January 2020

The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of public policies against trafficking in persons in the Madre de Dios district. The current of thought that guided the research was the paradigm is interpretive, with a qualitative approach and design of evaluative cases; Information gathering was done through interviews with social actors that are related to the problem, documentary review and participant observation. From the evidence found, it is determined that public policies and management by national, regional and district government bodies to eradicate trafficking in persons in the form of sexual exploitation have not been efficient in the period 2011 - 2016. The factors that affect policy compliance were determined to be: geographical, political, socioeconomic, communication and human.

Background: To increase The reaction of Ethyl 5-(morpholinomethyl) furan-2-carboxylate with 4-amino salicylic acid afford a of 2-Hydroxy-4-(5-(morpholinomethyl)) furan-2-carboxamido)benzoic acid (MPFSA).. The transition metal complexes of Cu2+,Co2+ ,Ni2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+ of MPFSA have been prepared. The objective of the research work is synthesis, characterization and chelating properties of furan ring containing organic ligands to monitor its antimicrobial activity. MPFSA and all the metal complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, spectral studies, magnetic moment determination, molar conductivity measurement. The free ligand and it’s complexes have been tested for their antibacterial activities against two types of human pathogenic bacteria the first group is gram positive while the second group is gram negative (by using agar well diffusion method). Finally, it was found that compounds show different activity of inhibition on growth of the bacteria. The conclusion is Ni(II) Cu(II) ,Co(II) and Mn(II) complexes possess octahedral geometry around the central metal ion.

A series of 2-azetidinone and 4- thiazolidinone derivatives having piperazine moiety have been prepared to evaluate the anti-tuberculosis activity. Various Schiff bases have been prepared from N-ethylpiperazine on condensation with p-chloroaniline in absolute alcohol in presence of K2CO3 and subsequent reaction with various aldehydes (4a-4j).These Schiff bases on cyclocondensation with thioglycolic acid in 1,4-dioaxne gave 4-thiozolidinones (5a-5j). Similarly, Schiff Bases (4a-4j) on cyclocondensation with chloroacetic acid in presence of triethyl amine gave the 2-azetidinones (6a-6j).

Introduction: Bacterial infectious diseases in the elderly range of patients have a diagnostic problem that contribute to inadequate prescription of antibiotics (over-prescription or under-prescription) which can increase the mortality rate in this population. The C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) have been developed to differentiate bacterial infections from other causes of inflammation and remain the most used parameters in this population. The aim of our work is to determine in this age range the added value of PCT and CRP for the diagnosis of infection requiring antibiotic therapy. Patients and methods: All patients admitted consecutively to the emergency department in the Avicenne Military Hospital in Marrakech and aged over 75 years over a period of 6 months were included (patients receiving antibiotics for more than 24 hours were excluded). On admission, demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and general signs (respiratory rate, temperature, pulse rate, confusion, falls, chills) were recorded and a biological assessment was carried out containing (PCT, CRP, leukocytes, albumin, urea and creatinine) and recorded for each patient. The PCT (measured using an immunoluminometric method) and CRP were found to be positive when they were ≥ 0.5 ng / mL and ≥3 mg / L respectively. Patients with SIRS (inflammatory systemic response syndrome) have been reported. Septic status, severe sepsis and septic shock present on admission have also been reported. The patients were classified as infected or not infected. Results: 153 patients were included in the study, of which 98 were women and 55 were men. The average age was 83.1 years (± 4.2). On interrogation 29% had end-stage chronic renal failure, 30% had diabetes, 49% had hypertension 31% had dementia, 20% were followed for tumor pathology, and 10% were followed for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The average of the results of the assessment was as follows: CRP = 32.9 ± 61.1 mg / L, albumin = 30.9 ± 5.2g / L, the calculated creatinine clearance was 41.1 ± 21 , 1 ml / min. PCT was positive in 15% of cases and CRP in 69.0% of patients. SIRS was present in 50 patients (32%), sepsis in 22 cases (14.4%) and severe sepsis in 14 cases (9%); but no septic shock was found on admission. Fifty nine per cent of patients were hospitalized, 61% of whom were in intensive care. The most frequently used diagnoses are: pneumonia (19.3%), heart failure (9.0%), falls with head trauma (5.5%), fractures (16.6%) and infection of the upper urinary tract (5.5%). A total of 53 cases of infections were diagnosed and distributed as follows: 24 pneumonias (45%), 9 cases of upper urinary tract infections (17%), 5 cases of miliary tuberculosis (10%), 7 cases of cellulitis ( 13%), 2 cases of endocarditis (4%) and 6 cases of deep abscess (11%). PCT had good specificity (96%) but low sensitivity (26%), with a negative predictive value and positive non-discriminatory predictive value (83% and 57%, respectively). Univariate use of logistic regression has shown that the presence of sepsis on admission was the best predictor of infection. However, PCT (> 0.5 ng / ml), the presence of SIRS, of temperature above 38 ° C or below 36 ° C and CRP (3 mg / L) have also been associated with the infection, but in the multivariate analysis, only sepsis and CRP positive were always associated with the infection Conclusion: The PCT can be useful for identifying seriously ill elderly patients but not for distinguishing between infected and non-infected patients.

The implementation of International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9001:2008 Quality Management System (QMS) in education is a matter highly debated trend on whether or not the certification is appropriate for the Education sector. Some scholars consider its adoption as a strategic decision by educational institutions to ensure delivery of quality service therein while others do not. Complaints by some academic staff and students in public universities in Kenya on the impact of ISO 9001:2008 QMS casts doubt on their level of satisfaction with it based on non conformities. For instance between 2012 and 2015 one university recorded 5310 non-conformities and another one recorded 5340 non-conformities which were higher than the other 12 Universities that recorded below 3940 non-conformities in provision of quality service delivery in public universities. In terms of the impact of ISO 9001:2008 QMS on academic staff’s service delivery in curriculum review in public universities, the non conformities recorded in one of the universities were 280 and the other 270 being higher than the non conformities recorded in the rest of the other universities for the period 2012 to 2015 in Kenya. The objective of the study was to establish the influence of ISO 9001:2008 QMS on curriculum review in public Universities. The study established that ISO 9001:2008 QMS had significant influence on curriculum review such that for every one unit increase in ISO 9001:2008 QMS conformities in curriculum review, improved academic staff’s service delivery by .479 units. In effect ISO 9001:2008 QMS accounted for 7.6% of the improvement in the curriculum review in public universities as was signified by the Adjusted R square coefficient .076. The other 92.4% was due to other factors that were not subject to this study. This means that when non conformities decline there is improvement in academic staff’s service delivery in curriculum review in public universities. ISO 9001:2008 QMS was a significant predictor of academic staff’s service delivery in curriculum review (F (1,252) = 6.085, P<.05). The study concluded that ISO 9001:2008 QMS improved service delivery in curriculum review in public universities. The study recommended that public universities should strive to minimize non conformities for excellent service delivery. This study provides information to lecturers, Kenya Bureau of Standards and university management on the way forward in improving the curriculum review in public universities.

Apanteles taragamae Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a gregarious(Peter and Davide 1092) larval parasitoid of a Cowpea pod borer Maruca vitrata Fabircius ( Lepidoptera: Cranmbidae),which is serious pest of flower and pods of cowpea Vigna unguiculata Walp( Lieguminosae: Fabaceae). However, some reports about A. taragamae specified that it parasitized five other Pyraloidea species (Peter and Divide 1992; Mohan and Sathiamma 2007) in India. The larvae of most pyraloidea species feed on living plants both internally or externally as leaf rollers, leaf webbers, leaf miners, borers, root feeders, and seed feeders A. taragamae show non distractive host feeding habits, means that host used for feeding by adult A. taragame is different than host used for oviposition. It utilizes two different kind of host for completion of life cycle, Infestation at rate of one M.vitrata larva in cowpea plants can cause 10%yield loss. Leberton, Labarussuas, C. Chevrier and Darrouzet) A. taragame has been identified as promising agent for biological control of M. vitrata. Reproductive potential of A.taragamae was studied with respect to age of it’s host. Age group 3-12 day old were susceptible for progeny production, 8 day old host larvae subjected to victimized at maximum, 70-50% parasitization. While, 1 to 2 day old and 13 to 18 day old hosts remained un-parasitized. The study conducted at laboratory conditions [24 +/-1”C, 55-60% R.H., 12 hr. photoperiod], by above experiment we conclude that A. taragame will be helpful for biological control of M. vitrata

This study investigated influence of behavior modification techniques of shaping as employed by teachers in dealing with students’ bullying, drug abuse and exam cheating in public secondary schools in Kenya. The design of this study was survey. This study employed Skinner’s behavior modification theory which advocates positive reinforcement as form of modifying behaviors. Mixed methods approach was used. The study population comprised 520 teachers from a total number of 52 public secondary schools in Bureti Sub County of Kericho County. Krejcie and Morgan sample size determination table and Simple random sampling were used to select 18 public secondary schools. From each randomly selected school 18 deputy principals and 180 teachers were involved. Two research questions and two null hypotheses guided the study, and questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data. Data collected was analyzed using mean, frequencies, standard deviation and ANOVA for the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The output presented on tables, frequencies and percentages. Qualitative data was analyzed using thematic framework. The study findings revealed that behavior modification techniques used were shaping, token economy and praise techniques. The null hypotheses were rejected. Further shaping techniques was effective in influencing drug abuse, bullying and exam cheating behaviors among students. The study recommended that the Ministry of Education Science and Technology should organize Workshops and seminars to equip teachers with more knowledge on use of behavior modification techniques especially shaping techniques that use positive reinforcement.

Produced Water (PW) and drilling gravel are tailings from the oil industry, and their management and treatment represent a key challenge for the oil industry. The literature reports numerous physicochemical techniques for the treatment of PW, and the adsorption process is the most attractive when removing traces of toxic metals present in this effluent, mainly due to its low cost, high selectivity and fast adsorption kinetics. The objective of this work was to optimize the adsorption process of bivalent copper ions in aqueous medium in the drilling cutting ash (DCA) from the surface response methodology. Adsorption assays were conducted in batch, under parameters (Adsorbent Mass, Initial Adsorbate Concentration) and predetermined operating conditions (stirring speed, temperature, pH, contact time and volume of synthetic solution). Based on the results of removal efficiency (87 to 100%) and adsorption capacity (divalent copper), a factorial design was performed using Statistica 7.0 software, evaluating the interaction of the adsorptive process parameters and their effects on the obtained results. And from the response surfaces for each parameter, it can be observed that for any DCA mass range (g) high levels of removal efficiency of bivalent copper ions were obtained, as well as high adsorption capacity for these metals. The results show that drilling cutting ash becomes a promising material for use in adsorptive processes in the treatment of produced water from oil fields.

Hydrogen have the potential that can replace fossil fuels which is the primary source of environmental pollution. Hydrogen should be stored in high pressure reservoirs for any practical purpose. In this work hydrogen leak from a high pressure vessel by means of a 2mm tube length and 4.8mm diameter of pipe in atmospheric air is simulated using FLUENT 13. A strong shock wave is formed during the flow of high pressure hydrogen in a tube filled with atmospheric air which leads to heating of hydrogen behind the shock wave. This is mainly because of compression effect and which leads to an auto ignition. The simulated results are not in agreement with the results obtained by Yamada Eisuke et al. (2010).

Composite are produced when two materials are joined to give a combination of properties that cannot be attained in the original materials. Composite materials are widely used nowadays in various fields due to their unique property in weight. Reduction, High strength and rigidity and low cost. In the present communication it deals with fabrication and investigation by hybrid natural composite made from bamboo and aloe Vera fiber as reinforcement with epoxy resins as matrix. The objective is to evaluate the mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural test and impact strength and to utilise this composite in real life application example field of manufacturing mudguard to produce advanced properties. It includes five layers of fiber and matrix, here fibers includes 3 layers of glass fiber to increase strength. The process is done by hand layup method.

Composite material is a material produced using at least two constituent materials with essentially extraordinary physical or compound properties that, when consolidated, produce a material with qualities not the same as the individual segments. Composite materials are broadly utilized these days in different fields because of their extraordinary property in weight decrease, high quality and unbending nature and minimal effort. In the present correspondence it manages manufacture and examination of half breed normal composite produced using kenaf strands and flax filaments as support with epoxy sap as matrix The singular parts stay discrete and unmistakable inside the completed structure, separating composites from blends and solutions The new material might be favored for some reasons: basic models incorporate materials which are more grounded, lighter, or more affordable when contrasted with conventional materials. Here the composites are utilized in making a bike motor gatekeeper utilizing fix and flax fiber.

Pesticides as bioactive substances contain poison for killing plant-disturbing organism. Pesticides exposure can cause damage for liver and pulmonary tissue. Each active substance that is contained in pesticides causes different symptoms of poisoning. The symptoms of poisoning (subjective complaints) which are caused as the impact of pesticides will be improved by us through providing ginger extract. Moreover, this research will be applied to mice (Mus musculus). This research aimed at analyzing the influence of providing ginger extract (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) as antioxidant against the protection of liver and pulmonary damage due to pesticides exposure in mice. Design of this research was Quasi Experimental research by using simple experimental design (Post Test Only Control Group Design). Sample in this research was healthy male Swiss Webster white mice. An examination was conducted in order to investigate tissue damage on experimental animals’ liver and pulmonary. The research result showed that there was liver cell damage in K0 group (without any treatment). Besides, there were normal cell and the lightest damage (less than 25%). In K1 group, it was occurred cell degeneration and hepatotic damage in mild, moderate, and chronic hepatocyte damage. In K3 group, it was occurred cell degeneration and hepatocyte damage in mild, moderate, and chronic level. However, improving liver cells was through providing ginger extract. Through adding ginger extract, improving damage on pulmonary organ cells was also much better. In conclusion, by providing ginger extract in mice which were exposed by pesticides had no role in repairing liver cell damage. In contrary, in pulmonary organ, it was occurred an improvement of mice’s pulmonary organ cell. Nevertheless, for further research, it needs to be conducted a research in smaller dose of ginger extract.

Background: Obesity has been regarded as an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease and may be associated with more severe coronary artery disease (CAD). Approximately 10-12 million deaths occur every year due to CAD. The ralationship between anthropometric measurements and CAD severity is uncertain and debatable. Objectives: -The study was carried out to assess and correlate anthropometric measurements with severity of Coronary Artery Disease. • To find out association of severity of Coronary Artery Disease with socio demographic variables. • TO develop and disseminate IEC guidelines among CAD patients. Methodology: This study was conducted to assess the correlation of Anthropometric measurements with severity of Coronary Artery Disease among CAD patients visiting OPDs in tertiary care Hospital Ludhiana, Punjab. Total 100 subjects were selected by convenience sampling technique. Self structured and standardized questionnaire were used to assess the correlation of Anthropometric measurements with severity of Coronary Artery Disease. Data was collected from subjects by self report and Bio-physiological methods. Results: The result of present study showed that most of subjects i.e. 54% were from age group of more than 58 years in which 63% were males and 37% were females. It was found that females had more severity of CAD than males where of the subjects 42% had level II severity of CAD i.e. 24.6-68 according to Gensini score. Conclusion: The study findings showed that there is a statistically non significant weak positive correlation of WC, HC, WHR and WHtR with severity of CAD whereas it showed statistically non significant weak negative correlation of Height, Weight and BMI with severity of CAD.

Background: Paraquat is a widely used weedicide in India. It is now being increasingly used as a suicidal poisoning and is almost always fatal as there is no specific antidote for paraquat poison. ARDS, acute kidney injury or multi-organ failure are the frequent causes of mortality. Methods: The study aimed to study the morbidity and mortality rates of Paraquat poisoning in tertiary care hospital. Patients admitted with Paraquat poisoning were included, and the data collected and analysed. Results: The total number of cases admitted with paraquat poisoning in the General Medicine Ward and Intensive Care Unit in nine months duration were 22 out of which 18 were suicidal and 4 were accidental ingestion. 84% of cases died within a week of ingestion. Almost all of them had Acute Kidney Injury and finally succumbed to multi-organ failure. The overall mortality rate was 72% despite best efforts. Higher mortality has been associated with delayed presentation. No correlation was found between higher creatinine values at presentation and outcome. Conclusions: Thus, paraquat poisoning is very serious and life threatening. Inspite of supportive haemodialysis, steroids and cyclophosphamide therapy, antibiotics, it was ineffective in reducing the mortality rates. Hemoperfusion if initiated within 4 hours of ingestion showed a better outcome but none of the patient presented to our side within 4 hour of ingestion. Paraquat is now banned in 32 countries but still poses a major threat as a suicidal agent in India.

Introduction: Astrocytoma is one of neuroepithelial tumor and these tumors are graded in four scale based on the aggresiveness. Overexpressions of MMP-9 has been correlated to tumor’s progresivity, poor prognostic and predictive marker in cancer, while Ki-67 is strongly associated with cell proliferation. Method: This study is being conducted to analyze the correlations between MMP-9 expressions and KI-67 in intracranial astrocytoma. This reprospective study is using cross-sectional method. The expression of MMP-9 and Ki-67 was evaluated, as well as its prognostoc value. The study is held at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital, Medan, North Sumatera with total samples of 19. Results: There is no significant correlation in astrocytoma classification with MMP-9 and Ki-67 Li expression (p=1,000). There is no significant correlation of MMP-9 overexpression with in mortality (p=0.117) however there is significant correlation of Ki-67 Li with mortality (p=0,005). Conclusion: There is no significant association between MMP-9 and Ki-67 Labeling Index in intracranial astrocytoma.

Back Ground: Oral hygiene plays an important role in the well being of an individual. Obesity is a growing health related problem worldwide. Oral hygiene could have a relation with weight of the participants. Aim: To correlate the prevalence of oral hygiene status and body mass index of school children (3-16years) of Takkellapadu village. Material and Methods: The study design was cross sectional which included 150 school children of age 3-16 years in which 94 boys and 56 girls. Information regarding height and weight of the study participants were recorded by using standardized measuring scale and weighing machine there after BMI was calculated. Data was analyzed by using SPSS Version 22. Oral hygiene status of the study subjects was assessed using oral hygiene index simplified. Results: Among the study participants 94(62.7%) were boys and 56(37.3%) were girls. Oral hygiene status was fair among 99(66%) of children. BMI was <18.5 among 119(79.3%) underweight children. Among boys and girls there was no significant difference in oral hygiene status. Conclusion: From the analysis, it was concluded that oral hygiene status had a significant effect on BMI. Age with oral hygiene status was significant with correlation value 0.04 levels.

Penile metastases of adenocarcinoma of prostate is rarely seen. It is a devitalizing condition at presentation with poor prognostic implication and poor survival. Conservative management is generally recommended with focus on improving the quality of life of such patients. We present a case of 93 yr male patient with a whitish growth over the glans penis along with left sided inguinal lymphadenopathy. Patient was a known case of prostatic carcinoma with raised PSA levels. Histopathological examination and Immunohistochemistry with Prostatic specific antigen revealed the diagnosis of metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma

Aim: To assess the diagnostic performance of Cone beam computed tomography in the detection of secondary carious lesions under composite resin restorations. Objectives: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the detection of secondary carious lesions under composite resin restorations. Materials and methods: 50 Extracted human permanent posterior teeth were collected and primary cavities were created. Then all the samples were randomly divided into two groups; Group A- study group (n=25) and Group B- control group (n=25). Group A included artificially created defects mimicking secondary caries under primary cavities restored with composite restorations; Group B included primary cavities restored with composite restorations. CBCT scans of all the teeth were taken and evaluated by 3 observers for the presence of secondary caries. Results: Sensitivity was found to be 82.6% and specificity as 56%. ROC curve was plotted which was obtained as 0.716. Conclusion: Due to less specificity CBCT has a limited role in detection of secondary caries under composite restoration.

Background/Aim: This study aims to determine the clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of gallbladder cancer during the last nine years. Settings and Design: Retrospective chart review of the demographic and clinical profiles of gallbladder patients followed up at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, for the period of 2008–2017. Methods and Material:We collected data demographic and clinical data (histopathological features, radiological findings, date of diagnosis, type of surgical treatment offered, type of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, intervention used, disease progression, date of the last follow up, date of recurrence, and date of death). Statistical Analysis: The Cox proportional hazards model was used for the univariate analysis and multivariate analysis model building. Results and Conclusions: A total of 21 patients were included in this study, with females representing 66.7% of the sample. The mean age of the patients was 57 years. Among the cases, 13 (61.9%) were identified as adenocarcinoma, and five (23.8%) were classified as dysplasia; the least frequent histologic diagnosis wascarcinosarcoma (n = 1, 4.8%).Tumor resection was performed in 14patients. Of these, 13 had a laparoscopic cholecystectomy, whereas only one case hadhepaticoenterostomy. Univariate analysis did not demonstrate significant differences in overall survival by age, gender, histologic subtype, tumor grade, surgical margin status, lymph node invasion, or tumor marker status. We did not identify predictors of outcome in patients who were followedup and treated for gallbladder cancer at our institution. Future larger studies are warranted to study the patterns of outcome in our context.

Odontogenic keratocyst is an odontogenic developmental cyst. It is derived from remnants of dental lamina. The term was first termed by Philipsen in 1956. OKC was renamed as keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) in the WHO classifications of head and neck tumors in 2005 due to its aggressive, high recurrence rates and specific histological characterstics and was reclassified into the cystic category in WHO classification of Head and Neck pathology (2017). They are unique odontogenic lesions that have the potential to behave aggressively, that can recur and can be associated with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. This article focuses on a case of 38 year old female patient diagnosed with odontogenic keratocyst in the left retromolar region and a brief review of literature.

Aims and objective: Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of conventional radiography and orthopantomograph in detection of periapical lesion. Materials and Methods: The study groups comprised of 150 patients of either sex between age group of 20-60 year reported to the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology. The determination of 'true pathology' was based on the results of the simultaneous interpretation of both the periapical and the panoramic radiographs in standard. Results: The intra-observer reliability analysis is done to measure the consistency in rating method of the observer. It was observed that with Kappa value in range of 0.6 to 0.8, the observation at two different time are significantly agreement. The detailed statistical analysis very clearly indicates that the rating given based on observation from periapical radiograph is better than the observation from panoramic radiograph. The Pearson's R coefficient, Spearman Correlation, Kappa value and Cronbach’s Alpha values for periapical radiograph are 0.714, 0.696, 0.436 and 0.833 which are significantly higher than that obtained from observation of panoramic radiograph with values 0.541, 0.604, 0.375 and 0.702 within statistical significance level. The diagnostic accuracy was evaluated with ROC analysis technique. The graph generated by the ROC curve is used to calculate the area under the curve obtained from each imaging technique. The ROC curve and area under each respective plot clearly indicate that the periapical radiography technique is better in diagnosis of lesions. Conclusion: the periapical radiographs provides more accuracy in terms of diagnosing the periapical lesion, which provides better diagnostic values as compared to the panoramic images.

The purpose of this study was to assess teachers’ attitude and practice of using literary texts in teaching reading skills at Borena Secondary and Preparatory School. Descriptive research design was employed to achieve the objectives of the study. English language teachers and students of Borena Secondary and Preparatory School were the participants of the study. Stratified and purposive sampling techniques in an integrative way were used to select 344 students among the total population of 2500. 9 English language teachers were also selected by using comprehensive sampling as sample participants of the study. Then, data was obtained via questionnaire, semi-structured interview and classroom observation. Questions were developed by the researcher and filled in to SPSS version twenty for their standards and administered to teachers and students. Semi-structured interview was conducted with English language teachers face to face. Actual classroom observations were conducted in the classrooms. Next, the data which were relevant to the research objectives were selected and analyzed. Thus, from the data analyses, different findings were obtained. The study uncovered that: teachers had negative attitude on the relevance of literary texts in teaching reading skills. In addition, teachers’ practice of using literary texts was very low; they had lack of practice of using literary texts in teaching reading skills. Towards the extent to which they use literary texts to make their students exercise for each types and strategies of reading, most of them did not use any literary texts out of the textbooks. In fact, they often used literary texts in the textbooks to make their students exercise skimming, scanning, summarizing and intensive reading only; however, the teachers did not adequately use these texts to engage their learners exercise the following important reading skills: extensive reading, inferring, questioning, predicting, making connection and visualizing. With regard to genres of literature teachers mostly use, poems were the most frequently used because of the fact that more than half of the total literary texts in the textbooks in teaching reading skills are poems. Based on the findings, the researcher recommended that the teachers should show their positive attitude for the use of literature in teaching reading skills and meaning full teaching of reading skills through literary texts should be practiced widely to develop learners’ reading comprehension ability.

The aim of the study was to examine the significance of the indigenous traditional authority institution to conflict prevention and socio-economic development at the local level. The study covered the Majang zone in the Southern West part of Ethiopia. Semi structured questionnaires were designed and administered scientifically to come out with the primary data. Purposively three focus group discussions were also organized in the 14 kebeles to cross check the interviewed data. At the local level, indigenous traditional authorities are the main actor of governance and development. It is therefore essential to recognize them and include them in the formulation and execution of local development policies since to disregard them might lead to development failure. Currently, Ethiopia has adopted federal system of government where power is decentralized at local level but government officials in the country, especially in the study area, come to leading position based on their educational computation. This resulted indigenous traditional authority feel reluctant in actively involving them in different agenda of peace and socio- economic development. This Study have revealed that the segregation of indigenous traditional authority and their people from the development process has frequently led to unresolved conflict, breakdown of societal social interaction and poor project results at the local level. The study also revealed that Indigenous traditional authority has the most acceptances by their communities. They are in tad with their subjects at the grassroots and the societies thus it is anticipated that they should be the champions of their social, political and economic development. It is also important that inclusion of the indigenous traditional authority in political issue of the local community of Majang peoples by giving short and long capacity training to fight poverty and come up sustainable socio economic development.

Cette étude analyse les facteurs de la pollution atmosphérique et les risques sanitaires encourus par les populations des quartiers précaires de la ville de Bafoussam. Elle combine les investigations de terrain et les analyses de la qualité de l’air en laboratoire. Les résultats obtenus révelent que dans les quartiers précaires de la ville de Bafoussam, l’air est pollué par les gaz tels que le dioxyde de soufre (SO2), le dioxyde d’azote (NO2), l’ozone (O3), le monoxyde de Carbone (CO), le dioxyde de Carbone (CO2). Les résultats des analyses de la qualité de l’air confirment une forte présence des particules de poussières (PM10 et PM2.5) dans l’air, représentant dont un risque pour la santé des populations. Le développement des activités industrielles, les déchets ménagers et la prédominance des voies en terre sont autant de facteurs qui exposent les habitants des quartiers précaires de la ville de Bafoussam aux maladies telles que la toux, les irritations oculaires, la tuberculose, les intoxications par inhalation.

The history of CSR in India is a pre-independence phenomenon and was largely influenced by the nation–building belief inspired by Gandhiji. Over the years the model of CSR practice in India has moved from Trusteeship to Stakeholder model but the focus has not shifted much. The original idea of helping to develop self-reliant countrymen has continued despite the emergence of idea that development has to be co-ordinated and linked. While CSR has become a part of the corporate communication strategy of most of the companies earning above a threshold limit, it in most cases has not been able to transcend the corporate strategy and serve as an integrated approach for development in India. The corporate houses are well aware of the legitimacy granted to their activities by a transparent communication pattern, yet they have not been able to give up their practices of shrouding their activities in corporate mystery. It has resulted not only in sullying their intention of helping the stakeholders; it has also failed to develop a public discussion in deciding on the strategies of development. As a sum total, despite spending heavily on developing the human resources or building public resources, the big industries in India lack a cohesive pattern of development and most importantly it has remained immediate community specific in terms of stakeholders’ development. The developmental scenario would have been fundamentally different if the companies had a larger picture in mind and and took efforts in building stable public resources of development instead of helping out merely individuals only as individuals.

The analysis of the theoretical foundations related to contraceptive methods is a matter of relevance in our country, and specifically in the province of Los Ríos, where the number of adolescents with early pregnancy has increased rapidly in recent years, where ignorance The use of contraceptive methods is one of the causes, which have had the greatest impact on this problem that affects our society, which has also resulted in consequences, the increase in school dropout, the poverty rate and people suffering of sexually transmitted diseases and especially HIV or AIDS, which shows that there are still difficulties in sex education work, which are carried out in educational institutions, that is why the objective of this research is aimed at the use of methods contraceptives as an alternative to prevent early pregnancy in adolescence to a study

The implementation of International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9001:2008 Quality Management System (QMS) in education is a matter highly debated on whether or not the certification is appropriate for the education sector. Some scholars consider its adoption as a strategic decision by educational institutions to ensure delivery of quality service therein while others do not. Complaints by some academic staff and students in public universities in Kenya on the impact of ISO 9001:2008 QMS casts doubt on their level of satisfaction with it based on non conformities. For instance between 2012 and 2015 one university recorded 5310 non-conformities and another one recorded 5340 non-conformities which were higher than the other 12 Universities that recorded below 3940 non-conformities in provision of quality service delivery in public universities. In terms of the impact of ISO 9001:2008 QMS on academic staff’s service delivery in provision of quality teaching/learning facilities in public universities, the non conformities recorded in one of the universities were 1100 and the other 1200 being higher than the non conformities recorded in the rest of the other universities for the period 2012 to 2015 in Kenya. The objective of the study was to determine the influence of ISO 9001:2008 QMS on provision of quality teaching/ learning facilities in public Universities. The study established that ISO 9001:2008 QMS had significant influence on provision of quality teaching /learning facilities such that for every one unit increase in ISO 9001:2008 QMS conformities in provision of quality teaching /learning facilities in public universities improved academic staff’s service delivery by .617 units. In effect ISO 9001:2008 QMS accounted for 10.3% of the improvement in the provision of quality teaching /learning facilities in public universities as was signified by the Adjusted R square coefficient .103. The other 89.7% was due to other factors that were not subject to this study. This means that when non conformities decline there is improvement in academic staff’s service delivery in public universities. ISO 9001:2008 QMS was a significant predictor of academic staff’s service delivery in provision of quality teaching/learning facilities (F (1,252) = 24.976, P<.05). The study concluded that ISO 9001:2008 QMS improved service delivery in the public universities. The study recommended that public universities should strive to minimize non conformities for excellent service delivery. This study provides information to lecturers, Kenya Bureau of Standards and university management on the way forward in improving the provision of quality of teaching/learning facilities in public universities.

In the present work, nonequilibrium molecular dynamics(NEMD) simulation was carried out to get an insight into the atomistic scale viscosity of graphene–polystyrene nanocomposite. The open access software Packmol was used to create amorphous PS and graphene+PS systems. The initial distribution of atoms in the two systems were created using cubic cells with periodic boundary conditions. Four pieces of graphene with side length of 5 nm x 5 nm and 400 polymeric chains consisting of three monomers per chain were randomly placed in the cubic cells to achieve a low concentration of graphene. The simulation box containing only PS was also created to provide a control. The simulations were conducted using LAMMPS with AIREBO potential and time step length of 1 fs. A Nose–Hoover style was selected to retain the system temperature. The SLLOD equations of motion were then applied to allow the system to undergo the flow under the NVT condition and mean square displacement (MSD), diffusion coefficient (D) and shear viscosity () were calculated.

Indian market is flooded with several fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) of corticosteroids with one or more broad spectrum antimicrobial (antifungal and antibacterial) agents which under no circumstances can be considered as rational. In 2013, such 2 irrational steroid cocktails were the highest selling corticosteroids in the country. This haphazard use of topical corticosteroid preparations is triggering off recalcitrant infections, distorting clinical diagnoses and is indubitably a public healthconcern. Indian Dermatologists are witnessing an epidemicof fungal infections. The current alarming situation of emerging chronic, recurrent or recalcitrant dermatophytosis haunts the country. Fungal infections that were easily manageable are now resistant – with even the most potent antifungal creams failing to treat them. A big concern surrounding topical steroid cocktails i.e. fixed dose combination of a steroid and one or more antimicrobial agent(s), is the reduction of local cellular immunity that is vital to curb dermatophytes. This paves the way to recalcitrant mycosis and other atypical presentations. The daunting dearth of comparative clinic-epidemiological data necessitates dire need for well-designed large-scale studies to combat this dermatophytosis epidemic in India.

Background: Age estimation from teeth is a key indicator to establish identity in forensic cases. CBCT provides several advantages compared to conventional radiographic methods which has been used regularly in forensic cases. Purpose: Dental Age estimation by pulp-to-tooth volume ratio using cone-beam computed tomography. The Retrospective study will attempt to establishing a correlation between the chronological age of a certain individual and the pulp/tooth volume ratio using Cone-beam computed tomography. Materials and Methodology: In this study a total of 50 scans (25 males and 25 females) respectively were collected from the archives of a imaging centre located in Delhi-NCR region. Out of this 50 scans, 20 scans (i.e 10 males and 10 females) of age group between 15-75 years were selected for the study based on the inclusion & exclusion criteria of the study. Results: Mean difference and Standard error difference between the Chronological and Estimated age was not significant as p> 0.05, that is the difference between the Chronological and Estimated age was less. The Pearson Correlation(r) were highly significant, p<0.01. Estimated age was more accurate in middle age. Regression formula for maxillary canine (overall) Age = 48.009 – (973.172 × Pulp/ Tooth Volume Ratio). Conclusion: In our study standard error difference between chronological and estimated age is ±4.09781 years. There was a negative correlation between chronological age and Pulp/ tooth volume ratio, as the advancing age is associated with a decrease in the pulp/ tooth volume ratio.

Background: To increase HIV detection in countries with high HIV prevalence, UNAIDS/WHO/CDC recommends provider-initiated testing and counselling (PITC) strategy for HIV screening. The aim of this study was to assess the uptake of the PITC program, determine the HIV case finding among the population and the proportion of those who tested HIV positive that were enrolled into care and treatment. Method: All patients (aged 0-18years) who visited the children out-patient department of UPTH, who met the inclusion criteria and did not opt out were offered PITC for HIV after an initial screening with Bandason screening tool. Data was analysed and presented in prose, frequency tables and pie chart; chi square was used to compare categorical data while p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Among the 5,697 children who were eligible for the study, 1,117 (19.6%) were screened out using Bandason screening tool while 4,558 (80.0%) accepted HIV testing. Of the 4558 participants who were tested for HIV,303 (6.65%) were found positive. All (100.0%) of those that tested positive were enrolled in care and treatment in the Paediatric HIV clinic of UPTH and other centres. Among the children who were HIV positive, majority 105 (34.65%) were aged 1-5years and this was statistically significant (X 2 =29.59, p=0.001). Conclusion: PITC uptake for HIV was highly acceptable and has a good case finding rate. All patients found to be positive were linked to care and treatment. Public health initiatives (such as the PITC strategy) that facilitate early detection of HIV and referral for early treatment should be encouraged for broader HIV control and prevention in Nigerian communities.

Objectives: To indicatea single surgeon's experience in using of port-a-cath in patients who have cancer and discover the most frequent complications encountered with such procedure during a particular period in a single institution. Methods: A subcutaneous port catheter was received in a potential study between 2015 and 2018 by 130 patients; Data on implantation complications and complications during usage of the catheter have been collected. Results: The procedure was performed with an average of 44 minutes in most of the patients under local anesthesia. Many patients had their catheters inserted with almost no intraoperative complications through the right internal jugular vein. Postoperative complications arisen in 17 patients (13.1%).In 5 patients, complications occurred in the form of port site infection (3.8%), 3 patients blocked catheter (2.3%), venous thrombosis in 3 patients (2.3%), In 3 patients, persistent fever with a positive blood culture (2.3%), puncture site hematoma in 1 patient (0.8%), skin necrosis in 1 patient (0.8%) and upside down tilt of the hub in 1 patient (0.8%). Conclusion: In modern oncology, Port-a-cath is a reliable and effective venous access but associated with a certain risk of complications. Medical staff should give care for both the patient and catheter to reduce the risk of complications.

Exploration of medical literature is a method to revive past tradition and upgrade the theoretical framework of treatment. Bhranthukalpam is such a traditional text detailing the practice of manasroga (Ayurvic mental health care) under the terminology “kirika”. Exploratory study of this text was conducted to identify the characteristics of traditional manasroga treatment and the medical significance of the concept of “kirika” in contemporary psychiatry. Methodology: An exploratory study was done on text Bhranthukalpam with special reference to term kirika. The comparative study of it was done with five other traditional texts (one palmscript, two Tamil texts and two Malayalam texts) with kirika reference identified through field survey and other similar references in Ayurvedic classical texts. The agreement between the similar texts was analyzed by Kappa scoring. Results: The references in the text had parallels in Kerala tradition (a state in South India), it was variant from Tamilnadu (a state in South India) tradition as well as from classical Ayurveda texts. Symptoms of kirika showed more congruence with mood disorders. Conclusion: The traditional manasroga practice was extensive one but the current practitioners were not aware of it. Treatments of these texts could be observed for their efficacy.

Periodontitis is the most common multifactorial oral disease of microbial origin characterized by loss of attachment apparatus of tooth leading to edentulism if left untreated. It releases systemic and local inflammatory byproducts which are the possible risk factors for major components of the metabolic syndrome such as Diabetes, obesity, hypertension. Metabolic syndrome is a complex pathology that constitutes of increased plasma glucose, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol, elevated abdominal circumference. The presence of above any 3 factors constitute this syndrome. Therefore, this reviewarticle will emphasize on iniquitous relationship between periodontitis &metabolic syndrome, their pathophysiology and evidence / lack of evidence in supporting their association in disease progression.

Este trabajo es el resultado de la experiencia investigativa del autor principal en el deporte de Levantamiento de Pesas, el cual se titula efectividad de la tecnica del ejercicio clásico arranque y su objetivo es analizar la efectividad del ejercicio clásico arranque en los levantadores de pesas de la categoría 15- 16 años de la Federación Deportiva de la Provincia de Los Rios, donde se evidencio que los sujetos investigados presentan dificultades en la ejecución de las partes de la técnica de este ejercicio, debido al debilitamiento de los músculos extensores de las piernas, el tronco y de los flexores de los antebrazos de los diferentes segmentos del cuerpo que trabajan en la cadena acción muscular y a las dificultades de la preparación general y especial, de los sujetos que fueron investigados.

The child narrator is a popular narrative technique in children’s literature, especially magical stories and fantasies. However, most authors prefer adult narrators when narrating issues like political instability, gender-based violence, the AIDS scourge and religious exploitation, as this voice projects a feeling of seriousness and authority of experience to potentially attract a bigger readership, especially the adults in the society. Nevertheless, child narrators are an interesting choice because of the degree of emotions they inject in a story, which gives it an earnest tone and makes the reader want to empathize and sympathize with the narrator. Further, since their identities are in the process of formulation, the reader can see, understand and critique how ideologies play a role in the formation of identities and worldviews. Child narrators also appeal to child readers who form a large section of any country’s population and future leadership. The objective of this study was to critic the deployment of the child narrative voice in No Violet Bulawayo’s We Need New Names (2013) in presenting Zimbabwe’s post-independence realities. This study critiqued the effectiveness of the child narrator in presenting, representing and (re)presenting experiences of and challenges faced by Zimbabweans within their country and diaspora. The study targeted blooming authors who are hesitant to use child narrators as the protagonists in their works, and readers and critics who might be interested in discovering ways in which child narrators can be used by an author to address myriad concerns.

The green chemistry revolution is providing an enormous number of challenges to those who practice chemistry in industry, education and research. So, green chemistry is one of the most explored topics these days. Major research on green chemistry aims to reduce on eradicate the production of harmful bi-products and maximizing the desired product in an eco-friendly way. The green chemistry is required to minimize the harm of the nature by anthropogenic materials and the process applied to generate them. Green chemistry involves 12 set of values which minimize on eliminates the use or production of unsafe substances. Scientists and chemists can significantly minimize the risk to environment and health of human by the help of all the valuable ideology of green chemistry the three main developments in green chemistry include use of super critical carbon dioxide water as green solvent, aqueous hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent and use of hydrogen in asymmetric synthesis. In order to reduce carbon footprint the customary method of heating are increasingly replaced by microwave heating. The principles of green chemistry can be achieved by the use environmental friendly harmless, reproducible and solvents and catalysts during production of medicine and in researches. This paper explain ideology certain examples and application of green chemistry in everyday life, in industry, the laboratory and education.

The high cost of hybrid seeds and seedlings is one of the key problems faced by famers. Problems in percent germination and germination time make it uneasy for farmers to attain uniform crop establishment and timely harvest. Seed viability decreases over time, and the natural ability in plants for inducing germination weakens with prolonged storage and dormancy. However, the use of plant growth regulators such as the synthetic gibberellic acid (GA) could be an alternative for enhancing germination of expired and long stored seeds. Thus, this experiment aims to test effect of synthetic gibberellic acid (GA) in enhancing germination of expired and unexpired mustard green (Brasicca juncea) seeds. The experiment was laid out in a complete randomized design with four treatments and four replications. Result of the study revealed that applying 900ppm synthetic gibberellic acid (GA) significantly repair expired seeds and improve germination percentage from 64% to 98% (34% enhancement rate) within 80 hours. For unexpired seeds, GA could be used to achieve maximum germination of 100% within 60 hours.

Introduction: The use of biological markers in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) is a breakthrough. Demonstration of elevated levels of Pleural fluid Adenosine deaminase (ADA), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tuberculous proteins/antibodies lysozme etc. have been proposed. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) estimation in pleural fluid has been shown as reliable biomarker specially when there is suspicion of tuberculosis. Detection of mycobacterium DNA by PCR is also a proposed test3,4. However India being a developing country with much of its people below poverty line cannot afford expensive tests like ELISA, PCR, IFN-γ. Hence, there is need for relatively cheaper and simple tests with feasibility and sensitivity going hand-in-hand5 TPE being proposed to be a delayed hypersensitive reaction and lymphocytes play a major role in the pathogenesis. With >50% lymphocytes in the pleural fluid, combined criterion of lymphocyte to neutrophil ratio of >0.75 with a raised ADA level increased the specificity of diagnosis in many recent studies10,12. Aims and Objectives: The aims and objectives of our study are - To analyse the cell count, protein and glucose levels in pleural fluid. To correlate cell counts with ADA levels of pleural fluid in order to confirm diagnosis of tuberculosis. To correlate cytomorphology of pleural fluid with clinical and other details available of patient in order to arrive at the diagnosis. Material And methods: The present institutional based prospective study was undertaken after obtaining Ethical clearance. 500 patients presenting with pleural effusion were studied. In all the patients, a detailed history was taken and physical examination of pleural fluid was done in which colour of fluid, amount and nature of fluid was noted. Pleural fluid was received for cytological examination. Total and differential count (TDLC) was done by manual method. Glucose and protein estimation in pleural was also done. Pleural fluid ADA levels wasmeasured by spectrophotometric method. Clinicocytological as well as ADA correlation was done in all cases for the diagnosis of tubercular pleural effusions. All cases except hemothorax and empyema were included in the study. Pleural fluid was collected in 2 separate containers one for biochemical analysis- protein, glucose and ADA estimation, another for TDLC and cytological examination. About 20 cc fluid was collected for the study. The pleural fluid was subjected to the above mentioned tests within 3-4 hours. -Pleural fluid Glucose, Protein, ADA level were estimated by spectrophotometeric method using (COBAS C311, (Hitachi-Roche) instrument.

The purpose of this research paper is to compare health care systems within The vision 2030 of Saudi Arabia .A new primary health care system has been founded and initiatives have been implemented, to make sure we are developing within the right path, we have to compare our healthcare system to those in highly advanced industrialized countries, a comparison will be between the health care system of United States of America (USA) and Nordics countries ( Sweden, Denmark, Norway) and Saudi Arabia, it will be formulated by Murray-Frenk framework. The first part of the research paper will focus on the description of health care systems in the above-mentioned countries while the second part will analyze, evaluate and compare the three systems regarding equity and efficiency. We start by providing a general description and comparison of the structure of health care systems in United Statutes of America (USA) and Nordics Countries (Sweden, Denmark, Norway) and comparing within our healthcare system in Saudi Arabia.

Background: This study was carried out to describe the pattern of lymphadenopathy with demographic and clinical profiles of the patients presenting with cervical lymphadenothy and assessing relative diagnostic efficacy of the clinical evaluation, fine needle aspiration biopsy and open biopsy. Method: This prospective study was conducted in department of pathology in AL Ameen Medical collage , 150 cases of chronic cervical lymphadenopathy came to pathology department for FNAC or Histopathology were enrolled in this study. Results: Tuberculous adenitis is the common cause of cervical lymphadenitis with 63% cases followed by chronic non-specific lymphadenitis with 27.33% cases, lymphoma with 5.33% cases, secondary carcinoma with 2% cases and drug induced 2%.There were 44% males and 56% females Most of the patients belong to the poor socio-economical class and 80.7% of TB lymphadenitis belonged to low socioeconomic status,most of the cases were from rural area. Presenting symptom was swelling in the neck, unilateral lymph node involvement was seen in 92%,upper anterior deep cervical lymph node 44% followed by Sub-mandibular and sub- mental nodal involvement 22% cases were seen. Only 4% of the patient showed evidence of active tuberculosis on radiology, FNAC is conclusive up to 88%. Conclusion : Tuberculous adenitis is the common cause of cervical lymphadenitis usually present as unilateral lymph nodes enlargement without constitutional symptoms upper and anterior deep cervical followed by sub-mandibular and sub-mental commonly involed lymph node. In cervical lymphadenopathy FNAC is most reliable diagnostic tool, which is easy to perform, cost effective.

Introduction: Ependymomas are glial series tumours that can occur throughout the neural axis, usually in close proximity to the ventricles (especially the fourth ventricle) or central canal., The histological features,which remain identical despite the varied morphology of intraventricular versus intraparenchymal tumours, are also considered. Case report: Here we report 4 cases of extraventricular intraparenchymal supratentorial tumors. Headache was the commonest presenting complaint seen followed by vomiting, seizure, raised intracranial pressure etc. Surgery was advised as the first line of management. Two patients recovered post operatively and are asymptomatic under follow up. Two patients were taken for adjuvant radiotherapy, one in view of recurrence and another patient in view of subtotal resection. We present the symptomatology, histology, imaging characteristics and management options in detail. Conclusion: As the tumour is amenable to total radical resection, radical surgery alone is an option. The need for postoperative adjuvant therapy has been controversial for supratentorialependymomas. Postoperative radiation therapy must be administered in every case of partially resected ependymomas. Adults have a better five-year survival rate than children. When considered together, age at diagnosis along with extent of the surgical resection was better correlated to outcome.Patients with symptoms lasting less than 1 month before diagnosis have a worse outcome than those with a more protracted course. In regards to tumour location, patients with supratentorialependymomas have generally a better survival rate than patients with posterior fossa ependymomas.

Visceral artery aneurysms are uncommon conditions and, depending on the mechanism of formation and etiological factors, they can be divided into pseudoaneurysms and true aneurysms. Pseudoaneurysms are mainly caused by pancreatic inflammatory and infectious processes (pancreatitis), which allow the dissemination of proteolytic enzymes that promote vessel wall weakening and erosion. A 44-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital with abdominal complaints. He underwent ultrasound and computed tomography that diagnosed vascular pseudoaneurysm adjacent to the head of the pancreas and biliary tract. Endovascular technique has currently been the strategy of choice for the treatment of pseudoaneurysms, as it is a safe and effective method, less aggressive, generally as a shorter hospital stay.

There is an increased tendency for researchers to focus on accelerating methods for tooth movement due to the huge demand by adults for a shorter orthodontic treatment time. Unfortunately, adults typically require longer treatment periods because their metabolism is much slower than in younger patients. Probably the best way to shorten treatment time is to speed up tooth movement. Long orthodontic treatment time poses several disadvantages like higher predisposition to caries, gingival recession, and root resorption, decreased patient cooperation. Thus the need for shorter treatment durations with effective treatments has brought about the use of various modalities to accelerate tooth movement .

An increasing number of adult patients have been seeking orthodontic treatment, and a short treatment time has been a recurring request. To meet their expectations, a number of innovative techniques have been developed to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. Corticotomy-assisted orthodontic treatment is an established and efficient technique that has gradually gained popularity as an adjunct treatment option for the orthodontic treatment of adults in which there is selective alveolar decortication with or without bone grafting. Orthodontic closure of old, edentulous spaces in the mandibular posterior region is a major challenge because of high density of mandibular bone. In this case report, we have performed corticotomy that can expedite space closure while maintaining control over tooth angulations in adult patients with long-standing edentulous sites.

A considerable amount of overall population suffers from inordinate dental anxiety/fear that makes them to avoid the dental treatment. Avoiding dental offices can lead to many complications with bad consequences. It is the most frequently encountered issues in the dental offices. To perform an effective dental procedure on a patient suffering from anxiety/fear, it is very important to diagnose dental anxiety/fear and manage it in proper manner. It is important for a practitioner to properly assess patient’s behaviour, cause of his/her anxiety and treat it with adequate therapy methods. The aim of this review is to present causes of dental anxiety/fear as well as management of it.

Background: In spite of the relatively minimal knowledge on the etiology and pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease inflammatory activity in the brain has been proposed to be the most plausible cause. Researches have indicated that, peripheral infection /inflammation can have an impact on infection in central nervous system. Chronic periodontitis is a common peripheral infection with predominant bacterial etiology and a marked increase in the serum C Reactive Protein count. Periodontitis, lately has been known to be involved in various systemic diseases including Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: A literature review was performed by referring to the scientific papers on the internet from the PubMed and Google Scholar and databases from 1985 to 2019 The present article reviews the pathogenesis of periodontitis associated with Alzheimer’s disease along with few probable mechanism by which periodontitis can contribute to Alzheimer’s disease. Result: Periodontal disease can influence Alzheimer's disease through different mechanism. Conclusion Because Periodontitis is a treatable disease it could be a modifiable risk factor for Alzheimer's disease.

Background: Breast cancer is the second most common malignancy in Indian women. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment. Modified radical mastectomy with or without reconstruction or breast preservation in addition to axillary lymph node dissection are common surgical procedures in breast cancer. Surgery of the axilla is associated with numerous complications, including infection, lymphedema of the ipsilateral upper extremity and collection of fluid in surgical site (seroma). Most common complication after breast cancer surgery is seroma. The exact etiology of seroma formation remains controversial. It is an accepted fact that negative suction prevents seroma collection and helps in the adherence of the walls of the axilla thus reducing the dead space and allowing the lymphatics to close. But, High negative suction pressure generated by the drain can maintain lymph drainage by a negative pressure gradient, paradoxically, not allowing the lymphatic channels to close leading to continuous drainage and a higher incidence of seroma formation. In our study, we evaluated two groups of patients, who had, the full and half vacuum suction pressure drains in situ, respectively, for their effect on seroma formation. Methods- The study was conducted in the general surgery / Oncosurgery department of S.M.S. Medical College and attached group of hospitals, Jaipur, from March 2018 to Dec 2019. 40 patients each belonged to the two respective groups that were compared and evaluated for the seroma formation. Results: In the present study it was observed that high suction caused prolonged drainage, which can possibly be explained by the hypothesis that high negative suction may not allow, leaking lymphatics to close. Therefore no suction or high suction drainage both may contributed to the same result that is higher incidence of seroma formation and longer hospital stay. Discussion: To strike a balance between not having suction at all and having a very high or full negative suction, half negative suction drainage was used in the present study to achieve a shorter hospital stay without any increase in the rate of post-operative seroma formation. But it was not found to effectively reduce the Hospital stay and also did not increase the postoperative morbidity as compared to high (full) negative suction group.

This study was an investigation of students’ oral presentation with regard to their personality traits and difficulties and how these variables relate to their speaking proficiency. Descriptive research method was used wherein the first set of respondents composed of 40 graduating Bachelor of Arts in English Language (AB-EL) students answered a questionnaire on personality traits in conducting oral presentation and a speaking proficiency test. Results showed that personality traits affect moderately the performance of the students when it comes to oral presentation. Also, the respondents fall under “competent users” in their speaking proficiency. Findings further revealed that personality traits really affect the respondents’ capability to present well in front of the audience, and that there is a significant relationship between the respondents’ personality traits when they do oral presentations and their speaking proficiency. Also, the direction of the relationship is positive which means that the variables increase together. The second set of respondents composed of 40 First Year Bachelor of Arts in English Language Studies (ABELS) students were made to answer a questionnaire on oral presentation difficulties and a speaking proficiency test. Results revealed that majority of the respondents are generally “moderate” in having difficulties in conducting oral presentation and were “competent users” of the English language. However, the study further showed that the oral presentation difficulties are statistically not related to the speaking proficiency of the respondents. This research suggests that students engage themselves more in oral activities and exercises to train themselves to enhance their confidence when it comes to oral presentation. Moreover, this study recommends that students build a strong rapport and friendly relationship among themselves and their mentors to make the classroom environment more relaxing and conducive to learning.

This study examined how family background impacts the academic achievement of senior high school students, and how students with different family backgrounds are able to cope with problems they face in school. The study sample consisted of grade ten to twelve students from Baguio City National High School in Benguet, Philippines. Approximately 250 students consisting of 100 boys and 150 girls from five Departments in the School were randomly selected for the study. Data were gathered using questionnaires. The findings showed that family background has no significant effect on students’ Academic achievements. On the other hand, it was noticed that boys are able to significantly adjust to problems in school more than their female counterparts with the same or similar family backgrounds. It is therefore suggested that parents pay more attention to their girls in senior high school to help them adapt to their school environments.

Background: participating in any sport activity has social, health and skill related benefits due to this physical disability individuals that participated on sport activity have increase their confidence. Objective: the main objectives of this study were to find out the incidence and the factors that affect the participations of Disability students in sport activity. Methods: to find out the factors the researcher were used cross-sectional research design in Woldia University totally 46 disability students so the researcher were used all students. Result: the prevalence of the disability students were 46 from those 6 students were visual impairment the rests were physical disability. 95% of the respondents were not participating with any sport activities. All respondents were having interest to participating on sport activities. 65% of the respondents knew the benefits that participating on different sport activities. Conclusion: the respondents were described the causes that limited on physical activities. Some of the were Lack of awareness’ about the benefits of participating in sport, haven’t knowledge about the adapted sports, the attitudes of the community on their village on the disability individuals, the physical Education teachers excluded those students during practical activities at elementary and high school, there was no coordinator and motivator for participating different sports and there was no launch different sport activities for disability students in our university.

A field trial was conducted on a farm at Al- Dujaila area, 36 km southeast of Kut city, Wast province, Iraq during the growing season of 2018 to study the response of sunflower to eight organic fertilizer treatments added with four levels. Treatments included: control (T0); 100% composted poultry manure (T1); 100% uncomposted poultry manure (T2);composted (66%poultry manure + 16.5% wheat straw + 16.5% conocarpus) (T3); uncomposted (66%poultry manure + 16.5% wheat straw + 16.5% conocarpus) (T4); composted (50% poultry manure + 25% wheat straw + 25 conocarpus) (T5); uncomposted (50%poultry manure + 25% wheat straw + 25 conocarpus) (T6); composted (33%poultry manure + 33% wheat straw + 33% conocarpus) (T7) and uncomposted (33%poultry manure + 33% wheat straw + 33% conocarpus) (T8). The organic fertilizer levels were: 0% organic fertilizer + 100% chemical fertilizers (L0); 50% organic fertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizers (L50); 75% organic fertilizer + 25% chemical fertilizers (L75); 100% organic fertilizer + 0% chemical fertilizers (L100). The chemical fertilizers 200 kg N ha-1, 80 kg P ha-1 and 120 kg K ha-1. The experiment was conducted in a three replicates with randomized complete block design. All fertilizer were applied by mixing method with 20 cm upper layer of the raw. Sunflower seeds (Vr. Panam) were sowing in 1 March 2018 and plants were harvested in 20 June 2018. The results revealed that N, P, and K concentrations in leaves, oil content and protein content in seeds were significantly increased in plants received organic fertilizers alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers over plants received chemical fertilizers alone. Composted organic fertilizers recorded highest values of growth parameters as compared with uncomposted fertilizers. The crop under integrated treatment T1L50 recorded highest N concentration (35.03 g kg-1) and highest seed oil content (45.38%). However, crop under treatments T3L100 and T1L100 recorded the highest P (3.93 g kg-1), K (35.08 g kg-1) and protein content of seeds (26.97%), respectively.

The scientists have faced major challenges in Ocular drug delivery system because of the unique anatomy and physiology of eye. In treating anterior segment diseases topical eye drop is the most convenient and patient compliant route of drug administration. There are two types of barriers in ocular drug delivery system: static and dynamic barrier. Static barrier includes cornea, sclera, retina and blood- retinal barriers while dynamic barrier includes choroidal and conjunctival blood flow, tear dilution and lymphatic clearance. These barriers influence the bioavailability of drugs. Current article reviews the manacles in conventional ocular therapy, indispensable factors in ocular pharmacokinetics. It also describes a variety of approaches such as eye ointments, gel, prodrug, intravitreal injections, viscosity enhancers, penetration enhancers, liposomes, microparticles, niosomes, ocular inserts, implants, nanoparticles, nanosuspension, microemulsion, in situ-forming gel, iontophoresis, and periocular injections to increase the ocular bioavailability of drug and provide controlled and continous release of the drug to the anterior and posterior chamber of the eye.

Wounds are unpreventable events in life. Healing is a survival mechanism and it maintains normal anatomical structure and function of the skin through tissue regeneration. Plants play an important role in wound treatment, and induce healing and regeneration of the lost tissue by multiple mechanisms. Therefore, a survey was carried out with the help of local herbal halers in study area regarding use of plants in the treatment of wounds. It was found that, total 27 plant species are used by herbal healers in wound treatment. Plant parts used and treatment procedures are given in detail. Proved biological activities of 22 species are mentioned as experimental evidence in support of traditional use.

The review contains information on preclinical and clinical studies of cell therapy for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in premature infants. It includes an analysis of 53 scientific publications devoted to this issue. It is important to remember that cell therapy for BPD is at the stage of experimental and clinical trials. Currently, there are no standards of its use in infants with this disease. When deciding on the use of stem cells for therapeutic purposes, in addition to drug therapy, the physician should take into account the medical legislation of the country regarding cell therapy and comply with all legal formalities.

Cancer is a broad group of various diseases, all involving unregulated cell growth. Cancer is the name given to a collection of related diseases. In all types of cancer, some of the body’s cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding tissues. Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of trillions of cells. Objectives: To assess the knowledge on Prostate cancer among school teachers, to find out the association between level of knowledge on Prostate cancer with selected demographic variables. Methodology: The research approach used for the present study was Quantitative Approach and research design was Cross-Sectional Descriptive Design. The sample of the study chosen by Non-Probability Purposive Sampling Technique, which includes 100 school teachers. A self structured questionnaire was used to collect the data which consists of 30 dichotomous questions. Results: The major findings of the study was out of 100 school teachers 51 (51%) had adequate knowledge, 35 (35%) had moderate knowledge and only 14 (14%) had inadequate knowledge regarding Prostate cancer. The associations of demographic variables with the level of knowledge on prostate cancer were determined by using chi-square test which revealed that there was a significant association with education of the school teachers, type of job, residence, habit of alcoholism, type of diet. Conclusion: The study concluded that majority of school teachers had adequate knowledge on prostate cancer. Hence there is a need to improve the knowledge regarding preventive measures for prostate cancer. So informational booklet has been given for improving knowledge and practices.

With the enormous rise in social media users globally, e-commerce payment systems are becoming ubiquitous, being applied rapidly in all facets of life. However, securing e-commerce payment systems have become more complex and have further made the CIA triad: confidentiality, integrity, and availability of enterprise’s data insecure, and prone to breaches and fraudulent activities. Securing enterprise e-commerce payment system is of paramount importance. An important facet of implementing e-commerce payment system in an organization is the development of security related issues within the enterprise information systems for the organization processes. In this study, the Enterprise Information Systems (EIS) security conceptual framework was adopted that comprised: security policy, security awareness, access control, and top level management support. A narrative review of prior research that focused on vast works of literature that revealed significant information on our conceptual framework and existing systems on e-commerce payment systems security, analysis and synthesis was adopted. The authors also extracted peer-reviewed articles within the last five years from electronic databases, using some keywords such as “e-commerce system security”, “e-commerce security threats”, “cyber-attacks and security”, etc. Findings of the study show that breaches and fraudulent activities exist that may be perpetrated against e-commerce payment systems such as Skimming attacks, phishing attack, hacking, and physical attack, etc. Also, systems strategies that guarantee e-commerce payment systems security exist within the implementation of procedures, policies, resources, and operations to mitigate certain e-commerce payment systems security threats, vulnerabilities, and risks. Result from this study may bring trust and enhance e-commerce payment system adoption rate, new innovation and influence that may advance and guarantee e-commerce payment systems security innovations in Nigeria.

Fungal meningitis in an immunocompetent host is generally uncommon, and infections due to brown-black or dematiaceous fungi are distinctly rare. These are distinct neurotropic organisms causing mostly cerebral abscess and paranasal fungal sinusitis. We report an unusual case of dematiaceous fungal meningitis in a man with no significant co-morbidities and no other identifiable risk factors for disease. CV junction meningeal biopsy was done which revealed this organism. Since these are so infrequently seen in clinical practice, randomized clinical trials are impractical and there is no consensus regarding treatment. He was treated with empirical antifungals and fortunately, he responded to treatment.

Life style diseases are defined as those health problems that react to changes in lifestyle. The changed living habits due to increasing sedentary lifestyle, job requirements, competitive living are the main culprits against a healthy life. Ayurveda is a holistic science. It aims primarily to maintain healthy life in healthy individuals & secondly to treat the disease in diseased individual. Lifestyle diseases are becoming more common these days and affecting the majority of the population. Lack of physical activity, Unhealthy diet,Poor sleeping patterns, Alcohol Smoking,Sedentary life style, Stress are some of the causes of lifestyle diseases. The major lifestyle diseases include Heart diseases, Hypertension, Obesity, PCOS, Type 2 diabetes, Cancer. We can prevent Lifestyle Disorders through Ayurveda Regimen which includes Dincharya (Daily Routines), Rutucharya, Panchakarma therapy, Rasayana thrapy and sadvrutta palan. All referances for The concept of Ayurveda regmen is studied from Charak samhita and Ashtang Hriday. In this study we focus on the Lifestyle disorders, their causes and prevention through Ayurveda Regimen.

Background:Coronary artery disease is a major vascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus with a high mortality rate. Serum hemerin levels are involved in glucose and lipid metabolism and are associated with multiple cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of this study is to investigate the association and significance of serum chemerin concentration with the presence of coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: The study is retrospective-prospective, clinical, comparative, descriptive. The sample of the study was patients from the internal ward of Travnik hospital (86 subjects), who had coronary angiography. One group was made up of type 2 diabetes mellitus (37 subjects) and the other group was non-diabetic subjects (49 subjects). All subjects were analyzed for serum chemerin concentration and coronarography performed. Results of the study: In the cohort of diabetic subjects, 57.4% had coronary disease and in the control cohort, 42.6%. The serum concentration of chemerin is significantly higher in the cohort of subjects with diabetes and coronary disease compared to the cohort of non-diabetic subjects. The serum concentration of chemerin does not depend on the severity of the coronary disease, although it does depend on its presence. Logistic regression analysis showed that serum chemerin concentration was an independent determinant of the presence of coronary artery disease in subjects with diabetes (OR = 1.037; 95% CI = 1,000 to 1,076; p≤0.05). In addition, linear regression analysis showed that the serum concentration of chemerin had a positive statistically significant association of different strengths, with the following relevant relevant parameters analyzed: waist circumference, HbA1C, cholesterol, triglycerides, BMI, and cardiovascular risk level, until statistically significant coronary disease severity was established. significant connectivity. Conclusion: Elevated serum chemerin levels may be considered an independent predictive marker of the presence of coronary artery disease in patients with diabetes.

Background: Tooth discolorations frequently affect people of various age groups and are multifactorial in nature. Increasing demand in aesthetic dentistry has resulted in the widespread practice of extra-coronal bleaching or vital bleaching. An important complication following bleaching is decreased bond strength of composite resin to bleached enamel when bonding immediately after the bleaching process. The use of antioxidants immediately after bleaching showed increased bond strength to bleached enamel. Hence, the main aim of the present study was to determine the effect of antioxidants, namely 10% Tulsi leaf extract, 10% Olive leaf extract &10% Pine Bark extract on the shear bond strength of composite resin to bleached enamel. Materials & method: Ninety freshly extracted human anterior teeth were divided into five groups: GroupI(n=18) – bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide gel (without antioxidant), GroupII(n=18) - bleaching with application of 10% Tulsi leaf extract, GroupIII(n=18) - bleaching with application of 10% Olive leaf extract, Group IV(n=18) – bleaching with application of 10% Pine Bark extract, and Group V(n=18) - control group i.e., no bleaching. These groups were further subdivided into two subgroups based on whether composite build-up was done immediately (Subgroup A) or after a delay of 2 weeks (Subgroup B). Shear bond strength of the specimens were tested using universal testing machine. Data were statistically analysed using Two-way ANOVA test & Tukey's multiple posthoc test and independent t test. Result: There were statistically significant differences between shear bond strength of control groups & experimental groups and also among the experimental groups. Conclusion: The use of antioxidants effectively reversed the compromised bond strength of bleached enamel. Among the natural antioxidants, 10% pine bark extract application after bleaching showed better bond strength.

Introduction & Ojectives –A major limitation of Radical perinealprostatectomy(RPP) was second access for pelvic lymph node dissection. We aimed to assess feseability of pelvic lymphadenectomy through same perinealinsciscion. Methods –A total series of eighteen RPP cases were categorized by partin risk estimation. Eleven cases were risk (greater than 5 %). Pelvic lymphadenectomy attemted in eleven cases, lymphadenectomy operative time, number lymphnode removed, conversion and completion noted. Results: Lymphadenectomy attempted through same perinealinscision in all the elevenpatients, completed in five patients (45.45 %) and not feasiblein six patients (54. 54%). The averagelymph nodes removed were 4.7 (3- 15) in right and 3.8 (0-6) in left.Lymphadenectomy Operative time(Mean) 74.55 ( 60 - 90) minutes. The average distance between common iliac artery -bifurcation and pubic symphysis(midpoint) calculated preoperatively from imaging (CT/MRI)was 12.44 cm (11.5-14).The completion of lympadenectomy in distance < 12.5 cm was 80 % and conversion rate indistance > 12.5 cm was 66.66%.

Urban Poverty is an essential issue of urban advancement and administration in developed as well as developing nations. However, it is more intense and disturbing in developing nations like India. The most challenging of the urban difficulties, undeniably, is the problem generated by urban poverty. Economically developed states keep incoming people from backward states, which leads to a rise in the quantity of individuals and families living in an urban focus, this causes demands for new housing and services. The urban zones have neglected to meet the requests of this expanding populace weight bringing about extensive holes in provisioning of essential civilities of lodging, drinking water, sewerage, transportation and so on. The paper tries to view how local governments have a particular preferred standpoint in distinguishing the poor because of their vicinity to the general population through the aid of a case study

This research aims at the significance of studying Problems Encountered by Students in Reading Skill, a case study at Al-Ameeriah Secondary Schools in Gezira State (Wad medani). The purpose of this phenomenon is to be crowned by raising standard of students hence, they develop their reading skill that will give them chance to be good readers. In addition to that improving students' performance of comprehending any reading text. To enlighten the teachers and the parents of the students' difficulties that faced them. Then, promotion of listening comprehension by using visual aids, projectors, and audio lingual labs, only to improve students' abilities of approaching texts Finally. the outcome of these problems will be an implication of teaching comprehension's strategies to the researcher selected a sample of 120 learners language male students to answer the vocabulary level test investigating Problems Encountered by Students at Al –Ameeriah Secondary School for boys in Wad Medani (Gezira). In this study the researcher conducted statistical analytical descriptive research method. Later on, this study was statistically analyzed by (SPSS) program, to reach its findings and recommendations. Ultimately, the researcher concluded his study by the following recommendations Teachers should concentrate on the weakest students to read. as well as, write very accurately. Teachers must use multi mass media as vital element for teaching listening comprehension. Priority must be given to motivate learners by choosing graded reading texts according students' needs. The use of various teaching strategies enhance the process of comprehension lesson cession positively. The significance of parents role to evaluate their sons performance at home and inside class room. Using of computers, cassettes and projectors for teaching comprehension, as well as to listening to material before reading a passage That will motivate learners to answer a pretreating questions.

ISO/IEC-17025 is an ideal International laboratory management system for testing and calibration laboratories. All over the world the testing and calibration laboratories are accredited as per ISO/IEC-17025 standard. Accreditation is an objective way to comfort your clients that you have established technical competency to issue authentic and correct results to enhance the reliability and confidence of the customer. PCSIR is the first ISO/IEC-17025 accredited testing laboratory in Pakistan, accredited in 2004 by Pakistan National Accreditation Council (PNAC). In 2007, PCSIR-KLC laboratories were also accredited by Norwegian accreditation, Norway. The laboratories have completed its 4 cycles of accreditation and 5th cycle 2019-2021 is in progress from PNAC. First cycle of accreditation was of 4 years and other 3 years each. At present more than 400 parameters are accredited and more than 100 technical personnel are involved in testing& calibration activities. The quality policy of the laboratory is to make sure accurate and appropriate analytical services to its customers particularly trade community/ exporters by meeting the needs of the customer from government and private sector. PCSIR is also largest testing and calibration laboratory and research organization of Pakistan, have active research in a number of areas. The number of scientist, engineers and technologist are keenly participating in research & testing activities as per records of the last decade. The personnel/scientists are experienced with higher degrees in related fields from highly ranked institutes. Distinguishing features of the laboratory including its infrastructure, area, size, equipment, trained personnel, implementation of ISO/IEC-17025 made the laboratory confident and reliable, to handle internal research, testing and calibration in the same laboratory.

Background: Super ovulation and Intrauterine insemination is an effective treatment for infertile couples. Probability of pregnancy is increased by increasing the number of oocytes available and by correcting any subtle defects of ovulation. Clomiphene citrate has been the first line of treatment for subfertile couples for quite some time. Letrozole also has been successfully used for the ovulation induction and in contrast to Clomiphene Citrate, it does not deplete the estrogen receptors. Objective of this study is to compare Letrozole 2.5 mg and Clomiphene Citrate 100 mg as first line ovulation induction drug in sub-fertile women. Methods: 126 Treatment naive sub-fertile women were randomized to treatment with 2.5 mg Letrozole (63 Patients) or 100 mg Clomiphene Citrate (63 Patients) daily starting day 2 to 6 of menstrual cycle. Intra Uterine Insemination (IUI) was carried out 36 to 40 hrs after Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) injection. Ovulation rate, endometrial thickness, pregnancy rate were compared and analyzed. Results: The groups were randomized so that the mean Body Mass Index (BMI), age and duration of infertility in both the groups were similar. Ovulation rate was 66.67% (42/63) in Letrozole group and 74.60% (47/63) in Clomiphene group. The median endometrial thickness on the day of hCG showed no significant difference between Letrozole group and clomiphene group. It was 8.1mm. Pregnancy rate in the Letrozole group was 9.52% (6/63) and in the Clomiphene group was 7.94% (5/63). Conclusion: No significant difference was seen between clomiphene citrate and letrozole as both have a comparable clinical pregnancy rate. However, letrozole has the advantage of development of fewer follicles; hence it may reduce the risk of multiple pregnancies.