December 2019

Background: Two types of platelet concentrates (PC) are available, Random donor platelets (RDP) which is collected as a co-product of whole blood donation while Single donor platelets (SDP or Apheresis-PC) is collected from voluntary donors with the help of automated cell separator. RDPs can be separated by two methods, Platelet rich plasma method (PRP-PC) and Buffy coat poor method (BC-PC) .In our hospital, Platelet concentrates were usually prepared by PRP method and recently Buffy coat method has been introduced. This study focuses on in-vitro quality assessment between PRP-PCs and BC-PCs so that if BC-PCs are superior, the Buffy coat method can be fully implemented for the benefit of patients. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study done from March 2016 to August 2016 at Government Kilpauk Medical College Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 48 platelet concentrates (24 units of PRP-PC and 24 units of BC-PC) were selected randomly and tested for quality at the end of expiry. 2-3 mL of samples were collected from the selected platelet bags in plain test tubes using aseptic precautions and tested for the following parameters: 1. Volume of PC. 2. Swirling. 3. Platelet count per bag. 4. Leukocyte count per bag. 5. pH changes. Results: A total of 48 platelet concentrates (24 of PRP-PC, 24 of BC-PC) were enrolled inthis study. The mean volume of PRP-PC and BC-PC was 65.1±3.0 ml and 79.5±5.3 ml respectively. The mean platelet count of PRP-PC and BC-PC was 5.5 x 1010±0.2 and 8.2x 1010 ±0.7 respectively. The mean WBC count in PRP-PC and BC-PC was 14.7x 107 ± 12.6 and 0.7 x 107± 0.1 respectively. All units were analyzed for pH changes. The mean pH was 6.9 ± 0.1(PRP-PC) and 6.5± 0.1(BC-PC). Conclusion: Our study, in concordance with similar studies, proved that even though BC-PC and PRP-PC fulfilled the desired quality control parameters, Buffy coat platelets were superior to PRP platelets in terms of increased platelet count, PC volume and decreased leukocyte count. There was reduced production related damage and improved platelet quality during storage, with BC-PC. It would be prudent to shift from PRP-PC to BC-PC method in whole blood component separation as the benefits like increased platelet yield, better quality platelets, reduced bacterial contamination and cost-effectiveness overweigh the reduction in packed red cell volume.

Introduction: Psychogerontological care is a current challenge in international health systems. This is due to the fact that affective and cognitive disorders are the most common conditions that older people have; being potential risk factors for health and quality of life. Objective: The objective of this article is to design a clinical care protocol for the psychogerontological approach of cognitive and psycho-affective alterations in older people who attend a mental health care center at the first level of care. Material and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 18 elderly people attended twice a week in the psychogerontology consultation, in the period from August 2018 to November 2019. To do this, the initial interview and the application of the Yes avage Test of Geriatric depression, the Folstein Minimental Test and MOCA test to identify behavioral, psycho-affective and cognitive alterations. Subsequently, the results of both standardized instruments for geriatric population were interpreted. Thus, it allows to know the needs of psychogerontological care for the research and design of care models. Results: 93% of the elderly are female, with an average age of 75 years. 100% of older people had mild stage depression and 46.6% mild cognitive impairment. Discussion: Given the results identified, a protocol of psychogerontological care is proposed that comprehensively addresses older people, through cognitive psycho stimulation techniques, problem-solving therapy and the integration of mutual help therapeutic groups. Conclusions: Psychogerontological care is an effective strategy that will improve the quality of life of older people with depression and cognitive disorders. Consequently, it will provide specialized guidance for the proper approach by family members, caregivers and health professionals.

Introduction: Endocrine conditions form a major bulk of those visiting physicians and most of the conditions warrant immediate and long term treatment which otherwise can indirectly affect all the organ systems and adversely affect the ‘health’ of a person. Thyroid diseases are one of the most common endocrinological conditions with varying skin and appandageal manifestations. Skin is an organ that is visible to naked eyes and can at times show certain manifestations which point to an underlying disease. Unless the clinician has high index of suspicion, such conditions can go undetected. Hence it becomes imperative for clinicians and Dermatologists to have an idea about the cutaneous manifestations of endocrinological conditions and hence the study assess the skin manifestations in recently detected hyper and hypothyroid patients. Objectives: To evaluate the cutaneous, hair and nail findings and associated conditions in acquired thyroid disorders. Methodology: A cross sectional, descriptive study where 50 patients with recently detected thyroid disease were analysed for skin, hair and nail manifestations and associated diseases, after obtaining written informed consent. Results: The most common dermatological manifestation in hypothyroid patients were nail changes (88%) followed by dry rough skin(86%) and acanthosis (69%). In hyperthyroid patients, the most common manifestation was warm soft skin (50%) and nail changes(62.5%). The most common comorbid condition in hypothyroid was diabetes mellitus and that in hyperthyroid was chronic urticaria. Conclusion: By identifying the skin manifestations, it helps the clinicians to diagnose underlying endocrinopathy and hence helps the patient in receiving corrective rather than symptomatic treatment.

Background: Indiscriminate use of corticosteroids, widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, increase in the pool of immunocompromised patients and development of drug resistance has made treatment of superficial fungal infections challenging with increased rates of recurrence. There is an utmost need for novel drug combinations and improved treatment strategies to tackle this complex situation. Objective: To compare the efficacy of oral isotretinoin (20mg/day) and itraconazole (200mg/day)combination with salicylic acid 30% chemical peel for Tinea corporis and Tinea cruris. Methods: A non-randomized comparative trial was done. Adult patients between the age of 20-40 years. The diagnosis of Tinea corporis and Tinea cruris was confirmed by performing a KOH preparation. Patients with history of liver or kidney disease, diabetes, hypertension, those on corticosteroids or immunosuppressive therapy, pregnant and lactating women were excluded from the study. Outcome measure was change from baseline inerythema, scaling, pruritus and vesicles at one month. Skin scrapings for potassium hydroxide preparation (KOH) were obtained at baseline and at end of intervention (1 month). Clinical cure was defined as an absence of classical signs and a negative KOH preparation at one month. Difference in means between the two groups were compared with paired t-tests. Chi-square tests were used for proportions. Comparisons of the mean change in continuous measures between trial groups and associated 95% confidence intervals were based on linear regression with a robust variance estimator. Results: Within each group, there was a significant improvement (P<0.001) in erythema, scaling, pruritus and vesicles within after one month of intervention. Between the groups, there was a significantly greater improvement in erythema in Group 2 by a factor of 0.457(95% CI, 0.088-0.825, P=0.017). Improvement in scaling was more in Group 2 by a factor of 0.17, but the difference between the groups was not statistically significant (Paired t-test, P=0.381). The improvement in vesicles was not statistically significant between the two groups (Paired t-test, P=0.571). At study endpoint, 32(91%) patients in Group 1 and 26(74%) patients in Group 2 had a negative KOH preparation. Liver functions were not deranged in any patient on itraconazole therapy at 2weeks. Conclusion: Oral combination of itraconazole and isotretinoin was more effective in achieving microbiological eradication than salicylic acid 30% chemical peel for Tinea corporis and cruris.

Introduction: Asymmetry when applied to facial morphology refers to the correspondence difference in the size, shape and location of facial landmarks on opposite sides of the median sagittal plane. Malocclusion cases with their asymmetric occlusal relationships often cause treatment difficulties. The nature of occlusal asymmetry may be due to dentoalveolar or skeletal asymmetries, or due to a combination of both these factors and these underlying factors complicate the attainment of a symmetric occlusion. Objective: The objective of the study was to use lateral cephalometric radiographs to evaluate skeletal and dental asymmetries in Class I, Class II and Class III malocclusions. Materials and Method: Seventy -four initial lateral cephalometric radiographs were randomly divided into three groups: Group I (30 Class I lateral cephalometric radiographs), Group II (30 Class II lateral cephalometric radiographs) and Group III (14 Class III lateral cephalometric radiographs). Analysis of lateral cephalometric radiographs included angular measurements, horizontal linear measurements and two indexes of asymmetry that were prepared for the study. Result: To test the hypothesis that the mean angular measurements were equivalent for the three groups an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used and statistically significant correlation was found(p<0.05).A chi-square test was used to test the proportion of individuals and dental symmetry was more statistically significant in Group1 and Group2 than in Group 3. Conclusion: Dental and skeletal asymmetry was found to be greater in Skeletal Class III and Skeletal Class II malocclusion than Skeletal class I malocclusion.

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a life-threatening complication of rheumatic disease that, for unknown reasons, occurs much more frequently in individuals with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SJIA) and in those with adult-onset Still disease. Macrophage activation syndrome is characterized by pancytopenia, liver insufficiency, coagulopathy, and neurologic symptoms and is thought to be caused by the activation and uncontrolled proliferation of T lymphocytes and well-differentiated macrophages, leading to widespread hemophagocytosis and cytokine overproduction. We treated a young man who had severe form of Macrophage activation syndrome which was associated with acute HAV infection .This kind of severe complication in acute HAV infection has not yet been reported in the literature.

Breast feeding initiatives programme was examine for the rapid growth and protection of infants against many illness including infectious and non-infectious diseases. Other benefits associated with good health being of infants through breastfeeding were highlighted. Nutritional status of breast milk and its associated impact to the lifestyle of infants was examined by reviewing relevant articles from a global perspective. Other benefits of breast feeding mothers were compared to non-breastfeeding mothers. Health improvement programmes and intervention measures that help to improve the health being of mothers and infants as a result of breast feeding was as well examined. Ethical issues regarding breastfeeding in hospital settings were addressed. Conclusion was made in respect to the breastfeeding mode as a global concern also highlighted.

This study intended to determine antesendents and consequences of private university lecturers’s job satisfaction. Through the positive effect of the work environment, jobs, compensation, coworkers to job satisfaction and the positive effect of job satisfaction to work commitment. The background because as an organization, private university needs to have a competitive advantage. To achieving competitive advantage by qualified lecturers as human resources. Lecturers who have organizational commitment are expected show the best performance. The study was conducted with quantitative methods using questionnaires as a data collection tools using 5 likert scale. The questionnaires were distributed to200 lecturers from three private university with more than 10.000 students in Kopertis Region 3 Jakarta, Indonesia who had worked for at least five years and had a minimum Academic Assistant Expert and Lecturer Certification from the Government. Using convenience random sampling. Then, response rateare193 questionnaires that can be processed. Data processing using SEM-PLS. The results show that jobs, compensation, coworkers, work positively effected on job satisfaction. While work environment has not positively affect job satisfaction. Further, job satisfaction positively effected on work commitment. The research contribution is expected to provide input for university managers to manage organization commitment through lecturer job satisfaction.

The purpose of this study The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare proverbs that represent women in a typical way among the Arsi Oromo and the Wolaita people. The proverbs used for the study were 60 theme-relevant proverbs collected by focus group discussion, interviewing systematically selected elders and by analyzing documents from each areas of the study. Qualitative research design was used to conduct this study. Women were negatively represented in the proverbs as powerless, sources of danger and problems. They were also represented positively as mothers and sometimes as good wives. Based on these findings, awareness creation trainings should be given to demotivate the use of proverbs having negative impact towards women. Arsi Oromo and Wolaita families have to encourage their children to use proverbs that reflect gender equality, and both societies should totally avoid the use of proverbs that reflect outdated negative perception of women in their society.

The present communication deals with the review of Armed, Income and Management administration. Armed administration identifies equally the technique and systems use by armed department, agencies, and armed involved in the management of the armed forces. It describes the process that take position inside armed organizations exterior of combat, mainly in organization armed personnel, their training, and services they are provided with as part of their armed service. Income Administration. The task of reforming the civil administration was a prolonged one, and in due course the systems adopted by the presidency as a whole came to apply to the Poona district as well. In a few respects, however, the problems of Poona administration were solved in a manner which indicated the lines of organization for the rest of the presidency. In the matter of land reform it is needless to say that the system of income-farming which had raised its head again during the closing years of the Peshwa rule was finally superseded. Management or Administration. As with income so with justice, a new body of judges having their seats of office in comparatively bigger centres of population was set up. In the initial stages, pending the development of a common civil and criminal law by the British power as a whole, these judges of the Company were assisted by local custom and the authority of Hindu law in regulating the method and measure of justice suitable to each case It is only recently that steps are being taken to rejuvenate what, in Indian conditions, was at once a more democratic, surer and cheaper way of ensuring justice in the common disputes of the village people than the more elaborate and rigid system of modern courts.

The management of weeds in food crops in African countries particularly in Senegal represents a time-consuming and labor-intensive activity. The permanent presence of weeds in crops is damaging in many ways. However, in tropical areas, plant species synthesize molecules capable of inhibiting the germination and growth of volunteerplants. This phenomenon called allelopathy offers promising prospects for weed management. Therefore, our investigation aim to test the allopathic effect of Prosopis julifloraon seed germination of the major weeds on pearl millet cropin the groundnut basin of Senegal. Three extracts of different concentrations (2.5%, 5% and 10%) were prepared from the leaves of the woody species. These extracts were tested on nine species of weeds and pearl millet at room temperature. The results showed that germination rates were greater than 60% regardless of the concentration of extracts for Pennisetum glaucum, Indigofera hirsuta, Senna obtusifolia, Sesbania pachycarpa and Indigofera astragalina.ForHibiscus asper, Mariscus squarrosus, Spermacoce chaetocephala, Eragrostis tremula, Digitariq ciliaris, the germination rates decrease in each increase of concentration. Based on this study, it can be concluded that the leaves of Prosopis juliforacould be used as bio-herbicides despite investigations should be pursued to put in evidence the molecule responsible of inhibition of weeds germination.

Cultural heritage assets are exposed to weather and submitted to the influence of environmental parameters. Physicals, chemicals and biological factors interact with constitutive materials. The air contains a large amount of biological and biotic components such as pollen grains, fungal spores, insects, mites, fibers and dust particles but their number and concentration depend upon the geographical location, types of vegetation and meteorological parameters. Stone objects may support novel communities of microorganisms that are active in the bio-deterioration process. Bio-film on the sandstone monuments contains a complex of consortia of Bryophyta and Fungi. The Bryophyta make up the photosynthetic part of the bio-film while hyphae, filaments and spores take part as fungal components. These structures make a dense layer by intertwining over the surface of sandstone monuments. In the present investigation, 5 (five) samples were collected from different sites of Sher Shah Tomb, Sasaram of Bihar State. The 6 (six) fungal species were isolated which dominate sandstone structures of the monuments. During the investigation, it was observed that Aspergillus fumigates was found most dominant followed by Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, Cladosporium cladosporioides and Rhizopus spp. The identified micro fungi cause discoloration as well as mechanical exfoliation of building stone material that was analyzed through mechanical hyphae penetration and production of dark pigments and organic acids. These organic acids are responsible for the bio-deterioration of various cultural objects. Additionally, stone objects may support the communities of microorganisms that are active in the bio-deterioration process. Therefore, the aim of this study is the microbial survey of the tomb of Sher Shah and summarizes data on the fungal impact on bio-deterioration processes.

The synthesis of the highly active compound N-[3-(3-oxoprop-1-yn-1-yl)phenyl] benzene sulfonamide was performed and its activity against Gram (+), Gram (-), mold and yeast was determined.

Background: There are many treatment modalities of warts, but most of them are destructive therapies which have propensity to cause scarring. Many antigens especially PPD of tuberculin bacilli are being used for the regression of warts. Objectives: To study the efficacy of twenty five cases of purified protein derivative of tuberculin bacilli for the treatment of warts. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was done in which 25 patients of recalcitrant warts were taken up for the study. In all the patients, 2.5 units of PPD was injected in each wart and upto maximum of 25 units PPD was given and the injections were given every 3 weeks for a total of 3 sessions. Results: Commonest type of wart seen in our study was verruca vulgaris seen in 15(60%) patients, verruca plana seen in 5(20%) patients, palmoplantar warts seen in 3 (12%) patients and genital warts seen in 2 (8%) patients. Regarding the number of warts 15 (60%) patients had more than 20 warts, 5 (20%) patients had number of lesions between 11 – 20 and another 5(20%) patients had lesions between 1 – 10. Complete clearance of lesions after 3 sessions was seen in 18 (72%) patients, partial clearance of lesions was seen in 4 (16%) patients and no response was seen in 3 (12%) patients. Conclusion: Immunotherapy with PPD causes boosting up of the cell mediated immunity of the patients which causes spontaneous regression of the warts.

Ankle sprains injury or articulatiotalocruralisinjury are the most common musculoskeletal injuries seen by health care providers. The most common mechanism for ankle sprain is excessive inversion and planter flexion of the reafoot on the tibia. Sports rehabilitation is an important part of treating such cases. A rehabilitation program aims to return the injured body part to normal function. Objective: Subject Effect of Friction Massage Versus Balance Exercise on Pain severity, Range Of Motion, Single Leg Balance Test And Muscle Strength Test In Ankle Sprain Grade II. Subjects: Thirty young male athletes with ankle sprain grade II were selected. Methods: Patients were divided randomly into 3 groups: the first group(A) consisted of 10 patients received friction massage, the second group (B)consisted of 10 patients received balance exercise and the third group (C)consisted of 10 patients is a control group they treated with Aircast Sport Stirrup. The massage group received 15 minutes friction and effleurage massages on their affected ankles 3 times per week for 8 weeks. The second group received balance exercise 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Patients were assessed before and after treatment: ankle range of motion testing (ROM), pain severity (visual analogue scale), single leg balance test and muscle strength test.. Results: There was a significant differences found between the three groups (A&B&C) in ankle pain and ankle ROM in favor of group A&B. There was a significant differences between group A and group B in muscle strength and leg balance test. In favor of group A. Conclusion: Balance training and friction massage are an effective training method for rehabilitation of ankle sprain grade II.

Senegal, due to its geographical position, has a great diversity of plant species that can contribute to food security. However, they tend to disappear due to changes in diet. As a result, there is an urgent need to know these species and the knowledge associated with them. This study contributes to the knowledge of neglected and underutilized species in Senegal. More specifically, it aims to know the species of the genus Nymphaea used in the low and deltas of the Senegal River and to determine the various uses and uses of the species. This is a survey of 340 people in 17 villages in the delta and lower Senegal River. It allowed to see two species used: Nymphaea lotus and Nymphaea micrantha. The only organs of this species used are the seeds and bulbs. The diversity of uses shows their importance in the region. The Informant Consensus Factor (FCI) greater than 0.90 reveals in the assembly a high-level agreement of our informants on the use of these plants in food and pharmacopoeia. However more and more they are abandoned for reasons related to the insalubrity of the places of harvests and the difficulties met during the harvest and the transformation Faced with this situation, it is important today to continue the investigations in the sense of valorization.

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) is one of a group of disorders grouped together as thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) and characterized by the association of mechanical haemolytic anemia, peripheral thrombocytopenia, and failure of organs of variable severity (1). Atypical HUS with a different clinical presentation and evolution, the onset may be misleading and as typical HUS manifest as diarrhea. Atypical HUS represents only 10% of HUS cases in children (3). Although some causes can be identified, the etiology of atypical HUS often remains unknown (4). Atypical HUS occurs at all ages. The clinical presentation and evolution are different from those of postdiarrheal HUS. Prodromes such as vomiting, fever, and upper respiratory infection are inconsistent. Atypical HUS often has an insidious onset and evolves by pushing or progressively a single outfit. A neurological impairment can be observed. A high proportion of patients maintain more or less severe renal insufficiency and high blood pressure. Nevertheless, some children have a less severe form and a favorable prognosis (2). We report a rare pediatric case of atypical HUS without schizocytes on a blood smear with a picture of haemophagocytosis associated with an infant aged 23 months.

In the modern era fibroid during pregnancy is increased due to increased maternal age and assisted reproductive technique. During caesarean section myomectomy is the most common surgical procedure performed. There is controversy between the obstetricians about myomectomy during cesarean section because of associated complication.

Diabetes is one of the common developing condition in young age now-a-days. This study is done to study the clinical profile, complications, treatment as well as prognosis of diabetes in young age group by taking 100 young diabetics as a study sample.

Thousands of railroad maintenance-of-way (MOW) workers develop lower back problems from their work. This study calculates the social and economic burdens of these problems, borne by thousands of MOW workers. Economic calculations are derived from the literature and also from a survey of 4,800 MOW respondents, 155 in-depth interviews, and two focus groups. This one health problem alone costs at least $717 million to $1.103 billion over the course of lower back cases currently diagnosed among MOW workers. Many individuals work through significant pain or have to leave their profession. Some are crippled for life. When a worker has lower back problems, beyond pain and suffering, there are often financial burdens that affect families, railroad companies, insurers, communities, and taxpayers as well as the injured workers.

Human Resource play a vital role in bringing about the process of production/business. Compensation is a major function in Human resource management that helps in maintaining a satisfied workforce. Effective administration of compensation makes the employees feel that they are a valued. This study investigates the effects of compensation and its components such as payment, promotion, recognition, working condition and benefit in motivating the employees. Various articles were taken initially and studied, out of which 30 articles were shortlisted to be reviewed for this study. These 30 articles were reviewed thoroughly to understand the discussions of the various authors about compensation and motivation. The learning of the article review process was used to form implications of the study and later the conclusion which indicates compensation as a crucial aspect of performance as it fuels the motivation of the employees

The purpose of this Sky Yoga is to identify the benefits of physical activity and exercise for both Physical and Mental health for women. Sky yoga is supposed to reduce the risk of several chronic diseases (e.g. cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, hypertension, obesity, depression and osteoporosis) and premature death. Reviewed literature explored that youth who participate in physical activity and yoga are more likely to report good general health and more likely to have no feasible serious mental illness. The findings of this Sky yoga revealed that regular physical activity and yoga leads to improve health wellbeing.

Superior Labrum Anterior to Posterior (SLAP) tears are a common injury seen in the overhead athlete population and are described as injury to the superior portion of the glenoid labrum from 10 o’clock to 2 o’clock when referencing the face of a clock. Erikson et al. (2006) propose two accepted theories of mechanism of injury which include the eccentric load that occurs at the long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) during the deceleration phase of throwing as it pulls on the superior portion of the labrum. Since the LHBT originates on the supra-glenoid tubercle (50%) and the superior labrum (50%) itself, there may be a separation of both structures causing a tear. The other proposed mechanism occurs during the late-cocking phase of throwing that causes a torsional force between the LHBT and the superior aspect of the labrum which may also result in a tear as the athlete prepares to enter the acceleration phase (Erikson et al, 2016). It is likely that a combination of eccentric load during the deceleration phase and torsional forces during the late cocking phase result in a SLAP tear. It is important to distinguish between types of SLAP tears. There are 4 recognized types of SLAP tears but as many as 10 sub-types have been identified in the literature (Snyder et al., 1990). Since type two tears are most common in overhead athletes, they will be the focus of this study. We will construct a rehabilitation protocol based on the most current literature; add one range of motion (ROM) modality and one power output modality for a total of two groups (control and experimental) in a between group experimental design. The control group will be progressed through a rehabilitation protocol as deemed standard by the author and orthopedic surgeons. The experimental group will include the addition of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation patterns D1 and D2 starting in week 5 and the addition of the push press week 20 at a rep scheme of 5 sets of 5 repetitions. The purpose of PNF will be to increase ROM and the purpose of the push press will be to increase strength and power output. The working hypothesis of the author is that through the addition of the two modalities the experimental group will have better functional outcomes as measured by the Kerland-Jobe Orthopedic Clinic Shoulder Score (KJOC) and UCLA shoulder score. The subjects were chosen from two universities due to their classification as overhead athletes (convenience sampling). A total of 15 (n=15) subjects were recruited voluntarily from two division 2 baseball programs. Each of the 15 participants had a type 2 SLAP tear repair and was no longer than 2 weeks post-surgery at the time of recruitment. All exercises and progressions were supervised by a certified Athletic Trainer with at least 3 years’ experience in their field.

Background: Traumatic brain injury is one of the leading causes of death and disability in those of reproductive age, with approximately 0.5-1 million cases occurring per year. During the period of the brain injury, a cascade reaction occurs that causes apoptosis. Curcumin enhances the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) via BDNF coding gene transcription. The different kind of injury creates neurotropic factors and cytokine which protect the existence of excitotoxicity, such as BDNF. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of curcumin on pro-BDNF(pBDNF) expression and apoptosis on the traumatic brain cellof Sprague-Dawleyrats. Methods: This study was a laboratory test on experimental animals with post-test only control group design. The sample size was 33 rats divided into 3 groups: the negative control group A (normal rats without curcumin treatment), the positive control group B (trauma model without curcumin treatment), and the trauma model group C (given oral curcumin extract treatment 200 mg per weight (kg) daily for 6 days). Results: There were significant differences in pBDNF expression between the three groups (p=0.000) with ANOVA methods. The positive control group B showed significant differences to the negative control group A and intervention group (p=0.000). Apoptosis showed significant differences between the three groups, which were as high as those for pBDNF expression. However, there were was no difference between the negative control group A and the intervention group. Conclusion: This study proves that curcumin stimulates the decreased of BDNF expression and decreases apoptosis in rat brain cells in traumatic models.

Background: Dental caries is one of the most common chronic diseases of early childhood and is considered as a multi-factorial infectious and transmissible disease. Streptococcus mutans is the major etiological agent of early childhood caries in children. The caries forming activity of S. mutans on teeth are carried out through the formation of dental biofilm containing S. mutans and subsequent production of lactic acid. Milk is a significant part of the human diet. For infants, it is the sole source of vital nutrients for the first six months of its life. An extensively used nutritional supplement for feeding babies and children are infant formulas. Objectives: This study investigated the effect of four different types of milk i.e., raw bovine milk, packaged full fat or whole milk, packaged skimmed milk and infant formula on biofilm formation in the presence of Streptococcus mutans. Methods: A 24-hour culture of S. mutans was treated with various concentrations of the milks and infant formula diluted in bacteriological media. The biofilms were washed, fixed, and stained with crystal violet. The absorbance was measured to evaluate biofilm growth and total absorbance. Results: Biofilm formation occurred in all the four experimental groups and was statistically significant when compared with the control group. Between the groups, the highest biofilm formation was observed in packaged skimmed milk and the least in bovine milk at all dilutions. Conclusion: Bovine milk is least cariogenic of all the experimental groups while packaged skimmed milk is the most cariogenic.

Background: Several studies focused on the types of laminate porcelain veneers. This literature also highlighted on the technique of preparation and new strategies related to this subject. Objectives: the purpose of this review is to highlight on the technique of preparation and new strategies related to laminate porcelain veneers. Methodology: data was collected through the related articles published in the last ten years in Pub Med indexed journals. Conclusion: The knowledge and skills of the dentists are critical determinants of the attainment of desired treatment outcomes

Hollow maxillary obturator prosthesis is an important treatment modality in maxillectomy patients. Reduction in the weight of the obturator is an important factor in improving the retention and stability of the prosthesis. This article describes a simple flasking technique for fabricating a closed hollow bulb obturator that achieves a uniform wall thickness of the hollow bulb.

Background & Objectives: The maxillary anterior teeth are the key elements contributing to the esthetic importance of dentofacial beauty. Over the years, guidelines for teeth selection and arrangement have been suggested. However, no universally accepted single parameter currently exists. Methodology: Interpupillary width and intercommissural width of 400 subjects of age ranging from 21-30 years were obtained. Interpupillary width, intercommissural width and combined width of maxillary anterior teeth were measured using digital vernier caliper (Mitutoyo Ltd 505-633-50). The results were statistically analyzed using Pearson correlation test and student t test. Results: A positive correlation was found between intercommissural width and combined width of maxillary anterior teeth and a non-significant correlation was found between interpupillary width and combined width of maxillary anterior teeth. Interpretation & Conclusion: It can be concluded that, • There is correlation between Intercommissural width and combined width of maxillary anterior teeth which can be used as a guide for selection of combined width of maxillary anterior teeth among Dakshina Kannada population. • There is no correlation between Interpupillary width and combined width of maxillary anterior teeth which cannot be used as a guide for selection of combined width of maxillary anterior teeth among Dakshina Kannada population.

Ensuring the technical and economic consistency of carrying out a project with the contract that binds it to its client, in particular by respecting the deadlines set, the budget set and the technical specifications defined is the main objective of the project manager. However, he is limited in his freedom of choice by a certain number of constraints notably in terms of time, time and resources to carry out his project. The aim of this article is to design an algorithm for planning projects subject to a resource constraint. The methodology used is based on the theoretical and methodological approaches proposed in the field to allow the project manager to achieve its objectives including in particular the critical path and critical chain method, mathematical programming as well as a multitude of heuristics and meta heuristics. We propose a modification to the parallel parallel heuristic method and develop a planning algorithm that we have computerized. The result obtained in this article is the development of a realistic project implementation plan which minimizes its duration of realization in the event of a limitation of the allocated resources. The major innovation of this work is the proposed tools which allow the project manager to be able to simulate the impact on the duration of realization of different scenarios of resource allocation.

Our study aims to characterize the cotton producers of Burkina Faso in order to assure the sustainability of their farming system. For this purpose, we carried out surveys on 90 cotton farmers established in the cotton belt located at the South-sudanian area. The investigations revealed that the access to the farm land for cotton cultivation is by inheritance. The age groups of [20-40] and [41-60] correspond to the majority of cotton producers accounting respectively for 45.83% and 50%. Furthermore, our results showed those farmers organize themselves into producer groups. They have a low educational level while having long experience in the cultivation of cotton produced exclusively during the rainy season. In addition to the cotton farming, their other activities are particularly trade and small-scale breeding. We come to the conclusions that it would be interesting to make the cotton producers benefited of training in sustainable farming system.

This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal and haemoparasites of pigs in Zuru, Kebbi State. A total of thirty-three (33) and sixty-eight (68) faecal samples from local breeds of pigs under semi-intensive system of management were collected and processed for GIT helminths and protozoa respectively. Fifty (50) blood samples were collected for haemoparasites. Faecal concentration methods of simple floatation and centrifugal sedimentation methods were used to analyze the faecal samples while Wet mount, Buffy coat and Thin smear techniques were used for the blood samples. In overall, eight (8) samples out of thirty-three (33) were positive for strongyle eggs given a prevalence of 24.25%. Fifteen (15) of the samples (45.45%) were from the male animals, with an observed prevalence of 26.67% while eighteen 18 (54.54%) were from the female animals, having a percentage prevalence of 22.22%. From the 31 samples collected and processed from adult pigs, 8(25.8%) were found positive while from the only 2 samples collected and examined from the young pigs (piglets), none was observed to be positive for any form of the parasites. An overall prevalence rate of 17.65% for only one gastrointestinal protozoan parasite (Eimeria) was encountered. However, the prevalence rate of Eimeria was significantly higher in female pigs (18.92%) compared to the male pigs (16.13%) and prevalence was significantly higher in adult pigs (22.22%) while the young piglets showed no infection. Samples from the blood revealed no haemoparasites in all the samples processed. Based on the present findings, it was concluded that gastrointestinal helminthes, especially strongyle and Eimeria spp. infections occur in pigs in Zuru, Kebbi State. Although, there was no recorded prevalence of haemoparasites in the pigs examined, there could be several other factors that were responsible for the negative results obtained in the present study. It was therefore recommended that further studies should be repeated to ascertain the true picture of the conditions in all the sampled pigs.

Aim: To evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of eyedrop cyclosporine (CsA) 0.1%, eye ointment tacrolimus (TCA) 0.1% and eyedrop fluorometholone (FML) 0.1% in patients of VKC. Methods: Prospective and Interventional Randomised Comparative Double Blinded Study conducted at Baba Saheb Ambedkar Hospital, New Delhi during August 2017 to December 2018.All 60 patients of 5 to 20 years age with moderate to severe VKC randomly divided into three groups A,B and C of 20 patients each and were treated with cyclosporine 0.1% eyedrops, tacrolimus 0.1% ointment and flurometholone 0.1% eye drops respectively. Patients were followed up after 7,14,30,60 and 90 days. Quantitative variables were compared using ANOVA/Kruskal Wallis Test and paired t test/Wilcoxon. Qualitative variables were correlated using Chi-Square test /Fisher’s exact test. Results: In CsA group symptoms and signs except except foreign body sensation and papillary hypertrophy were decreased earliest at 7 days and these two started improving by 1 month. TCLand FML group showed improvement in all symptoms and signs except papillary hypertrophy after 7 days of treatment. Later started improving by 14 day with FML while it took 60 days with TCA. No changes in fundus and IOP with CsA and TCA was noted whereas, Significant rise in IOP was seen in three patients withFML but no fundus changes. Conclusion: FML has early and maximum effect than others, but considering IOP rise seen with it, TCA and CsA can be safely used as an alternative to topical fluorometholone.

Forensic odontology is a speciality that relates dental evidence to investigation. The application of forensic techniques in identification, criminal justice and dental liability is being practiced widely worldwide. There has not been substantial literature dedicated towards the upcoming branch in medical sciences that is forensic medicine despite the leaps in modern technology, medical breakthroughs and the geographical changes that the last century has seen. Periodontics is a science which deals with diseases of periodontium. The study of the periodontal structures post mortem can help in the identification, determination of time of death, sex determination along with age estimation of the deceased. This article highlights the importance of Forensic Periodontology and reviews the role of the periodontist in the same. Dentists can assist those involved in criminal investigations by identifying the victims of crime and disaster through dental records, most common role of the forensic dentist is the identification of deceased individuals. . On the recent scenerio, periodontists have identified the features of ante mortem and postmortem changes in the periodontium. Thus, in the coming era, periodontist could also play an important role in forensic odontology.

Background: Mother-to-child transmission of HIV is a public health problem in Burkina Faso. The main objective of this study is to analyze screening test acceptance among pregnant women during their antenatal visit, the first phase of vertical prevention. Methods: The study recruited pregnant women under 32 weeks of amenorrhea who came for their antenatal visit. Results: Of 12467 pregnant women, only 3215 (25.79%) agreed to undergo HIV testing and counselling (HTC). This represents a refusal rate of 74.21% (9252/12467). In this study, we note that there is a significant change in the number of pregnant women consenting to HIV testing during the period under consideration: the acceptance rate has increased from 18.69% in 2009 to 35.46% in 2019 (p<0.0001). We also note that the participation rate was the same at both the pre-test and post-test levels. Women who came to the antenatal consultation for their first, second and third pregnancies represented 35.21%, 24.14% and 17.33% of the 3215 women respectively. And 23.33% of women were at least in their fourth pregnancy. About 12.26% of the women included in the study were HIV positive (394/3215). Among HIV-positive women, 12.69% were women who came to antenatal consultation for their first pregnancy, 25.63% for their second, 28.17% for their third, and 33.50% for those who had four or more pregnancies. Conclusion: This study shows that acceptance of HIV testing and counselling among pregnant women remains low. The highest acceptance rate was among women with their first pregnancy. Therefore, an awareness campaign on HTC would help to improve the participation rate of pregnant women in this program in order to enable efficient case detection and, at the same time, effective prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV.

The United States also has the highest homicide-by-firearm rate among the world’s most developed nations. But many gun rights proponents say these statistics do not indicatea causal relationship. After a decade long decline, gun violence is increasing in many cities in the United States. Much of this increase is being attributed to the revitalization of urban street gangs. Even in Los Angeles, where overall levels of violence continue to fall, gang violence is once again rising. Significant findings emerged from both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies confirmed the correlation between gangs and gun violence. A critical component to public safety -- including the prevention of further crime and violence -- is a successful transition for offenders into effective community-based and after care services; however, this prevention must be been in an effective and humane manner. The author utilized a descriptive research approach of identifying and collecting findings on the examination of the American culture of violence. The author conducted an extensive literature review to ascertain current developments and efforts to curb gun safety laws since 2015 to 2019. As of 2019, there were no federal laws banning semiautomatic assault weapons, military-style .50 caliber rifles, handguns, or large-capacity magazines. Violence is becoming a global problem. The increase in gun/gang violence has not been limited to the US. Like Canada, Britain, especially in South London, has also experienced a spate of firearm homicides that have been attributed to conflicts among gangs and groups of youth involved in the illegal narcotics market. Findings revealed that both the United States and Canada have ‘demonstrated that even after controlling for individual-level attributes gang members are more delinquent and commit more crime than do non-gang members (Esbensen and Huizinga 1993; Thornberry, Krohn, Lizotte, and Chard-Wierschem 1993; Huizinga 1997; Thornberry et al. 2003; Huff 2004; Gatti, Tremblay, Vitaro, and McDuff, 2005)’. The key point was the connectivity between violence and gangs. “The conclusion drawn most frequently from these findings is that the observed positive relationship between gang membership and offending levels cannot be explained through a simple process of self-selection, wherein only highly delinquent youth join gangs. Instead, there are additional influences that gang membership brings to bear in facilitating higher levels of offending among individuals who join.

Background: Problem-based learning (PBL) is recognized as promoting integration of knowledge and fostering a deeper approach to life-long learning. In order to encourage health professional who joined genetic courses in our institute to integrate their genetics knowledge in a professionally relevant clinical context, we developed a PBL approach in medical genetics. This paper highlights preliminary data regarding student viewpoint about PBL Methods: n=31 Students were divided into groups of PBL groups. The participation was voluntary. PBL group was allocated a specific case with more detailed clinical information in three sessions as progressive disclosure. The students spent 2 -3 hours on weekend for group discussion and weekdays were utilized for self study. Pre validated questionnaire was used to evaluate student perception of PBL format, with each being asked to rate the content, structure, facilitator effectiveness, group dynamics and their personal view of the learning experiences. Results: Two general themes emerged from students were group discussion and self study and active thinking helps to retain knowledge for a longer duration. PBL approach helped in integration of basic and clinical genetics. They felt that the cases effectively illustrated medical concepts and reinforced the students' genetics knowledge. They were motivated their interest in genetics. Peer to peer teaching and interdisciplinary group was a helpful in learning objectives. The course helped the participants to learn to obtain information from a variety of sources .They were comfortable in sharing information with others (100%).They felt that they can apply the general principles they learnt to other genetics problems. They could confess their ignorance on specific issues. But at the same time felt confident to analyze a genetics problem by setting appropriate learning objectives (80.64%). Self assessment of performance was possible in 93.54%.The written problem summary helped the participants to correlate the concepts covered in that problem. They agreed (96.77%) the amount of effort required in the course was greater than usual. Conclusion: PBL methodology, an integrated approach can be used to teach medical genetics to the students PBL promotes active learning, self study and helps in retention of knowledge for long duration.

Episodic abuse drinking is mainly a current issue of public health with severe consequences including road accidents and the setup of alcohol dependence, causing number of diseases. A problematic alcohol use was identified among young students during their campus life. This study aims to set the following objectives, to determine the prevalence rate of hazardous drinking, alcohol dependence and to identify factors that foster this trend among students at the University of Majunga. A cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical survey study was conducted among medical, Biology&Earth Sciences students at the University of Mahajanga, on May 2017. The AUDIT questionnaire was used to assess the alcohol use. Male students in number of 464 were recruited for the study. Eighty point four percent of them had already experienced alcohol drinking. The average AUDIT score was 6,42 ± 6,4. Hazardous drinking was encountered in 16,5% and alcohol dependence in 19,4% of case. Some factors were associated to alcohol uses as the accomodation at the university student residences andparents with alcohol use history. A significant relationship was associated between high AUDIT scores and the following criteria: year of study, paternal alcohol use history, age of early onset of drinking, alcohol drinking and smoking antecedent. This study provided an insight on alcohol consumption among students and established the need of raising awareness.

Studies worldwide have revealed that physical facilities in schools invariably enhance quality education. In Kenya a lot of emphasis has been put on provision of physical facilities mainly by parents to enhance the quality of education offered. Nevertheless, performance by students in these schools has been generally low. Migori County is one of the counties that has been noted to be performing poorly in national examinations particularly at secondary school level. The performance in Migori County between 2011 and 2017 was generally low, thus Migori County was chosen among 5 counties surveyed because it had the lowest average mean score of 4.530 (D+) and between 2011 and 2017 it varied from C- in 2011 to D in 2017 exhibiting poor quality education. The average national Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education mean score from 2011 to 2017 varied from 5.207 (C-) 2011 5.173 (C-) in 2012 and declined to mean score of D+ between 2013 to 2015. The national Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education mean score dropped to a mean score of 3.980 (D) in 2016 and declined to 3.734 in 2017 resulting in an average national mean score of 4.617 (D+) over a seven year period which indicates declining quality education. The objective of this study was therefore to examine the influence of physical facilities on quality of secondary school education in Migori County, Kenya. The study established that physical facilities accounted for 34.9% of students’ academic performance as signified by the Adjusted R square coefficient 0.349. The physical facilities included; dormitories, classrooms, furniture, water supply, electricity supply, dining halls, toilets, playgrounds, staff houses, administration offices, departmental offices and the health bay. Students’ performance in national examinations is considered an ultimate indicator of the quality of education. This therefore means that physical facilities significantly influenced the quality of secondary school education in Kenya.

Normally, the blood vessels of the baby run from the middle of the placenta via the umbilical cord to the baby. Velamentous insertion means that the blood vessels, unprotected by Wharton's jelly, traverse the membranes before they come together into the umbilical cord. The most significant clinical problem arising from a velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord is vasa previa, a dangerous condition in which the velamentous umbilical vessels traverse the fetal membranes in the lower uterine segment below the presenting part. In 6% of singleton pregnancies with a velamentous insertion, vasa previa is a coexisting condition. These unprotected vessels may rupture at any time during pregnancy, causing fetal exsanguination and death. Although spontaneous rupture has been reported before labor and with or without intact membranes, this accident occurs most often during amniotomy. In our manuscript, we will present a case of vasa previa and wil dicuss different aspects of this pathology.

Background: Despite advances in medical and surgical management of ovarian cancer, recurrence is still significant issue with secondary cytoreductive surgery (SCS) being considered as treatment option for carefully selected patients. Objective: To assess short term and follow up outcomes of secondary cytoreductive surgery among recurrent ovarian cancer patients. Patients and Method: After approval of ethics committee, this study included forty four female patients who were diagnosed with recurrent ovarian cancer between 2014 and 2019. They were treated at Surgery Department, Kuwait Cancer Control Center, Kuwait and both Surgery and Gynecology Departments, Suez Canal University Hospitals, Ismailia, Egypt. All patients had undergone secondary cytoreductive surgery and were followed up for 4-40 months. Results: The most common site of recurrence at presentation was local pelvic recurrence (52.27%) with peritoneal disease reported among 34.09%. Ascites was found among 18.18% of patients. The most commonly reported complications included ileus (13.64%), DVT (9.09) and wound infection (9.09%). Local recurrence after SCS was reported among 34.09% of patients. Mean disease free survival (DFS) was 24.8 months. Conclusion: secondary cytoreductive surgery for recurrent ovarian cancer is feasible when patient selection is appropriate and it can offer the patient with a better outcome regarding the DFS.

Runoff is an important element in the water cycle. The process and the amount of runoff that occurs and the factors that influence it are very necessary as a reference to determine the potential for water availability, water management, land stewardship, and runoff water utilization policies. Smart tanks are facilities that function as rainwater reservoirs for collection and utilization, infiltration, and detention of rainwater. The Sentul City (SC) area is in the Bekasi Hulu watershed, the land area is 2905.33 ha, with planned use for built land 83.62%, green open space 14.37%, and blue open space 2.00% (1). The research objective was to determine the amount of peak runoff, and efforts to reduce it by harvesting rainwater using "smart tanks" in the urban area of Sentul City. Runoff analysis with the rational method. Calculation of parameter runoff uses spatial analysis for land use, drainage boundary, DEM analysis, and rainfall intensity distribution. The dual benefits of implementing smart tanks, apart from being a source of clean water supply and also reducing peak runoff in SC and Bekasi Hulu.

The Educational Standards of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) are one of the most important factors to consider in transforming individuals since it tackles the empowerment of each country. In the 2018 educational ranking, only five (5) out of eleven (11) countries in the ASEAN made to top one hundred (100) these are Singapore who made to rank 1, Malaysia who made to rank 19, Indonesia who made to rank 57, the Philippines who made to rank 75, and Brunei who made to rank 100. On the other hand, in the Philippines educational ranking, the University of the Philippines is rank 1, Ateneo de Manila University rank 2, De La Salle University rank 3, and University of Santo Tomas rank 4. The schools in the Philippines are striving for excellence so that Filipinos can compete easily with other educational standards of ASEAN nations.

The study aimed at discussing the relation between psychological burnout and some demographic variables among employees in the Sudanese university libraries in Khartoum state, the sample study was selected in a stratified random sampling composed of 150 (90 males,60 females) whom are employees in university libraries in Khartoum state. The Maslach scale for psychological burnout has been used, The study concluded that the dimensions of psychological burnout among workers (males) in university libraries in Khartoum state are morally different from females, In addition, the dimensions of psychological burnout among workers (married) in university libraries in Khartoum state are not morally different from the single ones, there is also a moral difference in the average sample answers (the dimensions of psychological burnout among employees in university libraries in Khartoum state according to their scientific qualifications, In addition, the dimensions of psychological burnout among university libraries workers in Khartoum state do not differ morally according to their years of experience.

Studies worldwide have revealed that teaching and learning resources invested in the school system do enhance quality of education. In Kenya quality of education is measured by students’ performance in education, availability, adequacy and utilization of resources. The extent to which teaching and learning resources influence performance in Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education is at variance. Thus in Kenya there are differences in the quality of education as some students perform better than the others. This study was based in Migori County, Kenya. Migori County was chosen among 5 counties surveyed because it had the lowest average mean score of 4.530 (D+) and between 2011and 2017 it varied from C- in 2011 to D in 2017 exhibiting poor quality education. The average national Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education examinations mean score from 2011 to 2017 varied from 5.207 (C-) in 2011 to 5.173 (C-) in 2012 and declined to mean score of D+ between 2013 to 2015. The national Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education mean score dropped to a mean score of 3.980 (D) in 2016 and declined to 3.734 in 2017 resulting in an average national mean score of 4.617 (D+) over a seven year period which indicated declining quality education. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of teaching /learning resources on quality of secondary school education in Migori County, Kenya. The study was anchored on Psacharopolous production function theory in education which relates inputs in education like teaching /learning resources to outputs in form of achievement measured by student performance. The study established that teaching/learning resources contributed 61.8% to quality of secondary school education as signified by the Adjusted R square coeficient 0.618. This means that teaching /learning resources played a significant role in the enhancement of quality secondary education.

The research was conducted in the department of Anatomy Government Medical College Srinagar. The aim of our study was to elucidate the effects of estrogen treatment on the microanatomy of Testis in male Albino rats with reference to the treatment regimen received. For this research we selected sixty male albino rats with an average weight of100gms. The animals were kept in the animal house of Government Medical College Srinagar and divided randomly into three groups. Group A served as control, while Group B and C received daily low and high doses of estrogen benzoate diluted in coconut oil respectively. From each group animals were sacrificed at intervals of one, three, six and twelve weeks. 5-6 micrometer thick histological sections of testis were cut, fixed on glass slides and stained with Haematoxyline & Eosin. Microscopic changes in the testis were recorded. It was observed that estrogen benzoate produces dose and duration dependent histopathological changes in the testis of male albino rats. Our studies revealed that estrogen treatment significantly decreased the diameter of the seminiferous tubules and induced fatty degeneration in the surrounding connective tissue. An increase in collagen fiber synthesis in the extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding the seminiferous tubules was also induced. Spermatogenesis was impaired resulting in mainly spermatogonia being present. Both Sertoli and Leydig cells showed morphological alterations and glycoprotein accumulations. These results demonstrate that increased estrogen levels drastically impact the human testis.

Introduction: axillary lymph node status is one of the most significant prognostic factors that guide treatment strategy in breast cancer. Patients with advanced tumor or axillary nodal metastasis could benefit from neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) resulting in down-staging of the disease. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in patients with axillary nodal disease is debated regarding its identification rate (IR) and false negative rate (FNR). American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) conducted a large trial to assess SLNB in such patients and it showed depressing outcome resulting in proposition of some recommendations and modification in their methodology when SLNB to be carried out. In this study we adopt ACOSOG Z1071 recommendation to assess SLNB in post-NAC node-positive breast cancer patients. Methods: This study included 42 breast cancer patients with pathologically proved nodal metastasis. SLNB carried out in patients who showed clinical negative nodes after NAC. Three or more SLNs was mandatory to continue the assigned management pathway, while less than 3 nodes or failure to identify any SLN shift the patient to axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Detailed evaluation of SLNs and nodes yielded from ALND was done and data interpreted to show how far such patient could benefit from such procedure and if any could spared ALND. Results: From 42 patients included in the study clinical conversion rate after NAC to negative axilla was 78.6%. 33 patients underwent SLNB with identification rate of 84.8%. Three or more SLNs were identified in 20 patients. 24% of patients subjected to SLNB were spared axillary dissection. On final evaluation of all retrieved nodes in all limbs of the study we assumed that neoadjuvant chemotherapy resulted in pathological complete response in 35% of our studied group. Conclusions: SLNB following NAC in node-positive patients is feasible and can be a future standard of care with some modification in methodology adopting recommendations released from large concerned trials.

Social media platforms have become a source of discussion, idea sharing and connection, fore fronting national issues that were previous undermined. This study was conducted to understand the impact of social media among youth in Uganda, especially the positive impact. Real data was collected through a questionnaire.300 youth actively participated in filling the survey, which adapts the theoretical framework of Uses and Gratification theory. From the observation, there is increasing use of social media, mainly to share information, links and entertainment. The results show that Facebook is the most used social media platform among the youth, then Instagram follows. Different ways of using social media to educate and inform society are highlighted.On the other hand, the increase in the spread of pornography is believed to cause moral decay among the youth and have a negative impact on their education and personal life.

Malaria being one of the common infections in tropical country like india, this study is based on clinical profie, complications, laboratory investigations as well as prognosis of P. FALCIPARUM malaria.

Introduction: Spinal tumors rarely occur with an incidence of 10 per 100,000 people. Neurinoma (schwannoma) and meningioma are the most common types of intraduralextramedullary tumors (IDEM). In recent years there have been a number of studies investigating the excision of IDEM tumors with hemilaminectomy. Compared with the traditional surgical approach, hemilaminectomy is relatively safer with less trauma, and helps maintain spine stability. In this study, we describe our experience of 8 cases with hemilaminectomy for IDEM tumors, along with a review of the literature. Case Report :We performed eight cases of hemilaminectomy for IDEM tumors from January 2017 to December 2019. In the case of cervical IDEM (Case-1) 60-year-old male with weakness of all four limbs for 1 year, with 3/3 right and 4/4 left motoric strength, pain and numbness on both hands, neck and urination disorders, MRI examination of cervical spine with contrast showed visible extramedularintradural mass as high as C3-C5 in right dorsolateral, histopathological report is meningioma, we performed right-sided hemilaminectomyon the level of C3-C5. Two weeks post operative, normal motor function was achieved and pain disappears, one year follow up after surgery, no signs of spine instability both clinical and imaging.Case of IDEM in the thoracal (Case-2) 53-year-old woman with complaints of weakness on both lower limbs since 6 months, right left motoric power 5/3, history of back pain radiating to both limbs since 1 year ago, dysesthesia on both limbs, MRI examination of thoracal spine contrast showed intraduralextramedullary mass on the right ventrolateral as high as thoracal 8, we performed right hemilaminectomy on Th 8. The histopathological report is schwannoma. Two weeks post operation, normal motor function was achieved and pain disappeared, follow-up 1.5 years postoperatively did shows signs of instability in spine both clinical and imaging.30-year-old woman (Case-3) came with complaints of weakness on both lower limbs for 6 months, motoric strength of 5/2retention of urine was found, a history of back pain radiating to the lower limbs, a thoraco-lumbar MRI was performed, with results of anterior located mass on the Th-9, suspicious of a mengioma which stick to the anterior dura mater. In this case bilateral laminectomy was. After surgery maximum motor function improvement occurs after 8 months and the urinary catheter can be removed after 2 months. Discussion: 90% of complete resection can be performed, with a 10% surgical complication rate and 1.5% surgical fatality rate. Levi et al. also reported similar results for 66 patients with a 9% surgical complication rate and 1.5% mortality rate. Various studies have investigated IDEM tumors excision with hemilaminectomy, which is relatively safe with minimal trauma, and can maintain spinal stability. The advantage of hemilaminectomy is that reducing postoperative pain, prevents instability, avoids the use of postoperative external bracing and allows early mobilization of patients, less blood loss during surgery, better wound healing and reduced postoperative infections and shorter hospital stays than traditional total laminectomy. In our cases of eight operations, no tumor was found extending to the foramen. no unilateral facetectomy was needed. Two years of follow-up no spinal instabilitywas found, all cases have motor improvement postoperative. Only one case was carried out by bilateral laminectomy. Our study group is too small and the follow-up period is too short to make a definite statement with respect to the applicability of the hemilaminectomy approach to intradural-extramedullary spinal cord tumors. Conclusion: Intradural-extramedullary spinal cord tumors that are not extended to the vertebral foramen can be resected safely and completely by hemilaminectomy approach. Hemilaminectomy approach is an optimal approach for providing sufficient exposure of spinal cord tumors. We have demonstrated the possibility of completely resectingintradural-extramedullary spinal cord tumors safely with the reductions of postoperative back pain, instability, degenerative changes and operative blood loss.