November 2016

Introduction: Saliva plays a significant role in oral homeostasis. Nevertheless, its diminution or absence can cause significant morbidity and a reduction in a patient’s perceptions of quality of life. Aims and Objectives: The study aimed at finding the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on whole salivary flow rates and comparison between healthy adult subjects and patient with xerostomia. Materials and Methods: Un-stimulated whole saliva and TENS stimulated whole saliva was measured in control as well as study (xerostomia) groups. Data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using the student t test. Results: 75 % of patients in control group and 61 % of patients in study group responded to TENS therapy by increase in stimulated whole saliva flow rate [p value of 0.001]. Comparison between control and study groups in regards to the un-stimulated and stimulated whole saliva showed high statistically significant difference (p value 0.000) in flow rates. Conclusion: In this study extra oral transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation was found to be effective in stimulating whole saliva. The results presented here in healthy and xerostomia subjects warrant further studies in future on the aspects using TENS modality of treatment for xerostomia.

In this study an attempt has been made to find out the difference in job anxiety, job satisfaction and mental health of working teacher couples. The sample consists of 50 working teacher couples Selected randomly from various secondary schools from Yadagir districts of Hyderabad Karnataka. Job anxiety, Job satisfaction and mental health inventories were used to collect the data. The data were analyzed by means of t-test and Pearson coefficient of correlation. The results revealed that there was no significant difference in job anxiety, job satisfaction between husbands and wives, and it was also found that there was no significant difference in mental health between husbands and wives. Further it was found that there was significant and negative correlation between job anxiety and mental health, job satisfaction and mental health.

A beautiful smile is a key to many hearts! What more would be a tragedy than not having this natural and captivating smile for a sixteen year old girl? The impairment is not just of form and function or for that matter aesthetics! The debilitation extends to the social outlook and psychology of the affected individual. It was such a problem that, the adolescent female having Turner Mosaic syndrome reported to Department of Prosthetic Dentistry. An interim overdenture was provided for the patient. Restoration of the function and aesthetic along with correction of lost vertical dimensions of occlusion was the successful outcome.

Parry Romberg Syndrome (PRS) is relatively rare condition of debatable etiology, usually restricted to one side of the face, rarely being bilateral or involving the limbs. Characteristically, the atrophy progresses slowly for several years and become stable after certain time period. After stabilization of the disease multispeciality approach including physicians, dental surgeons, psychologists and reconstructive surgeries can be performed to correct the deformity. PRS is frequently associated with localized scleroderma, known as “en coupe de sabre” (ECDS). A debate exists whether PRS is a form of linear scleroderma or these conditions are inherently different processes or appear on a spectrum. We present a case of progressive hemifacial atrophy of left side of face in a 28 year old male with ECDS without any neurological or ophthalmic complications.

Aim: To access the Prevalence of malocclusion and oral hygiene status in school children of 8-12 years of age in Bhopal city. Materials and Methods: This is a cross sectional longitudinal study. A sample of 1019 school going children was randomly selected out of 28 schools, divided in 14 zones* of Bhopal (Map Issued by Bhopal Municipal Corporation, 2012). It includes one Private and one Government school from each zone. The study included 8-12 years of student with prior consent and who are able to understand the instructions. Those students with developmental defects, syndromes or any special conditions were excluded from the study. Results: Out of total population of 1019 individuals, crowding (23.4%), spacing (10.89%), diastema (17.0%), largest anterior mandibular irregularity (9.8%), Crossbite (5.09%), Overjet (51.7%), overbite (51.0%), vertical anterior open bite (1.0%) and poor oral hygiene(15%) was seen more in government school children which is statistically insignificant.(p>0.05) Largest anterior maxillary irregularity (6.6%) was found more in private school children. (p<0.05) Crowding, spacing, diastema, largest anterior maxillary irregularity, largest anterior mandibular irregularity, crossbite, overjet, overbite, and poor oral hygiene was seen decresing with increase in age which is highly significant.(p<0.05).Vertical anterior open bite has no significant relation with age. (p>0.05) The table demonstrates highly statistical significance relationship between crowding, spacing, cross bite and oral hygiene status of the students. (p<0.05) Discussion: One of the major responsibilities of a pedodontist is the early recognition and management of irregularities of the developing primary dentition. The notable increase in child population in recent years warrants an increased need for pedodontic attention. Number of studies recognizing these irregularities and their significance are few to validate the necessity of rendering specialized preventive measures that are characteristic of pediatric dental care. Conclusion: The study suggests that children with malaligned teeth had more chances of having poor oral hygiene and no difference was noted among private and government school children oral hygiene status and occlusal anomalies. There is a correlation between dental anomalies with respect to age groups, crowding spacing and cross bite had more tend to had poor oral hygiene as they show a significant difference.

Background: Dental procedures have a potential risk of cross infection- that is, the transmission of disease from patient to patient, patient to clinicians through direct contact or to even transporting laboratory personnel through indirect contact. As clinicians, we must not only prioritize health of our patients and ourselves but also should consider the assistants, technicians and helpers who work with us. Therefore thorough knowledge of sterilization and disinfection is extremely essential for all the clinical practitioners. Aim: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of Cross infection control among dental practitioners in Chennai. Methodology: The cross-sectional study was carried out in Chennai in the month of August, 2016. The questionnaires were handed out to 350 dental practitioners, out of which 346 forms were filled completely and submitted. Data collection was done. Results: 346 surveys were completed by specialists (21%) and general dentists (78.9%). Fifty-five percent of respondents were male. Out of the all the dentists who participated in the survey, 52.3% of the general practitioners and 80.9% of the specialists had a satisfactory knowledge on cross infection and its measures of control. Conclusion: The KAP of the dental practitioners in Chennai during this cross sectional survey, towards cross infection was satisfactory. Even though most followed the Universal Protocols of Sterilization, most of the practitioners, especially the general dentists didn’t know much about cleaning and that it also plays a major role in infection control along with sterilization and disinfection. Continuing dental education programs on all these 3 aspects of infection control would help to improvise the knowledge of dentists.

The association of Grave disease of with the syndrome of Gougerot remains rare. The purpose of the presentation of this observation is to make it a meta-analysis through the literature and to work towards an early treatment. We are reporting a case of Myasthenia associated with a syndrome of Gougerot-Sjögren in a 32-year-old patient that were lately diagnosed. The diagnosis was retained in front of the myogenic syndrome with muscular deficit, a left (awkward) unilateral ptosis on the left side, a poly arthralgia and a Sicca oculo-buccal syndrome. These signs were associated with a positivity of antibodies. This association seems exceptional. A Good therapeutic result was first obtained with the triple prostigmine-prednisolone-azatioprin association.

The patients who attended to KIMS OPD with the complaints of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) are enrolled in this study after written and informed consent. 60 of the patients who met the required criteria are subjected to relevant clinical examination and investigations. Local causes of bleeding were excluded in these patients. These patients were subjected to TVS and Hysteroscopic examination respectively. Results: In the present study, transvaginal ultrasound showed an accuracy of 83.3% in detecting the proliferative phase and 66.67% in detecting the secretory phase. TVS has a sensitivity of 0% for a local lesion of endometrial cavity which is in accordance with the study by the others, who concluded that endometrial thickness evaluated by TVS was preferable but not sensitive enough to exclude endometrial pathology. Conclusion: Both TVS and hysteroscopy can detect endometrial intracavitary abnormalities with varying accuracies. These can supplement and enhance the accuracy of tissue diagnosis. Thus the first procedure to which patients with AUB are to be subjected should be TVS followed by hysteroscopy and hysteroscopically directed biopsy, wherever required.

Background: Is to study the glucose, hemoglobin, creatinine, red blood cell level, gender, age and blood white cell level in patients with kidney stones in a Wasit government. Aims of study: Cross-sectional study of two groups of during the whole year, comparison between two groups; 1st group have kidney stones and the 2nd control group. Patients and Method: the study was conducted on patients attending Zahra teaching Hospital and Karama teaching Hospital / Department of Surgery in Kut city for the period beginning from the September 2015 until the end of September 2016 ,The number of patients (60) were aged between 20-60 years and the number of males (40) and females (20) compared with healthy controls and numbered (24) aged between 20-60 years and the number of males (14) and females (10). In this study included estimate the concentrations of biochemical parameters : glucose, creatinine, HB, RBC, and WBC . Results: Prevalence of kidney stones disease in Wasit government in males, is much more than twice the proportion among women (P <0.05) and the concentration of Glucose increased in people who suffer from a kidney stone disease compared with control group was Significantly increase (P <0.05) and also the concentration of createnine in people who suffer from a kidney stone disease compared with control group (P <0.05) and the level of WBC in people who suffer from a kidney stone disease was increase compared with control group (P <0.05). while the concentration of Hb and also the level of RBC decreased in people who suffer from a kidney stone disease compared with control group (P <0.05), Also there was significant difference between gender and the ages of the patients with Kidney stone compared to healthy persons. Conclusions: there was significant difference and increases the level of glucose, creatinine, WBC while decrease the level of Hb and RBC in patients with renal stone in comparison to control group.

Background: Facial attractiveness plays an extremely important role in the human mating success and explains more variance in overall attractiveness than bodily attractiveness. Understanding patients perceptions of their dental appearance is an important aspect of patient management which may assist dentists in planning treatments that are acceptable to the patients leading to higher levels of patient satisfaction. Aims of this study to assess if certain facial features count differently in people’s opinion while assessing facial attractiveness in correlation with factors such as age, gender, culture and specific training in the Middle East. Material and Methods: An illustrated questionnaire was sent as a Google survey form to 547 in the dental field in the Middle East. For each of the questions sets of images consisted of multiple variations of deviations mixed with the original photo in a 5-item multiple choice. The software program was used in order to obtain the illustrated images was Adobe Photoshop CS4. The original image was picked from the Internet after specific measurements of symmetry and proportions on several photographs to have a highest possible score in aesthetic measurement the photographs done by Dr. Chris Solomon had been used in the questionnaire after his permission. Results: Percentage was used to Describe statistics to interpret the data gathered, using IBM SPSS 21. Analyzed the group of subjects observed that from 547 questioned persons, 346 (63.3%) were expert in aesthetic assessment (specialist related to aesthetic and senior students) and 201 (36.7%) were not- expert (specialist not related to aesthetic and junior students) and divided expert to 129 (35.5%) male, 217 (64.5%) female. Conclusions: The horizontal facial lines Slight deviations are more visible and should be considered more important than facial symmetry. The female expert concentrates on the lower third of the face while the male concentrates on the upper third of the face. Expert and non-expert In the Middle East prefer the teeth as the most attractive element in the face.

The urge to live, the fear of death, the desire to youth and the quest for rejuvenation have always attracted mankind from antiquity to modern times. The average life span of humans are found to be decreasing gradually in recent times. It is a result of decreased immunity, caused by so many public health issues. The focus of public health intervention is to improve health and quality of life through prevention and treatment of disease and other physical and mental health conditions, through surveillance of cases and health indicators, and through the promotion of healthy behavior. Rasayana is one of the 8 branches of Ayurveda. Rasa nourishes our body, boosts immunity and helps to keep the body and mind in best of health. The Rasayana therapy enhances the qualities of Rasa. In Ayurveda, immunity is refferred by the word Vyadhikshamatwa. Immunity is also considered as 'Bala'. Among the 3 types of Bala, Yukthikrita bala represents Acquired Immunity, in which disease can be defended against by Satmya, Vyayama(exercise) and Rasayana(rejuvenative). Rasayana is capable of promoting the whole physiology, producing resistance against disease, both physically and mentally. This paper highlights the current issues of public health and role of rasayana for developing immunity and thereby intervene the public health issues which are increasing day by day.

Introduction: The purpose of this paper is to review an evidence based tool and intervention strategies to make sure patients with dementia receive effective nursing care in the medical setting. Currently in the medical setting dementia is under diagnosed and geriatric patients are not receiving evidence based interventions. Methods: In this paper an evidence-based educational program based on the Progressively Lowered Stress Threshold model, and an evidence-based toolkit for the medical units staff compared to current practice affect knowledge of nurses about effective assessment and intervention strategies for working with patients with dementia. Results: This article shows that a proactive approaching to assessing for dementia during admission could prevent or help nurses in better dealing with behavioral outbursts commonly seen in dementia patients. Discussion: Training on tools for assessing dementia and implementation of interventions for behavioral outbursts is key.

The patient was a18 year old girl with a Class II Division 1 malocclusion, a large overjetand a horizontal growth pattern. Treatment started with a fixed appliance therapyfollowed by a fixed functional appliance.

The article present clinical sings, diagnosis and successful treatment of trypanosomosis in crossbred jersey cow presented to veterinary dispensary in Rasipuram, Tamilnadu. Clinical examination revealed high fever (105ºF), pale mucous membrane, diarrhoea, with the history of anorexia, dullness, excess salivation, dyspnoea, ocular discharges. Blood smear examination revealed presence of Trypanosome evansi in the peripheral blood. The cow was treated with single dose of inj. Diminazenediaceturate (Berenil) @ dose rate of 3.5 mg/kg B.W and Oxytetracycline @ dose rate of 22 mg/kg B.W along with supportive therapy for three days. The cow responded well and recovered uneventfully.

Ethics are moral conduct which we learn throughout life. Ethics are essential in every walk of life. So, ethics are paramount importance in medical and in research. Unethical practices may be harmful for the subjects being treated in study or may bias the results of study. The objective of this article is to highlight the importance of ethics in medical research.

Waiting time for elective care is defined as the time that elapses between firstly the physician’s decision to admit a patient for elective surgery following clinical assessment and secondly the date of hospital admission (Merehau Cindy Mervin and Sukhan Jackson, 2009) The 2005 edition of the Fraser Institute Report on Hospital Waiting Lists in Canada indicates that wait times for plastic surgery are the second lengthiest of all specialties (The 2005 edition of the Fraser Institute Report on Hospital Waiting Lists in Canada). The objective of our study was to study the relation between various types of patients admitted in the department of plastic and re-constructive surgery at Sher-i- Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, J&K and their respective waiting times. The study was conducted for a period of one year from 1st October 2013 to 30th September 2014. It was a prospective observational study carried out on the patients admitted in the ward of plastic and re-constructive surgery. The study was done based on the interviews from relevant informants, study of records .Out of the total of 2238 patients admitted 495 cases were that of RTA(road traffic accidents), 162 bear mauls, 135cleft palate, 117 cleft lip, 99 tin cut injuries, 90 PBC(Post burn contracture) hand, 72 cases of SCC(squamous cell carcinoma) face, 60 cases of BCC(Basal cell carcinoma) thigh. Maximum cases of BCC thigh, bear mauls, RTA, electric burn, tin cut, machine injuries had a wait time of less than 30 days while post burn contractures had to wait for more than a month for their treatment.

Candiduria is an increasingly difficult problem to recognize and manage. It is associated with high mortality, especially in patients with comorbidities. Secretory aspartyl proteinases (SAPs) have been recognized as virulence factors and are considered to be key enzymes that contribute to Candida infection by promoting damage to the host mucosa. In the present study we investigated the extent of Candida urinary tract infection (UTI) among hospitalized patients and the presence of Sap genes as virulence factors. A total of 50 Candida species were isolated from urine samples of UTI patients, processed at the routine Laboratory in Medical Microbiology Department, from different departments. Out of the 50 Candida species isolated, 52% were Candida tropicalis followed by Candida glabrata (30%), Candida albicans (14%) and Candida krusei (4%) identified by both conventional methods and MALDI-TOF. This study revealed the predominance of Non- albicans Candida species as causative agents of Candida UTI with different antifungal susceptibility patterns, where Candida tropicalis reported the highest sensitivity to amphotericin B (23/26=88%), fluconazole (19/26=73%) and finally voriconazole (17/26=65%). Again amphotericin B and voriconazole had equal effect (14/15=93%) on Candida glabrata, while fluconazole was less effective (12/15=80%). All Candida albicans strains were sensitive to fluconazole, followed by voriconazole and amphotericin B (6/7=86%). Finally both Candida krusei isolates were sensitive to amphotericin B and voriconazole. Sap genes were detected in 6 Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis isolates, 3 were SAP 1, 3 in Candida albicans and 2 were SAPT4 in Candida tropicalis and 1 was SAPT 1 in Candida tropicalis.

Hyperdontia is a condition of having supernumerary teeth, or teeth that appear in addition to the regular number of teeth. Supernumerary teeth are considered to be most common dental anomalies affecting the primary and permanent dentitions. About 90% of all supernumerary teeth have been found in the anterior maxillary region. Multiple supernumerary teeth without any associated systemic conditions or syndrome are relatively rare. Complication associated with supernumerary teeth include displacement, delayed eruption and root resorption of adjacent teeth and even cyst formation with bone destruction. Surgical removal of supernumerary teeth is the first choice of treatment, avoiding any damage to neighbouring teeth and structures is important.We here by report a case of 17 years male having 5 supplemental premolars 4 in the mandible and 1 in the maxilla, which is a unusual clinical entity.

Background: Patients receiving chemotherapy (CT) for haematological malignancies usually present febrile neutropenia (FN), defined as fever and neutropenia <0.5 x 109/L. The usual treatment is empirical (antibiotics with known action against the usual pathogens in place). Objective: To compare the success rate of the antibiotics schemes used for management of FN in the hematology department of Centro Médico Nacional“20 de Noviembre”.Methods: A randomized, retrospective, longitudinal, descriptive and comparative study of FN cases between 1994 and 2014 was conducted. The results of ceftriaxone/amikacin, ceftazidime/amikacin, imipenem, quinolones and cefepime were compared. The principal outcome was to determine the success (defined as disappearance of fever for 4 straight days, before 15 days of treatment, without changing antibiotics) rate with each scheme. Results: We studied 493 episodes. Mean age was 38 years (16-92). Fifty-three percent were female. Predominant neoplasia: acute leukemia (59% lymphoid and 32% myeloid). Source of infection was identified in 63% of cases. We eliminated 25 cases. There were thirty-three deaths (7%). There were 402 successful cases (82%). There was no difference (p> 0.26) between the first four schemes. Only cefepime was less effective (p = 0.04), with 68% of success. Conclusion: No difference in success rate between the several antibiotic scheme was observed, except for cefepime.

Material and method: The study was conducted on 16 apparently healthy Murrah buffaloes, maintained at dairy farm GADVASU, Ludhiana. Study was conducted in two phases i.e. Pre-summer and Summer season. Cervico-vaginal mucus samples were taken from all the animals at the time of artificial insemination during both the seasons. Various physical parameters of CVM viz, Transparency, Viscosity, Fern pattern, pH and Spinnbarkeit were observed. Results and Discussion: CVM samples of the buffaloes during pre-summer were more transparent with typical fern pattern, low viscosity, higher pH and spinnbarkeit value as compared to summer stressed buffaloes. Further when the data was compared according to the conception status the parameters were found to be favourable in conceived animals as compared to non-conceived ones. Data so obtained was analyzed between the two seasons and according to the conception status of the animals. Conclusion: It is concluded that physical parameters of CVM at the time of insemination may alter due to heat stress in buffaloes. Higher transparency, more typical fern pattern, lesser viscosity, higher pH and more spinnbarkeit are favorable for conception in Murrah buffaloes. Thus these physical properties of CVM at the time of insemination in summer season influence the chances of conception and can be used as an important indicator for prediction of conception in Murrah buffaloes.

Subject Area: Health Sciences Introduction: The health of teeth could be considered an indicator for evaluation of the exposure to different environmental contaminants and for appreciation of the nutritional status of individuals. Aim: There is need to evaluate the relationship between the risk assessment levels of trace elements in water and decayed tooth dentin. Material and methods: First part to determine the evaluation of the levels of fluorine in the drinking water from centralized water supply sources distributed to the population and individual sources in 9 counties of Romania and second part to determine the concentration of fluorine in carious dentin of permanent teeth from 30 male adults from different areas of residence in a pilot study. Determination of mineral composition in water samples and fluoride in dentin of permanent teeth decayed was used an ion chromatography method and to determine the metals in dentin of teeth was used absorption optical emission spectroscopy method with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES). Result: In the water samples with low fluoride concentrations we found low concentrations of trace elements, showing a poor overall mineralization of water which, together with a general lack of fluoride, has a potential negative impact on the health of consumers, including oral-jaw system. Mineral and fluoride levels determined in dentin samples were of a significant negative correlation. Conclusion: Variability of the concentration of trace elements and fluoride in dentin of permanent decayed teeth from different people in different geographical areas, regardless of the types of teeth (premolars and molars), is of a significant negative correlation. The strong effect of geographical location implies the fact that these communities have unique features that are important determinants of dental fluorine, dependent on the individual characteristics and professional exposure.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the induction of phytoalexin gliceolin in soybean cotyledons by homeopathic products Nosode of Macrophomina phaseolina, Sulphur, Arsenicum album and Sepia. Two experiments were conducted to assess the inducing activity of phytoalexin gliceolin being the first using the homeopathic medicines Nosode of Macrophomina phaseolina and Sulphur and in the second test it was used the homeopathic medicines Arsenicum album and Sepia. In both assays, the boosting used were 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48CH. As additional treatment we used distilled water and hydroalcoholic solution at 30% of ethanol. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with five repetitions. The Nosode treatments did not induce phytoalexin synthesis, unlike Sulphur product which gave an increase of up to 85% in the production of this compound. The Arsenicum album treatment did not induce phytoalexin synthesis, unlike Sepia medicament which afforded an increase of up to 166% the production of this compound. These results indicate the potential of these homeopathic medicines in inducing phytoalexins gliceolin.

Background: Identification of a person is the goal of forensic investigation. Elevations and depressions on the lip form a characteristic pattern called lip prints, the study of which is known as Cheiloscopy. Cheiloscopy is an established forensic technique that can be used to identify a person. The lip print pattern is unique for each individual, even for monozygotic twins. The lip prints also show differences according to ethnic origin of a person. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the distribution of lip print patterns among males and females of Kerala sample population and to determine the most common lip pattern in the study population. Method: The study group consisted of 100 Kerala students in the age group 17-25 years. Lip prints were obtained by applying lip liner evenly on lip. Lip impression was made on the glued side of a transparent cellophane tape which was then transferred on to a white sheet for permanent record. Lip print patterns were classified according to Tsuchihashi et al. Results and conclusion: Type III pattern was the most common lip pattern among the whole study population. In males, the predominant lip print pattern was type III, followed by type I and type II. In females, the predominant lip print pattern was type III, followed by type II and type I’. There was no statistically significant difference between the distribution of lip print patterns in males and females.

Aim: orthodontic corrections are required to maintain the periodontal tissues in health. When doing such treatment, there is a more chance of causing periodontal destruction which is a result of plaque present surrounding the orthodontic materials used. It is the duty of the orthodontist to reinforce the patient in maintaining the oral hygiene.The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the knowledge of an orthodontist towards the periodontal health care during orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: The questionnaire was distributed to a total of 120 orthodontists randomly that includes clinical practitioners and post graduate students in South India Population. The questionnaire included a total of 16 questions descripting the common gingival problems encountered during the course of treatment, control measures to prevent them and the duration of the follow up. Results: Approximately three-quarters of responding orthodontists stated that gingival diseases are common during the orthodontic treatment while only 64.2% subjects know the ideal indicator for gingival diseases. However, half of the subjects believe that cervical third of the teeth is more prone for plaque accumulation in healthy subjects. The minority of subjects (27.5%) recommend scaling every time they change the wire and only 31.7% subjects recommended both oral prophylaxis and use of mouthwash in eliminating halitosis Conclusion: The present study shows that there is a lack of awareness among orthodontic practitioners towards periodontal health. Hence, there is a need for every orthodontist to be aware of gingival diseases that prevail during the course of the treatment and the ways to prevent them from occurring.

Introduction: The profile of the geriatric population, who are coming to a health institution is an essential step to lay down the premises for planning any strategy to provide proper health-care facilities for this group of people. The present study was undertaken with the objectives: (1) to find out the magnitude and the trend of cases reporting in geriatric clinic at a tertiary care hospital over a period of eight years, and (2) to find out gender and seasonal differences of geriatric cases, if any. Methods & results: Secondary data for eight years i.e. from March 2008 to February 2016 was obtained from Geriatric clinic at tertiary care institution and analysed as per gender and seasons. Total of 129 087 elderly patients reported to geriatric clinic. Majority of the elderly were male (67 033, 51.9%) and reported during summer (45 824, 35.5%). More number of male geriatric cases reported in the clinic (male: female=1.03 – 1.23) during study period except in the year 2015-2016. No significant difference was found in reporting of patients as per gender (p=0.69). The seasonal variations shown indefinite trend with statistically significant difference was found overall (p=0.00). A significant drop in reporting of geriatric patients was seen from the year 2011-2012 (20 316 cases) to the year 2012-2013 (12 989 cases) (p=0.00). The patients in the age group of 60-69 years reported more during all seasons as compare to patients in other age groups, and this difference was found to be statistically significant (p=0.00). Conclusion: The gender of elderly, type of season and preference for female physicians by female geriatric patients, effects the reporting by elderly patients in geriatric clinic. These findings will help in improving overall planning and management of health care of elderly in an institution.

The study investigated Demographic factors as predictors of health problems among prison inmates in south-south region of Nigeria. The study aimed at identifying which demographic factor predicts health problems among prison inmates in the region. One research question and one hypothesis guided the study. The study adopted a correlational research design. The population comprised all the 4,752 prison inmates from three prisons in south-south region. A sample size of 1,520 inmates was determined using proportionate stratified and purposive sampling techniques. Validated and reliable Self-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Research question was answered withmultiple and linear regression, ANOVA and t-test associated with multiple and linear regression analyzed the hypothesis. The result of the study proved that level of education and occupation had high prediction. However, demographic factors jointly predicted health problems. The study recommended Government and NGOs to improve educational system as well as skill acquisition facilities in prison to enhance the life of this vulnerable group when they are discharged to the free world.

Introduction: Appendicectomy is the most frequently performed urgent abdominal operation, often the first major procedure performed by a surgeon in training. Recently, elevation in serum bilirubin was reported in acute appendicitis, but the importance of the elevated total bilirubin has not been stressed. This study aims to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of serum bilirubin as a diagnostic marker of acute appendicitis and its complications. Material and Methods: This prospective study was performed on 100 consecutive patients who were operated on for treatment of acute appendicitis. Clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis was based on symptoms of abdominal pain, migration of pain, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever and signs of peritoneal inflammation like right iliac fossa tenderness, rebound tenderness and guarding. Apart from the routine investigation all the 100 cases were subjected specifically to the following four investigations i.e. Total WBC count, Differential Leukocyte count, CRP and Serum Bilirubin, to evaluate their role in accurately diagnosing a case of acute appendicitis. Results: Of total 100 patient operated for acute appendicitis or its complications, histopathology shows signs of inflammation in only 80. So out of 80 cases of acute appendicitis, 57 (71.25%) had elevated Serum Bilirubin. In those cases 19 (23.75%) had appendicitis associated with complications and 38 (47.5%) had appendicitis without any complications. In the rest 23 (28.75%) patients Serum Bilirubin were normal. Conclusion: The sensitivity, Specificity, predictive value of positive test and predictive value of negative test of Serum Bilirubin in my study is 71.25%, 80%, 93% and 41% respectively.. Patients with clinical signs and symptoms of appendicitis and with hyperbilirubinemia higher than the normal range should be identified as having a higher probability of Acute appendicitis associated with complications suggesting, serum bilirubin levels have a predictive potential for the diagnosis of Acute appendicitis associated with complications.

Cases of vulval cancers are in a increasing trend in young population. This may be attributed to the increasing trend in HPV infections. The vulval surgeries pose risk to conception in these patients. Hence fertility is a matter of concern. Though the surgeries for carcinoma vulva are less radical now, the conception in these patients is still less due to various factors. Here we present a case of radical vulvectomy who had post operative labial adhesion with partial colpocleisis, necesscitating vulvovaginoplasty with urethroplasty, who conceived naturally and delivered after these surgeries.

All technology developed by plant breeding programs is spread through seed and image analysis has proved to be a promising technique in assessing the viability of seeds per constitute an objective method, economical and practical. Thus, the objective with the survey was evaluate the physiological quality of coffee seeds submitted to drying and to estimate the seedling vigor through the Seed Analysis System (SAS ®) in order to correlate them with the quality seeds. Coffee seeds were dried until they reach levels of 40%, 20%, 15% and 12% of water by slow drying in the shade. After this process, the quality of the seeds was evaluated by germination test and first count. The SAS® equipment was used to estimate the strength and uniformity of coffee seedlings obtained during the course of the germination test. The use of images with the help of SAS® program analysis is a promising method for assessment of the viability and vigor of coffee seeds and seedlings.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sowing date on yield and physiological components aiming to identify the period that enhances the increment of the components and analyze via multivariate techniques the dissimilarity and the relative contribution of traits in elite wheat genotypes. The experiment was carried out during the 2014 agricultural year in a randomized block design (11 wheat genotypes x 2 sowing dates) with three replications. Sowing in May (date I) increases the spike weight and grain weight per spike, grain yield, thousand grain weight, first germination count, germinated seeds, and seedling dry weight. Genetic dissimilarity discriminated genotypes into two major groups, being TBIO Mestre and BRS 327 the most dissimilar genotypes. The largest relative contribution for the discrimination of genotypes was expressed by the spike insertion height, germinated seeds, number of grains per spike, and plant height, explaining 61.8% of the total variation.

A field experiment was conducted during the kharifand rabi season 2011 at UAS, Bangalore to examine SSNM effect on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of the sunflower cropping system. Application of soil test value based NPK along with limiting micronutrient, boron and FYM (5t/ha) along with Trichodermavidride (T6) has recorded significantly higher seed yield (2367kg/ha) and oil yield (970kg/ha) as well as a higher growth and yield parameters viz. plant height (154.8 cm/ plant), stem girth (1.95cm), head diameter (13.55 cm) and 100 seed weight (4.88g) as compared to the control.The results also revealed that a higher economic returns were obtained with respect to cost of cultivation in T6 when SSNM was practiced in groundnut- sunflower cropping system.

The effect of Silicon treatments on 11 durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) seed germination under in vitro drought stress conditions was studied. The laboratory experiment was performed using a factorial completely randomized design with three levels of drought stress (0, 100 and 200 g/l PEG8000) and five Silicon concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/l Si) with three replications for each treatment. Fresh weight, dry weight, germination percentage, seedling length and vigor index were measured under the experiment conditions. Variance analysis results (ANOVA) showed highly significant (p<0.001) differences between treatments and varieties for all traits. It was observed that PEG concentrations decrease seed germination and seedling growth traits and that adding Si mitigates PEG effects as a significant increase especially with highest Si concentrations (15 and 20 mg/l). Silicon increase fresh weight, dry weight, germination percentage, seedling length and vigor index by 25 %, 21.42 %, 12.67 %, 17.45 %, 164.67 % and 143.12 % when the Si concentration was 0 mg/l and 20 mg/l respectively. It is concluded that Si addition is beneficial to improve durum wheat seed germination and plant growth under drought stress.

The fish diversity in Pakhal Lake, Khanapur Mandal, Warangal District, Telangana State, India, the survey was focused mainly on fish biodiversity and undertaken during the year 2013-2014. A total of 22 species of fishes belonging to 18 genera, 11 families were identified. Cyprinidae were found most family represented by 8 species followed by Anguillidae with 1 species, Bagridae with 2 species, Siluridae with 2 species, Notopteridae with 1 species, Channidae with 3 species, order Perciformes with 4 species and family Belonidae with 1 species. This was the systematic survey on the fish diversity of this lake. It is proposed that the scientific information on ichthyofaunal diversity and distribution status will surely help in serving the future purposes of sustainable exploitation and concurrent conservation of fish resources.

Impact of pesticides is common pollutants of freshwater ecosystems where they induce adverse effects on the aquatic biota. Freshwater fish, Oreochromis mossambicus is an important carp species in Tamil Nadu region having good nutritional values. Fishes living in close association with may accumulate pesticides. In the present study, the toxic effects of the malathion LC50 0.25ppm on some Haematological parameters (RBC, WBC, Hb and MCH) of the freshwater fish, Oreochromis mossambicus were estimated. There is decreased in RBC, Hb and MCH on comparison with control and increased in WBC on compared with control. The results indicated the toxic nature of the pesticide malathion.

Recently increased interest in the natural balance of the biosphere to achieve environmentally sustainable development and achievement the positive interaction to its vocabulary where became the biodiversity issue from priority concerns because of its great importance in the environment and its disproportionate effect on the international environmental variables in general, including Iraq by especial form, the importance of this research, where the wildlife an important part of the ecosystem, in the case preserve their balance and stability so will be an important indicator for the human security by treating with his environment and the sustainability of their welfare. From here came establishment the natural reserves that contribute to biodiversity development in a sustainable manner and achieve the interaction with natural environmental resources, which called the biosphere (soil, water, air) to protect the wildlife of all kinds; flora, fauna, Microorganisms and ecosystems, the study aims to assess the wildlife in Sinjar mountain reserve which have a great role in biodiversity protection, which explain that the rate of plant diversity was 92 species, 84genus and40 family where the coverage proportion reached 95% and density (376,78) plant/m2. There are animal diversity in the reserve, such as mammals, reptiles, birds, rodents, rabbits, insects, spiders and other. Clear the type of prevailing climate that drought indicator (14,175) were semi humid, rainfall (422 ml/year), relative humidity (69, 2%-16, 7%), rate of maximum temperatures (32, 9C0), Minimum temp. (6,6C0), the kind of the soil texture from clay soils, alluvial and gypsum, which characterize availability of water surface, whether from rain in winter and from project of rainwater harvesting in reserve or wells in summer, where the factor of favorable climate that made the stability and sustainability of the nature reserve, though to some of human factors challenges, such as hunting, overgrazing, pollution (acid rain) and desert encroachment, logging, fires, war impacts by stripping the lands from natural content. Although the above, to Sinjar mountain nature reserve has a bright future while appears their sustainability by the content of their biodiversity.

A field experiment was conducted to study the integrated weed management practices in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) during rabi 2016 at college farm, college of agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, PJTSAU with 10 weed management practices in 3 replications.Weed free check (two hand weedings at 15 and 40 DAS) was found more effective to control weeds recorded highest pod yield and lowest nutrient removal by weeds. It was also recorded significantly highest growth and nutrient uptake by the crop and lower removal by the weeds higher pod yield was observed in treatments with Oxyfluorfen @ 0.15 kg a.i ha-1 (PE) fbimazamox+imazethapyr @ 70 g a.i ha-1 (POE) at 25 DAS fb HW 40 DAS was found next superior treatment after weed free check in respect of above crop and weed parameters. Though weed free treatment recorded significantly higher net returns, which were 68,601 ha-1 and on par with oxyfluorfen @ 0.15 kg a.i ha-1 (PE) fbimazethapyr (POE) @ 100 g a.i ha-1at 25 DAS and HW at 40 DAS 67, 848 which were found to be more economically feasible weed management practices for groundnut.

The plant based foods are rich in nutrients and dietary fibers that improve health. The plants are consumed as leaves, flowers and fruits in raw salads and cooked multiple cuisines. The leafy vegetables from amaranth are inexpensive in cost though enriched with phytochemicals that support healthy body. In the present study, extracts from leaves of Amaranthus gracilis Desf., A. tricolor L., A. polygamus L., Alternanthera repens L., A. sessilis L., Aerva lanata L., (Amaranthaceae), and from fruits of Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. (Cucurbitaceae), Capsicum annum L., Citrus aurantium L., were evaluated for organoleptic characters, extractive value, phytochemical constituent, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The solvents used for the extraction of plant material were polar and non-polar to check the solvent that yield more phytochemicals. The organoleptic characters of leaf and fruit extracts were found to have acceptable sensory properties. The extractive values (%) showed the suitable solvent applicable for phytochemical extraction. The phytochemical constituents under study were detected in selective solvents due to their solubility. The total phenolic content of leaf and fruit extracts were high with alcoholic solvents, and hence based on the findings from our studies, it can be aptly suggested that alcohols are ideal solvents for extraction of phytochemicals. This study reveals that the extracts are moderate potential sources of natural antioxidants.

Several molecular methods for detecting wood decay fungi have been developed, but methods for direct extraction of fungal DNA and fungal species identification during the incipient stage of decay could benefit to save the timber from decay. Timber degrading fungi was collected from different areas of Gujarat. The samples were brought to the Lab for their DNA isolation and quantification as well. Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis was used to determine the % variability in the genomic profiles of Lenites sterioides, L. betulina, L. exima, Flavodon flavus strain 1, F. flavus strain 2, Ganoderma lucidum, G. applanatum, Phelinus robustus, Schizophyllum commune, Pluerotus pulmonarius, and Stereum hirsutum. Initially 18 RAPD primers (20 primers Kit E, IDT USA; 160 primers, kit- J, K, L, N, O, P, Q, R, Operon technologies Inc., USA) were screened and out of which 15 primers responded with minimum 6 loci (bands) were included in the study. 10 primers were screened for the amplification of DNA fragments. 100 percent polymorphism was observed when primers OPL-1, OPL-5, OPO-7, OPL-14, OPL-18, OPN-10, OPL-4, and OPQ-15. Dendrogram of the RAPD analysis provided information of the genetic variability among the timber degrading fungi. Over all PP among seven genera through RAPD was found to be 98.81 with 2 markers common among all genuses studied. In the pair wise comparison the mean PP was 98.87.

A total of eight rhizobacterial strains were isolated from the root nodules of Vigna trilobata plants raised in soils of different districts of Andhra Pradesh, India. Morphologically all the strains were rod shaped gram negative and mucus producing. All these strains were positive for biochemical tests such as ammonia production, catalase test, oxidase test, nitrate reduction test, and urease test. These strains gave negative results for Ketolactose test, growth on glucose peptone agar medium and Hoffer’s Alkaline medium. For amylase activity, three strains Sinorhizobium sp. MRR 101, Sinorhizobium sp. MRR 109 and E.xinjiangense MRR 110 showed negative results and rest of the strains showed positive results. For citrate utilization test except Ensifer sp. MRR 125 all isolates showed the positive results. Good colony growth was recorded at 0.1% NaCl with pH range of 7-8 and temperatures between 30⁰C - 35⁰C for all the strains studied. Indole acetic acid and EPS production was common for all the strains with IAA production in range from 8.5-70µg/ml, and EPS production from 379-892 mg/ml. Two out of eight strains i.e. Sinorhizobium sp. MRR 101 (250 µg/ml) and S.kostiense MRR 104 (510 µg/ml) exhibited phosphate solubilisation ability. Only one strain E. xinjiangense MRR 110 showed the chitinase activity (0.30 U/ml) on colloidal chitin agar medium. And three strains viz., S. kostiense MRR104, E.xinjiangense MRR 110, S. terange MRR 121 were HCN producers. None showed siderophore production. Among the eight strains, Sinorhizobium sp.MRR 101, S.kostiense MRR 104, and E.xinjiangense MRR 110 were proved to be better as plant growth promoting rhizobateria.

An ethnobotanical survey of wild edible plants used by the Paite tribe residing in Churachandpur (Lamka) hill districts of Manipur was carried out. The information was collected from 70 informants of various ages from 16 Villages of Churachandpur district of Manipur. A total of 115 plant species belonging to 46 families are listed. Ethnographic data related to vernacular names, various parts used, recipes had also been recorded. Present ethnobotanical survey revealed that wild edible plants play an important role in the Paite tribe dietary system and further investigation on nutritional and commercial aspects, pharmacological prospects and conservational needs.

The rice-beer is extremely popular among the tribal people and is probably therefore the most ancient method for brewing alcoholic beverage from cereals by herbal formulation of yeast culture. The rice beer is an integral part of several tribal communities of Assam and is known as jumai by the Bodos, suze by the Deoris, morpo by Mikirs, chu by Garos, jou by Meches and Dimasas, zu by Tiwas, apong by Mishings, laopani and mod by some other tribal communities. The survey was done during August to December, 2015 in the villages Borchila, Ga-khujuwa, Kahua-ati, Gokhai-khonda and Dalang-ghat of Morigaon district bordering the district of Nagaon in Assam. Tiwas believe that the rice-beer have curative properties against some ailments of human beings as well as cattle. The Tiwa people consumed the rice-beer in many common ailments such as fever and various enteric diseases and also got cured. About 19 plant species has been identified which is used to prepare the rice cake or the bakhor. Each of the plant species has medicinal values. Rice-beer is therefore efficient in relieving headache, body ache, inflammation of body parts, throat infection and tonsillitis, gastroenteritis and urinary problems. The rice-beer is highly effective in expelling worms from the alimentary canal and also cures cholera.

In Latin America, the socioeconomic development models are based, generally, on the exploitation of natural resources with a poorly planned vision. Promote the environmental fragility. The producer typology, in Mexico, is composed of the ejidatarios, comuneros and the intermediate or in transition individuals, and the agro industrials. The changes of agro cultural habits cannot be achieved by decree, without losing sight of the fact that public policies favor the globalized agricultural market, not the interim. The ability to call for the participative planning with a comprehensive management approach of watersheds, presents difficulty for its instrumentation, requiring planning instruments more aimed for the different degrees of environmental sensitivity in specific areas of the whole of the river basin. The inclusion of the social sector in the decision-making. For that purpose, it is raised the research question, What crops can be selected for the agro productive diversification in the Tolapan Coatepec State of Veracruz micro-watershed, on the basis of the particular conditions that are agro-ecological, climatic, soils and physiographic with technical, economic and social feasibilities, which can be integrated to a territorial model for the decision-making, the objective was to develop a support system, for decision-making in the production diversification for crops with technical, economic and social potentials to transit towards a more sustainable benefit. The subsystems are integrated by properties in the individual and in its articulation, (approach, analysis, diagnosis, prognosis, understanding). Operated through a territorial information system with free software and hardware. The statistical design combines quantitative and qualitative researches. We identified 27 crops with productive, technical and economic feasibility potential. This model is complementary with other methodologies, also flexible, and it can be adapted to different scales and different conditions of information availability, therefore, it is suitable for the Local, Regional and National managements.

The Cloud Service Providers (CSP) is deployed to support data storage and computational resources for the users. Data owners share the data values under the Cloud Service Providers. Authorized users access the data from the CSPs. Increasingly more and more organizations are opting for outsourcing data to remote cloud service providers (CSPs). Customers can rent the CSPs storage infrastructure to store and retrieve almost unlimited amount of data by paying fees metered in gigabyte/month. For an increased level of scalability, availability and durability, some customers may want their data to be replicated on multiple servers across multiple data centers. The more copies the CSP is asked to store, the more fees the customers are charged. Therefore, customers need to have a strong guarantee that the CSP is storing all data copies that are agreed upon in the service contract and all these copies are consistent with the most recent modifications issued by the customers. The cloud data sharing system is constructed with a map-based provable multi copy dynamic data possession (MB-PMDDP) scheme. The MB-PMDDP scheme achieves the following benefits. 1) it provides an evidence to the customers that the CSP is not cheating by storing fewer copies; 2) it supports outsourcing of dynamic data, i.e., it supports block-level operations, such as block modification, insertion, deletion and append and 3) it allows authorized users to seamlessly access the file copies stored by the CSP. The system verifies the data storage with multiple data copy model and data distribution operations.

In this article the effect of temperature on optical properties of nano crystalline ceramic Ferromanganese nickel zinc oxide Fe2Mn2Ni2Zn2O11 were studied. Using the Tauc model, the absorption spectrum method was applied to estimate the optical band gap. The sample was synthesized thermo chemically by solid state method at different treating temperatures. A characteristic feature of all solid-state reactions is that they involve the formation of product phase(s) at the interfaces of the reactants. UV-VIS analysis of the sample was carried out. The optical constants of refractive index, extinction coefficient, normal-incidence reflectivity, and absorption coefficient showed systematic variation with temperature. From these data the absorption coefficient was calculated and the band gap energy determined. Using the Wemple- Di Domenico single-oscillator model the dispersion of refractive index was analyzed.

The present work is about the design and installation of the heat pump and vertical aquarium energy management system (VAEMS). This design is new invention to the world. The main concept of this project is to recycle the waste hot water produced from the power plants. This hot water after processing is filled in the vertical aquarium for aquaculture. The vertical aquarium means building the aquariums one over the other to reduce the space occupation. The processing of hot water is to maintain constant thermal equilibrium temperature of water in the aquarium that is suitable for fish living, which is possible by this design. This warm water is continuously supplied by the 48 URT heat pump according to the need. This design is eco-friendly,easily available, reduces maintenance and electricity cost. The design of aquarium is done based on experimental results of the heat pump. The dimensions of heat pump is 1700mmx850mmx1720mm (i.e length 1700 mm, width 850 mm and height 1720 mm) is installed on site. It can be operated with automation (PID) and controlled by sensors. The performance of and heat pump is evaluated experimentally by the monitoring system.

In the last two decades, the research on biomimetic fish robots has fascinated scientific communities’ attention progressively. With its character of high flexibility and intelligence, biomimetic fish robot has developed in the field of underwater robots. Predominately, Biomimetic robot systems are robots that mimic the structure and function of biological systems such as natural fish, cheetah, ant, kangaroo and snake etc. This paper addresses the detecting the moving objects that is earlier developed fish robot in the aquarium because we need to acquire the position to track the fish robot. This algorithm has modeled to detect the position of the fish robot using the MATLAB and Simulink. This intends to recognize the neighborhood of the fish robots using an image processing technique through video device that is camera. Here, we have applied the proposedobject tracking algorithm to control the motion of the fish robots. This algorithm used to detect the moving objects, by using this detecting position data; we compute the distance between two fish robots using mathematical expression. Then, we send this data to control and track the fish robots through RF (Radio Frequency) modem. Certainly, the performance test of object tracking algorithm has been satisfied by the proposed experimental system.

The basic objective of this research was identifying and discussing the obstacles that affect knowledge sharing among Assosa university academic staffs. Descriptive survey research design method was used to achieve the objective of the study. The target population of the research was all Assosa university academic staffs including faculty deans. Questionnaires were used to collect data from the academic staffs and interviews were also used to collect data from the faculty deans. Data was analyzed using qualitative and quantitative methods. Descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) were used to analyze quantitative data. The study attempted to assess the knowledge sharing mechanisms and practices of ASUAS, knowledge sharing obstacles ASUAS and the models of KS. The results or findings of the study showed that there were obstacles that prevent knowledge sharing among academic staffs; such as lack of ICT infrastructures, lack of knowledge storage mechanisms, The lack of trust among academic staffs, lack of incentives or rewards for those who share knowledge for others, Lack of interaction between those who need knowledge and those who can provide knowledge among ASUAS, physical layout of work areas (office arrangement of staffs) and ASUAS culture.

Waste containing toxic elements has been found in the project area Hazaribagh in Dhaka. This paper aims to explain & mention the various types of toxic elements & their intensity in the study area. Pollution of living environment with inorganic and organic metallic species is one of the serious problems in the world. (Pollutants cycles in the environment (Environmental Chemistry, UNEP, 3rd edition, (1979), Pollution of the living environment with inorganic heavy metals is one of the serious concerns because of its non-degradable character. (World leather vol 13, no 7, November 2000) With the progress of Science and Technology today it is possible to detect and quantify heavy metals and metalloids in different matrices and explain their movements through various environmental compartments and trace their pathways. Through these routes, the toxic metals such as As, Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr etc. are incorporated into drinking water and various food chains through bio geochemical cycling. (HMSO, London, 1987) By using low-cost adsorbent, it is possible that near about 89% chromium can be removed.

Alzheimer is a serious ilness which usually occurs over 65 years old people. The number of patients with this disease are very high in our country and the world. This disease begins as forgetfulness then extends up to an inability to perform daily activities and can be fatal if not treated within 7-8 years. In this study was conducted a study to be diagnosed with 5 data through 32 questions test data for patients suspected to be suffering from Alzheimer benefiting from data mining.

In this Paper, we see about “Graceful Graphs” and have discussed the important application of Graceful Graphs in the field of Computer Science, namely, MULTI PROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING (MPLS) related to Networking. The MPLS technique has many useful applications in networking, for example, it can be effectively used in ATM network infrastructure, as the labeled flows can be mapped to ATM virtual circuit identifiers, and vice-versa. This feature signifies the existence of graceful labeling concept in Computer Networks via MPLS.

Groundwater samples have been collected from 105 various location of major costal area, 35 revenue village of sirkali Taluk of Nagapattinam district, Tamil Nadu, India and these samples were used to assess the water quality for drinking purposes. The study area is sirkahi Taluk of Nagapattinam district coastal region in the southern Tamilnadu State located in the coastal region of Bay of Bengal 11.02903730N Latitude and 79.85068150 E Longitude. The physico-chemical parameters of groundwater like pH, Electrical conductivity (EC),Total dissolved solids (TDS) Total hardness (TH), Ca, Mg, Na, K, SO4,Cl, CO3, HCO3, Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe were determined. The values were analyzed and compared with World Health Organization (WHO) water quality standards and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Suitable groundwater quality zones for drinking purpose were identified through GPS system.

One of the most common problems encountered in vegetable seedling production this time of year is "damping-off". Damping off is a disease that results in the rotting, collapse and finally death of seedlings just before or soon after they emerge. It often starts out in a few plants but can spread quickly throughout the entire flat and into neighbouring flats. Chemica lcontrol is an important tool for managing diseasesincluding soil borne ones particularly when the disease is prevalent in the field. Efficacy of eight fungicides was tested against R. solani by poisoned food technique. Among fungicides mancozeb, copper hydroxide and a combined products of carbendazim 12 % + mancozeb 63 %, carbendazim, benomyl, carbendazim 25 % + mancozeb 50 % recorded maximum inhibition of (100 %) mycelial growth at all concentrations (0.10 %, 0.20 % and 0.30 %) and captan showed 90.20 % inhibition at 0.10 per cent concentration, 100 per cent inhibition at 0.2 and 0.3 per cent concentrations. Least inhibition of 84.00, 88.88 and 89.33 per cent was observed in case of ziram at 0.10, 0.20 and 0.30 per cent respectively. Bavistin was most effective fungicide in reducing the mycelial growth of R. solani and gave complete inhibition of mycelial growth and action of these chemicals inhibit the germination, growth and multiplication of the fungus.

All students, irrespective of their sex. race, colour, ethnic or social origin, genetic features, language, religion or belief, political or any other opinion, membership of a national minority, property, birth, disability have the right to have equal opportunity in education (Klironomos et al., 2006), and to be considered as being an integral part of the learning community. This paper looks at the issue of E-Inclusion by referring to the concept of Universal Access to Education. It focuses on the strong potential Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) provide to avoid any kind of digital divide among students with special needs and its role in capitalising the opportunities offered by new technologies to support the full inclusion of all students in mainstream education systems. In this perspective, to view the Universal Access to Education as a concrete and reachable goal, teachers need to be aware of the ICT potential and they must be able to acquire the suitable knowledge and operational skills to choose and use ICT as an appropriate and promising tool promoting equity in educational opportunities helping children with special needs overcome barriers to learning, thus increasing their school achievement, together with their autonomy, willingness and self esteem.

Ownership structure, as a mechanism in corporate governance to expedite improved efficiency of a firm, has been believed to have effect on firm performance for many years. However, research interests in the field are far from been exhausted, and the research encompassing the role of ownership structure on firm performance in emerging economy is scanty. Hence, this conceptual study proposes a model for the impact of ownership structure on the enhancement of firm performance in the context of Jordan. This work is theorized on the basis of far-reaching literature survey through which a conceptual model is developed and discussed. It is found that relationship between ownership structure and firm performance is valuated and established via published research. However, research findings on family ownership-firm performance relationship and institutional ownership-firm performance relationship are inconsistent. The proposed model in this work is based on survey of published research, but it can be empirically solidified further via collection and analysis of relevant data. This proposed conceptual framework is a unique and comprehensive model that will hopefully contribute towards the enrichment of the relevant literature, and serve as a useful guide for stakeholders on how they can boost firm performance.

Parents play a crucial role in their children’s lives during their growing up years. They help shape their children’s skills, behaviour, attitudes and value systems that are necessary for successful adjustment in an ever changing society. Parenting Styles are a composite set of behaviours, practices and an emotional climate which provide the context in which children learn social and instrumental competence. For several decades, researchers have been interested in the influence of parenting styles on development of children. While the concept of Parenting Styles, its classification and influence of each style on children’s personality originated in the western world, several researchers in other parts of the world have questioned the concept, its classification and its impact on children as related research conducted in other continents have often given contradictory results. This review paper attempts to explore and understand the concept of parenting styles and its influence across cultures and regions.

Health care facilities unlike any other amenities, is vital for any society irrespective of its population size and administrative area. It is to be highlighted that health care facilities are not only meant for providing medical facility for unhealthy people, to save life in case of emergency, but also to spread awareness about healthy life in every area where there is a presence of human life. Hence each and every life on earth is important, so is the presence of health care facility. In Lakshadweep, several government proposals and fund are allotted for health care facility, but due to regional disparity in allocation of fund and other allowances, there exist large difference in the availability, accessibility and affordability of health care facility in different islands in Lakshadweep. The Health Services plays a vital role to enable the people of Lakshadweep to lead a healthy life by promoting programmers covering preventive, primitive and curative health care. At present there are 2 Hospitals, 3 Community Health Centres, 4 Primary Health Centres, 1 First Aid Centres. In addition to these, two Ayurvedics Dispensaries, one Homeopathic Dispensary and four Dental Units are also functioning in the Islands of Lakshadweep. In the past, epidemics like cholera and smallpox used to take a heavy toll of lives. Leprosy and Filariasis were also rampant. Lack of facilities and unavailability of doctors besides ignorance and isolation caused by the difficulties of transportation and communication were the main reasons for the slow developments of health services. The present study is a geographical appraisal of the health care facilities in Lakshadweep Islands. The study reveals that inspite of various efforts to develop the health care facilities; there exist regional disparity in the availability, accessibility, affordability of health care facilities among different Lakshadweep islands.

Social responsibility accounting is the ability to provide accurate information in the financial statements regarding the estimated social cost occasioned by the production externalities on the environment and the public and how much deliberate intervention cost had been incurred to bridge the gap between the marginal social cost and the marginal private cost by a firm. The objective of this paper is to establish whether there is any significant relationship between social responsibility accounting and profitability of selected firms listed in Kenya. The study would employ a cross-sectional descriptive survey design. Secondary data would be collected on Return on Capital Employed (ROCE), Earnings per Share (EPS), Net Profit Margin (NPM) and Dividend per Share (DPS) as a measure of profitability of firms over a period of five years. The data would be analyzed using multiple regression models. The paper suggests that there is a significant relationship between Social Responsibility Accounting and Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) and Earnings per Share (EPS), Profit Margin and Dividend per Share. Based on this it is recommended that government should give tax credit to organizations that comply with its environmental laws and that environmental reporting should be made compulsory in Kenya so as to improve the performance of organizations and the nation as a whole. The paper also recommends that there is a need for the Institute of Public Accountants of Kenya (ICPAK) to hold ongoing training courses and workshops regarding social responsibility accounting, methods for their implementations and their effects on the future of companies.

The growing attention has been given for rural development during past two decades in most of the developing countries over the world. This is because of majority peoples live in rural areas where problems of poverty, inequality, unemployment etc. are increasing rapidly. Like other developing countries, Government of Bangladesh has given priority to the development of rural peoples. Beside Government, non-governmental organizations are also playing an important role in rural developmental activities. However, Grameen bank, a leading microcredit organization, that provides micro loan to the poor women for self-employment, and the Nobel laureate Dr.Muhammod Yunus have become the subject to talk in home and abroad from last few years. This paper aims to figure out the microcredit and rural development issues through the opinion of rural people based on the Grameen bank and Dr. Muhammod Yunus dilemma.

Multinational companies invest in the form of either greenfield FDI or merger and acquisitions and a massive empirical literature is available on determinants of aggregate FDI.The aim of this study is to extend the previous work through the analysis of panel data of five Asean countries, over the period 2002 to 2015, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippine, Thailand and Vietnam in order to identify macroeconomic determinants of greenfield FDI. The study found evidence that GDP and gross fixed capital formation(GFCG) are significantly influential in determining the greenfield FDI from the whole of our selected sample of Asean countries. Therefore, improved level of net amount of fixed capital accumulation and increased level of economic growth is favourable for the host country to attract the greenfield FDI. It is also recommended that countries should improve infrastructure and financial institution to increase foreign investment subsequenlty economic growth in Asean.

Most of the inventive efforts offered by African American writers are to be located on the level of self-preservation and the attempt to regulate themselves where they are denied, in the society, and to complaint due to the secondary position of persons of African ancestry through their history in America. One of the great poets of African American descent was Nikki Giovanni who was capable of transforming Black Power into amazing Black Art using this art for the sake of defending herself and people due to her race-consciousness. A consciousness about the oppression and subjugation the black are facing in the community they are living in. It's the consciousness that led her have self –esteem and protest against all the types of oppression classifying them as non-human and rejected. Besides black women often got liminal position in actuality and they attempt to struggle for black self-fortitude and rambling against sexist oppression. Known as "the Princess of Black Popularity", Giovanni is considered as one of the premier of twentieth century African American poets who defended herself, race as well as gender being woman, black and black-woman.

The study is about the retention factors in automobile components manufacturing industries in Coimbatore district. Industries to remain successful and competitive, it must keep its biggest assets; its people engaged and committed for the long term. This study examines the perspective of the employee to examine the morale of the employees and to identify the effective retention factors. According to (NLSY) National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the Automobile Industry has recognized as an industry with a very high potential to increase employment and additional employment of 25 million people is envisaged by the year 2016-17 and by 2022, the Automobile Industry will employ an incremental 35 million people. It also has found that the cost of replacing lost talent is 70 to 200 percent of that employee’s annual salary. There are advertising and recruiting expenses, orientation and training of the new worker, decreased productivity until the new employee is up to speed, and loss of customers who were loyal to the departing worker. In order to create a successful Industry, employers should consider as many options as possible when it comes to retaining employees.

The development of this research work is due to the thought of reflecting on "search for divinity" as part of the principal theme of the doctoral thesis we have underway. In it, from discipline of the History of Art, we deepen on into the tourist activity, in particular the product called Cultural Tourism through the route of the Holy Grail, which extends from the city of Jaca in Aragon to the city of Valencia, in Spain. In a society gripped by voracious consumerism, the practice of the search for the divine relegated to the encounter of human beings, it is a question that it must be also studied from the Academy. The methodology consists of inspect-from the point of view psychological and historiography-, the following paradigms: post-capitalist culture and the pursuit of the divinity; as output to the dehumanization of global consumerism. From end of the 19TH century up to our present, through different referents in the discipline of History of Art. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate through reflection, as human beings in general, has to rethink its place in this new world that has nothing to do with industry early last century. In the end, the conclusions section invites to choose sides of that personal search which we must never stop practicing, because the humanists, -who also are generators ultimately, of academic thought that we bequeath to our forerunners-, we must know how to transmit values to build a better society.

The objective of this work to estimate the monthly aridity index for the Piaui State. This index is given by the relationship between the amount of rain and reference evapotranspiration. It was used in this study daily data records of rainfall of 165 sites, 145 are located in the state of Piauí and the other in the states of Maranhão, Bahia, Ceará and Pernambuco. For the same locations was estimated monthly reference evapotranspiration by Thornthwaite Method, allowed to calculate the monthly index of aridity. The values found for the 165 sites were spatializated for Piauí State, performing slicing into six thematic classes of monthly aridity index, obtaining thus the thematic maps of monthly aridity index for the Piauí state. Between June and September, about 90% of the Piauí state area is under arid conditions. Only in February and March the rainfall exceeds the evapotranspiration, while 90% of the Piaui state is classified as humid. The spatial distribution of the monthly aridity index can identify times and places most suitable for the development of agriculture, as well as regions subject to desertification.

The study was conducted to assess the Mental Health Status of the adolescents of Jorhat district of Assam. Four hundred and twenty adolescents of aged 14-16 years from five private schools and five government schools were taken as the sample of the study. Strength and Difficulty Questionnaire (SDQ) both Teacher report and Self report was used to evaluate the mental health status of the adolescents. The tool consisted of five subcomponents namely Emotional symptoms, Conduct problem, Hyperactivity, Peer problem and Prosocial behaviour. There were 25 statements, 5 statements for each of the sub components. The results showed that the percentage of adolescents in abnormal category of Total difficulty score was 15.9 percent as per the teacher report and 13.8 percent as per self report. Further, the results indicated that among the five sub-components of mental health, the highest percentage of adolescents under abnormal category was in Conduct problem followed by Peer problem and Pro-social behaviour in both teacher and self report of adolescents. Significant gender differences were found in Conduct problems, Hyperactivity, Peer problem, Pro-social behaviour and Total difficulty score. Significant positive correlations have been observed between teachers report and self report of adolescents which revealed that the way the adolescents perceives themselves is reflected in their observable behaviours indicative of mental health status.

Currently, Rwanda is engaged in a process of poverty reduction. It is in this context that the country considered its development in its Vision 2020. The study ascertained households’ perception towards the role of local government in community development in Rwanda. In order to meet the objective of the study, a total of 322 respondents comprising household’s heads participation in community development programmes and non-participation in community development programmes were selected through stratified random sampling technique participated in the study. Descriptive statistics were utilized in realizing the objective. Results reported that the general performance on Good Governance the majority 45.3% count the number of respondents that select the top choice(Good) while the general performance on Service delivery, Accountability, Capacity Building, Health and Women Empowerment the Top score is the same as the very Good score respectively.

This report presents the results of a professorial research that analyzed the concept of public space from their observation as a collective right, as well as from the perspective of the people who use it for economic purposes, for which reference was usedthe Public Policy formulated by the city of Bucaramanga (aimed at the recovery of the Public Space), the sentences handed down by the Administrative Tribunal of Santander and some Administrative Courts of Bucaramanga, in the period 2008-2015, also statements of the Constitutional Court and the Council of State in the same period. This to resolve the collision between the rights to the public space and the use of them for economic purposes; there where review theoretical and doctrinal references of some authors that address the legal arguments.

This case study is about Patanjali Ayurved Ltd., also known as PAL, an Indian FMCG which has registered phenomenal growth in the last 5 years. The case tracks the different factors which worked for Patanjali Ayurved Ltd (PAL) in the hyper competitive Indian FMCG sector. Main driving forc e behind Patanjali Ayurved Ltd is Baba Ramdev, an ascetic and yoga guru of Indian origin. The case narrates the growth of Patanjali Ayurved Ltd and key role played by Baba Ramdev to bring it to its present stage. SWOT Analysis of case study is done to look into the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of PAL and various USP that plays key role in success story of Patanjali Ayurved Ltd.

Objectives: Chronic anal fissure is one of the most common disorder in the anal region. In the treatment, surgical methods and topical treatments are used together or as a single. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a new medical topical treatment combination and its comparison with lateral internal sphincterectomies in chronic anal fissure. Materials and Methods: A total of 144 chronic anal fissure patients, were divided into two groups. In the topical medical treatment group, a topical cream mixture that includes bacitracin, neomycin sulfate, neomycin, diltiazem, dexapanthenol was applied in the anal region in 82 patients. In the surgery group, 62 patients underwent surgery. After the treatment, defecation pain scores, stool bleeding, healing, gas-fecal incontinence, treatment-related side effects were evaluated in two groups. Results: Recovery rates were higher in the surgical treatment group (93.5%) according to the topical treatment group (82.9%). The visual analog pain scores were higher in the surgical group too. But gas-fecal incontinence ratio, severity of pain with defecation were significantly different as supporting the medical treatment. Conclusion: We would like to underline that of medical treatment in patients with chronic anal fissure can be applied before surgical treatment.

Diagnostic tests for pulp vitality are indecisive in cases of traumatized teeth. The major drawback with present pulp testing methods is that, they measure the neural response and not the vascularity. This case report confirms the efficiency and reliability of pulse oximeter as a definitive diagnostic tool for determining pulp vitality status in recently traumatized permanent teeth with open apices.

The success of the endodontic treatment depends upon the fluid tight seal between the intraradicular space and the periradicular tissues, both apically and coronally which should prevent microleakage. In some cases according to periapical conditions indicated for periapical surgery where in this procedure includes exposure of involved apex by flap reflection, removal of necrotic tissue, resection of the apical end of the root, root end preparation and placement of retrograde filling restorative material. Ideally retrograde filling materials should be biocompatible, easy to manipulate, radiopaque, dimensionally stable and non resorbable. It should not be affected by presence of moisture and should be adhesive to dentin, nontoxic, well tolerated by the periradicular tissues as well as promote healing.

Background and Objectives: The contemporary results of open ventral hernia repair are not that satisfactory because of high rate of wound complications, recurrence rates and increased morbidity. Laparoscopic repair of ventral and incisional hernias (LIVH) can be accomplished in a simple, reproducible manner while dramatically lowering recurrence rates and morbidity. The aim of this study was to compare laparoscopic verses open ventral hernia repair. Materials and Methods: It was arandomized prospective study conducted over 1 and 1/2 years. A total of 80 patients were randomized in two groups, laparoscopic and open (n =40 in each). Polypropylene mesh and composix mesh was used in both the groups. Post-operative pain, hospital stay, return to normal activity and post-operative complications were compared in two groups. Results: Post-operative pain, hospital stay, return to normal activity and post-operative complications were less in laparoscopic repair as compared to open repair. Seroma formation occurred in 10 patients in laparoscopic group. Wound infection/ mesh infection was seen in2 patients in open group. There was no conversion from laparoscopic repair to open repair in our series. Conclusions: Laparoscopy is safe and effective in the management of ventral hernia. Laparoscopy does not compromise the basic principles of surgery for ventral/incisional hernia and provides all advantages of minimal access surgery in terms of less pain, better cosmesis, low rate of complications, lesser hospital stay, low risk of recurrence rate and early return to routine activity as compared to open technique.

Television, internet and video games are common forms of technology that are used for entertainment and because they all involve a screen they are sometimes referred to as “screen media.” A lot of TV, internet and video games are designed to engage children and youth through fast paced images and increasingly violent content. The aim of the study is to assess the effect of Electronic Media on physical activity and physical health among school age children in selected schools at Nellore. A quantitative descriptive survey research design was adopted. A sample size of 30 school age children was selected using Non-probability convenience sampling technique. Structured questionnaire, modified standardized PDPAR tool, and structured checklist were used to assess the effect of Electronic Media on physical activity and physical health among school age children. The data was tabulated and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study concludes that majority of school age children are sedentary to moderately active and are using electronic media at moderately high level. The effect of electronic media on physical health is moderate to severe.

Aims and Objectives: To assess cardiac manifestations in patients of dengue fever and to find out the correlation of cardiac manifestations with prognosis/warning signs of dengue fever. Methods: It was conducted at Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital, Bareilly in the Department of Medicine in the month of July to September 2016. Fifty patients of age 20 years or more with positive dengue serology were interviewed and examined after taking an informed consent. ECG was done for all patients and few suspected patients underwent echo evaluation. The data was analyzed using statistical significance tests Results:12 patients had no warning signs, 38 patients had one warning sign or the other. Nine patients had severe dengue. The minimum pulse rate was 34 beats/minute. The most common cardiac abnormalities noted were rhythm abnormalities of which the commonest was sinus bradycardia, found in 32 percent. There was statistically significant correlation between cardiac manifestations and all the warning signs except persistent vomiting. Among severe dengue, fluid accumulation causing respiratory distress was found to have a significant correlation with the cardiac manifestations Conclusion: The most common cardiac manifestations noted were transient rhythm abnormalities, of which sinus bradycardia was the commonest. There was no evidence of myocarditis in any of the patients. There was statistically significant correlation between cardiac manifestations and all the warning signs except persistent vomiting. Among severe dengue, fluid accumulation causing respiratory distress was found to have a significant correlation with the cardiac manifestations

Aim of study: Etomidate and Propofol are popular rapid acting inducing agents. Present study is undertaken to compare the hemodynamic response to induction of anaesthesia with Etomidate and Propofol and various untoward effects on patients. Materials and Methods: A randomized study of Eighty ASA I and II patients of age group 18-60 years scheduled for elective surgical procedure under general anaesthesia were divided into two groups of 40 each receiving either Etomidate 0.3mg/kg or Propofol 2.5mg/kg as an inducing agent. Hemodynamic parameter recordings were taken one minute before premedication and every minute for first three minutes after induction and post intubation 3, 5 and 10minutes. Adverse effect such as pain on injection, apnea and myoclonus were watched carefully. Results: Patients induced with Propofol had significant decrease in systolic (p<0.001), diastolic (p<0.047) and mean arterial pressures(p<0.009) at 2 to 3 minutes after induction and post intubation upto 5minutes compared to Etomidate. Pain on injection and apnea were more in Propofol group while myoclonus, post operative nausea, vomiting were higher in Etomidate group. Conclusion: Induction with Etomidate will have stable hemodynamic profile, less pain on injection and preferred over Propofol.

Background: Occupational stress is becoming increasingly globalised. Research scientists, technicians and labourers are under stress due to irregular work pattern and prolonged working hours, making this group vulnerable to change their regular dietary habits and lifestyle. Thus, the present study was conducted to assess the impact of oral conditions on quality of life among employees of Central Sericulture, Research and Training Institute (CSR&TI), Mysore and to assess the relationship between clinical measure of oral health status; dental caries and oral health related quality of life. Methods: Cross-sectional data from all the scientists, technicians and labourers of CSR&TI, Mysore, was collected. A 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile to assess oral heath related quality of life was used and clinical examination was done to record DMFT according to WHO criteria 1997. Results: The prevalence of caries was 76.2%. The mean DT, MT, FT and DMFT were 1.98±2.49, 1.10±1.71, 0.49±1.06 and 3.57±3.19 respectively. The most prevalently affected OHIP-14 domain was physical pain (64.76%). Caries status was found to be significantly correlated with most of the domains of OHIP-14. Conclusion: Clinical indicator of oral health status; dental caries was found to be associated with OHIP-14 scores and has an impact on oral health related quality of life.

India is the nation which is hub for patients to provide wealth to their health capturing many needy patients from different country for their various deceases, it made name in other country for health care in other country for providing right treatment with trained Doctors where they are specialized and researched in their field to get acquaintance with patients. It made the remarks or left the mark in the minds of the people for treating with PRM (Patients Relationship Management), Indian Doctors are well qualified with human beings, some cases most of the deceases cure on the bases of the way the doctor advises and patient attitude and inner perception get adjusted with treatment. In this article we have discussed about the Problems faced by Hospitals while catering to Medical Tourists in Karnataka, here we have made survey to find out the main issues of our State.

There are a vast range of cases seen in the department of plastic and re-constructive surgery like road traffic accidents, trauma cases, burn injuries, animal bites. Trauma forms a significant part of the workload in plastic surgery. Delays to treatment currently exist and may result in poorer clinical outcomes. Despite an increase in provision of emergency plastic surgery trauma lists, the average wait for emergency plastic surgery is increasing (Khan et al., 2011). The objective of my one year study was to study the various reasons responsible for delay in surgeries in the department of plastic and re-constructive surgery at Sher-E-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, J&K. It was a prospective observational study. The study was done based on the interviews from relevant informants, study of record and it also included the observations made by the researcher. Interviews were conducted on relevant stake-holders which included: Resident doctors, Patients, Attendants of the patients.Total of 750 informants were interviewed. Main reasons for the delay in surgeries were given as lack of OT time, over-running of theatre lists, priority of emergency patients, in-complete pre-operative evaluation of patients. Other reasons were also given by some like a wrong booking date given or a wrong list prepared. Non availability of beds, lack of resident staff was also a major reason given.

Introduction: Enlargement of thyroid gland (goiter) is a commonly encountered endocrine problem in clinical practice and accurate preoperative evaluation of thyroid disorder becomes important for proper management of the patient. Epidemiological studies suggest an annual incidence of 0.1% to 1.5% of nodular disease. Aims and objectives: This study designs to determine the clinical parameters, probable clinical diagnosis and comparative results of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and definitive histopathology (performed postoperatively) of thyroid swellings. Material and methods: This study was carried out at Government medical college, Jammu for a period of 1 year i.e. from May 2015 to May 2016. This prospective study comprises total 30 cases with thyroid lesions referred to cytology after proper clinical examination and routine investigations. Definitive histopathological examination of specimen after surgery was done. Results: 16 (53%) cases were between 31-40years of age. While 77% of the patients were female, only 23% were males. Right thyroid lobe was the site of affection in 15 (50%) cases. Based on clinical signs, symptoms and FNAC report four cases (13%) were found suspicious of malignancy and staged according to TNM classification. Out of 30 cases, 24(80%) cases had colloid goiter on FNAC, while 4 (14%) cases had follicular neoplasia, 1(3%) case each was diagnosed as having Hurthle cell neoplasia and thyroid cyst. Out of 30 cases, 25 (84%) cases had post-operative HPR of colloid goitre. This included one case with thyroid cyst, whose histological nature was not suggested previously by FNAC report. Four (13%) cases had HPR of follicular adenoma and only one (3%) cases had benign Hurthle cell neoplasm. Out of 30 cases, 22(73%) cases underwent lobectomy, while 5 (17%) cases were subjected to subtotal thyroidectomy. Two cases (7%) underwent near total thyroidectomy and only 1 (3%) case was subjected to isthmusectomy. Overall specificity of FNAC was 80% and sensitivity 97%. FNAC had false-negative rate of 3% and accuracy of 80%. FNAC was 96% specific in cases of colloid goiter and in only 4% of cases of colloid goiter was non-diagnostic as it could not predict the nature of swelling in thyroid cyst. FNAC could not predict the malignant or benign nature of follicular neoplasia as well as Hurthle cell neoplasia in none of the concerned cases. All the five cases of follicular and Hurthle cell neoplasia were confirmed to be of benign nature only by definitive histopathology. Conclusion: The serum TSH should be initial screening test to assess thyroid function, as it is a sensitive and reliable index of thyroid function. FNAC should be obtained as the initial diagnostic test to exclude malignancy in prominent palpable or suspicious nodules. FNAC does not help in differentiating benign and malignant counterparts of follicular neoplasia and hurthle cell neoplasia and definitive pathology is established only on histopathology performed post-operatively.

Today mortality from SCI has declined dramatically partly owing to the improved management of urologic dysfunction associated with SCI. Neurogenic bladder dysfunction represents one of the most common and devastating sequelae of SCI.Urinary continence and volitional control of voiding influence a SCI patient’s potential for independence and the ability to function in the workplace. Early prediction of bladder function might optimize counselling and patient-tailored rehabilitative interventions. To investigate whether spinothalamic tract preservation and posterior column sparing are predictors of neurogenic recovery of bladder function after spinal cord injury, a retrospective study of case records of 30 patients were done. The results of the ASIA grade at presentation, initial perianal pinprick sensation (PPP) and position sense of the great toes (PGT) were analysed and then compared to the bladder function at 1 year after SCI. ASIA grading gives an idea of the chances of bladder recovery. Both perianal pinprick sensation and toe position sense also gives an idea for predicting return of bladder function. A patient without initial position sense of the great toes will likely not regain volitional voiding, whereas a patient without initial perianal pinprick sensation will definitely not regain volitional voiding.But these clinical tests, cannot predict detrusor hyperreflexia and sphincter dyssynergia. Therefore, urodynamic study remains an essential component of initial urologic evaluation after SCI.

Attrition is defined as the “Loss of a material or resource due to obsolescence or spoilage” Attrition in human resources refers to the gradual loss of employees over time. In general, relatively high attrition is problematic for companies. Human Resource professionals often assume a leadership role in designing company compensation programs; work culture and motivation systems that help the organization retain top employees. The attrition may be either voluntary or involuntary, though employer-initiated events such as layoffs are not typically included in the definition. Each industry has its own standards for acceptable attrition rates, and these rates can also differ between skilled and unskilled positions. Due to the expenses associated with training new employees, any type of employee attrition is typically seen to have a monetary cost. It is also possible for a company to use employee attrition to its benefit in some circumstances, such as relying on it to control labor costs without issuing mass layoffs. Nurses in most healthcare organizations have some of the highest levels of direct patient contact of any employees. As a result, they play a pivotal role in the financial performance of these companies. The financial cost of losing a single nurse has been calculated to equal about twice the nurse’s annual salary. Losing these critical employees negatively impacts the bottom line of healthcare organizations in a variety of ways.

Today, pharmacy profession faced street drugs, which represent both a major public health issue and a serious threat for pharmacies viability. Such situation may under certain conditions, cause non compliance pharmaceutical practices, with respect to deontology rules. Our study which consist to compare deontology rules respect by holders in urban and suburb areas, has highlighted similarities and differences on some holders behavior. Indeed, respect for personal exercise is better in suburbs where holder is present (52%) (Figure 2) and replaced at 48% (Figure 3) against 40% (Figure 2) and 32% (Figure 3) in urban areas respectively. It is the same for the respect of health educator role in suburbs (100%) (Figure 4) against (56%) (Figure 4) in urban areas. In addition, suburbs holders participate in care services and emergency at (64%) (Figure 6) against (28%) (Figure 6) in urban areas; and compliance with required uniform by suburb holders is better 48% (Figure 9), against 32% (Figure 9) in urban areas. Holders behavior is not at all influenced by geographical position of pharmacies. Therefore, it would be interesting to conduct this study specifically in suburbs, in order to understand the motivation of such behavior.

Background Iran is a tropical country and yet there is widespread vitamin D deficiency among our infants and children. Ourstudy was conducted toassess the Vitamin D statusinchildren in and around Iran. Methods This cross sectional study was conducted in196children from the newborn period to 18 ears of age. Under strict aseptic precautions 2 ml of blood was takenfrom each childand serum levels of 25(OH) Dlevels were measured by the direct ELISA method. Results Median age was 59 months (range 2–161); 3.1% were vitamin D deficient, 19.4% insufficient. There was no significant difference in mean 25 (OH)D level between Indigenous (93.2, standard deviation (SD) 21.9, n = 82) and non-Indigenous (97.3, SD 27.9, n = 112) children (P = 0.32).Median number of hospitalizations/year were similar (P = 0.319) between vitamin D sufficient (0.34, range 0–12, n = 152) and insufficient (0.22, 0–6, n = 44) children. There was no significant difference between the number of infective admissions per year between vitamin D sufficient/insufficient groups (P = 0.119). Conclusion Suboptimal vitamin D status is common among otherwise healthy young children. Predictors of vitamin D status vary in infants vs toddlers, information that is important to consider in the care of these young patients. More information is needed about the optimum level of vitamin D for non-bone-related health in children.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an ecological disorder of the vaginal microbiota that affects millions of women annually, and is associated with numerous adverse health outcomes. The study aims: To evaluate the effect of intervention program on non Pregnant women's knowledge and genital hygiene practices regarding bacterial vaginosis. Research design: A quasi- experimental design was used in this study which conducted in Obstetrics and Gynecology clinic, at Zagazig University Hospital. Sample The study subject included 80 non pregnant women and diagnosed as bacterial vaginosis. both clinically and microbiologically. Tools of the study consist of three tools, the first tool was women assessment sheet, the second tool was questionnaire sheet for assessment of women` knowledge and practices, while the third tools was intervention program. Results: The study has revealed that statistically significant improvement in women' knowledge and genital hygiene practices regarding bacterial vaginosis were noticed at the post test. The study finding concluded that the present study had revealed low level of knowledge and practice about bacterial vaginosis among non pregnant women. The study also clearly pointed out the impact of health education in improving their knowledge and positive behavioral changes in individual, menstrual and coital hygiene habits. The main study recommendations: The study recommended that further education intervention for non pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis and careful follow up from medical and nursing team to decrease the complications of genital infections.

Today’s era is the “Space Era”. Our body is very well acclimatized to the gravity that is experienced on the planet earth. Under such conditions the normal functioning of the human body tissues & the oral tissues takes place at 1-g (gravity) on exposure to the routine environment. The behaviour of these general body tissues & oral tissues gets totally altered when they are exposed to the situations of microgravity almost 0-g. Space travel in the long term & outer space habitat dwelling might become a reality of tomorrow. Thus core understanding of the Oral Pathological conditions that a person will be subjected to at, microgravity is needed. This seems to be a newly emerging branch of dentistry where dental researchers & dental clinicians have a pivotal role to play.

The plastochron is an important parameter in the use of agricultural modeling for annual crops. The objective of this study was to determine the plastochron soybean cultivars in different spatial arrangements. Two experiments were conducted in the field, one in the crop year 2012/2013 and other 2013/2014. The cultivars used were BMX Ativa RR, BMX Turbo RR e BMX Potência RR and spatial arrangements 45, crossed, 20, 20x40, 20x60, 20x80 cm, with three replications. The center row of each plot after emergence marked up five plants, and in these counted the number of visible nodes on the main stem twice a week, emergency until the issuance of the last node, determining also, its phenological stage. The plastochron ranged from 57.27 to 77.19 °C day node-1 among cultivars in two years. The first crop year 2012/2013 showed meaningful differences for all cultivars. In the second crop year (2013/2014), only 20x40 and 20x60 cm there are no meaningful difference between cultivars. In this cultivation, there was the inverse of the previous year, compared to the cultivars, beyond the differences are not as meaningful as in the previous year. In conclusion, the plastochron varies with cultivars, spatial arrangements and crop years. It is suggested to further study with new soybean cultivars in different arrangements, so that you can use this data in agricultural modeling.

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is originally from China, as the greatest Fabaceae economic importance in the world. Driven by the expansion of demand, particularly internationally, soybean began to expand more strongly in Brazil in the second half of the 70s. It began to be cultivated in Rio Grande do Sul, as a rotation option with wheat. The soybean producers sought to locate their production in higher regions, which usually occur mild temperatures. Some regions are less harsh than others, but in all these regions, the temperature and the moisture content during harvesting are challenges for the production of high quality seeds. In Brazil midwestern, it is common to find temperatures at harvest time, between 28 and 36°C, which, combined with the high moisture content of the seeds, enable the rapid development of fungi and the rapid reduction of seed quality. Seed germination is affected by environmental factors such as temperature and substrate, which can be manipulated in order to optimize the percentage, the rate and uniformity of germination, resulting in obtaining more vigorous seedlings and reducing production costs

The present study deals with the effect of heavy metals Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd on the total protein, DNA and RNA content from different soft body tissues like mantle, gills, digestive glands and whole soft body tissue of bivalves species, Lamellidens corrianus, Lamellidens marginalis and Parreysia cylindrical collected seasonally (summer, monsoon and winter seasons) from Gangapur reservoir during November 2010 to October 2011. In the present study results revealed highest concentrations of heavy metals Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd during summer season in surface water and three bivalve species sampled from gangapur reservoir. The results also revealed the lowest protein, DNA and RNA concentrations in different soft body tissues in three species of bivalves sampled during summer season, might be due to bivalves were exposed to higher concentration of heavy metals in summer than winter and monsoon seasons.

The current British Pharmacopoeia requirements, quality testing of Insulin glargine involves identification, related proteins, HMWP and assay by HPLC methods. RP-HPLC is used for tests on identification, related proteins and assay while SE-HPLC is the method of choice for determination of HMWP. Current BP 2015 method on determination of HMWP of the Insulin glargine employs two HPLC columns in series with run time of about 65 minutes. However, IP 2014 describes the HMWP test on Human insulin using single HPLC column with run time of about 35 minutes. As the molecular weights and amino acid sequence of Insulin glargine and Human insulin are very close, we may expect that the two molecules should have similar chromatographic profile when tested for their HMWP content. Therefore, it would be interesting to investigate the results of test on HMWP of Insulin glargine by the methods described in two pharmacopoeias i.e. BP 2015 and IP 2014.

Passeriformes bird’s are generally regarded as insectivorous bird’s. These avian predators play paramount role to control the insect pest population form different cropland and forest ecosystem. Bird population occurring in the croplands of Tandojam during the year 2015 was pertaining to order Passeriformes including Common Babbler, Common Myna, House Sparrow, Indian Wren Warbler, Jungle Babbler, Rosy Pastor, Yellow throated Sparrow, Common Wood Shrike, Gray Wagtail and Crow were mainly insectivorous, whereas, Pigeon and Parrot belong to Columbiformes and Psittaciformes found occasional insectivorous. Beside this, status of 9 bird species were resident and only 3 species i.e Rosy Pastor, Grey wagtail and Yellow throated Sparrow were migrant in nature. Among the most dominant bird species, the Jungle Babbler and Common Myna were of significantly important, they exclusively derived their food from insect source. It was observed that insect based food was dominated by the order Hymenoptera compose on ants and thin larvae and wasps and their larvae, Hemiptera comprise on bugs, scale insects, aphids and lice. This study support to implement conservation tactics to increase the bird populations in different cropland ecosystems where they could function as a biological control agent of insect pests.

A rapid, simple and reproducible protocol for in vitro multiple shoot induction and whole plant regeneration was developed from two cultivars of Lathyrus sativus L., viz. Nirmal B1 and a locally available variety. Cotyledonary node, shoot tip of five-day-old germinated seeds and nodal explant of ten-day-old seedlings were used as experimental material. The explants were cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) media fortified with different concentrations (0.125-2.5 mg/L) of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Thidiazuron (TDZ) for multiple shoot proliferation. The maximum number of multiple shoot induction and proliferation (12 – 14 shoots / explant) was observed in cotyledonary node explant within 30 days using 1.5 mg/L BAP. The micro shoots were subcultured in the same media containing low concentration of IAA (0.03 mg/L) for further elongation. Up to 85% of shoots developed roots following their transfer to half strength of Murashige and Skoog MS media containing 0.25 mg/L Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) within 25 days. Rooted plantlets were successfully hardened under culture conditions and were subsequently established in the greenhouse with survival rate of 85%. The entire in vitro regeneration process took relatively short period of time (90-100 days). Thus, the present study remained successful in developing a rapid and efficient in vitro regeneration through direct organogenesis of Lathyrus sativus for subsequent development of efficient transformation systems. Abbreviations BAP: 6-Benzylaminopurine, β-ODAP: β N-Oxalyl-L- alpha, beta-diaminopropanoic acid, IAA: Indole-3-acetic acid, IBA: Indole-3-butyric acid, MS: Murashige and Skoog media, TDZ: Thidiazuron.

Phosphate sorption relating to soil properties in soils of Kohora watershed of Assam, India was studied. The soils were acidic in reaction with varying texture. Clay and CEC increased concomitantly down the slope. In all soils, Fe-P dominated over other P fractions contributing 29.9%. Phosphate adsorption data fitted better to Freundlich equation. Medium land soils had greatest affinity for P yielding highest sorption maxima (b = 2044.03 µg P g-1) and Freundlich K. Langmuir ‘b’ was significantly correlated with Fed, Ald, Fe2O3+Al2O3, Al-P and total-P while negatively with pH, OC and available P fractions. Bonding energy was greatly affected by Fed (r = 0.683*) only while maximum phosphate buffering capacity (MPBC) was typically affected by Al and Fe oxides. Phosphorous supply parameters of the soils increased unevenly with equilibrium P concentration. Negative ΔG values indicated spontaneous adsorption processes. Results suggest that these soils require higher external P for maintaining optimal solution concentration.

Spermadictyon suaveolens Roxb.is an ancient Indian herb used as a various medicinal products. In present investigation the callus induction of Spermadictyon suaveolens Roxb. were carried out by using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with different concentration of hormones. The explants, collected from the Matwan gaon, Taluka Dapoli, District Ratanagiri (Maharashtra) and grown on the garden of Department of Botany, University of Pune. The leaf explant respond well for callus and cell culture biomass by using MS with 1.2 mg/l TDZ.

The tomato variety Anagha was raised in Ebb and flow hydroponic system (flood and drain system) at Department of Olericulture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara to evaluate the ideality of growing media (coco peat, expanded clay pellets and pebbles). Plants grown in coco peat medium performed the best, followed by pebbles. The coco peat medium contained comparatively high amount of potassium and also possessed high water holding capacity. Performance of plants grown in expanded clay pellets was very poor. Fruit quality in terms of total soluble solid content and titrable acidity was not significantly affected by the treatments.

Bentonite is a clay mineral with high cation exchange capacity and it has been evaluated as an alternative sorbent in removing metals in diverse environments. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of bentonite clay in adsorbing copper present in lower quality water in radish, corn and pasture grass. The experiments were carried out in a greenhouse, with a completely randomized design with four replications. The experimental units were plastic pots with a capacity of 5, 14 and 8 kg of soil for radish corn and grass, respectively. The soil was mixed with increasing doses of bentonite equivalent to 0; 30; 60 and 90 t ha-1. The sowing was done directly on the pot, leaving two plants per pot after thinning. They have been irrigated with poor quality water with a concentration of 1 mg L-1 Cu. Plants were harvested at 30, 60 and 70 days, separated in shoot and roots and placed in air circulation oven. The data were submitted to analysis of variance. Bentonite improved the development of radish and pasture grass crops; promoted the retention of copper in the soil, and favored the reduction of copper translocation to the shoot of corn, thereby reducing the concentration of this element in the aerial part.

This experiment was conducted to standardize the quantity of bulky and concentrated organic manures required for tomato as a substitute for the inorganic fertilizers. Solarization was done for a period of 6 weeks during April-May 2009, using 300 guage transparent polythene sheets. As per the schedule of treatments, basal dose of manures were incorporated before solarization. After the removal of trap, transplanting of solarized tomato seedlings were done on 3rd day leaving 2 days gap. In the main field, an experiment was conducted to standardize the quantity of bulky and concentrated organic manures for tomato to substitute the inorganic fertilizers. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 14 treatments in 3 replications. The treatment schedule included various levels of bulky (25 and 75 % N) and concentrated organic manures (25 and 75 % N), inorganic fertilizers along with an absolute control. The bulky organic manures used were FYM and vermicompost and the concentrated manures used were neem cake and castor cake. The nutrient content of bulky and concentrated organic manures used in the study were FYM (0.80, 0.41 and 0.74 % NPK), vermicompost (1.60, 2.20 and 0.67 % NPK), poultry manure (3.47, 1.33 and 3.1 NPK), neem cake (5.2, 1.0 and 1.4 % NPK) and castor cake (4.1, 1.9 and 1.4 % NPK). The experiment was initiated in June 2009. Among the various levels and sources of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers tried, inorganic fertilizers recorded the maximum growth characters, yield attributes, fruit yield and highest nutrient uptake. Among the organic manures and concentrated oil cakes applied, 75 per cent N supplied through vermicompost @ 10.03 t ha-1 along with 25 per cent N supplied through neem cake @ 0.73 t ha-1 followed by poultry manure@ 2.16 t ha-1 neem cake @ 0.73 t ha-1 was identified as the best treatments in tomato The quality attributes viz., ascorbic acid content and acidity in tomato were found to be maximum under inorganic fertilization as well as 75 per cent N supplied through vermicompost along with 25 per cent N supplied through neem cake. Both the treatments were found to be influencing these traits at same level. This was closely followed by the application of 75 per cent N supplied through poultry manure along with 25 per cent N supplied through neem cake. The maximum availability of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in post harvest soil was recorded in plots incorporated with the application of 75 per cent N supplied through vermicompost @ along with 25 per cent N supplied through neem cake followed by the application of 75 per cent N supplied through poultry manure along with 25 per cent N supplied through neem cake in tomato.

Face Recognition is the process of identification of a person by their facial image. This technique makes it possible to use the facial images of a person to authenticate him into a secure system, for criminal identification, for passport verification. Face recognition approaches for still images can be broadly categorized into holistic methods and feature based methods .Holistic methods use the entire raw face image as an input, whereas feature based methods extract local facial features and use their geometric and appearance properties. Face verification in the presence of age progression is an important problem that has not been widely addressed. The problem by designing and evaluating discriminative approaches is discussed. These directly tackle verification tasks without explicit age modeling, which is a hard problem by itself. First, we find that the gradient orientation (GO), after discarding magnitude information, provides a simple but effective representation for this problem. This representation is further improved when hierarchical information is used, which results in the use of the gradient orientation pyramid (GOP). When combined with a support vector machine (SVM) GOP demonstrates excellent performance in this topic, in comparison with seven different approaches including two commercial systems. This topic is conducted on the FGnet dataset and two large passport datasets, one of them being the largest ever reported for recognition tasks. Second, taking advantage of these datasets, we empirically study how age gaps and related issues (including image quality, spectacles, and facial hair) affect recognition algorithms. This topic found surprisingly that the added difficulty of verification produced by age gaps becomes saturated after the gap is larger than four years, for gaps of up to ten years. In addition, we find that image quality and eyewear present more of a challenge than facial hair.

Analysis of the ground level ozone concentration is vital for the purpose of forecasting and in identifying the changes and impacts that are very crucial for an agro-based economy like the city of Chennai. The paper examines Ozone concentration and meteorology in Chennai at Koyambedu which is a major big Bus terminus. This will be very useful for further research and future researchers. A linear ARIMA model was used for the forecast of Ozone over the study area. The performance evaluation was also done to check the best fit model for forecast.

The dye Direct Black 168 was purified using ultrafiltration technology and water based ink-jet inks were prepared for digital printing applications. The suitability of the inks for novel printing applications was evaluated via measurement of pH, conductivity, surface tension and viscosity over a period of 90 days. The inks were applied to cotton and polyamide fabric by digital printing. Also, dyeing with the dye before and after ultra filtration was done. Colour measurements and fastness properties were performed for the dyed and digitally printed samples. The results were promising and this paves the way for the production of environmentally friendly ink jet inks using pure direct dyes for the digital printing of cotton and polyamide through the formulation of suitable printing techniques.

The exponential growth of Internet due to the emergence of advanced applications and services has provided significantly enhancement to the educational domain, especially e-learning. Currently, e-learning becomes an attractive educational domain in which the acceptance progress and more people are taking courses based on the use this platform. Principally, e-learning platform uses Internet infrastructure which has become a site for illegal events and actions, particularly exposed to a set of intrusions or threats. Moreover, most of e-learning platforms are made without considering specific security concerns. In this paper, we focused on e-learning environment, such characteristics, development, growth, benefits and challenges. We also argued the use of Technology Readiness Index (TRI) that is widely used for studying the behavior process behind the utilization of technological products and services. The TRI study results prove that there is a necessity for introduction of an advanced security scheme which incorporates users' behaviors and requirements for improving e-learning utilization. For this reason, we develop an innovative security scheme that associates the usae of information service management and a set of new algorithms for providing the security requirements and needs. Finally, we demonstrate that our approach can guarantee the appropriate environment which gives users' satisfaction and acceptance as well as e-leaning platform success.

In the recent scenario of emerging infectious diseases, studies on immunomodulations as an effective and protective approach have become inevitable. Demand for safe therapeutic agents in the treatment of cancer is on the increase. The immunonature of the ethanol extract of Ecteinascidia venui was determined against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) bearing Swiss albino mice. After tumor inoculation, the extract at the dose of 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg body weight were administered orally and compared with the standard drug Vincristin (80 mg/kg bw). Analysis of Bone marrow cellularity, β-esterase activity, antibody titre, plaque forming cells, GGT, GSH and NO levels were carried out adopting standard procedures. Treatment with the extract increased bone marrow cellularity (26.16×106 cells/femur) and β-esterase positive cells (1218/4000 cells). The antibody titer was maximum (216.13±6.84) in Group III on the 15th day of treatment. Plaque forming cells in spleen increased gradually reaching a peak (224.53±2.65) on the 6th day. A reduction in serum Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT), cellular Glutathione (GSH) and restoration of NO levels was observed on the 15th day in treated mice. The results indicate that the extract contains bioactive compounds playing important role in immune response.

In this work, iron nitride coating produced on CK45 steel by electrolytic plasma nitriding was investigated. Two types of electrolytes were used: electrolyte (A); 2 g/L Ca(NO3)2 + 2 g/L NH4NO3 + 6 g/L Na2CO3 and electrolyte(B); 2 g/L NH4NO3 + 2 g/L NaNO3 + 6 g/L Na2CO3. Structure analysis of the coating layers was investigated by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Corrosion resistance of samples in 3.5% NaCl solution was evaluated by anodic potentiodynamic polarization and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Corrosion current density for the coating with electrolyte (A) was about 1.3 times lower than uncoated sample and corrosion current density for the coating produced by electrolyte (B) was 2 times lower than uncoated sample.Micro hardness test was also performedbyKoopadevice model MH3. Both coatings showed more micro hardness than that of uncoated sample.

In the paper an overview on self – regulated thermal process and new its characteristics are provided. These specific characteristics of self – regulated thermal process are widely discussed concerning real and effective heat transfer coefficients and Kondratjev numbers Kn. It is underlined that the real heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) should be considered when calculating temperature fields during transient nucleate boiling process and they should refer to boiling point of liquid, not to bath temperature. It is shown that during recipes development for quenching technology, initial austenitizing temperature may be fixed at 850oC for all existing steel grades and irons with the accuracy of calculation . In this case the duration of transient nucleate boiling mode (self – regulated thermal process) is directly proportional to squared size of steel part, inversely proportional to thermal diffusivity of a material and depends on form of product and convective Biot number. Since in heat treating industry historically engineers are dealing with effective HTCs, the new data on effective Kondratjev number are provided to calculate approximately core cooling time and core cooling rate during quenching of steel parts. The obtained results of calculations can be used by engineers and scientists in the field of material and thermal sciences to predict processes within the transient nucleate boiling mode and convection.

I had attempted to optimize the time needed to calculate the greatest common divisors in the Euclidean domain .

The shaping of kluiklui is the only unit step that has never been mechanized in the peanut processing into kluiklui. In order to reduce difficult working, the development of an extruder of kluiklui has been made. The method used combines functional analysis, product design, testing equipment, performance evaluation and sensory test. Materials in contact with the food product are made in stainless steel materials and wood that are adapted to food. The tests have shown that the equipment gave a better performance compared to the traditional process: equipment’s flow rate is 60.32 kg/h against 10 kg/h obtained with the conventional process and the productivity is 95.5% against 87.3% with the conventional process. These results indicated a significant difference (p<0,05) between the technical performances of the two processes (Equipment and conventional process). Analysis of the composition of the kluiklui and the sensorial test carried out showed that there is no difference between the kluiklui obtained from the Equipment and those of the conventional process (p> 0,05).

In this paper, we have developed a deterministic inventory model for deteriorating items in which demand rate and holding cost are quadratic and linear function of time. During deterioration period, deterioration rate can be controlled using preservation technology (PT). In the model considered here, deterioration rate is constant, backlogging rate is variable and depends on the length of the next replenishment. Shortages are allowed and backlogged. An analytic solution which optimizes the total cost is derived. The derived model is illustrated with a numerical example.

The present study discussed an agricultural production and productivity trend in India during the liberalization period from 1990-91 to 2014-15. Data on important variables like, Agricultural production, area under cultivation, yield and agricultural exports were compiled from the period 1990-91 to 2014-15. For analysis of this study were used the statistical tools like Simple Linear Regression Model, Semi- log model and annual growth rates. The major objectives of the study were to evaluate the performance of agricultural production in India, to analyse the trend of agricultural production and productivity in area under cultivation of food grains and major commercial crops in India from 1990-91 to 2014-15 and to compute the compound growth rate of agricultural production, area under cultivation and yield of food grains in India. The major findings were derived from the study on an average the production of food grains had been increased to 2.62 million per year during the liberalization period from 1990-91 to 2014-15. In 1990-91 to 2014-15, the average production of rice and wheat has been increased to 1.162 million and 1.38 million tonnesper year. Yield per hectare of food grain production was a declining trend during1990-91 to 2014-15. The share of agriculture and allied sector in the gross domestic product has registered a steady declined from 36.4 percent in 1982-83 to 14.1 percent in 2011-12. Not-withstanding, the declining trend in agriculture share in the GDP in India since liberalisation. So the Government of India has to give more importance to the agricultural sector to promote the economic growth.

The problem of water pollution by heavy metals is all over the world especially in developing countries. This problem of groundwater contamination with heavy metals becomes one of the most important environmental issues because some of these metals are toxic in their nature even at low concentrations. Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in urban and rural areas in Yemen, and is an important water supply source worldwide. Groundwater in Lahj Governorate is used exclusively to satisfy the needs of different sectors which use water for drinking, domestic irrigation and industrial use. The heavy metals can cause occupational and accidental harm to humans, and can contaminate water, soil and air as well. The aim of this study is to analyse some heavy metals from groundwater in Lahj Governorate of Yemen and its relation to the developed industrial activities. Twenty groundwater samples were collected from different wells in Lahj Governorate. The groundwater samples were analysed using (AAS) Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The mean concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) is measured. The concentration of these heavy metals ranged from 0 to 0.0735 ppm, 0 to 0.0756 ppm, 0.017 to 0.73 ppm, and0 to 0.4434 ppm respectively.

Ethics in organisations now gets added focus due to the rampant violations of ethics seen in many quarters. Sometimes it becomes a moral catch-22 situation while comparing ethical and moral standpoints with financial gains. However, many organisations do stick to what they preach in and their business decisions are a reflection of their beliefs. This paper explores how a better workplace can be built (specifically based on the GPTW framework) by having robust ethical standards in organisations. This paper explores the point that ethical leadership (as it is naturally the leadership that takes crucial business decisions) can go a long way in establishing a ‘Great Place to Work’. To reinforce this opinion the paper explores various models that provide groundings to build a better workplace.

Population growth of an area over a period of time is likely to create dynamic spatial mosaic. Such spatio-temporal demographic dynamics may be perceived through size and density growth of population in the concern area through different statistical measures. All the different measures prompt concentration, de-concentration and spilling of population in different segments of the area over time. This enquiry attempts to capture the reality of block wise size and density growth of Bankura district from 1951 to 2011. Apparently silent up to 1981, the district is showing spilling of population in different parts, except the Western most blocks marked by hilly terrain, forest cover and thinner soil surface.

Purpose: To determine the role of magnesium in the changing of intensity of the expression of specific Gelatinase B in the gastric tissue in an experimental ulcer. Material and Methods: The experiment was performed on 24 white Wistar rats. The Acetate gastric ulcer was simulated according to Ocabe S. The Investigation of Gelatinase B by immunohistochemistry was performed by standard methods. The magnesium levels in plasma and lymph were determined with a special set (Lachema), while the content of magnesium in red blood cells was judged based on the reaction with titan yellow. The magnesium-containing composition was used for the correction of the magnesium level. Results and discussion: There is a negative relation between the decrease of magnesium in red cells from the subclavian vein and activity of gelatinase B and a positive relation between the decrease of magnesium in red cells from the subclavian vein and the area of the ulcer. Using of magnesium-containing composition causes the increase of magnesium in red blood cells and the decrease of the activity of gelatinase B and the area of the ulcer. Conclusions: The results shows the optimize role of magnesium in activity of gelatinase B in gastric tissue in case of the gastric ulcer.

Work is a purposeful human activity which is directed towards the satisfaction of human needs and desires. It is obvious that work needs to be satisfying the job for a mutual beneficial relationship between employee and employer. Job satisfaction creates innovative ideas among the employees and thus individuals may become more loyal towards the organization. It is nothing but having a work environment where an employee’s activities become more important. This means implementing procedures or policies that make the work less routine and more rewarding for the employee. The term “work” is being used to paid work or employment. Work establishes one in the community of human kind. It links a person to others, advances the goals of culture, and gives purpose to one’s existence. The objective of this research is to study the working environment, job satisfaction, working hours, satisfactory salary, carrier prospects and various other parameters.

The article deals with the essence of the processes of integration and globalization taking place in the modern world, liberal options and models of globalization, negative and positive sides of influence of globalization having economic and social consequences. It is noted, that globalization means the transformation of national economy into a part of world economy, susceptibility to its external economic influence. The author makes conclusion that in the conditions of interdependence of national economies ensuring their safety demands common efforts; the international nature of safety assumes development of general programs of safety, coordination of national programs, strengthening of coordinating role of international organizations in ensuring the safety, their assistance in stabilization of national economies.

Introduction: This prospective study was done to determine the use and effectiveness of transabdominal ultrasound (TAUS) for intracavitary brachytherapy in carcinoma cervix. Materials and Methods: 20 patients of carcinoma cervix of stage II and III, treated with chemoradiation and intracavitary brachytherapy were assessed. Patients received external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) on Linear Accelerator to a total dose of 50 Gy in 25 fractions along with weekly Cisplatin. HDR Brachytherapy three fractions 7Gy per fraction, 3 fractions. TAUS was done to ensure the tandem position and to obtain tandem to uterine surface measurements in the sagittal and transverse planes. Based on these, applicator geometry was reconstructed in PLATO. Two treatment plans were generated for each patient one based on the dose prescribed to point A and an ultrasound based target and graphical optimization was done to conform dose to uterine dimensions. Plans were optimized. Dosimetric parameters with regard to the dose received by the margin of the tumor volume, posterior wall of the urinary bladder and anterior rectal wall were compared for the two plans. Results: 4(20%) patients required TAUS guided repositioning of applicators. There was a statistically significant difference between the two plans in point A dose (P=<0.001), ICRU 38 bladder point dose (P=0.001), and rectal points dose (P=<0.001). Local control was 95% at six months follow up. Conclusions: Transabdominal ultrasound is a reasonably accurate, quick, accessible, and cost-effective method for conformal brachytherapy planning.

Introduction: As we know it is difficult to remove plaque on all surfaces with the help of mechanical plaque control agents alone, hence there is need for chemical plaque control as an adjunct to mechanical plaque control methods. Unfortunately in low-income individuals who are unable to afford dental self-care products and thus research is required to provide efficacious and low cost plaque control agent. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 0.05% sodium hypochlorite mouthwash on supragingival biofilm and gingival inflammation and compare its effects with 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash. Material and Methods: A total of 30 patients with gingivitis were be selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and allocated randomly to three groups containing 10 patients each. At the baseline visit all the patients will received full mouth scaling and will be advised to rinse twice daily with distilled water in group 1, 0.2% chlorhexidine in group 2 and 0.05% sodium hypochlorite mouthwash in group 3 for 21 days. Clinical parameters such as plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing were assessed at various intervals. Results: At the day 21the average plaque index in increased to 1.19 water rinse group and to 0.22 in the chlorhexidine group, and 0.61 in the sodium hypochlorite group. Average loe and sillness gingival index had decreased to 0.894 in the water rinse group and to 0.066 in the chlorhexidine group, and to 0.24 in the sodium hypochlorite rinse group. And the average percentage of bleeding on probing had decreased to 66.3% in the water rinse group, and to 41.07% in the chlorhexidine group and to 56.7% in the sodium hypochlorite rinse group. Differences were statistically significant compared to water group. Conclusion: Dilute sodium hypochlorite resulted in significant reductions in gingival inflammation and supragingival biofilm accumulation. Dilute sodium hypochlorite may represent an efficacious, safe and affordable antimicrobial agent in the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease.

Background: Maternal and child health services are appropriate measures put in place to tackle maternal and child mortality. Aim: To determine the degree of utilization of maternal and child health services among child bearing mothers accessing tax-supported health facilities in Southeast Nigeria and to verify the null hypotheses of no significant differences. Methods and Materials: A descriptive survey research was conducted on 650 child bearing mothers accessing tax-supported health facilities in Southeast Nigeria using convenient sampling procedure. Data was collected through interview method and questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was adopted for data analysis. All the analyses were done using SPSS version 18. Results: The study revealed that the degree of utilization of maternal and child health services among child bearing mothers accessing tax-supported health facilities in Southeast Nigeria was high. Statistically, significant difference existed on some socio-demographic variables while no significant difference was indicated on others at 0.05 level of significance. Conclusion: The degree of utilization of maternal and child health services among child bearing mothers accessing tax-supported health facilities in Southeast Nigeria was high. This finding is quite encouraging as it reflected on the decreased rates of both maternal and child mortality in the study area.

Objective: We conducted the study to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of image guided FNAC of benign and malignant disorders of lung. Materials and Methods: Over a period of one year 71 Sonography and CT-guided cases were collected. Results: Out of 71 cases, 51 cases (72.85%) were male and 20(27.15%) were female. The youngest patient was 25 years old whereas the oldest was 92 years old. Malignancy was the predominant lesion found in this study with 48/71 cases (67%). Among the malignant lesions, adenocarcinoma was the commonest malignancy followed by squamous cell carcinoma. Eight cases (11.3%) were inadequate for interpretation. Conclusion: Image-guided FNAC is safe and rapid procedure to evaluate neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions of lung. Rapid diagnosis can lead to earlier initiation of therapy.

Introduction: For the management of diabetes pharmacological treatment alone will not produce excellent result. For proper control of fluctuating blood glucose level, every individual must be counseled on life style modifications, diet and exercise. To prevent diabetes complication, a patient must be aware of basic knowledge of diabetes. Aim: The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the knowledge of diabetic patients residing in derayans community regarding diabetes, associated risk factors, complications and management. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was used to evaluate knowledge of diabetic patients residing in derayans community regarding diabetes, associated risk factors, complications and management. A validated semi structured questionnaire was used for data collection from a sample of 70 diabetes patients conveniently selected from derayan community residing in Pakistan. After data collection, data was coded and analyzed statistically. Results: The results showed that the most common diabetes complications observed among the derayan community were: protein urea (n = 11, 15.7 %), blurred vision (n = 30, 42.9 %) and heart diseases (n = 37, 52.9 %). The common action taken on finding blood glucose lower than normal was to do nothing (n = 26, 37.1 %). The most frequently eaten food item was: potatoes (n = 21, 30 %), rice (n = 22, 31.4 %) and fish (n = 11, 15.7 %). The most high carbohydrate diet considered was: potatoes (n = 30, 42.9 %) and dates (n = 34, 48.6 %). Conclusion: The results of the present study concluded inadequate knowledge and poor self care diabetes management among the derayan community. Diabetes self-management educational programs must be designed for the community to equip them with basic information and management skills around diet, exercise, self-monitoring and medication use.

Malignant lymphomas of lymph nodes are rare entities in maxillofacial region. The extranodal Hodgkin’s and Non- Hodgkin’s lymphomas account for 10 – 20 % of all lymphomas; with an incidence of 0.1 – 5% in oral cavity. Those involving salivary glands are uncommon, and account for less than 5% of lymphomas with parotid gland being most frequently involved. These neoplasms pose a great challenge for clinicians and their prognosis is based on early clinical diagnosis and immunohistochemistry. This is a rare case report of Non – Hodgkin’s lymphoma in a 40 years old male which was initially misdiagnosed as an inflammatory lesion.

Introduction: Common bile duct stones are found in 10-15% of patients having gall stone disease and the incidence increases with the age, both in India and in western countries.Since the majority of common bile duct stones are secondary to gall bladder stones, their incidence is more in Northern India. Aim of this study is to know the incidence of choledocholithiasis in our institute. Aim and Objective: To study the incidence of common bile duct stone in patients having gall stone disease in Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi. Material and Method: This of is a cross sectional study of 125 patients admitted in different wards of the department of surgery on the basis of symptoms and signs of gall stone disease and latter on trans-abdominal ultrasound and MRCP confirmed that 18.4% of total patients having also choledo cholithiasis. Result: Incidence of choledocholithiasis is 18.4% in patients having gall stone disease.It is 3 times more common in females.Maximum incidence 34.78% in between 40-49 years, obese (52.17%) and middle socio-economic group (73.9%). Conclusion: Incidence of choledocholithiasis is increased in recent past and is more common in females in between 40-49 years age group.Obesity is the commonest risk factor.

Purpose: To analyze the contribution of Visual Inspection with iodine (VILI) as a visual method for cervical cancer screening. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during five years, in the department of obstetrics and gynecology and the division of pathology, anatomy cell biology of the Teaching Hospital of Brazzaville. Were included, women who agreed to undergo a visual screening, and in whom biopsies were performed. In every woman, visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and VILI were performed simultaneously; biopsies were performed in case of failure of one or two methods. Results of both VIA and VILI were compared to the gold standard which is the biopsy results. Results: The frequency of VILI was 4.8% of gynecological consultations. Of 185 women, 163/185 (88.1%) had a positive VILI test. 182/185 (98.4%) had a positive VIA test; the positive biopsies were found in 183/185 cases (98.9%). However, two women, aged 38 and 43 respectively had normal histology while both had a positive VIA test, and only one a negativity of VILI. In 11.9% of cases VILI was negative while the VIA positive and 1.6% of cases in reverse order with significant difference in both cases (p <0.05). The confrontation of the two visual tests to the histology has mounted that when there is a discrepancy between the 2 examinations, histology confirmed the VILI t test results in 11.5% of cases, and the VIA test in 1.8% of cases. The VIA test was more sensitive than the VILI (98.36%); However, VILI test was more specific than the VIA test (50%). Conclusion: The VIA test, alone is insufficient for efficient screening of cervical cancer, the contribution of VILI test improves the diagnostic performance.

Reproductive problems of caprine, ovine, bovine and equine significantly reduce their productivity which is of great concern of production worldwide, because most reproductive problems adversely affect the future fertility. A four year retrospective study of reproductive problems of caprine, ovine, bovine and equine presented to Nyala Veterinary Hospital, South Darfur State, Sudan was conducted with the objective to determine the prevalence of reproductive problems in study animals between January 2012 and December 2015. All Data about animals were collected from case registration books and entered into Microsoft excel sheet and analyzed based on the year of study, the disease frequency and, species of the animals. Total of 362 reproductive problems of caprine, ovine, bovine and equine were recorded between January 2012 and December 2015 from a total of 5001 examined for different clinical cases at Nyala Veterinary Hospital. This study were found to have reproductive problems comprising mastitis 110 (36.42%), dystocia 67 (22.19%), retention of placenta 56 (18.54%), brucellosis 21 (6.95%) and abortion 15 (4.97%) in caprine and Orchitis 5 (33.33%) in equine. In conclusion, from this study, reproductive cases were most prevalent in caprine than bovine, ovine and equine. Therefore, Major causes of reproductive problems especially in caprine should be identified and followed by appropriate measures according to the problems, to minimize the reproductive loss.

Objective: To observe effects of transplantating allogenic bone marrow mono-nuclear cells on apoptosis in cardiomyocytes of rats after acute myocardial infarction. Methods: 30- Healthy, male wistar rats were randomly divided into 2 groups, control and transplant group, n=15 each. As soon as myocardial infarction (MI) model was established, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium-low glucose (DMEM-LG) medium and BM-MNCs labeled with Bromodeoxyuridine (BrDU) were injected in the peri-infarct area in the control and transplant group respectively. After 4 weeks, apoptotic index (AI), expression of Bcl-2, Fas and FasL were detected. Results: 4 weeks after transplantation, cardiomyocyte apoptotic index (AI) and expression of Fas and FasL decreased significantly (P<0.05), while the expression of Bcl-2 increased significantly (P<0.05) in the transplant group. BM-MNCs labeled with BrdU were observed around injected sites under immunohistochemical examination. Conclusion: Allogenic BM-MNCs transplantaion regulates the expression of Bcl-2, Fas, and FasL thereby inhibits cardiomyocytes apoptosis after AMI.

This case report describes the orthodontic treatment of a 16 year-old woman with a skeletal Class III malocclusion. Nonsurgical orthodontic treatment of the patient with true & pseudo Class III malocclusion, reverse overjet, increased overbite is described. Although the treatment options included an orthognathic approach, high cost of the surgical procedure was the main reason for extreme dental compensation to have been performed. Intermaxillary Class III elastics were used to correct the malocclusion at the expense of increasing the initial dental compensation. Satisfactory and stable occlusion was achieved with dental and smile esthetics improvement along with significant facial profile improvement. The clinical results and implications of compensatory treatment as well as its relevance within the patient context are discussed based on scientific evidences which is a significant nonsurgical cost effective orthodontic approach for treatment of Class III malocclusion.

In grooves, developmental groove become reason for periodontal disease involvement and progression. Maxillary incisors shows common occurrence of labiocervical grooves, which can Predispose to localized periodontal tissue involvement. Cervical grooves act as a locus for plaque accumulation and can cause localized periodontitis. The clinician should have an eye for early detection of such defects to prevent further tissue loss and early control of disease spread. This case report presents diagnosis and different treatment modalities for correction of cervical labial groove and elimination of periodontal pocket.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the Phyto -constituents present within the different extracts of Clitoria ternatea root and to estimate total phenols, total flavonoids and anti oxidant, anti-inflammatory activities. Phytochemical studies confirmed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, glycosides, resins, steroids, saponins, phenols, flavonoids were analyzed using spectro photometric technique, based on Folin - Ciocalteau reagent and aluminium chloride colorimetric assay, respectively. Gallic acid was used as for total phenols and Rutin for total flavonoids. Furthermore, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities were determined by using two in vitro methods namely, 2, 2-phenyl,1-picrylhydazyl (DPPH), Total antioxidant capacity, protein denaturation, HRBC membrane stabilization methods. In these methods, ascorbic acid and Ibuprofen were used as reference compounds. The total phenols and flavonoids were found to be more in methanolic extract. The result clearly indicates that the methanolic extract of Clitoria ternatea Root of the study shows effective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Background and objectives of study: Varicose veins of lower limb is a common clinical manifestation, which starts early in the life but assumes an innocent course for variable length of time. The adult prevalence of visible varicose veins is 25–30 per cent in women and 15 per cent in men. This study intends to know the predisposing factors, management of varicose veins of lower limbs effectively and to prevent its complications. Methods: 150 patients admitted to the hospital, who met with inclusion and exclusion criteria were subjected to detailed clinical examination and investigation. INCLUSION CRITERIA being Primary varicose veins, Perforator incompetence, Varicose ulcer EXCLUSION CRITERIA being Secondary varicose veins, Deep vein thrombosis, Recurrent varicose veins. The study period was 12 months with 2 months follow up. Patients were evaluated and followed up according to a protocol. Results: In this study males are more prone to the development of varicosity of lower limb than the female (M: F = 3:1) the disease is more common in 30 to 40 years age groups (34%). Occupation involving prolonged standing are the main contributory factors, patients present with engorged vein (92%) and pain (70%) as main symptom and with its complications . Left lower limb (47%) and long saphenous and perforator systems (86%) are predominantly involved. Duplex USG is the gold standard investigation in diagnosis of the disease. Most common surgery done was SFJ with perforator ligation (56%). Among post op complications the seroma formation (10%) was more common. Conclusion: This study shows the varicose veins of lower limbs is more common in middle age group with male predominance, and occupation and family history are the other contributory factors. Doppler ultra sound scanning is the investigation of choice. Saphenofemoral junction ligation with perforator ligation showed good outcome.

The purpose of study was to explore correlation if there exists any between resilience and self esteem, resilience and emotional competence and emotional competence and self esteem. 289 victims of Kashmir Flash Floods (2014) served as participants, who were selected through purposive sampling. 14-item resilience scale (RS-14) developed by Wagnild (2010) was used to assess the resilience of participants. Rosenberg’s self esteem scale (1965) was used to assess the self esteem of participants and emotional competence assessment scale (ECAS) developed by Paiva and Kumar (1999) was used to assess the emotional competence of participants. Results revealed a positive correlation between resilience and emotional competence, resilience and self esteem and emotional competence and self esteem.

Background: True solitary nodule occurs in 4-8% of the population and in autopsy it is seen in 50% of cases. The prevalence of thyroid nodule increases with age and women have a higher prevalence than men. Seventy percentage of solitary thyroid nodules are benign, indeterminate15%, malignant 5%, nondiagnostic in 15%. Increasing numbers of nodules are being detected serendipitously because of rising use of imaging technique. Solitary thyroid nodules being so prevalent in the general population, it is important to have clear strategy of assessing nodules and determining which will require surgery or can be managed conservatively. Objectives of the study: 1. Primary aim in investigating thyroid nodules is to exclude possibility of malignancy.2. Analyzing the efficacy of clinical, biochemical, radiological and cytological evaluation of nodules. 3. Evaluating the management of solitary thyroid nodule, Identifying malignant nodule requiring surgery and its incidence and its outcome. Methods: The study was conducted in ESI Model Hospital from January 2015 to June 2016. Patients satisfying inclusion criteria were enrolled. All the patients with solitary nodule thyroid are evaluated with thorough clinical examination, cytological, radiological and laboratory investigations. Appropriate thyroid surgery was performed and analyzed for histopathological examinations results. Results : The commonest presentation of solitary thyroid nodule was asymptomatic swelling in front of the neck. The peak incidence of solitary nodule thyroid observed in 3rd to 5th decade, constituting 66.3% of the cases studied, Female predominance over male with ratio of 18:1 noted in occurrence of SNT. The common causes of solitary nodule was colloid goitre (50%), follicular adenoma (25%), adenomatous goiter (3%). Euthyroid state was noted in 95% of the cases. Incidence of malignancy in solitary thyroid nodule was 14.3%. The most common cause of malignancy was papillary carcinoma (72%) followed by follicular carcinoma (28%). Conclusion: Solitary nodule of thyroid are more common among females and peak incidence in 3rd to 5th decade. Most of the patients presenting with solitary nodule of thyroid are euthyroid and only a small percentage of patient with toxicity or hypothyroidism . USG can be accurately used to detect patients with multinodular goiter who clinically present as solitary nodule of thyroid. Incidence of malignancy in male patients presenting with solitary nodule of thyroid is more when compared to female. The most common cause of malignancy in solitary nodule is papillary carcinoma followed by follicular carcinoma.

Purpose: Oxidative stress plays a causative role in pathogenesis of periodontal disease. It has been reported that Spirulina platensis or its active ingredient C phycocyanin (CPC) exerts anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and inhibitory effects on prostaglandin and leukotriene biosynthesis. So aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary spirulina as an adjunct to SRP on salivary antioxidants level in CP subjects. Materials and Methods: The study was a randomized double-blind clinical and biochemical trial in which 70 subjects with CP in the age group of 30-55 years, reporting to Department of Periodontology, TKDC and RC, New Pargaon, were equally and randomly divided into Test Group (TG) and Control Group (CG). TG was given 2 gm Spirulina capsules daily, after meals for 1 month and CG was not given any supplementary diet. SRP was done at baseline in TG and CG. Whole saliva sample was collected. Clinical and biochemical parameters (SOD & MDA) will be recorded at baseline, 1 month & 3 months. Result: Reductions in clinical & biochemical parameters were statistically highly significant in TG compared to CG after 1month (P<0.05**). Reduction in clinical & biochemical parameters were clinically significant but statistically non significant in TG group Compared to CG after 3month. Conclusion: Spirulina appears to be promising. It exerts strong anti-inflammatory effects which are closely connected with its antioxidative activity. This study can have a significant impact on the treatment procedures of periodontitis, with the use of blue green algae in the future.

The purpose of the present case report is to illustrate the possibility of inserting immediate implants into the fresh extraction socket in the infected site with the presence of a pre-existing periapical lesion. The case report : A 50-year-old man, presented with a periapical lesion developed on the labial side of right maxilla. The radiograph showed a radiolucent image in the periapical region of 11 12. Extraction and implantation including bone grafting to substitute 11 and 12 had been performed in two appointments. One Implant (13mm length × 3.7mm in diameter ADIN implants) was inserted apically through the cyst cavity. Three months later, the second surgery phase (healing screw insertion) had been followed, and no sign of alternation of radiography and clinical indication were seen after 18 months. This report showed that the placement of immediate implants in presence of a pre-existing infected lesion may not be a necessary contraindication on if appropriate clinical procedures like antibiotic administration, meticulous cleaning, and alveolar debridement are performed before implant surgical procedure. Immediate placement of implants for replacement of teeth with the pre-existing infected lesion is a predictable treatment and can be indicated for replacing teeth lost. Both implants were successfully osseointegrated, and the lesion were healed, follow up of 2 years done (CLINICAL CASE 16, Postextraction Implant Placement, Immediate Loading, Osteotomy, Reduction Guide; Vanessa Montoya-Salazara et al., 2014).

Background: Despite major redevelopments and changes to existing health care delivery infrastructure a range of pathologies and associated health problems prevail that impact on society as a whole. Many of these diseases and health problems are directly attributable to lifestyle choices and environmental factors. One of these diseases is Schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzias), a condition still prevalent in countries such as Nigeria, with school age children most commonly affected. This study analysed the specific age distribution of Schistosomiasis and other gastrointestinal (GI) related parasitic infections among children (0-15 years) in Holy Ghost Hospital, Imo State Nigeria from 2012 – 2015. Methodology: Using a retrospective survey design, to provide a quantitatively measurable and statistical description of the subject under study the demographic profiles of 323 children with a clinical diagnosis of Schistosomiasis were collected. Details collated included year of clinical diagnosis, age, gender, diagnosis, parent occupation and other related GI parasitic infections. Result: The demographic profiles of 353 children (between the ages of 0-15 years) were anonymised. Of the 353 children clinically diagnosed of Schistosomiasis from 2012-2015, 263(75%), were male while 90(25%) were female. The age distribution of the population sample was 11-15years (62%); 6 -10years (31%) and 0-5 years (7%) respectively. Frequency of the Schistosomiasis amongst the 353 children was; age range 11-15years 219, 6-10years 110 and 0-5years 24. Results also demonstrated that children whose parents are fishermen and traders had highest prevalence rates of GI infection, followed by those whose parents were businessmen and civil servants. The majority of the children had an additional clinical diagnosis of Ascaris lumbricoidies, which represent 91% of this group, followed by Trichuris trichura 8%, with only 1% of the population not having a formal diagnosis of GI related infection. Conclusion: High prevalence rates of Schistosomiasis in Oguta are of great significance in paediatric caseloads; this study indicates a need for urgent intervention in controlling the exponential increase of these pathologies. Findings from the survey indicate the need to implement treatment in remote geographical areas not previously targeted by mass drug administration programmes.

Background-The relationship of stress and chronic periodontitis was assessed using serum cortisol levels. Aim – To evaluate the relationship between stress and chronic periodontitis by estimation of serum cortisol levels. Settings and design- A case control study having 30 cases of chronic periodontitis and 30 age and sex matched healthy controls. Methods and materials- stress analysis was performed using standardized questionnaire method, social readjustment rating scale (SRRS). Clinical assessment of plaque, gingival inflammation, probing pocket depth and clinical attatchment level was performed. Serum cortisol level was estimated using ELISA. Statistical analysis- Pearson correlation coefficient was used for evaluating the relationship between different variables and its statistical significance was determined using students‘t’ test. Results-The SRRS scores and serum cortisol levels were higher in group I when compared to group II. There was a statistically significant correlation of plaque and probing depth with serum cortisol levels in chronic periodontitis patients. Conclusion- The present study revealed a significant correlation between serum cortisol levels and chronic periodontitis.

Presently, cell salvage or autologous transfusion has been incorporated in various surgeries including orthopedics. Especially in spine, hip revision and pelvic surgeries as the anticipated blood loss is always high. In this paper, we review the literature in regard to cell salvage in orthopedics surgery. In terms of indications, contraindications, cost effectiveness and complications. We performed a literature search on PubMed and included the relevant articles. We found that majority of the published literature did not prefer the routine usage of autologous transfusion mainly because it is expensive and may lead to complications. Cell salvage is preferred if the blood loss is expected to be more than 20%, the patient has a rare blood type or if the patient’s beliefs go against allogenic blood.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) has acquired an epidemic form and requires immediate attention. Depression is found to be common among patients with diabetes and it is associated with poor outcomes in disease control. However, the data on this important relationship are limited from North–Eastern India. Aims: To study the prevalence and severity of depression in diabetes and to identify its correlation with sociodemographic variables, glycaemic control and other factors. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional case study in which consecutive 150 diagnosed cases of type 2 DM cases were selected and interviewed to find if they fulfilled the ICD-10 criteria for depressive disorder. Severity of depression was assessed using Hamilton Depressive Rating Scale 17(items).Glycaemic control among the cases was assessed by measuring HbA1c level. Results: The mean age of the study group was 50.19 ± 7.29 years with 52.66% males while 47.33% females. Prevalence of depressive disorder among the cases was 34.66%. Majority of the cases had mild depression (38.46%) followed by moderate depression (32.69%). Prevalence and severity of depression was higher in cases with age >50 years of age (49.39%), female sex (38.08%), rural background (46.15%), unmarried/separated subjects (91.66%), joint family structure (40%), lower education (45.09%), unemployment/unskilled/retired/housewife occupants (45.12%), and lower/lower middle socioeconomic status (48.48%). Depression was also associated with the duration of diabetes mellitus and the glycaemic control Majority of these findings were statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusions: Early identification of the type 2 diabetic cases who are more vulnerable to develop depressive disorder is extremely important for management and prognosis of both these chronic disorders.

Dental pulp consist of vascular connective tissue contained within the rigid dentin walls. It is the principal source of pain in the oral cavity and also a major site of attention in endodontics and restorative procedures. Thus the knowledge to pulp is essential not only for providing dental treatment but also to know the rationale behind the treatment provided.

Untill now we can not drive and regulate the intensity of metabolism reaction during diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterinemia to more usefull needed direction because we do not know in which place of cells are existed driving point of regulations subjected to action of such kinds of manipulation and medicaments. Revealed by us the membrane-redox potentials three-state line system is one of more important member of proposed by us the full 9 stepped cycle of proton conductance inside the human body and one of these places of cells, which easily subjected to action of manipulation and medicaments as driving point to conduct the usefull favorable direction of metabolism reactions during diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterinemia. Correcting the С6Н12О6 + 6О2 = energy + 6Н2O + 6СO2 equation to right form as “Donators + membrane - redox potentials three - state line system + O2 + АDP + Pi + H+ + nH + membrane space = (ATP + heat energy) + H2O + nH + matrix + CO2” reaction medium, existing in the full 9 stepped cycle of proton conductance inside human body (proposed by M. Ambaga), might be giving us the possibility to drive the reaction to desired direction needed to stay healthy and to cure patients. In such a case, membrane - redox potential’s three-state line system serves the role of main driver. The theoretical and practical clinical significance of the membrane - redox potentials three - state line system of the full 9 stepped cycle of proton conductance inside the human body lies in a possibility to drive metabolism reaction by changing the membrane redoxy potential’s three - state line system to more usefull, appropriate variants, according to the need of healthy adaptation need and pathological situations. We can create all the variants of useful reaction background forms of metabolism by changing the membrane - redox potentials three - state line system of the full 9 stepped cycle of proton conductance inside the human body.

Background: Sacrococcygeal Teratomas (SCTs) are germ cell tumors arising from sacrococcygeal region containing derivatives of all three germ cell lines. It is predominantly affecting neonates, infants and children along with female preponderance. Classifying SCTs according to its location and histological grading in respect to presence of immature elements are helpful in early diagnosis and therapeutic decisions, providing better outcome. Aims and objectives: Study of histological evaluation and grading of sacrococcygeal teratoma as well as correlation with clinical aspects in paediatric patients. Material and method: A retrospective study of 22 patients presenting with sacrococcygeal mass at B.J.M.C, Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad over a period of three years from 2014 to 2016. All specimens of resected saccrococcygeal mass were received and overnight fixation in 10% formalin was done. Gross examination findings were noted followed by routine paraffin embedding and tissue sectioning. Slides were stained using H&E stain, examined microscopically and grading of SCTs was done along with clinical correlation followed by comparison with other studies. Results: In present study, 22 cases which presented with sacrococcygeal mass were evaluated. There were 15 girls and 7 boys (male:female ratio of 1:2) with the age ranging from 1 day to 5 years. Majority of the cases (18(82%)) presented in infants below 2 months of age. One patient presented with recto-vaginal fistula and another with urinary retention. 19 cases were of mature teratoma (grade 0) and 3 cases were of immature teratoma (grade I) including one case of malignant transformation with yolk sac differentiation (grade II), which correlated with elevated serum AFP levels. On microscopic examination, mature teratoma showed ectodermal, endodermal and mesodermal differentiation while immature teratoma showed immature neuroepithelial elements. Conclusion: Sacrococcygeal teratoma is the commonest congenital neoplasm presenting at birth as a sacrococcygeal mass with female preponderance. Many of them are presenting with associated anomalies or constipation and urinary retention due to mass effects. When diagnosed early at birth, majority of them are of benign mature type, so that meticulous search for immature or malignant component has to be undertaken. However early diagnosis is helpful in therapeutic decisions, providing better outcome.

Introduction: Klotho, an anti-aging protein primarily expressed in the kidney is the suppressor of the expression of multiple aging phenotypes. Aims and Objectives: Present study aimed at analyzing the soluble alpha-Klotho levels in serum, prevalence of its KL-VS (F352V) and promoter (G-395A) polymorphisms in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients & controls and their influence on soluble alpha-Klotho levels. Materials and Methods: CKD (N=100) and healthy Controls (N=97) were enrolled for the study. Soluble alpha-Klotho levels were analysed by ELISA at recruitment of subjects and further in CKD stage 1 & 2 (N=10), stage 3 & 4 (N= 14) and stage 5 (N=48) at 6 month. Genotyping of T42568G SNP (rs 9536314, F352V, of the KL-VS variant) and G-395A SNP (rs1207568) of the promoter polymorphism of Klotho gene was carried out by Taqman genotyping assay using Real Time PCR. The influence of the genotypes on alpha-Klotho levels was also examined. Results: As compared to the controls, there was a significant decrease in alpha -Klotho levels in CKD stage 1 & 2 (42.1%, p=0.01), stage 3 & 4 (74.2%, p=0.001) and in stage 5 (78.2%, p=0.001) in serum. However no significant change was seen in alpha-Klotho levels in patients at six months as compared to the levels at recruitment. The prevalence of heterozygous and homozygous genotypes for both these SNPs was low as compared to wild type genotype. The distribution of genotypes did not show any significant difference between CKD and Control groups and alpha-Klotho levels were not influenced by genotypes of both the polymorphisms. Conclusion: Soluble alpha-Klotho levels were found to decrease significantly at initial CKD stages. Thus, analysis of soluble alpha-Klotho levels may help in identifying CKD patients much before the severity sets in.

Hundred and eighty broiler chicks were divided into three treatment groups of six replicates each to study the effect of dehulling sorghum grains as a method of reducing its tannin content on broiler performance and carcass characteristics. Three isocaloric, isonitrogenous diets were formulated to contain whole sorghum grains (A), dehulld sorghum grains (B) and equal proportion of dehulled and whole sorghum grains (C). Diets were randomly divided into the three chicks treatment groups. Chicks fed dehulled sorghum grains (diet B) had lower live weight gain, lower final weight and highest mortality rate and feed conversion efficiency, whilst the chick fed on 50:50 sorghum grains (diet C) had the best performance, heavier slaughter and carcass weight and significantly (p<0.05) heavier abdominal fat and greater dressing percentage that those given diet A and B. Chick given diet B had the least slaughter and carcass weights. Carcass wholesale cuts were not significantly different among the three dietary treatments other than the drum stick which was significantly (p<0.05) greater in treatment B. Meat chemical composition though not significantly different among the three dietary treatment groups. Treatment A had higher moisture and protein and the treatment C had the highest fat. It could be concluded that dehulling 50% of the sorghum grains for broiler diet removed the depressing effect of tannins on broiler performance and carcass characteristics.

Consumption of refined and fast foods along with the lifestyle modification and stress has compounded to the problem of premenstrual syndrome in majority of women of reproductive age. Various studies have pointed out that there is alteration in the iron, calcium and magnesium levels among women with and without premenstrual symptoms. The present study was aimed at formulating a health mix cookies made of locally available cereals and pulses that supply good amount of minerals like iron, calcium, magnesium and B-complex vitamins. Materials and methods: The ingredients used were sprouted ragi, horse gram, soaked and dried soya bean, roasted bengal gram dhal, rice flake and gingelly seed. All the ingredients were roasted and powdered in to flour separately. Different quantities of these flours are combined into five variations and made in to cookies by adding butter, coconut oil and vegetable oil. The five variations of health mix cookies were analysed for the nutrients (calorie, protein, fat, iron, calcium, magnesium, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin-C). Sensory evaluation of the five variations of health mix cookies was conducted by a panel of sensory evaluators. The variations which secured high score was considered as the best sample and used for further intervention study. Results: The variation V had the highest amount of iron, calcium and magnesium content and scored highest in the sensory evaluation apart from having adequate amount of essential fatty acids and amino acids. Conclusion: Hence the variation V can be taken as supplement in women suffering from Premenstrual Syndrome.

Nitrogen is the most required and limiting nutrient in the yellow passion-fruit yield. Fertilization through irrigation water provides more rational and efficient use of fertilizers. This study aimed at assessing productive and qualitative parameters of yellow passion-fruit based on different sources and doses of nitrogen through fertigation in Vale do Gurgueia – PI. The experiment was conducted from June 2013 to August 2014 in the city of Cristino Castro – PI. The experimental design was randomized and arranged in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme, with four replicates. Treatments were consisted of combined two nitrogen sources (urea and ammonium sulfate) and five nitrogen levels (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 kg ha-1 year-1), each plot had six plants 3.0 x 3.0 m spaced, totaling 1,111 plants ha-1. The fertigation, occurred during the crop cycle, was weekly performed. Yield was evaluated per plant, productivity and mean weight of fruit. In pulp, pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, (SS/TA) ratio and pulp percentage were evaluated. Increased ratios of N, ammonium sulfate source, cause reduction in fruit pulp percentage of the yellow passion-fruit. Soluble solids and pH of fruit pulp have chemical quality within ranges established by normative instruction of MAPA. To urea source, it is recommended 227.87 kg ha-1of N for a productivity of 15.48 t ha-1and 309.5 kg ha-1of N, as ammonium sulfate, for a productivity of 14.92 t ha-1.

Over 40% of the world population lives in area where plasmodium infection is common including Pakistan. Pakistan is endemic for Plasmodium infections and incidence rate is one case per thousand populations. These parasites not only decrease the Hemoglobin level but also reduce immunity. The present study was based on identification of anemia due to plasmodium among conceived women of district Mardan. In the present work a total number of 100 female conceived women blood was studied from April 2016 to June 2016 the microscopic examination showed that all most 100% of the female during pregnancy were suffering from anemia during one or other stage of their trimester however 64% showed positive result for Plasmodium falciparum at early or later phase of their trimester and only 34% women were anemic only during their gestation period. It was recorded from the recent study that Plasmodium falciparum was one of the major cause of anemia in pregnancy in the selected area. The positive record indicates that plasmodium infection during pregnancy increase risk of low birth weight of fetus and can increase death rate during the first year of life.

Taxonomic classification of vertebrates and invertebrates is one of the most important and challenging method for biologists. Previously, species discovery and taxonomic classification were based on morphological features, ecology, reproductive isolation, or behavior. However, most species remain unidentified due to the slow progress and lack of expertise in the relevant field. Furthermore, there is very little morphological variation in cryptic species, making it difficult to discriminate between them. Therefore, there is a need for a highly informative, rapid, and easy procedure to resolve these issues. Integrative approach is a new and robust technique that uses for species identification, classification, and discrimination. Most taxonomists consider DNA barcoding as a threat to traditional taxonomy. However, research indicates that DNA barcoding and traditional taxonomy are complimentary to each other. Here we advocate a combined approach of traditional taxonomy and DNA barcoding called integrated taxonomy. Integrated taxonomy is the most authentic and informatic to new species discovering, taxonomic classification and research. Recently, most studies have employed integrated approach because it is not only used for taxonomic classification but also for phylogeney, phylogeography, population genetics, ecology, development, behavior, and temperature studies. It is the most useful and relevant approach for delineating novel species, biodiversity research, and conservation.

This study was conducted at the seed quality analysis laboratory of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, National University of Assunção. Sunflower seeds (Helianthus annus) L. were exposed to stationary magnetic fields with different intensities and exposure times aiming to evaluate the influence of static magnetic fields on seed germination and vigor. The variables analyzed were germination, shoot length and root length. The results showed a positive effect on shoot length when seeds were magnetized. The results of the magnetic treatment at an intensity of 40 mT and 72 hours of exposure were superiorto the control in relation to the variables shoot and root length. We can conclude thatmagnetism at an intensity of 40 mT for 72 hours promotes the growth of sunflower seedlings.

India is predominantly a nation of small farms. Small and marginal farmers are the main providers of food and nutritional security to the nation and face a number of challenges. To meet these challenges, the sector needs to use knowledge more intensively and put innovations to use in the shortest possible time. Innovations play an important role in increasing food production and optimizing resource utilization by farmers. Despite herculean extension efforts, there is still a wide gap between agricultural technologies developed at research institutions and their adoption by farmers. Often, innovations are rejected by the farmers after initial adoption due to several reasons. Hence, this study was undertaken to find out the extent of discontinuance of agricultural innovations. The study was carried out in U.S. Nagar district of Uttarakhand. Five agricultural innovations viz. direct seeding of rice, application of bioagents, mushroom cultivation, polyhouse cultivation and nutritional gardening were selected for the study. For data collection, 89 farmers were interviewed by the researcher using a pretested schedule. The findings revealed that direct seeding of rice had highest discontinuance, followed by the application of bioagents, mushroom cultivation and polyhouse cultivation. Nutritional gardening was not discontinued by anyone.

This study fits into the framework of the valorisation of the resources of the region of Al Haouz-Rhamna (central Morocco), medicinal plants and their traditional uses. Also, this ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants has been carried out in this region, with a view to establishing the catalog of medicinal plants to diuretic property anti-gallstones and used in traditional medicine in the said region. The information requested have focused on the plant, its local name, its parts used, its toxicity and medical practices relating in the region studied. Has the help of 1700 sheets questionnaires which have been carried out of the field during two campaigns (2012 and 2013). The results allowed us to identify 100 Medicinal plants divided into 84 genera and belonging to 41 families among which four predominate including Apiaceae (14 species), the Lamiaceae (10 species), the Fabaceae (7 species) and the Rosaceae (6 species). Among the species surveyed, 61 species are traditionally used as anti-gallstones, 12 are used as diuretics and 27 are used both as diuretics and anti-gallstones. The results also show that among these species, 35 are toxics and 11 species are more used in the region namely: Petroselinum sativum, Zea mays, Opuntia ficus-indica, Herniaria hirsuta, Lavandula dentata, Citrus limetta, Ziziphus Lotus, Cynodon dactylon, Hordeum vulgare, Crocus sativus and Juncus maritimus. Also, the results showed that the leaves (31%), the roots (25%) and seeds (23%) are the main parties used to prepare the recipes. Alone or in combination, these parties are involved in the development of revenue by processes using mainly the decoction. The revenues are administered by the oral route via the water. Furthermore, the diversity of therapies identified in the region concerned is a cultural wealth. The data reported by this study could constitute a source of information that is very valuable to this region and they could be a basis for a comprehensive study in the field of phytochemistry in order to produce and identify new natural drug that could be endowed with therapeutic properties interesting in the prevention of the formation of the urinary lithiasis.

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act-2005 provides the enhancement of livelihood security to each household in rural areas and put emphasis on conservation of land and water. Many studies unfolds its positive outcomes such as social benefits viz. social security, livelihood protection, increased wage rates, decreased migration, fostering social and gender equality and ecological benefits like water harvesting, groundwater recharge, drought-proofing, and flood protection, increased soil fertility, irrigation area and agricultural production, environment security and biodiversity conservation. This programme has led to significant changes in the lives of rural people and environment conservation. This scheme has become a tool for sustainable development in India. This paper throws lights on ecological and social benefits derived from MGNREGA being implemented since a decade.

AlternantheratenellaColla (Amaranthaceae), commonly called “Joy weed”. They are use as food and medicinal properties by folk and ethnic communities. The correct identity of aerial parts of the plants plays a pivotal role in the stability of herbal preparation. The epidermal trichomes act as a marker and taxonomic significance of plant identification. They exhibit more diversity of their distribution, type, form, size, structure and function. Through themicroscopic and powder microscopic studies, the trichome types are observed, which believed to enrich the literature on the systematic anatomy.

Aiming to increase the yield and quality of tomato and pepper fruits, alternatives are sought, such as the use of biostimulants applied to the seed. The objective was to evaluate the effect of the application of different doses of a biostimulant on the physiological quality of tomato and pepper seeds. The research was carried out in the period between March and July 2016 in the Laboratory of Seed Quality Analysis of the Faculty of Agrarian Sciences of the National University of Asunción. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme 2x4, with four replications for each treatment, where factor A corresponded to the species and factor B corresponded to the doses used, totaling 32 experimental units. The variables studied were germination (%), germination rate, germination rate index, germination rate coefficient, root length, stem length and emergence. The collected data were subjected to analysis of variance and in the case of significant statistical differences, Tukey’ stest for comparison of meanswas performed at 1% error probability. The results showed that for tomato, no significant differenceswere observed in the variables germination and emergence, nevertheless, there were differences between the other variables. Likewise, for pepper, no statistical differences were observed regarding the emergence, in contrast with whatwas verified for the remaining variables. It is concluded with this work that the biostimulant application does not influence the physiological quality of the tomato and pepper crops.

Infestations of virus vector insects have caused a significant increase in the production cost of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). However, the lack of knowledge about these species, especially of thrips associated with the crop, difficult the establishment of management strategies. Thus, this study aimed to identify the trips species associated with watermelon crop in the state of Tocantins, in Central Brazil. Thrips specimens were collected in four municipalities during the harvests of 2013 and 2014, mounted in permanent microscope slides and identified following taxonomic key. Out of the 1.569 thrips species three species were identified: 76.9% corresponds to Frankliniella schultzei (76.9%), F. tritici (22.7%) and F. insularis (0.4%). F. schultzei is the most abundant speciesin watermelon crops in the state, with preference to the apical branches and flowers, while F. insularis, was identified only in the Formoso do Araguaia municipality. The identification of these thrips species provides the basis to control these insects.

This plant evaluates the antifungal activity of methanolic extract of Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. of Euphorbiaceae. For centuries plants are used as food and medicine. The present study focuses on the antifungal activity of leaves of P. roxburghii. Strains of Aspergillus candidus, Chrysosporium tropicum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Microsporum canis and Trychorphyton rubrum are the fungal strains used to check the mode of action. Methanol leaf extract (sample1) showed highest activity against M. canis strain than methanol bark and methanol root extracts. Methanol bark extract (sample 2) showed more activity against T. rubrum strain, here R. stolonifer and A. candidus showed very similar range of activity against fungi. Methanol root extract (sample 3) showed more activity against T. rubrum strain. Along with other properties these plant extracts also have antifungal property.

Environment provided by the parents, parental behaviour, their interaction with the child and other related factors such as socio personal and economic factors tend to influence the development of children. Many psychologists believe that three to six years in the life of an individual is the most important period of development especially for psychosocial wellbeing. The psychosocial and environmental variables are uniquely related to the development of young children (Jose, 1997). The present study was conducted to analyse the home environment available to tribal preschoolers as well as to assess their psychosocial development. The total sample for the study comprised of 100 preschooler-mother dyads selected from settled Gujjar families from District Udhampur. A modified version of Mohite’s Home Environment Inventory and five major areas of psychosocial development, namely: Gross Motor; Vision and Fine Motor; Hearing, Language and Concept Development; Personal Skills and Social Skills of the preschoolers were assessed by using ICMR Developmental Screening Test. On spot observations were also carried out to validate the results. The findings of the study reveal that overall majority (88%) of the sample children received ‘moderate’ home environment as well as most children (58%) had achieved all the developmental milestones ‘in time’. It was observed that in most of the cases the living rooms of sample Gujjars were not overcrowded with furniture, there were few toys available and even some play material available in the house. Mostly the neighbourhood was aesthetically pleasing, and infrastructure and play environment appeared to be safe. In case of psychosocial development, overall most (58%) of the sample children achieved all the developmental milestones ‘in time’. This trend continued for both male (56%) as well as female (60%) children separately. However, 30 cases of delayed developmental milestones were noted followed by 12 sample children having ‘very delayed’ developmental milestones. Statistically, there was no significant difference in the level of home environment available as well as in the level of psychosocial development between male and female sample preschoolers. Statistically, the various aspects of psychosocial development were significantly correlated among each other; but the home environment was not significantly correlated with psychosocial development.

Lagenaria siceraria (Bottle gourd) was described in ancient Indian text ayurveda for varied health benefits. We have previously reported that the crude latex sap from L. siceraria with potent lectin activity significantly regresses the tumor progression by targeting angiogenesis and inducing cell death. In this present investigation the semipurified latex lectins from L. siceraria latex were investigated for antiproliferative activity in mice models. The L. siceraria latex sap agglutinin (LSA) were isolated by ammonium sulphate precipitation. LSA agglutinated trypsinizeed chick and human erythrocytes irrespective of blood type. Heamagglutination was inhibited by glycoproteins comprising of complex oligosaccharides and not with simple carbohydrates. LSA exerted significant cytotoxicity towards murine DLA cells in-vitro. Further the in-vivo anti-proliferative of LSA elucidated a clear regression of Dalton’s lymphoma ascites tumor in mice. Hispathological and immunohistochemistry studies inferred LSA abrogated microvessel density (MVD) leading to the tumor inhibition and prolonged survival. This is further evident from the decreased VEGF levels in ascites. In conclusion, this study reports that the semipurified LSA exerts potent antiproliferative activity activity targeting tumor angiogenesis. This investigation highlighting the bioactivity of semipurified LSA for the first time, has potential therapeutic implications for malignant pathologies.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different substrates on germination and emergence of Punica granatum L. seeds. The seeds were removed from the fruits and submitted to fermentation and drying. The germination and emergence tests were performed using the following substrates: washed and autoclaved sand, fine texture vermiculite, carbonized rice husk, commercial substrate (Tropstrato HT®), and the mixtures - washed and autoclaved sand + carbonized rice husk and commercial substrate + carbonized rice husk. The germination test was performed in clear plastic boxes at alternated temperature of 20 and 30oC (8h - 16h), in the absence of light, with weekly evaluation up to 42 days after sowing. The characteristics evaluated were percentage of germinated seeds, normal seedlings, abnormal seedlings and hard seeds. The emergence test was conducted at the seedling nursery using styrofoam seed trays, the counting was realized until the 35th day. The characteristics evaluated were emergence percentage and emergence speed index. In both tests, the experimental design was completely randomized with six treatments and four replicates. The data were analyzed by Assistat program and the means were compared by Tukey’s test at 5% probability. The commercial substrate and the mixture Tropstrato HT®+ carbonized rice husk, provided higher, faster and more uniform germination. In additing, the Tropstrato HT® and vermiculite substrates, as well as the mixtures promoted greater emergence speed index.

Indian economy has entered into a new phase of ‘Inclusive Growth’ after the eleventh five year plan of 2007 – 2012. The rising inequality in economic growth has pushed the Planning Commission to consider ‘Inclusive Growth’ for balanced economic development. The concept “Inclusion” should be seen as a process of including the excluded as agents whose participation is essential in the very design of the development process, and not simply as welfare targets of development programmes (Planning Commission, 2007). Inclusive growth entails comprehensive growth, shared growth, and pro-poor growth. The necessity of inclusive growth in India can be stressed with ease while glancing at its Human Development Index (HDI). India’s rank is 130 out of 188 nations, according to UNDP HDI report 2015. Tamil Nadu has been India’s most progressive state and is amongst the top three on several economic and social indicators. Although the State has achieved reasonable levels in terms of Human Development Index, inter-regional disparities within the State, particularly in levels of poverty in its various dimensions, per capita income, literacy, health, and gender related indicators are significant. Recognising the regional disparities in terms of Income, Employment, Health, Education and Gender attainments, the State has formulated a new scheme “State Balanced Growth Fund” to address the inter-district and intra-district disparities. This paper intends to unearth the ground realities of the fund and its impact on the overall development of the state.

As there has been a tremendous rise of atmospheric greenhouse gases, there is a threat to the climate which in turn shows the effect on the living creatures. To overcome these problems, some scientists these days are finding ways to scrub the key pollutant, carbon dioxide (CO2), right out of the air. The increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide has attracted international attention due to its impact on global climate. Countries below poverty line release much less atmospheric carbon compared to richer countries in the terms of industrial emissions. The Kyoto protocol was thus established to prevent further increase in atmospheric CO2. Therefore a post combustion capture technique can be employed to capture carbon from already existed and new power plants. There are various sources of CO2 emission, but the major source is power plants and hence the retention of carbon dioxide into aqueous potassium hydroxide solution using plate absorption column is a reliable method to reduce carbon emissions to an extent. The CO2 gas absorbs readily at room temperatures into potassium hydroxide solution. Potassium hydroxide gives 40% efficiency of removing CO2.This paper gives an overview of post combustion capture of chemical absorption by caustic potash(potassium hydroxide).

Oxalate oxidation, which has environmental implications, is performed by oxalotrophic bacteria. In this study, forest survey was conducted in Bhujighat (BHU), Nainital district of Uttarakhand state in India. Biomineralizing tree, Terminalia alata was identified with the help of 10 % HCl treatment which showed effervesce. Soil samples were collected at different depths of soil profile. The Schlegel's agar medium was used to obtained microbial diversity. Microbial analysis of each soil sample was done by dilution plating method. Morphologically distinct colonies were examined by morphologically and biochemically by menace of oxalate assay, siderophore production and phosphate solubilization. Total 112 bacteria were isolated, out of these 9 potential isolates were amplified with 16S rDNA primer (Gm3f and Gm4r). Amplified pcr product was sent for DNA sequencing. The sequence results obtained after DNA sequencing, sequence similarity search was performed on NCBI-BLAST tool. The similarities of 2 most potent strains BHU A4 and BHU X1 were almost 99% with Rhizobium sp. The nucleotide sequence of both strains were submitted to NCBI gene bank database, Rhizobium sp. strain BHU A4 (KY021745) and Rhizobium sp. strain BHU X1 (KY021756). Both strains are being used in glasshouse experiment for plant growth promotion related activities under different pH level of soil, which is a basic supplement for plant health. This indicates that oxalotrophic bacteria are numerous and widespread in soils and that a relationship exists between the presence of the oxalogenic trees. Terminalia alata tree having abundance of oxalotrophic guilds in the total bacterial communities which explains the biomenralization and calcium carbonate accumulation below these trees, which act as long term carbon sink.

A total of 50 dung samples were collected from non-descript cattle. Similarly 50 gastrointestinal tracts of non-descript cattle was collected in and around Vembakkam Taluk, Thiruvannamalai District. The work was carried out for six months from March 2016 to August 2016. Parasitological examination of dung samples revealed the eggs of Amphistomes, Moniezia sp, Strongyle, Strongyloides and Eimeria sp. The overall prevalence of parasitic eggs and oocysts was 76.00 per cent. Amphistome egg was the only trematode parasites identified in this study. Similarly in Cestodes, Monizia benedeni egg was identified in this study. Where as in Nematodes three types of eggs were identified viz., Strongyle, and Strongyloides eggs. In Protozoan parasites, Eimeria sp. was the only coccidian parasites identified in this study. Of this overall prevalence of 76.0%, 40.0% was infected by nematodes, 36.09% by Trematodes, 16% by protozoan parasite (Eimeria sp.) and 10.00% by cestodes. The most common gastrointestinal nematodes observed in this study was the strongyle (21.05%) compared to Strongyloides (2.63%). Among the age groups (Young and Adult), younger animals had higher infection of nematodes (24.0%) and Trematode (20.00%) than the adult cattle. Among sex, male cattle had higher infection of nematodes (24.0%), Trematode (20.00%) and Eimeria sp. (8.0%) while female cattle had higher infection of Cestodes (8.0%). Among the season (summer and monsoon), cattle had heavier infection of Trematodes only during summer months (32.00%), nematodes (30.00%), Eimeria sp (10.0%) and Cestodes (10.0%) during monsoon months. The worms collected from the rumen and duodenum was identified as Paramphistomes viz., Cotylophoron cotylophorum, Fishoederius elongatus, Gastrothylax crumenifer and Paramphistomum cevrvi. The worms collected from abomasum was Haemonchus contortus, Mecistocirrus digitatus, Trichostrongylus axei and Oesophagostomum radiatum (Nematodes). The worms collected from intestines was identified as Moniezia benedeni (Tapeworm) and the caecum was Oeophagostomum columbiunum and Trichuris ovis. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection (worm count) was 86.0%. Among the age groups (Young and Adult), younger animals had higher infection of trematode (36.0%), nematodes (32.0%) and cestode (20.0%) than the adult cattle.

In this thesis a brief discussion of definition and concept of GDP and methods of computing were presented. The Components of GDP, Consumption, Investments, Government expenditure and Net- exports, were studied. The major objectives of this study are to study the trend of GDP and its Componets, to examine the causal relationship among GDP, Consumption, Investments, Government Expenditure and Net-export for Ethiopia using time series data and to forecast the GDP for Ethiopia. Vector Autoregressive (VAR) Models, Testing Stationary: Unit root test, Estimating Order of the VAR, Cointegration Analysis (testing of cointegration) and Vector Error Correction (VEC) Models are the statistical methods were used in this study. The data used are yearly observations from 1967 to 2004 E.F.Y of the GDP and the four components of GDP of Ethiopia using time series data. The vector autoregressive (VAR) model is employed for modeling. The cointegration relations among the series were identified by applying Johansen's cointegration tests, while potential causal relations were examined by employing Granger's causality tests. Moreover, the short run interactions among the variables were determined through the application of impulse response analysis and variance decomposition. The results of the research imply the existence of short term adjustments and long-term dynamics in the GDP and four components of GDP. Unit root test reveals that all the series are non stationary at level. The result of Johansen test indicates the existence of one?? cointegration relation between the GDP and the forecasting accuracy of this model was checked using RMSE, MAE, MAPE and Theil-U statistics. Finally, using the fitted model out-of-sample forecasts were produced for Ethiopian GDP.

The present work aims to study the effect of calcination temperature on structure and phase formation of BaTiO3 powder. Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) powder was synthesized by mixing high purity BaCO3 and TiO2 powder using agate mortar in acetone medium for 6 hours. The powder mixture was dried and kept at 60oC. The soft agglomeration was broken and the sample was divided into three portions each weighing 5gm each. These three samples were calcined at 700oC, 800oC and 900o C for 5 h with heating and cooling rates of 10oC/min. Phase transformation and particle size of the calcined powders have been investigated as a function of calcination temperature, by room-temperature X-ray diffraction techniques. It was seen that the perovskite-like phase of BaTiO3 was successfully obtained and this was compared with the standard sample. With increasing calcination temperature, BaTiO3 transformed from the cubic to the tetragonal phase. The X-ray diffraction investigations have revealed that the samples calcined at 9000C perfectly coincide with original spectrum. After finding the optimum calcination temperature, the second aim was to prepare Ba0.95Zn0.05TiO3, BaTi0.95Mn0.05O3 and Ba0.95Zn 0.05Ti0.95Mn0.05O3 under the same conditions and compare with pure BaTiO3. The X-ray diffraction analysis was performed to confirm whether the desired samples were formed. P-E hysteresis loop was analyzed and the hysteresis loop was observed for pure BaTiO3 and BaTiMnO3, due to the formation of oxygen vacancies and exchange interaction-induced polarization. The small area of P-E loop indicates better homogeneity and crystallinity of prepared samples. The dielectric constant of Mn doped sample is increased and Curie temperature is lowered. The samples with Zn dopants are behaving in an entirely different way. They do not exhibit a perfect dielectric behavior but shows a semiconducting property which is confirmed from the band gap measurement.

In the paper an universal correlation is proposed for calculating heating and cooling time of any steel part during its hardening. The equation contains Kondratjev form factor K, Kondratjev number Kn, average thermal diffusivity of a material and a function depending on how N - times core temperature of steel part differ from its initial temperature. It is shown that these parameters are enough to calculate recipes when heating and cooling the steel parts of any configuration. A tendency of thermal equilibrium establishment is considered which depends on size and configuration of objects, thermal diffusivity of a material and condition of cooling (heating) characterized by Kondratjev number Kn. The proposed generalized equation provides engineers with extremely simple and understandable parameters for calculating heating (cooling) soak time of any objects. According to proposed equation, the time of thermal equilibrium establishment is directly proportional to Kondrtajev form factor K, inversely proportional to thermal diffusivity of material and Kondratjev number Kn and depends on accuracy of thermal equilibrium measurement.

The Praseodymium doped potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (KDP) crystals were grown by Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) method and slow evaporation technique with the vision to improve the properties of the crystal. The chemical composition of the grown crystals is confirmed by EDAX Analysis. The grown crystal was characterized by PXRD analysis confirm the crystalline nature and shifts in peak positions due to doping is observed. Using Scherer's equation particle size has been calculated. The SHG efficiency is determined by Kurtz powder technique. It is found that relative SHG conversion efficiency of crystal grown by SR method is greater compared to other technique. The UV-Vis spectrum shows that percentage transmission of crystals grown by SR method is greater compared to slow evaporation. The electronic band transition is studied from the plot of (αhv)2 versus photon energy (hv) and the band gap energy has been calculated. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss and ac conductivity of the crystal were studied as a function of frequency and the results are discussed. The functional groups are identified by FT-Raman analysis. The Optical transmission and SHG studies shows the suitability of the ingot for optical applications.

The methodologies used to characterize the structural elements have experienced a major boom in hydrogeology. It happens that these methods have limitations manifested by a high failure rate because of the risk of subjectivity. The aim is to propose a methodology for establishing a fracturing card minimizing human intervention and as close as possible to reality. SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) images were used for this study. The Sobel filter was applied to accentuate the major litho logical discontinuities. A segment detection algorithm was applied for extracting structural features. The analysis of the orientation shows that the highest lineament density extract the SRTM image was recorded in the NW-SE direction. This helped to establish the fracturing map of Poro region.

A mobile ad hoc network comprises of many mobile wireless nodes. MANET is a self configuring network and such network can be organized easily without any base station. MANET can be very efficiently used in salvage related area, military and law enforcement. But it faces the issues of security and confidentiality, especially when used in susceptible areas. Safe routing protocols have been refined to provide protection and confidentiality at various levels for e.g. ALARM protocol (Anonymous Location Aided Routing) provides both privacy features and security which includes data virtue, node verification and obscurity. This network focuses on achieving the major security objectives which are Confidentiality, Authentication, Authorization and Integrity. In this paper, we have proposed ALARM protocol in WSN environment which uses network time protocol synchronization and removes the malicious node from the network, hence preventing the network from attacks.

Aircraft’s both for combat and civil purpose work under different environment conditions, especially when it is a combat Aircraft or a jet trainer it will be more often subjected to high level of turbulence due to max manoeuvring and shorter runway takeoff operations. The environment conditions at which civil and combat aircraft operates are unpredictable and will change from one location to other based on weather and climate conditions. In this paper the lift and drag coefficient of a finite 3D wing of a subsonic Aircraft is presented at transonic speed conditions and at different turbulence intensity levels. 3D wing is of NACA 2412 profile. The results obtained by this work on subsonic wing can be used to compare the performance of this subsonic wing with respect to performance of Transonic and supersonic wings. A overview of Transonic aerodynamics and the Turbulence model used is presented in this paper. This subsonic wing is analyzed using K-ω SST Turbulence model and for two different AOA of 00 and 40. The Mach number of flow over the wing and the pressure plot at the wing symmetric plane at different aircraft speed and at different turbulence intensity levels are discussed in this paper. CFD software Ansys Fluent is used to analyze the aircraft wing at two different AOA and at two different transonic speeds.

Disaster consciousness is an utmost tool in the mitigation of disaster hazards, thus individual should be disaster conscious if they are to have a higher chance of surviving the onslaught of disaster. Disaster risk awareness and evacuation strategies awareness are among the most crucial areas of hazard mitigation, hence there is a need to establish these areas of awareness in the population which has been determined to be vulnerable to the harmful impact of disaster. The study aimed to determine the disaster risk and evacuation strategies awareness of the participants. It further aimed to find out whether there is significant relationship between two variables. Descriptive correlation research design was employed in the study. It was participated in by 6,086 household heads from forty-five (45) barangays of Borongan that were found to be vulnerable to specific disasters such as flooding, storm surge, earthquake, tsunami and landslide. Selection of participants was through simple random sampling using Slovin’s formula based on the 2010 Census of Population and Housing conducted by the National Statistics Office (now known as Philippine Statistics Authority). Data was gathered in July, 2016 through a Likert-type survey questionnaire. The study’s results established that the respondents have a very high level of risk awareness but very low level of evacuation strategies awareness. It likewise showed that the respondents’ disaster risk awareness had positive negligible relationship to their evacuation strategies awareness. The findings indicated that although the participants are conscious of their vulnerabilities to the onslaught of disasters, they lack knowledge regarding the mechanisms set forth by the barangay officials through the Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction Management (BDRRM) as to the selected areas and proceedings of evacuation from the site of vulnerability to a relatively safer site. The gap which is found between disaster risk awareness and evacuation strategies awareness is such that implications point towards the assumption that although the population knows that they are in danger from the disasters they very little about where to go, what to take and what to do to minimize the hazards brought about by disaster. The study calls for a more serious, intensive and extensive dissemination of information at household level concerning the pre-disaster evacuation strategies within communities found to be vulnerable to disasters. Utilization of the tri-media and other creative means of public awareness campaigns such as road shows maybe effective means of communicating evacuation strategies to the public.

The need for transformational ‘Leadership’ in the public sector is made most evident by the pressures for change felt by today’s public managers. With this motive an attempt has been made to analyse, “Impact of technological changes in work place on the behaviour of private sector employees”. The main objectives of conducting the researcher are; To study the socio economic profile of the respondents, To understand the nature of organizational change and reasons for the change, To identify the factors which influence the technological change, To study the reasons for resistance to change and methods to overcome these, To offer suitable suggestion for implementing the technological changes in private sector organizations. Hence the employee technological change providers are satisfied towards the employee technological change. By the application of Chi-Square test, it is clear that the demographic profile of the respondents is not significantly related to their level of attitude of employees. The management should take steps to improve the level of performance and to participate in the decision making process in an organization. The resistance to change requires individuals to make as the organization seeks a new equilibrium and the forces for change in an organization depend on and must interact with their external environment in order to survive and grow.

Productivity of pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr) is primarily limited by unavailability of planting material and improved management practices. This study was conducted to determine effect of spacing on growth and development of macro- and micro-propagated pineapple. Micro- and macro-propagated pineapple plantlets were evaluated at three spacings at RAB Rubona station located in mid-altitude zone of Rwanda during 2011/2012 season; the experimental design used was a randomized complete block (RCBD) with three replications. Data were collected on monthly basis by measuring plant height, length and width of longest leaf and counting the number of functional leaves. The data were analyzed by Microsoft excel and Genstat Discovery Edition 4 Software package, least significant difference test were used to determine if there is any significant difference among micro and macro-propagated pineapple plantlets in their growth resulting from spacing effect. Data were analyzed from 258th to 379th day after transplanting; At 379th day after transplanting, highly significant (P<0.001) differences among propagation modes were found for number of functional leaves, micro-propagated pineapple plantlets were found to have more number of functional leaves than macro-propagated pineapple plantlets. Significant (P<0.05) differences among macro- and micro-propagated were observed also for plant height and length of the longest leaf at 379th day after transplanting. At 379th day after transplanting, there were no significant (P>0.05) differences among micro- and macro-propagated pineapple plantlets for width of the longest leaf. Analysis of variance showed that there were no significant (P>0.05) differences among spacings for plant height, number of functional leaves, length and width of the longest leaf. Interaction between propagation modes and planting densities were found to have no significant (P>0.05) differences for all vegetative parameter. The experiment needs to be continued and repeated in other agro-ecological zones to confirm these findings.

The study was undertaken to assess the quality of life, physical and material well-being of non-working females residing in Kashmir both rural and urban. This study shows the participation of non-working women in different sects and their learning power. Besides it also shows their willingness towards exercise, cleanliness status and purchasing of food commodities. Also it reveals the concept of balanced and rainbow diet and the type of allergies regarding food items.The results of the study shows that mostly subjects did not participate in public affairs organizations. Women did not prefer to go for learning outside home and they don’t have time for exercise. According to our study the subjects did not have concept of rainbow diet and they buy food items without checking food label. Aim: The study was conducted to find out the physical and material well-being among non-working women in Kashmir (Rural and Urban).

Philosophy of Mind is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of the mind. Human Behavior refers to the full range of physical and emotional behaviors based on human philosophy. Facial expressions play a major role in Face Recognition Systems and image processing techniques of Human Machine Interface. There are several techniques for facial features selection like Principal Component Analysis, Distance calculation among face components, Template Matching. This algorithm describes a simple template matching based facial feature selection technique and detects facial expressions based on distances between facial features using a set of image databases. The algorithm involves three stages: Pre Processing, Facial Feature Extraction and Distance Calculations. Then, we can identify whether a human is smiling or not using the measurement of Euclidean distances between pairs of eyes and mouth region of that face.

Low velocities corresponding to the distorted reflections at depth has been examined with respect to the implications they could have on the enhancement of hydrocarbon recovery in onshore Niger delta. Detailed velocity analysis using VITAL revealed these low velocities, which were observed to remain low with increase in depth beyond 3seconds. Prestack Depth Migrated sections using the result of the detailed velocity analysis showed that although we might have multiple reflections to contend with (especially at the footwall of main boundary faults), the lower velocities give us better imaging at depth than the higher velocities that were conventionally used for previous depth migrations in the study location. Thus, if we could considerably attenuate multiples, account for anisotropy and settle overpressure concerns which are other likely causes of low velocities, then properly estimating low velocities will help us unlock hydrocarbon potentials hidden behind poor seismic imaging at depth.

The aim of the present study is to find the achievement motivation of special education student teachers in Tamil Nadu. The present study was conducted under survey method. Sample of the study were selected using purposive cluster sampling technique which includes 350 special education student teachers from 12 Special Education Teacher Training Colleges and institutes from 7 districts of Tamil Nadu, India. Data from the selected sample was collected using Achievement Motivation questionnaire developed by the researcher which consisted of 25 items with each having two alternatives “a” and “b” with score of 1 for the positive alternative and 0 score for negative alternative. The tool was modified and validate. The reliability co-efficient for the above tool was found to be 0.75 using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Quantitative analysis of data revealed that majority of the selected sample had moderate level of Achievement motivation. The result of the present study indicates that the student teachers with age above 27 have high Achievement Motivation than their counterparts and urban based samples showed high level of motivation which was reflected on their learning outcomes. Also it is found that the student teachers from Semi Urban/Hill Station area have low level of Achievement Motivation and the student teachers from the Urban area have the high level of Achievement Motivation.

In this study is researched validity of Environmental Kuznets Hypothesis, which investigates the relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution, for the Turkish economy for 1960-2015 periods. The validity of Environmental Kuznets Curve in the relevant period is tested by means of CO2, GDP, energy consumption, industrial production and service production variables. At the end of the study, the relationship in inverse U-shaped between environmental pollution and economic growth that Environmental Kuznets Curve put forth has been confirmed.

The Vishnugad–Pipalkoti Hydroelectric Project, a run-of-the river (ROR) scheme is located on Alaknanda River, a major tributary of river Ganga, in Chamoli District in the state of Uttarakhand. The project constitutes a 65m high diversion dam near village Helong (79°29’30” E and 30°30’50” N), a 13.4 km long Power tunnel (PT) and an underground power house to the south of village Hat (79°24’56” E and 30°25’31”N) to produce 444 MW of electric power. The reservoir area of Vishnugad–Pipalkoti project spread to an extent of 2.5km and is essentially constituted of quartzite rocks in and around the dam site and extent for a distance of 1.5km, where MCT separates the gneissic rocks on north. During drawdown conditions of the reservoir between MRL and DSL, the reservoir slopes may be subjected to alternate dry and water charged conditions, which may lead to reduction in the shear strength of slope forming materials. A detailed Engineering Geological evaluation of reservoir rim region has been carried out to assess the nature of instability of reservoir slopes during draw-down condition.

Creative accounting a euphemism, referring to process of maintaining books of accounts by the rules of standard accounting practices to reap the desired results. The study has been conducted to get a detailed view of accounting practices adopted by companies in India which fall under creative accounting. It also examines the motives and reasons of adopting such fraudulent practice by companies. It has also observed that continuous use of accounting distorts the basic objective of preparing accounts and financial statements and threatens the integrity of financial reporting. Accordingly, a brief description of practices adopted by different Indian companies viz Asian Electronics Ltd, Hindustan Zinc Ltd, ONGC Ltd, CRB Capital markets Ltd etc has been shown. The paper concludes with the analysis of possible solutions for the creative accounting problem.

Hardy is considered as a novelist cum poet. He abandons the writing of novels from 1890 and then afterwards goes for the writing of poetry. He succeeds in both of the fields but his tragic dilemma is more found in his novels rather than in his poetry. He is a fatalist and his characters always fall in the hands of fate. Chance and coincidence is at the core of his works. The poetic self of the writer is patently greatly intimidated by the potentiality of the human spirit which makes the atmosphere around him so exciting and vibrating. He falls in love with a range of aspects of the living environment around him as easily as any other sensitive poet and countryman but his deeply sensitive self also goes deeper than the surface thus perceiving a tragic dichotomy between nature and human. This paper explores the relations between nature and human beings and the impact of nature on the lives of the characters, which evidently led to their tragic dilemma.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), can be described as, the continuous dedication by companies towards the socio-economic development of communities in which they operate. It is a powerful way of making sustainable competitive profit and achieving lasting values for stakeholder. Corporate Social Responsibility is considered as an important instrument that provide competitive advantage and improves reputation of the business concern. Many Indian banks have created their individual brand image in the field of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) by taking various social initiatives for social welfare and community development. It has been found that the banks are engaged in CSR activities mostly in the area of Rural Development, Education, Community Welfare, Women and Children. There is a need for better CSR activities by the banks, which is possible by adding more and more social development issues link with corporate sector. So this paper seeks analyse the various CSR activities carried over by the Indian banks.

Online social network sites use has been emerged as a most powerful tool for communication and exchange of information all over the world. More recently the Wats app, Twitter, Face book, Instagram apps have provoked a revolution and unlocked a new dimension in the field of communication and technology; this ongoing digital revolution has touched and turned almost every sphere of life of its users whether its physical, social, emotional, moral or ethical. For Online social network users it is the need of hour to be emotionally mature to manage and monitor their own emotions, to assess the emotional state of others, to deal with the situations accordingly and purposefully. Quite often it has been observed that young online social network users get emotionally involved in this virtual world and act in that emotional flow which sometimes results in an emotional trauma leaving its impression for long. The purpose of this study was to investigate about the emotional maturity of online social network users and to find out that is there any significant impact of online social network use on Emotional maturity. Findings revealed that the young online social network sites users are not emotionally mature. Results showed that there is significant impact of online social network sites use on the independence and total emotional maturity. Young adolescents who use more online social network sites are not emotionally stable in comparison to who use less online social network sites. The implications of the study are discussed in light of the adverse effects of using online social network sites in India.

Tamil Nadu is an agricultural state with water constraint and depends upon its available surface and groundwater resources for irrigation. More attention on groundwater irrigation was found in recent years in TamilNadu since more than 95 percent of surface water resources were exhaustively used.Of all the districts, the coastal districts though received high rainfall also found characterized by high groundwater extraction and water scarcity in post – monsoon period. For better insight regarding this,both physical and economic access and efficiency of irrigation ground water were done in this study in selected non – saline coastal blocks vizVanur (semi critical) and Marakkanam (over - exploited) of Villupuramdistrict in TamilNadu through sample farms (90 in each block). The regression analysis revealed that increase in irrigation cost influenced more decrease in magnitude of groundwater access in semi-critical (SC) block and comparatively less decrease in over exploited (OE). The economic access of ground water extracted for increase in water used was found high in OE than SC. Both the physical and economic efficiency of ground water use were found high in SC than OE block. Arriving at the more reduced magnitude of physical and economic ground water access in OE block and raised physical and economic efficiency of water use is essential. This may be possible by less water intensive cropping and other suitable coping strategies.

The paper examined the concept of Academic Freedom and Responsibility. It exposed the logical relationship between the two concepts. It further revealed the various ways the paradox sickness plaguing the Nigeria society did not spare the academic in respect of his responsibility. The paper finally posited that if the nation will escape going down the drain, the academic needs radical reformation while the government should urgently review the conditions of service of the academic.