers are no different to exhibit 21st century learning management (2) the elementary school teachers in KhonKaen with different work experiences showed no different of 21st learning management among the three groups of working experiences which are less than 5 years, 5-15 years, and more than 15 years(3) the elementary school teachers in KhonKaen who graduated with different levels of education; master and bachelor degree, showed no different to exhibit learning management in 21st century with statistically significant at the 0.05 level.

Individual, Group and Peer Guidance and Counselling services in Secondary Schools are conceived as important services towards strengthening students’ character and academic achievement. In Bureti Sub County performance in Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education from 2007 to 2009 was below average, that is, mean scores of 4.445, 4.435 and 4.491 respectively in spite of Guidance and Counselling services being in place, perhaps due to shortcoming in the effectiveness of these Guidance and Counselling services on academic achievement. The purpose of this study therefore was to examine guidance and counselling services and their influence on students’ academic performance in Bureti Sub County, Kenya. The objectives of the study were to: establish the preferred types of guidance and counselling services offered in secondary schools and determine the relationship between Guidance and Counselling services and students’ academic performance in Public secondary schools in Bureti Sub County. A conceptual framework based on Biswalo’s (1996) concept that guidance and counselling helps students develop proper study skills and acquisition of knowledge on examination techniques was adopted in this study to establish the influence of Guidance and Counselling services on student’s academic performance. The study established that 13(65%) of the practicing school counselors did not have the required qualifications of diploma and above in Guidance and Counselling. Guidance and Counseling facilities were inadequate in most schools. Types of Guidance and Counselling services offered in schools included individual, peer and group. The relationships between Guidance and Counselling services offered and academic performance was statistically significant. The study concluded that the types of Guidance and Counselling services preferred were peer and group and that Guidance and Counselling services accounted for 46.6% of students’ academic performance as signified by adjusted R square of .466. The study recommended that teacher counselors should be trained and the facilities for counseling should be improved. The findings of this study are significant to teacher counselors, Principals and the Ministry of Education Science and Technology as they will enable them to enhance Guidance and Counselling services in schools so as to achieve the set objectives of school guidance and counseling program.

The study aimed to prepare, design and produce an instructional computerized software to the deaf and mute students in the primary schools, the study aimed also to identify the impact of using instructional computerized software on checking homework lessons and remaining of the impact of learning and attitudes among the deaf and mute students in the basic level in subject of computer skills. The researchers had developed a study unit through programming PowerPoint PC program to the 1st level. Also he conducted a Pro & Pre Test then analyzed the study contents through designed a questionnaire to measure the role of PC and using PC Software and its impact on processes of learning and education among the deaf and mute students. The study conducted during the year (2012 – 2013) on the deaf and mute students at basic level within the centers of Jerash for the special needs, the researcher followed the descriptive and analytical approach in additional to the experimental approach, the community sample consists of dump and deaf students at the basic level within the center of Jerash for the special needs, the total numbers of community sample were 120 students, among them (50) students of basic level were selected as a study sample and divided into two groups : one of them is experimental and the other is a control group. The study showed that there is a statistically significant at the level of (P <0.05) to use PC in upgrading the ability of checking lessons of dump and deaf students at the basic level. The researcher recommended for providing a tutorial software in all institutes and programs of those with special needs with full concentration on providing the modern tools that considered the easiness of using and effectiveness of performance, in addition to necessity of training to the teachers who teaching students with special needs on using these tutorial software besides, providing a technology specialist to teach those with special needs in every institute.

The attitudes development of Halu Oleo university students towards democracy and human aiming at developing students' attitudes through the improvement of learning system. The research methodology employed in this study is divided into three cycles. The students can construct the reality based on the material they have learned which in turn can build up their good attitudes. There are 6 developed strategies in constructivism learning, as follows, (1) situation, (2) grouping, (3) connecting, (4) questioning, (5) exhibition, (6) reflection. The result of this research shows that learning implementation of democracy and human right material through constructivism approach can develop students' knowledge and positive attitude towards democracy and human right values in their social lives.

In the year 2003, the government of Kenya adopted devolved system of funding of education through the Constituency Development Fund in order to promote quality of education in secondary schools. Constituency Development Fund being a form of composite fund, finances education in public secondary schools by providing bursary to needy students and developing infrastructure. This study focused on quality of education in terms of students’ academic performance in Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education examination. Public secondary schools in Kisumu County receive money from Constituency Development Fund but statistics show that performance is still low. In the year 2012 for instance, public secondary schools in Kisumu County received money from Constituency Development Fund amounting to Kenya Shillings 120,000 per school as minimum to Kenya Shillings 5,000,000 as maximum depending on their needs. Conversely, the county had a mean performance of 5.63 during that which was even lower than the national one which stood at 6.1. It was also not clear whether all public secondary schools in the county had the necessary infrastructural facilities which are crucial for effective teaching and learning process. The purpose of this study therefore was to establish the influence of Constituency Development Fund on Quality of Secondary Education in Public Secondary Schools in Kisumu County. The findings indicated that Constituency Development Fund had influence on student’s performance in Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education Examination. The study also confirmed the availability of the necessary infrastructural facilities constructed by Constituency Development Fund in many public secondary schools in the county. Several students in the county were being awarded some bursaries by the Constituency Development Fund. The study recommended that Constituency Development Fund should consistently give enough bursaries to needy students. This will enable them spend more time in school and concentrate in their studies which would eventually lead to good performance in examinations thereby improving quality of education. More funds should also be allocated for infrastructure development in schools which still lacked the facilities and projects started using Constituency Development Fund money should be completed on time. This study is important because it provides useful information on the influence Constituency Development Fund has on quality of secondary education in public secondary schools.

This study was conducted to establish the prevalence of intestinal parasites among Fulani Pastoralists in six bush encampments in Rivers State, South-South Nigeria. Standard parasitological procedures as recommended by World Health Organization were employed in sample collection and examination. An overall prevalence of 91.2% was observed among the 593 stool samples examined with one or more of the intestinal parasites. Intestinal parasite rate by bush encampments showed that Fulani Pastoralists in Elelenwo and Eleme were the most infected with 109(94.8%) and 104(92.9%) prevalence respectively. The males showed a higher prevalence of intestinal parasites infections 347 (94.0%) than the females 194 (86.6%). However, this is not statistically significant (p<0.05). Age group 21-30 years had the highest prevalence of 95.0% followed by 11-20 (94.8%) and 31-40 (92.7%). About 90% of all the infected individuals are in the first to four decades of life. Also, 100% infection rate was observed among the age bracket 11-20years in Eleme bush encampment and 21-30 years in Elelenwo bush encampments. The difference in the rate of infection with respect to age was not statistically significant. Eleven parasitic intestinal diseases of which hookworm had the highest prevalence 450 (75.9%) was observed. Hookworm was highly significant from all the intestinal parasites (p<0.05) identified in this study. Polyparasitim of A. lumbricoides + Hookworm in the Population was 58(10.7%); Hookworm + T. trichuris 13(5.4%), Hookworm + E. histolytica 31(5.7%), A. lumbricoides + Hookworm + Trichuris 13(2.4%). The study has documented a very high prevalence of intestinal diseases among the Fulani pastoralists examined. There is a great need to monitor and control infection; otherwise they will remain a permanent source of health hazard for all intestinal diseases.

A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy research farm of IAAS, Rampur, chitwan, Nepal during summer and winter season 2010 and 2011 to study the effect of crop sequence and nitrogen rates on hybrid maize. There were thirty treatment combination consisting of six crop sequences, maize-maize, fallow-maize, greengram-maize, cowpea-maize, blackgram-maize, clusterbean-maize in main plots and five nitrogen rates 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg/ha in subplots with three replication. The research finding revealed that Maximum number of cobs (61,200/ha in 2010 and 61,900/ ha in 2011) was recorded under blackgram –maize sequence which was comparable to number of cobs/ha under greengram-maize while it was minimum under maize-maize sequence during both the years. Number of cobs was maximum 66,200/ha in 2010 and 67,200/ha 2011 with 200kg/ha and it was minimum under no nitrogen application. Percentage of barren plants was minimum (11.7 in 2010 and 11.5 in 2011) under blackgram-maize sequence which was comparable to greengram –maize sequence, while maximum percentage of barren plants was recorded under maize-maize sequence. Minimum percentage of barren plants (5.6 in 2010 and 6.2 in 2011) was recorded with 200kgN/ha and it was maximum under no nitrogen application. Minimum number of days to silking (54 .7 in 2010 and 53.3 in 2011) was recorded under greengram– maize sequence while it was maximum (57.3 in 2010 and 55 .8 in 2011) under maize– maize sequences . Number of days to silking was minimum (53.1 in 2010 and 52 .1 in 2011) with 200 kg N/ha while it was maximum (60 .6 in 2010 and 59 .1 in 2011) under no nitrogen application.At maturity (90 days after sowing), maximum dry matter accumulation per plant (174.7 g in 2010 and 176.0 g in 2011) was recorded under greengram– maize sequences and it was minimum under maize– maize sequences. It was maximum (206.0 g in 2010 and 207.2 g in 2011) with 200kg N/ha minimum with no nitrogen. At maturity (90 DAS) maximum plant height (170.7 cm in 2010 and 173.9 cm in 2011) under greengram– maize sequences while it was minimum under maize– maize. At maturity (90 DAS) maximum plant height (169.2 cm in 2010 and 173.1 cm 2011) was recorded with 200 kg N/ha while it was minimum with no nitrogen application. At silking stages (60 DAS) maximum leaf area index (3.39 in 2010 and 3.45 in 2011) was recorded under greengram – maize sequences and it was minimum under maize – maize . At silking stage (60 DAS) leaf area index was maximum (3.86 in 2010 and 3.72 in 2011) with 200 kg N/ha while it was minimum with no nitrogen application.

Crop coefficient (Kc) has a key role in order to reach high precision crop evapotranspiration data. This study aimed to obtain functions to estimate the daily crop coefficient (Kc) in specific locations and check advantages in its use compared with grouped and generalized values. For that purpose,daily values of Kc based on days after planting named “Kc(DAP)”were estimated by specificadjustment functions and compared to field measured crop coefficient values of peanut, sugarcane, bean, corn and soybean. Estimated crop responses were compared and quatitatively analyzed through linear regression, index "d" of performance, index "c" of agreement and statistical deviation technique. It was possible obtain functions for setting daily crop coefficient for both studied crops and sites. Daily crop coefficient functions improved the accuracy of estimated crop evapotranspiration when compared to widely used values, by better reflect local climate and soil conditions of the crops; and, also for grouped values, because the curve decreases the variability of the data estimated daily.

Penetrance and expressivity are phenomena that interfere the trait-gene relationship and tend to modify the correspondence between genotype and phenotype, difficulting the breeder's task. The aim of this study was to determine the penetrance and expressivity of following traits in cornhybrids (Zea mays L.): tassel length, distance from the last node of the stem to the first branch of the tassel, distance from flag leaf to the first branch of the tassel, number of branches on the main stem of the tassel, thousand-kernel weight and grain yield of corn as the magnitude of genetic parameters in different growth sites for single hybrid selection (HS). The crosses were performed in Clevelândia-PR, Brazil, which afforded 25 HS, the seeds were sown in five different environments. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results reveal that the length of the tassel and the thousand-grain weight are the traits with high genetic variance, indicating variable penetrance and expressivity.

Overpopulation, industrialization and urbanization is main cause of degradation of natural resources. Environment is polluted continuously with heavy metals and organic pollutants which become serious problem because it threatens the living organisms. Different techniques are used for remediation of polluted water which are expensive and also has negative impact on ecosystem. Phytoremediation is cost effective, economically viable and environment friendly. The aquatic saprophytes such as water hyacinth, duck weed and butterfly ferns are hyper accumulator and produce greater biomass and can be used for water treatment. These can accumulate As, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg and Cr and can be used to accumulate, detoxify and immobilize pollutants from waste water.

Free radical injury can cause a wide spectrum of tissue damage. An experimental study was performed to see the beneficial effect of secondary plant extract with organo-protective effect. Experimented animals (rats) were exposed to oxidative injury with Streptozotocin (STZ) and d-Galactosamine hydrochloride (GAL), for the generation of free radicals. The administration of these toxic agents like STZ or GAL induced various patho-physiological changes in the liver and generated disease condition due to free radical damage and oxidative stress. The experiment was followed with co-administration of aqueous, methanolic and methanolic fraction of aqueous extract of Albizzia lebbeck and Syzygium cumini. These secondary plant extracts significantly increased antioxidant enzymes and reduced the elevated serum levels of malondialdehyde in the experimental animals. The established hepato-protective actions of various extracts of Albizzia lebbeck and Syzygium cumini in experimental hepatic injury in rats widens the scope for further investigations in the field of research, either alone or in conjunction with other herbal molecules with proven hepato-protective action. Future efforts should be taken to establish such isolated compounds as potential drug in clinical practice.

Biomass fuel refers to burned plant or animal material, wood, charcoal, dung and crop residues. In developing countries more than half of domestic energy as much as 95% in low income countries use biomass fuel for cooking and heating purposes. Indoor air pollution is potentially a large health threat in rural regions and is also responsible for the deaths and illness of millions of young children. This paper reports the results of a survey of types of fuel consumption and health among the 150 households in village Bande of Banda district. Firewood, dung cake following by Coal, Kerosene, Agricultural waste, were found to be the major fuels consumed by the villagers. In comparison to the other fuels dry leaves, shreds of cloth, plastic, etc are also consumed as fuels but comparatively in a very less proportion. Wood of Acacia nilotica was found to be consumed the maximum followed by the wood of Zizyphus mauritiana. Wood of Ipomoea carnea which produce highly toxic pollutants was also found to be used in good proportion in village Bande. The wood of Mangifera indica was found to be consumed the minimum in this village. Approximately 27.58 % people were reported to be lung infected and 24.13% were found to suffer from the eye problems among all the other diseased people. 6.89% people were having both the eye as well as lung related problems. As a result of the detrimental impact of biomass fuel consumption on health and mortality, many governmental, non–governmental organization and international organizations have started developing strategies aiming to reduce indoor air pollution. These strategies include subsidization of clean fuel technologies, promotion and subsidization of improved cook stoves, use of solar thermal cookers and solar water heaters. To reduce pollutants level from biomass fuel, behavioural changes like processing biomass fuel to make them cleaner and improving household design should also be adopted on personal aspects.

The use of refined flour blend with pumpkin seed flour and soybean flour respectively and encorporated with Dates and Cranberries was studied. The ingredients composition of value added bread was refined flour 300gm, blends with pumpkin seed flour 100 gm, and 50 gm dates and 50 gm cranberry respectively and another ingreduent composition of soybean flour value added bread was 200gm refined flour, 100gm soybean flour and 50 gm Dates and 50gm cranberries respectively and compared with control sample of refined flour bread. The bread loaves were produced using the straight-dough procedure and were subsequently evaluated for their nutritional composition and texture analysis. The TPA (Texture Profile Analysis) was used for the texture analysing of the bread. The hardness, corhessivness and adhessiveness property of the bread is analysed by the TPA. The result show that the both of the pumpkin seed value added bread was highly nutritional rich rather than control sample of refined flour and antioxidant, protein(4.gm), iron(11.80mg), calcium (63.94mg), ash(1.33gm), carbohydrate (76.81gm), fat(4.30mg) and fiber rich and the soy bean flour value-added bread results were fat(4.3mg), protein(12.17gm), carbohydrate (58.6mg), total ash(2.58mg), calcium(39.96), iron(25.55mg) It was concluded that both of the value added bread gave the bread with the best overall quality acceptability and both of the value added bread are being regarded valuable for the food industry.

Lifelong gluten-free diet is essential for patients having celiac disease. Since wheat flour contains gluten, it is necessary to replace wheat flour with other types of gluten-free flours The purpose of the study was to formulate biscuits by using different combination of gluten free biscuits and evaluated for nutritional analysis Three gluten free biscuits were prepared from blends of soybean, corn and rice flour at different ratio, sample T1 -RF: SF: CF (15:40, 45), and T2 – RF: SF: CF (20:45:35), T3- RF: SF:CF(25:50:25) respectively. The study has been carried out in research laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School for Home Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow. The result of the nutritional analysis indicated that that the protein, carbohydrate content of sample T3 was significantly higher than other two samples. The dietary fiber content of sample T1 was significantly higher. The Iron and calcium of sample T2 was significantly higher. Calcium content was also higher in sample T3.

The study was conducted on BBAU central university Lucknow department of food science & technology and there nutritional property conducted on R- frac research institute Lucknow. Knowledge and concerns of the bad health implications of high fat intake in consumers has resulted in a rising demand for low fat foods consequently, the use of various flavour treatment as alternative food souses is gaining attention among producers and consumers. Banana is the common name for herbaceous plants of the genus. Musa and for fruit they produce. It is one of the oldest cultivation plants all parts of the banana plant have medicinal application. Three major products were developed using different composite mint flavour, tomato flavour, and sweet sugar flavour. Developed product was evaluated on various parameters: sensory evaluation & nutritional analysis. Nutritional analysis & percentage of sample T1 protein, carbohydrate, iron, moisture & ash were – 3.25%, 60.80%, 15.77%, 4.26%& 3.57% respectively. In sample T2 protein, carbohydrate, iron, moisture, & ash were- 63.76%, 63.76%, 17.5%, 3.13%, & 4.27% respectively. In sample T3 protein, carbohydrate, iron, moisture, & ash were- 12%, 27.2%, 1.36%, 2.12% &3.35% respectively. The study is to basically provide an alternative to potato chips. It can be proved to be a good snack for all age group people whose daily requirement of protein is high. Especially to school going children because of their growing period and people working in offices who generally have a habit of skipping there full meal in noon due to hard working hours, snacks made out of banana can come to the rescue for such people. The monotony of banana on regular basis can easily be broken with these innovative products. Thus, the snacks not only provide high amount of energy, protein, carbohydrates etc but they also provide whole range of choices in our plate.

Mushrooms are rich sources of proteins, vitamins and minerals. Low content of carbohydrate and fat makes mushrooms an ideal food for diabetes and persons who wish to shed excess fat. Noodles are most preferred food items among all age groups having longer shelf life and good commercial importance. The present study was conducted to compare nutritive value of developed mushroom fortified noodles with that of control group. Mushroom fortified noodles were prepared by fortifying mushroom powder in different levels to the Noodle flour, whereas noodles prepared out of noodle flour were kept as control. Developed product was evaluated on various parameters: sensory evaluation & nutritional analysis. Sensory evaluation of prepared product was carried out using 9 point hedonic scale, out of the three. Hence highest acceptable product was put forth for the nutritional analysis & percentage of protein, calcium, carbohydrates, fat and dietary fibre respectively.

The interest of Côte d’Ivoire populations in mucilaginous food plants caused the use of experimental design to optimize mucilage extraction methods. So, 6 technological parameters have been selected. It is about the delipidation (X1), the ratio vegetal/water (X2), the steeping time (X3), the heating time (X4), the ratio filtrate/ethanol (X5) and the refrigeration time (X6). Plackett and Burman design and full factorial design application permitted to optimize mucilage extraction of this food plants. The results showed that delipidation is the most significant parameter for Irvingia kernels and it contributed to 100% in mucilage yield variation. The ratio vegetal/water and steeping time contributed to 12.37% and 11.96% respectively. To the level of the leaves, the most significant parameters are the steeping time (84.24%), the ratio vegetal/water (79.02%) and the heating time (48.34%). Optimal process application gave the experimental answers of 56.34±0.42% and 25.81±0.39% appreciably equal to the answers predicted by the mathematical computations that were respectively of 55.75% and 27.04% for the kernels and the leaves.

Plants, since times immemorial, have been used virtually by all cultures as a source of medicine. The widespread use of herbal remedies for healthcare is described in ancient texts such as the Vedas and the Bible. In recent years, demand for medicinal plants is increasing in both developing and developed countries due to growing recognition of natural products, as non-narcotic, without side effects, easily available at affordable prices and sometimes the only source of health care available. The fertility control is the most important and urgent mainstay of all biomedical and biosocial problems. The need for evolving more acceptable and effective means of contraception with nil or minimal side effects is more actually felt now, than ever before, in view of the frightening rate at which population is growing. This review helps in the reinvestigation of the plants with potential antifertility activities as the rising trend towards natural contraception. But it is important to find out the mechanism of action and clinical research on few selected plants listed in this review as these plants already reported potential antifertility activities.

Prostate cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among men globally and in Sub-Saharan Africa. Good knowledge, attitude and perception of vulnerability could increase surveillance, uptake of preventive measures, thereby reducing morbidity and mortality rate Anecdotal reports indicate a worrisome prevalence among men in Akinyele Local Government Area, but little is known about knowledge, attitude and extent of vulnerability perception towards prostate cancer among them. Objectives Hence, we investigated the knowledge, attitude and perceptions on self-vulnerability towards prostate cancer among our participants with the hope of generating data that could be useful in instituting interventions, thereby reducing mortality and morbidity. Methods: This was a community based cross-sectional study. We utilized purposive sampling technique to select 107 men who consented and met the inclusion criteria from Ojo in Akinyele local government (Mean Age: 24.6, SD: 9.84) irrespective of their socioeconomic and educational status. Data were obtained using a structured questionnaire with 40 items and a reliability of 0.79. Analysis was done with SPSS, using descriptive statistics and Chi square at 0.05 level of significance. Results: Knowledge levels on prostate cancer was high (79.4%) among the participants, only 15% had ever received health information from health care providers, and only one-third ( 37.2%) of them knew about the availability of screening methods. Level of knowledge was influenced by religion (p =0.03), occupation (p=0.04) and educational levels (p= 0.005). Majority (77.6%), had poor attitude, while perception on levels of self-vulnerability to prostate cancer was low (14% and influenced by age (p=0.004) and marital status (p= 0.004). Conclusions and Recommendations: Findings indicated that there is high level of awareness among participants, with poor attitude, low knowledge on the availability of screening measures and poor health promotion attitude among health care providers. It is imperative that measures be put in place to create awareness on availability of screening facilities and self-vulnerability towards the disease, which might increase prostate cancer screening uptake in Akinyele LGA, Ibadan, thereby reducing morbidity and mortality.

The knowledge about genetic relation between crosses is extremely important for plant breeding, contributing as the main parameter for combination choosing. The selection based only on desirable characters is insufficient to produce a high genetic potential progeny. This work of literature review was developed from March to June 2016.The genotype x environment interaction is a significant variation source in maize hybrids testing. There are evidences that GCA and SCA variance may interact with sites and years, and also that SCA includes dominance and epistasy deviations, as well a significant portion of the genotype x environment interaction. Maize is one of the most investigated crops within the field of genetics, serving as a template for many other cross pollinated specie. Its importance is also given by the large amount of food provided for the entire productive chain, as well as the recent inclusion of maize products in the functional food market. Due to the importance of maize in both national and international scenarios, researches continue to be efficiently and reliably done by numerous scientists. Genetic breeding, in combination with other fields of science, progressively contributed in the genetic improvement of maize, however the first one is the main responsible for genetic gains and the current genetic level of hybrids.

Introduction: Obesity is a multi-factorial disease arising from a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Why some people succeed at adopting and sustaining behaviours associated with weight control while others, undergoing similar treatment programs, do not, remains largely unknown. Objective: To identify factors associated with weight loss and changes in body composition in a commercial weight reduction program. Methodology: Purposive sampling technique was used to enrol subjects in the age group of 20-60 years visiting a commercial weight reduction centre with the purpose of weight loss. Baseline data included 624 subjects (310 males and 314 females) with the BMI ≥25kg/m2. Total 200 subjects participated in the study with 102 visiting a commercial weight reduction centre and 98 visited a Gymnasium. In the comprehensive study the nutritional status of the subjects was assessed at both pre and post intervention stages, including parameters such as - anthropometric indicators, body composition and diet recall. Results: Factors such as food habits, skipping of breakfast, marital status, stress, change in physical activity, cardio-respiratory fitness had an impact on weight loss, change in body composition and fitness levels. Significant associations were found between different variables. The macronutrient, stress and physical activity level model had a strong association with weight loss (r =0.649) and was responsible for 42.13% variability.

The combined use of nitrogen (N) with bacteria Azospirillum brasilense can improve the components of corn production and contribute to sustainable agricultural practices. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the application of Azospirillum brasilense associated with nitrogen fertilizer on corn production components. The experiment was set in a randomized block design, in a 5x4 factorial scheme, with five doses of Azospirillum brasilense (0, 100, 150, 200, 250 ml per 20 kg of seed), BR 11005 strain (Sp 245) and four doses of N (0, 50,100, 150 kg ha-1) applied in the V6phenological stage, using urea (45% N) as a source of N, with three replications. It was evaluated the number of rows per ear, number of kernels per row, ear diameter, thousand grain weight and grain yield. The use of Azospirillum brasilense strain BR 11005 (Sp 245) isolated or associated with N doses does not influence the productive characters of corn. The dose of 50 kg ha-1 N in coverage is recommended to corn crops, as it promoted greater economic returns, regardless of the Azospirillum brasilense dose that was used.

The present study deals with the diversity and distribution of fungal and bacterial population in various seasons (Monsoon, Premonsoon, Summer and Postmonsoon) from three different places of Sirkazhi Taluk (Thenpathi (S1), Kovilpathu (S2) and Sirkazhi (S3)). The physicochemical parameters of such soils were identified. The physical parameters include the analysis of Soil Color, Texture, Electrical Conductivity (mmhos/cm.), PH, Moisture content (%) and Temperature (ºC) of the soils. The chemical parameters include the analysis of Calcium (mg/g), Magnesium (mg/g), Zinc (ppm), Ferrous (ppm), Manganese (ppm), Organic Carbon (ppm), Nitrogen (kg/ac), Potassium (kg/ac) and Phosphorus (kg/ac) present in three crop land soils collected. Totally, 19 different species of soil bacteria were observed from the soil samples. The highest percentage of frequency of bacteria isolated from all the soil samples were recorded, in, which, Sreptococcus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Flavobacerium and Neisseria were predominant followed by the other species of bacterium. Totally 19 different species of soil fungi were observed from the soil samples. The highest percentage was recorded for Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oryzae and Trichoderma viridae followed by the other fungal species.

The present study focuses on physico-chemical nature of Mir Alam Lake. Water samples were collected from three sampling stations (S1, S2 & S3) and were analysed at monthly intervals for a period of one year from August 2011 – July 2012. These samples were analysed for Total Hardness, Calcium and Magnesium. The Total Hardness was 466.77mg/l, Calcium was 70.88mg/l and Magnesium was 70.45mg/l. Total Hardness of Mir Alam Lake water exceeded the permissible limits given by IS 2012 and was within permissible limits given by WHO 1985 while Calcium was within the permissible limits Magnesium exceeded the permissible limits of IS 2012 and WHO 1985. Necessary measures are to be taken to conserve the lake.

Pollination is simply the transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another or the same flower. After production of the sexual organs and associated structures, pollination is the first step in the reproductive process of higher plants. It is achieved by biotic and abiotic means. Abiotic pollination occurs by wind, water or gravity. Biotic pollination is effected by animals. Pollinating agents are essential for survival and reproduction of several wild plant species and in the recent years, there has been an increasing recognition of the importance of pollination, mostly by insects, in crop plants. The area covered by pollinator-dependent crops has increased by more than 300 per cent during the past 50 years. Few major crop species depend on animal pollinators. Animal pollination increases the quantity and quality of fruit production. Important Insect pollinators include honeybees, bumblebees, solitary bees, syrphid flies, wasps, beetles, butterfly and moths etc. Also commercially reared bumblebees are an important component of greenhouse tomato production. Plant-pollinator interaction in both wild and cultivated plant species is under threat as a result of indiscriminate pesticide use, habitat fragmentation and intensified cultivation practices. Pesticides are an important potential cause of biodiversity and pollinator decline. Climate change may affect the phenology and distribution ranges of both crop plants and their most important pollinators, leading to temporal and spatial mismatches. It is therefore important to identify the temperature sensitivity of the most important pollinators and their crop plants, and the environmental cues controlling the phenology and distribution of the identified species. Many wild plants in nature are being propagated through insect pollination which maintains the sustainability of ecosystems, environmental quality and help in the conservation of biodiversity. The pollinator species that do not visit crops play critical roles in natural ecosystems by ensuring wild plant seed and fruit set, thus sustaining wider biodiversity.

In order to get optimum result from micro-irrigation, fertilizers in liquid form have to be applied to the crop along with the irrigation water directly to the region where most of the plants roots develop. This process is called fertigation, which is done with the aid of special fertilizer application devices (injectors) installed at the head control unit of the system, before the filter. Use of fertigation system to apply fertiliser reduces the need of mechanical operations and sometimes eliminates them altogether. Fertigation when combined with an efficient irrigation system, both nutrients and water can be manipulated and managed to obtain the maximum possible yield of marketable production from a given quantity of these inputs. Fertigation is typically used to address fertiliser deficiency which inhibits plant growth, labour and operational efficiencies. Fertigation is an absolute necessity in drip irrigation, to obtain maximum benefit cost ratio.

Grasserie disease of silkworm Bombyx mori Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) caused by Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is one of the most serious viral disease in tropical countries and occurs throughout the year, causing considerable damage to the silkworm cocoon breeding. This report highlights the results obtained in the detection of the BmNPV for the first time in Cuba as the pathogen associated to the symptoms observed in silkworm rearing. In this context, there is an intense need to search for alternative remedial measures for control and potential restoration of ill insect breeding colonies in order to decrease economical losses in sericulture.

Bacillus sp., generally regarded as safe, has emerged as a robust organism that can withstand adverse environmental conditions and grows easily to very high densities. Tolerance and resistance to acidic pH, high osmotic concentration of NaCl, and bile salts were tested in broth medium. A probiotic bacterium isolated from the gut of Indian major carp Labeo rohita rendered maximum antagonistic activity against Aeromonas hydrophila pathogen and nutritive value were also tested. They were B. flexus (M3) and B. megaterium (M5) and their characteristics were as given below. B. flexus (M3) showed a higher capacity to grow even at 40°C with alkaline- pH 7. It also recorded higher nutrient value in all the biochemical parameters. B. flexus (M3) showed maximum inhibitory zone of 22 mm in well diffusion method and 16 mm in disc diffusion method against B. megaterium (M5).

The idea of the present research work was originated from a fish poaching event in a remote tribal dominated village of Paschim Medinipur located in Block, Gopiballavpur – I, where the fish fauna of a pond was totally destroyed due to application of a plant twig locally known as Palash. The name of the plant was collected by the second author from a tribal community of the village Singdhuee of the said block. The Plant part for experiment was collected from forest and identified by plant taxonomist as Butea monosperma. During the present study experiment was designed to isolate the toxic part of the plant materials and the toxicity has been measured for both the crude material as well as the supernatant extract of the plant materials. The entire experiments have been performed on Channa gachua as test organism. LC50 value of the plant toxicant on Channa gachua has been assayed.

In the study, we investigate extensively the levels, trends and differentials of nutritional status of the ever-married women in Bangladesh. To carry out the task fruitfully we have extracted 15,882 women for analyzing nutritional status from nationally representative Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2011. The findings of this study reveal that the mean Body Mass Index of ever-married women in Bangladesh is 21.54±3.94 kg/m2 with considerable variations by background characteristics of the respondents considered in this study. Patterns of BMI over the time points reflect that the mean BMI is increasing 0.68 in every four years beginning from 1996. Under the study, the prevalence of underweight women is still very high with 23.6 % in our country though it is decreasing 7.16 percent in every four years. The result of the study shows that only 58.5 percent women are healthy. The women having overweight is also rapidly increasing over time, which is frightening in Bangladesh in the context of health ground. The prevalence of overweight is observed to be 17.9 percent and the overweight is increasing 4.4 percent in every four years beginning from 2004. Even though undernourishment are still remains the dominant phenotype for women of reproductive age in Bangladesh. The findings show that there is a steady increase of the prevalence of overweight and thus establishes the existence of double burden of malnutrition in both rural and urban poor areas of Bangladesh. In Bivariate and multinomial logistic regression analyses, the variables living environment, geographical region, respondent education, respondent working status, husband’s education, husband’s occupation, access to mass media, socio economic status, food security status, and decision making autonomy have found significant association as well as effect on nutritional status of women in Bangladesh. The insights obtained from this research work represent “A healthy mother is the symbol of a healthy nation”.

Background: Patients who are eligible candidates for the MRgFUS treatment for single and multiple uterine fibroids have been included thanks to the use of the shielding gel, that protects the sacrum from the heat produced by ultrasounds and it creates a bigger distance between the uterus and the last section of the sacrum. Methods: From October 2011 to June 2016, 60 patients aged between 23 and 53 suffering from single and multiple uterine fibroids sized between 1.5 and 14 cm underwent MRgFUS treatment without any inconvenience on the spinal nerves roots and bone thanks to the use of the intrarectal gel. Results: 60 patients have been treated with MRgFUS. 10% of it showed an excessive proximity to the sacrum that wouldn’t allow them to underwent the treatment and 6.5% of them showed a distance between skin and fibroids of more than 14 cm. Thanks to the intrarectal gel, these exclusion criteria have been overtaken and solved. Conclusions: This method allows an almost complete access to the MRgFUS treatment in those cases where the excessive proximity of the fibrotic growth to the vertebral column would have caused the exclusion from the protocol. Furthermore, no damage to the surrounding structures have been observed.

Hair loss is one the dermatological disorder, estimated to effect nearly 2% of the worlds population. The problem of hair loss, greying of hair in young age is normally caused due to exposure to pollution, pesticides, imbalanced nutrition, altered gene expression and also harmful chemicals that are present in dermatological products. The present study was aimed to evaluate the expression of SGS1 gene which is homologue to human WRN and BLM gene that plays an important role in hair follicle development. The hair growth activity was studied by treating the yeast cells with herbal extracts (Eclipta alba and Ficus Bengalensis prop roots) and simultaneously inducing the cells to stress by organopesticides to investigate the inhibitory action of the herbal extracts on yeast cells. The cell viability and antioxidant assays were performed for the herbal extracts where significant results were observed in ethanol and methanol fractions. The expression of SGS1 gene was studied using RT-PCR, where the expression of the gene was found to be lowered in case of yeast cells treated with pesticides whereas the gene expression was found to be more in yeast cells that were treated with pesticides and herbal extracts. However further study at protein level is needed to conform the activity with the pure extract.

Water samples were collected from bore wells, springs, tap and open wells of 07 different locations and analysed (June-July 2014) in pre and post-monsoon (December -January 2015) in Ananthagiri Mandal of Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh. The study was conducted to characterize the physicochemical parameters such as pH, Turbidity, Total Hardness, TDS, F, Cl, Mg, Ca, No3, SO4 etc. On comparing the results against the drinking water quality standards lead by BIS (ISO: 100500, 1995) and WHO. It was observed that the parameters, pH, Total dissolved solids, turbidity, Mg, Ca and DO was higher than the prescribed limits while other parameters were lower than the limits in pre and post monsoon periods. Water Quality Index (WQI) was also calculated for different sources individually in pre and post monsoon, it reflected that the WQI were found in the range of (82.86), Very poor water quality range and Unsuitable for Drinking water range (113.751) in pre and post monsoon periods respectively. Bore and tap water found to be in the range of very poor water quality (93.458 to 93.538), and the well and spring water were in the range of unsuitable for drinking water (110.757 – 112.866). It was resulted that the water is not suitable for drinking, and needed to be treated before it is consumed by local tribal community.